Abayie Boaten, B. (1999) Kotokohene Otumfuo Opoku Ware II. Accra: Kwagyanso Publications. Adu Boahen, A.

(2000) 'Yaa Asantewaa in the Yaa Asantewaa war of 1900: military leader or symbolic head?', Ghana Studies 3:111-35. --(2003) Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante-British War of 1900-1, edited with an editor's note by E. Akyeampong. Accra and Oxford: Sub-Saharan Publishers and James Currey. Adu Boahen, A., E. Akyeampong, N. Lawler, T. C. McCaskie and I. Wilks (eds) (2003) 'The History of Ashanti Kings and the Whole Country Itself' and Other Writings by Otumfuo, Nana Agyeman Prempeh I. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. Agyeman-Duah, I. (1999) The Asante Monarchy in Exile: the exile of King Prempeh I, and the Yaa ,Asantewaa war of 1900. Accra: Centre for Intellectual Renewal. Agyeman-Duah, I. And J. C. P. Mahoune (2000) The Asante Monarchy in Exile: sojourn of King Prempeh I and Nana Yaa Asantewaa in Seychelles. Kumasi: Centre for Intellectual Renewal and Ausapp Printing House. Aidoo, A. A. (1975) 'Political Crisis and Social Change in the Asante Kingdom, 18671901'. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Arhin Brempong, N. (Arhin, K.) (2000) 'The role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante war of resistance', Ghana Studies 3:97-110. Asirifi-Danquah (2002) Yaa Asantewaa: an African queen who led an army to fight the British. Kumasi: Asirifi-Danquah Books Ltd. Awoonor, K. N. (1990) Ghana: a political history. Accra: Sedco Publishing Ltd. And Woeli Publishing Services. Day, L. R. (2000) 'Long live the queen! The Yaa Asantewaa centenary and the politics of history', Ghana Studies 3: 153-66. Also available online at AfricaResource.com Site Update in Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 2 (2001). Donkoh, W. J. (2001) 'Yaa Asantewaa: a role model for womanhood in the new millennium', only available online at AfricaResource.com Site Update in Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 1.

Hamilton, R. E. (1978) 'Asante, 1895-1900: Prelude to War'. PhD dissertation, Northwestern University. Hasty, J. (2003) 'Rites of passage, routes of redemption: emancipation tourism and the wealth of culture', Africa Today 49 (3): 47-78. --(2004) '"Forget the past or go back to the slave trade!": trans-Africanism and popular history in postcolonial Ghana', Ghana Studies 6:131-57. Hilliard, A. G. (1992) 'The meaning of KMT (ancient Egyptian) history for contemporary African American experience', Phylon, 49: 1-2, 10-22. --(1994) 'Bringing Maat, destroying Isfet: the African and African diasporan presence in the study of ancient KNIT', in I. Van Sertima (ed.), Egypt: Child of Africa, 127-47. New Brunswick: Journal of African Civilizations Press. Howe, S. (1998) Afrocentrism: mythical past and imagined homes. London and New York: Verso. Lewin, T. J. (1974) 'The Structure of Political Conflict in Asante, 1875-1900'. 2 vols. PhD dissertation, Northwestern University. --1978. Asante before the British: the Prempean years, 1875-1900. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas. McCaskie, T. C. (1980) 'Office, land and subjects in the history of the Manwere fekuo of Kumase: an essay in the political economy of the Asante state', Journal of African History, 21 (2): 189-208. --(1984) 'Ahyiamu--"a place of meeting": an essay on process and event in the history of the Asante state', Journal of African History, 25 (2): 169-88. --(1995) State and Society in Pre-colonial Asante. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. --(2000a) 'The Golden Stool at the end of the nineteenth century: setting the record straight', Ghana Studies 3: 61-96. --(2000b) Asante Identities: history and modernity in an African village 1850-1950. Edinburgh and Bloomington IN: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute and Indiana University Press.

Obeng, P. (2000) 'Yaa Asantewaa's war of independence: honoring and ratifying an historic pledge', Ghana Studies 3: 137-52. Tordoff, W. (1965) Ashanti under the Prempehs 1888-1935. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wilks, I. [1975] (1989) Asante in the Nineteenth Century: the structure and evolution of a political order. Reprinted with a new Preamble. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. --(1998) '"Unity and progress": Asante politics revisited', Ghana Studies 1: 151-79. --(2000) 'Asante at the end of the nineteenth century: setting the record straight', Ghana Studies 3:13-59. Wright, R. (1954) Black Power. London: Dennis Dobson. (1) Gold Coast: Papers Relating to the Restoration of the Ashanti Confederacy (Accra, 1935), Appendix 50, 'History of Ejisu' by Omanhene Kwabena Owusu, Ohemaa Afua Ampobin and Elders, dd. Edweso, 27 June 1933; Appendix 51, 'Proposed Reconstitution of Ashanti Confederacy', Kwabena Owusu to Ag. CCA, dd. Edweso, 19 August 1933; PRAAD [Public Records and Archives Administration Department; formerly Ghana National Archives], Kumase, ARG 1/2/13/12, 'Ejisu Affairs 1925-1938', Afua Ampobin to CCA, dd. Edweso, 11 July 1933. Unless otherwise indicated, material quoted in this section is drawn from these documents. (2) Institute of African Studies (Legon), Ashanti Stool Histories, IAS AS 11: Ejisu (1963). (3) The reconstruction that follows here is based on a wide range of sources. See in particular MRO (Manhyia Records Office), Kumase, E/DC/11, 'Ejisu Stool 1913-1935'; 'Correspondence concerning the claims of ex-Omanhene Yaw Awua against the Ejisu Stool 1915-1931'; DCK No. 37, 'Enquiry into Ejisu Stool Lands and Properties 19381941'; Correspondence concerning Privy Council Appeals, 'Affairs of Donyina, Apromasi, Ekisu, Akyinakrom and Kwaso 1921 1948'; PRAAD, Kumase, ARG 1/2/13/12, 'Ejisu Affairs 1925-1938'; ARG 1/2/13/13, 'Ejisu Affairs 1935 1936.' (4) MRO, Kumase, 'Palaver Book 1907 etc.', 'Chief Kweku Baidu claiming the subjects of Edu Akwesi, Yaw Donkor, etc. Residing in Ofinsu District', heard before C. H. Hobart (DC), Testimony of Akua Afriyie, dd. Kumase, 19 May 1909; see further ibid.,

Testimonies of Kumase royal ahenkwaa Kwame Kyem and Dwaben Linguist Kwadwo Owusu, dd. Kumase, 19 May 1909. Here I record my gratitude to Gina Spencer, who copied out this entire volume by hand. (5) PRAAD, Kurnase, ARG 1/2/13/12, 'Ejisu Affairs 1925-1938', Edwesohene Kwabena Owusu to CEPA, dd. Kumase, 9 March 1925. (6) This area was situated in the auriferous belt that runs SW-NE along the Obuom strike range south of Lake Bosomtwe; it extends from the present mining town of Obuase (not the place discussed here) in the south to Konongo in the north. (7) Yaa Asantewaa's patriotism included the defence of Asante cultural norms; see Arhin 2000:100 for her call to Asante men to live up to their ascribed gender role. (8) Ofinsohene Kwadwo Apea died in the Seychelles in 1922. (9) The footnotes (83-5) in support of these conclusions refer the reader to Lewin 1974, 1978 and Aidoo 1975; checking these works reveals that the sources used by them were oral informants who shared in Adu Boahen's somewhat Panglossian view of Asante history. (10) PRAAD, Kumase, ARG 1/2/13/10, 'Ejisu Stool Houses in Kumasi', Puckridge to CCA, dd. Kumase, 22 February 1928 contains an enclosure detailing the facts of Yaw Awua's 'remarkable history'; ibid., ARG 1/2/13/12, 'Ejisu Affairs 1925-1938', CCA to Yaw Awua, dd. Kumase, 23 May 1930 confirms that the Kokofu bought three hundred and seventy rifles from Yaw Awua, which were paid for in gold by stripping stool regalia. (11) Ibid., DC (Kumase), Minutes of a Meeting held at Edweso, 1 February 1927; Edweso Kontihene and Elders to DC (Kumase), dd. Edweso, 30 January 1932. (12) NMP [New Manhyia Palace], Kumase, History of Ashanti, typescript prepared by a Committee under the Chairmanship of Asantehene Osei Agyeman Prempeh II, n.d. (but 1937-46). I am preparing an annotated edition of this text for publication by Oxford University Press for the British Academy. (13) Ibid., Chapter 15. (14) Ibid.; the phrasing can be read as implying that it was Yaw Awua who told the British that Yaa Asantewaa had called for people to take up arms.

(15) NMP, Kumase, History of Ashanti, Chapter 3. (16) In order of presentation the papers were T. C. McCaskie, 'Yaa Asantewaa: traditional values and women's empowerment'; Wilhelmina J. Donkoh, 'Yaa Asantewaa: myths and realities in historical representation'; Nana Arhin Brempon (Kwame Arhin), 'The role of Yaa Asantewaa in the Asante Resistance War of 1900'; K. Opoku-Agyeman, 'The Yaa Asantewaa factor in West African literature'; T. Laverne Ricks-Brown, 'Black women leading the way: Yaa Asantewaa, Mary Anne Schadd and Harriet Tubman'; Linda Day, 'The Yaa Asantewaa legacy and development: what's tourism got to do with it?' At least three of these papers were subsequently revised and published; see Arhin (2000); Day (2000); Donkoh (2001). (17) International Conference on Nana Yaa Asantewaa: Centenary Celebration, 19002000. Celebrating the Heroism of the African Woman, Levine Hall, School of Engineering, KNUST, 2-3 August 2000; the support of the Faculty of Social Sciences, KNUST, was also acknowledged in this programme. (18) Programme Brochure: 2nd Asante Congress: Celebrating the Vision and Heroism of Yaa Asantewaa: August 2-6, 2000, Kumase, 2000, '15 Reasons why Investors will find the Asante macro-environment attractive and conducive', p. 13. (19) Ibid., 'Members of the Governing Council of the Asante Congress', pp. 14-17. (20) I am grateful to those who have talked to me about the events described here, and have respected the strict condition of anonymity they insisted upon for patently obvious reasons. That said, I owe thanks to the following for conversation or aid in arranging meetings on my behalf: Asumagyahene Odeneho Oduro Numapau II for the use of a room in his Kumase house in which to talk with people; Baffour Akoto, aged, ailing, but as sharp as ever about Asante history and politics, who arranged meetings for me with a number of Kumase royals and chiefs; Buasiako Antwi for his help over the years in setting up interviews with Edweso informants; Dr Sue Benson of Cambridge University who talked with Osei Kwadwo and other members of the curatorial staff at the Manhyia Palace Museum on my behalf; Ernest Sarhene, Chief of Protocol, Manhyia Palace, who introduced me to a number of informants at a cocktail party held in 2003 when I was

honoured by Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II for services to Asante culture; and last, but certainly not least, Professor Nana Arhin Brempong (Kwame Arhin), who served as a member of the Council of State and as National Commissioner on Culture in the 1990s, and who provided an incisive running commentary from the point of view of someone who had held high national office under Rawlings's NDC. (21) The media had a field day reporting on and speculating about what happened on 18 June; see for example www.Ghanaweb.com/news, 'Rawlings chastises Otumfuo for failure to reprimand media', 24 June 1999. (22) See Awoonor 1990, a marxisant political history of Ghana that takes a strong anticolonial line; it expresses the view that pre-colonial chiefship derived its power from the people. (23) I have been told that Kojo Yankah was a key factor in this decision; although an NDC functionary, he was admired by the Asante elite for his tact in defusing many potential confrontations between Accra and Kumase. (24) Adu Boahen, indisposed at the time, chaired the AC's Committee on Asante History; Appiah Menka chaired the Committee on Projects and Physical Development. (25) See www.Ghanaweb.com/news, 'Assembly to develop Yaa Asantewaa museum', 7 May 2003. (26) Ibid., 'Ejisuhene escapes mob justice', 15 August 2001; 'Fire guts Yaa Asantewaa museum', 25 July 2004. (27) I saw this performed on its opening night at the Alexandra Theatre, Birmingham, thanks to the kind offices of Lisa and Rowan Carr. (28) I. Agyeman-Duah, 'Childhood memories', in Programme: Yaa Asantewaa: Warrior Queen, 2001. (29) See for example www.Ghanaweb.com/news, 'Award for Yaa Asantewaa in the United States', 13 November 2000; 'Yaa Asantewaa goes to Chatham House', 18 January 2005; 'DVD on Yaa Asantewaa outdoored', 28 January 2005. (30) M. Busby (Nana Akua Ackon II), 'Historical background', Programme: Yaa Asantewaa: Warrior Queen, 2001.

(31) See <www.khandi.kickinthedoorprod.com ncobra="" yaaasantewanzingha.support="">; unless indicated otherwise, all quoted materials in this section are from this source. (32) P. Noel, 'A Brooklyn teacher is disciplined for telling her students to refer to themselves as Africans not Americans', The Village Voice, New York, 22-28 November 2000. (33) See . (34) See Mobo: The Official Magazine for the Mastercard Mobo Awards, 2002, p. 19. (35) See , 'Ashanti means war', May 2002. (36) Ibid. (37) See , 'New currency to be released in December', 13 November 2002; 'Beware-fake Cedi notes circulating', 12 March 2003. (38) Ibid., 'Ghana Post issues new stamps', 13 June 2003. The other women honoured were the women's rights activist Rebecca Deedei Aryeetey; the judge Annie Jiagge; the playwright Efua Sutherland; and the industrialist Esther Ocloo. (39) See too Africa Within. (40) I thank the late Dr Sue Benson of Cambridge University for many discussions on and around the matters discussed in this section. (41) See R. Rashidi, 'In the magical land of Ghana, West Africa', www.cwo.com/lucumi/ ghana2, 25 April 2002. (42) See , 'Asanteman to check abuse of Nkosuohene', 13 April 2005. T.C. MCCASKIE was, until 2006, Professor of Asante History, Centre of West African Studies, University of Birmingham. He is now Professor of the History of Africa at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He is the author of State and Society in Precolonial Asante (1995) and Asante Identities: history and modernity in an African village, 1850-1950 (2000). He co-edited 'The History of Ashanti Kings and the Whole Country Itself' and Other Writings by Otumfuo, Nana Agyeman Prempeh I (2003) and has written numerous articles on Asante history and society.

Agyeman-Duah, Ivor. The Asante Monarchy in Exile: The Exile of King Prempeh I & Yaa Asantewaa in Seychelles (Kumasi: 2000).

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Akyeampong, Emmanuel, and Pashington Obeng, Spirituality, Gender and Power in Asante History, International Journal of African Historical Studies 28, 3 (1995): 481-99.

Allman, Jean M. Adultery and the State in Asante: Reflections on Gender, Class and Power from 1800 to 1950, The Cloth of Many Colored Silks: Papers on History and Society, Ghanaian and Islamic, in Honor of Ivor Wilks, ed. John Hunwick and Nancy Lawler, (Evanston, IL.: Northwestern University Press, 1996), 27-65

Allman, Jean and Tashjian, Victoria. I Will Not Eat Stone: A Womens History of Colonial Asante (Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2000).

Ampofo, Akosua Adomako Controlling and Punishing Women: Violence against Ghanaian Women, Review of African Political Economy 56 (1993): 102-10.

Brecht, B. Mother Courage and her Children. Translated by John Willet (London: Eyre Methuen, 1980).

Brempong, J. Arhin. The Role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the Ashanti War of Resistance

1900. Paper presented at International Conference on the Centenary Celebration of Yaa Asantewaa, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, August 2000.

Danquah, Asirifi, Yaa Asantewaa: The Woman Who led an Army to Resist Colonialism (Kumasi: Spring of Water Foundations International).

Denzer, LaRay. Domestic Science Training in Colonial Yorubaland, Nigeria, African Encounters with Domesticity, ed. Karen Tranberg Hansen (New Brunswirk, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1992), 6-42.

Donkoh, Wilhelmina Joseline. Yaa Asantewaa: Myth and Reality in Historical Representations. Paper presented at the International Conference on the Centenary Celebration of Yaa Asantewaa, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, August, 2000.

Hay, Margaret Jean. Luo Women and Economic Change during the Colonial Period, Women in Africa: Studies in Social and Economic Change, eds. N. Hafkin and E. Bay, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976), 87-109.

Hay, Margaret Jean and Marcia Wright, eds, African Women and the Law., Historical Perspectives. (Boston: Boston University Papers on Africa VII, 1982).

McCluskey, Audrey Thomas and Elaine M. Smith, eds. Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).

Nasta, S, (ed.), Introduction, Motherlands, Black Womans Writing from Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia, (London: Womens Press, 199l), xiii-xxx, xv.

Newell, Stephanie, Introduction, Writing African Women: Gender Popular Culture and Literature in West Africa, ed. Stephanie Newell (London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1997), 1-8.

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Walker, Cherryl, Gender and the Development of the Migrant Labour System c. 18501930: An Overview, Women and Gender in Southern, Africa to 1945, ed. Cherryl Walker (Cape Town: David Phillip, 1990), 168-96.

Wilks, Ivor G. Forests of Gold: Essays on the Akan and the Kingdom of Asante (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1993).

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