PROJECT REPORT
PHYSICS
2025-2026
NAME:
ROLL.NO. :
STUDENT OF CLASS XII
ST GEORGE'S SCHOOL
ALAKNANDA , NEW DELHI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ______
_________________ of Class XI, of St. George’s
School, Alaknanda, New Delhi has completed this
project under the guidance of Mrs. NAAZ AFREEN
during the year 2024-2025
Signature of Guide Teacher: ________________
Signature of the Principal: _________________
School Seal:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my heartfelt thanks to respected Director
Dr. SARA GEORGE and the principal Mrs. ANJALI
MESSEY for having provided me with the
opportunity to complete my project.
I extend my deep gratitude to my teacher Mrs.
NAAZ AFREEN ma'am, who has guided me
throughout the project with her valuable
suggestions to enhance the quality of my project.
Without her support this project would not have
taken its present shape. I would also like to thank
our lab assistant Mr. GHANSHYAM RAI sir for his
guidance.
Signature of the Student:
VARIATION OF
EMERGENT
RAY (ANGLE)
USING
COLOURED
GLASS SLAB
INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Materials Required
4. Theory
5. Refraction of light (Diagram)
6. Procedure
7. Observation
8. Result
9. Precautions
10. Sources of error
11. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Light is a fundamental aspect of our understanding
of the universe, and its interaction with different
materials reveals much about the properties of
those materials. When light travels from one
medium to another, it changes direction, a
phenomenon known as refraction.
The variation of the emergent ray angle using a
coloured glass slab project involves studying how
the angle of the emergent ray changes as it passes
through different coloured glass slabs. This project
can be a fascinating exploration of the principles of
refraction, dispersion, and the impact of different
wavelengths of light on refraction angles.
AIM
The aim of this project is to investigate how the
angle of the emergent ray varies when light passes
through glass slabs of different colours. Specifically,
the project seeks to:
1. Examine the principles of refraction and
dispersion.
2. Determine how different wavelengths of light
are refracted by coloured glass slabs.
3. Analyse the relationship between the colour of
the glass (wavelength of light) and the angle of
the emergent ray.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
i.White light source (like a torch or LED).
ii.Coloured glass slabs (e.g., red, blue, green,
yellow).
iii.Protractor.
iv.Ruler.
v.White screen or paper
THEORY
1. Refraction and Snell's Law:
The relationship between the angles of incidence (i)
and refraction (r) is given by Snell's Law:
n1sin(i)=n2sin(r)
where n1 is the refractive index of the first medium
(air) and n2 is the refractive index of the glass slab.
2. Dispersion
Dispersion is the phenomenon where light
separates into its component colours due to varying
refractive indices for different wavelengths. Shorter
wavelengths (blue/violet) typically refract more
than longer wavelengths (red)
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
PROCEDURE
1. Set up the white light source on a stable
surface.
2. Place the coloured glass slab between the light
source and the white sheet of paper.
3. Ensure the glass slab is perpendicular to the
incident light.
4. Switch on the light source.
5. Observe and mark the incident ray on the paper
using a pen or pencil.
6. Using a protractor, measure the angle of
incidence (i) between the incident ray and the
normal.
7. Observe and mark the emergent ray after it
passes through the coloured glass slab.
8. Measure the angle of emergence (e) between
the emergent ray and the normal.
9. Repeat the experiment for different colors of
glass slabs and record observations
OBSERVATION
∠i – ∠e
Angle of incidence Angle of refraction Angle of emergence ∠PEN – ∠SFM’
S.no ∠i = ∠PEN ∠r = ∠MEF ∠e = ∠SFM’
1. 30°
45°
2.
60°
3.
RESULTS
1. The experiment showed consistent variations in
the Emergent ray's angle with different coloured
glass slabs. Red and orange slabs bent light
towards the normal, while blue and green slabs
caused deviation away from it.
2. Deviation correlated with light wavelength,
indicating the importance of refractive index in
determining light behaviour.
PRECAUTIONS
Ensure the glass slab is clean and free from any
scratches or defects.
Handle the glass slab carefully to avoid
breakage or injury.
Keep the light source stable throughout the
experiment.
Use a protractor accurately to measure angles.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Parallax error while measuring angles.
2. imperfections in the glass slab may cause
deviations in the emergent ray.
3. Inaccurate positioning of the glass slab or light
source.
4. Variation in the intensity of light may affect
observations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.google.com
2. https://byjus.com
3. www.wikipedia.org
