MODULE 3 – Elex 100

Passive Electronic Components, Characteristics and Testing

INTRODUCTION:
Passive components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors,
transformers play important role in the circuit. Each of these
components shall be deeply understood by the students in order to
acquire skills in troubleshooting and assembling. Troubleshooting
requires analyzing and knowledge in the functions of every electronic
components in the circuit. Knowledge in the operation and calibration
of multi tester – as a voltmeter, ohmmeter, ammeter the basic and
affordable measuring instrument in electronics is a must. Inductors,
Transformers, Thyristors play important role in circuits. Inductors in
frequency tuning circuit and is responsible for transmitting and
receiving signal. Transformers are device which is the source of voltage
and current needed in the circuit. Thyristors are industrial component
used in Industry such as motor, power control.

COURSE LEARNING EXPECTATIONS

At the end of the module, the students are expected to apply

techniques and skills in manipulating modern industrial tools and
equipment .6.4.1. Evaluate specific components of industrial
technology devices based on parameters/ criteria. 6.8.1.7

CONTENTS OF THE MODULE

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 This module contains the following topics:
Topic 1: Multi Tester Operation and Calibration, Resistors and
Capacitors Characteristics, Functions and Testing.

Topic 2: Inductors , Transformers, Thyristors Characteristics,

Functions and Testing

DIRECTIONS AS TO MAXIMIZE BENEFITS ACQUIRED IN THIS MODULE

1. This module Introduces two topics. Each topic has in depth

explanation to guide you in understanding circuitry throughout this
course.
2. In the introductory page of this topic , you will find the specific
learning expectations (SLEs) of each topic. SLEs are competencies
you are expected to acquire at the end of the lesson. Read them
attentively.
3. Answering the Learning Activities/Exercises (LAEs) is a must as it is
designed to help you acquire the SLEs.
4. You are welcome to call or react on line if you have questions,
reactions, or reflections about the contents or activities in the
module.
5. The practice task/ evaluation and the assignment is one of the
basis for grading you.

Topic 1 - Multi tester Operation and Calibration, Resistors, Capacitors,

Functions, Characteristics and Testing.

Specific Learning Expectations:

1. Enumerate the parts of the multi tester and its function.

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 2. Manipulate the ohmmeter in finding the value of a carbon
composition , Test capacitor and
resistor using ohmmeter.
3. Remember the value of resistor given the color code and vice
versa.

Motivation/ Prompting Questions:

1. Had you able to understand the operation of the multi tester

without formal schooling?
2. Had you observe any electronic technician doing some electronic
appliances repair?
3. Had you asked some questions when a technician do some
electronic appliances repair?

DISCUSSION

Below is the Picture of the multi tester.

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 The upper portion number is intended for ohmmeter reading, it has a
symbol of ohms. Below this number is for the voltmeter reading. The Range
selector switch may be range X1/ X10/ X1K, always adjust the Rx1 if the value
is below 100 ohms. If the value of the resistor is K ex. 22K range X 1K.

PARTS OF MULTITESTER

July 27, 2015 jazercrisostomo

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Deflection Needle–– Points out to correct value as indicated in the
markings.

. SELECTOR SWITCH KNOB – This is the switch adjusted when

measuring resistance, voltage or current.

Ohmmeter Adjusting Knob – use to place the pointer at “0” in order

to obtain an accurate reading.

SCALE– The markings that corresponds to the value read when used
as an ohmmeter, voltmeter or ammeter..

Voltmeter Reading .
Rules : Set the selector to 10 DCV , 50DCV, If AC from Noreco Set 1000 ACV
or 250 ACV
Range x 10 = read column 10 /10 remains the same. Range X2.5DCV = 250
becomes 2.5 .
Range x 1000 = read 10 becomes 1000
Range X 50 = read column 50 / 50 remains 50.
Range x 250 = read column 250/ 250 remains 250.

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 Resistor is a device that introduces resistance into an electronic circuit.
Generally, it is used for setting biases, controlling gain, fixing time
constant, matching and loading circuits, voltage division. Generally,
resistors are fabricated in three tpes namely:
Fixed, variable – found in the volume control on a radio, known as
potentiometer or a pot, trimmer. Pots are usually small and work by
having their resistance control adjusted once and fixed, often with a
screw driver. Thirdly – special resistors that includes Light – Dependent
resistors and thermistors.

There are several types of resistors according to construction they are:

1. Carbon composition – are color coded
2. Metal film
3. Ceramic – uses ceramic material as resistive element
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 4. Wire wound- uses nicrome wire as the resistive element.
All of these resistors are fixed.

Resistors Rating are 1. Watts – determine physical size and 2. Value in

Ohms.
The value in ohms uses mathematical prefix such as 1,000 = K
1,000,000 = M
Resistors are also convenient source of variable voltage, they control the
charging time of capacitors and for stabilizing collector current of
transistors.
Resistors when connected in series increases its total resistance using the
formula R1 +R2 +R3.... while in parallel decreases its total resistance using
the formula

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 1
1 + 1
R1 R2

Brown Tolerance
Ist significant digit
To interpret the value of Carbon composition is by Red
(multiplier)
color coding. Black
2nd significant digit
For. Ex

Value= 1000 +-5% = 1K

By referring to the Table, the colors have corresponding value

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 Significant digit Multiplier Tolerance
 Black 0 1
B rown 1 10
Red 2 100
Orange 3 1K
Yellow 4 10K
Green 5 100K
Blue 6 1M
Violet 7 10M
Gray 8 100M
W WWhit W 9 1G
GD +- 5%
SR +- 10%

Learning Activities/ Exercises

Student Activity 1
Resistor Color Coding
Given the following resistor color , identify the value.
1. Yellow, Violet, Gold, Gold
2. Brown, Red, Brown, Gold
3. Orange, Orange, Brown, Gold
4. Brown, Red, Orange, Silver
5. Yellow, Violet, Green, Silver

Student Activity 2
Ohmmeter Reading
Identifying the value of resistor by Ohmmeter

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Ohmeter reading 100 Ohms

Reading 100 ohms

Brown,Black,BrownGold
Rx1

10
 - RX1K
+

Yellow, violet, red, gold

Others uses of Resistors:
>Provide Bias for Transistors.
>Limit Current
>Stabilize Collector current of Transistors
>Control the Charging time of Capacitors
> Source of Variable voltage

Capacitor – is a device consisting of two plates separated by dielectric. It

operates on the principle of charging and discharging. It introduces
capacitance into a circuit and is measured in Farad uF (microfarad) or (
picofarad). It finds several uses when incorporated into the circuit.

Capacitance – is the measure of capacitor’s opposition to changes in

voltage. The greater the capacitance the more the opposition. Capacitors
oppose voltage change by creating current in the circuit, that they either
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charge or discharge in response to a change in applied voltage. So, the
more capacitance a capacitor has the greater its charge is or discharge
current will be for any given rate of voltage change across it.

The equation for this is quite simple:

Changing DC voltage 1) ex. 15V – 16V for 1 hr.

I = C dv dv = 1V
dt dt 3600 seconds
where
dv
dt = rate of voltage change over
time

Sample Problem

If the voltage across a 47uf capacitor was changing at a linear rate of 3

volts per second, the current “through” the capacitor would be:

(47uf) (3v/s) = 141 uA

Capacitive Reactance - The opposition of a capacitor to the flow of AC

signal.

Xc= As frequency increases, reactance decreases.

Xc= 1
2 II fc

Capacitor Applications:
+ Press

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1.Timing Capacitor will quickly
R charge...then slowly
discharge through
R.

1. Timing – Capacitor together with a resistor determine speed

response of a circuit. The higher the value of the capacitor, the
longer is the discharge time of capacitor

2. Filtering. Smooth fluctuating DC output into steady DC output. -

smoothing electricity from an alternating current supply
oscillates at regular intervals, meaning that the charge on a circuit
constantly changes between positive and negative.

3. Tuning - Variable capacitors are used in tuning circuits on radio systems

by connecting them to an LC oscillator. The capacitor charges and then
discharges into a coil of wire, generating a magnetic field. Once the
capacitor is fully discharge, the magnetic field starts to collapse, recharging
the capacitor. This charging and discharging current takes place at regular
intervals, but it can be changed by altering the capacitor. If the frequency
of these intervals is the same as the frequency of a nearby radio station,
then the amplifier in the radio will strengthen this signal and ou will hear
the broadcast.

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4.Arc Supression

Capacitor can
Prolong the life of a switch

5.Energy storage
In some cases, like the flash circuit of a camera, you need a building
up of energy and then sudden release. This is what exactly what a
capacitor does. In the camera circuit you press the button to take the
picture and a charge is released to the capacitor. Once it has reached the
peak level, the capacitor discharges causing a flash.
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 1. Coupling – Allow AC signal to pass while blocking DC voltage.
Refer to the circuit diagram below.

2. Bypass - A capacitor is used to transfer unwanted signals out of a

circuit.
Types of Capacitor Accdg. to Construction:
1. Mylar capacitor - non polarize , the terminal can be interchange,
50V
2. Ceramic Capacitor – non polarize, the terminal can be
interchange,50V
3. Electrolytic Capacitor = polarize capacitor –has negative and
positive terminal
4. Variable capacitor – used as a tuning capacitor
5. Tantalum capacitor - polarized capacitor
6. Polyester capacitor – has higher working voltage. 100V, 200V
Capacitor Coding: Mylar and ceramic capacitor are coded with three
numerals.

2nd significant digit

Ist significant represent # of zeros
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Digit 2nd significant digit
Transfer point 6 places
to 102
1000. the left to change pico
to micro.
Therefore 102 is .001uf.

Student Activity 1
Capacitor Testing

Materials:

1 pc – 1,000 uf / 16V electrolytic capacitor

1 pc – multi tester

Objectives:
a. To know how to test a good or bad electrolytic capacitor.

Illustration:

Deflect then goes back to zero.

1,000uf/16V

- +
RX1

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 Bad indications:
Deflect and return but does not reach “0” - means leak
Deflect and stop - means short
Pointer does not deflect - means open

Capacitor with a value less than 1 ex. .1uf ; .47uf ; .15uf

RX10K

Teacher Intervention

Call/ Text Messaging / E mail/ Chat

Practice Task/ Assessment

Identification:
________1. Part of the multi tester that is mechanically connected to the
moving coil.
________2. It makes it possible to select different function and range of the
meter.
________3. The value of the resistor is ? if the color is red, black, brown,
gold.
________4. Capacitor consists of how many plates?
________5. The opposition of a capacitor to the flow of AC signal.
________6. It means allowing AC signal to pass.
________7. It means transferring unwanted signals out of a circuit.
________8. A specific capacitor application responsible for flash circuit of a
camera.
________9. It is a polarized capacitor.
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 ________10. A capacitor is ? when it deflects and return back to zero.
Answers to Assessment:

1.Pointer 7.Bypassing
AAFeedback to Assessment:
2. Range Selector Knob 8.energy storage
3.1.Pointer
200 ohms 9.7.Bypassing
electrolytic
4.2.2 Range Selector Knob 8.energy storage
10.good
5.3.Capacitive
200 ohmsReactance 9. electrolytic
6.4.Coupling
2 10.good
5. Capacitive Reactance
6. Coupling

Assignment
1.Design a circuit that emphasize resistor functions.

2. Design a circuit that emphasize capacitor applications.

References:

1.Gibilisco, Stan (2002), Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics. 3rd Edition.
New York

2. Herman, Stephen L. (2013) Electronics for Electrician 5th Edition. Clifton

Park. New York

3. Picture of 1K carbon composition resistor. Retrieve from

https://www.google.com/search
Client firefox-b-d-&q= picture of 1k+carbon+composition resistor.

4.Picture of a multi tester and its parts. Retrieve from

https://www.google.com/search?client
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 =firefox-b-d-&q=picture+of+a+multitester+and+its+parts.

5.Resistor construction. Retrieve from https:// www. Google/com/search

=firefox b-d&q=carbon composition resistor construction.

Lesson 2 – Inductors, Transformers, Thyristors – Characteristics, Functions

and Testing

Specific Learning Outcomes:

1.Respond to the different applications of Inductors, transformers and

thyristors.
2. Perfect different operation involving inductors, transformers, and
thyristors.
3. Analyze the application of Inductors, transformers and thyristors.

Motivation/Prompting Questions.

1. Have you experience making or looking at wireless microphone circuit? If

you had an experience you will notice a coil of wire, and this is an inductor.

2. Had you tried disassembling a transformer? If you had tried? What are the
parts of a transformer?

3. Had you wonder why there are dancing lights use to decorate in the
dancing hall? Or night clubs? These are made possible using a thyristors.

Discussion

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Types of Inductors

Inductors- is a device that introduces inductance in the circuit. Inductance –

That property of a circuit that tends to oppose any change in current.
XL – Inductive reactance- The opposition of an inductor to the flow of AC
signal. As frequency increases its reactance increases.

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XL = 2iifl
Uses of Inductors:
1.Frequency sensitive tuning and filtering circuits, they are called coils.
2. Used to prevent the passage of high frequencies – RF chokes
3. Used to stop the flow of relatively low frequency AC (either audio or line
frequency ripple in a power
Supply) while passing DC. Filter Chokes.
4.Match AC signal current as well as the impedance of a circuit (audio output
transformers/inductors).
5. Trigger current that keeps motor in automatic repulsion. (Solenoid).
6. vary the inductance of a circuit .(adjustable slug ferrite core)

Factors which affect Inductance

1.The core material
a. iron – iron core increase inductance
b. air
c. copper – copper core decreases inductance.
2. The number of turns
3. spacing between turns
4. over all shape of coil.
5. diameter
6. wire size
7. number of layers of winding
8. type of winding.

What is a Transformer?

A transformer is an electrical – electronics device consisting of

two coils namely primary and secondary. The primary is usually the
input and the secondary is the output. Unlike the auto transformer which
has only one coil, but the primary and secondary are already in one
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winding. The transformer has an iron core that provide low reluctance
path for the magnetic flux thereby linking the flux of primary coil to the
secondary coil.

Transformer Operation Theory

The transformer operation theory is govern of what is known as. mutual

induction between two or more windings (also known as coils) allows

for electrical energy to be transferred between circuits.

Transformer Theory

The input which is alternating current to the primary winding is

surrounded by changing and alternating flux and due to the closeness of
primary and secondary coil, the primary coil alternating flux links to the
secondary coil, thus induced voltage is created in the secondary
winding.

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 A step down transformer has a primary winding which has more
turns compared to the secondary winding. If primary winding has lesser
turns compared in the secondary it can step up voltage and usually an
auto transformer type. The transformer shown above is an open core
type and can be describe as not very efficient since the magnetic flux are
in the air. To remedy this least efficiency, is to use the shell type core or
close core.

The amount of linked flux with the secondary winding determines

the rate of change of flux linkage and is achieved by using either the
open core type or closed core type.

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The purpose of the transformer core is to react with the magnetic field
developed between primary and secondary coil.

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Thyristors – is a silicon semiconductor power control device that can be
switched on and off electronically.

Types of Thyristors

1.Diac – Is a two terminal three layer device . It is used as a trigger diode in

power control circuits for the gate of either a Triac or an SCR.

Symbol:

2. SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) –Symbol: Is a unidirectional switching

thyristor that means it only switch on when applied triggering voltage to gate
is +.

SCR’s are useful whenever large currents must be controlled by means of

a small trigger, such as in relay, switching and control applications.

Typical applications Sample SCR:

1.Regulated Power Supply F1R3G T106DJ
3P4M
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3. Radar modulators
4. Servo systems (motor speed control)
5. Electronic Ignition systems
6. Light dimmers
7. over voltage protection circuits

26
Triac - is a solid state AC switch. A small current on the gate terminal can
switch very large AC
Currents.

Quadrac – is basically a triac with built in Diac connected to its gate terminal.

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Quadracs are used in lighting control, speed control, and temperature
modulation control applications. They carry performance specifications such
as peak repetitive off voltage, peak repetitive reverse voltage, root mean
square (RMS) on-state current, and temperature junction.

Learning Activities/ Exercises:

Activity 1
Testing Transformer
1.A transformer can be tested by
a. continuity testing
b. voltage checking

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 Primary winding has high resistance than the secondary winding. -
Good

A. Resistance Checking
RX1

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Primary winding (red) plug to 220V Measure the voltage
output using voltmeter

B. Voltage Checking

Questions:

1.Using the ohmmeter measure the resistance of primary winding. Use

750mA transformer.

2. Plug the transformer and measure the voltage output.

Range the selector knob to AC . Refer drawing.

Adjust to 50ACV

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Learning Activities/ Exercises:

1. Using the multi tester as shown above record the resistance of

primary winding of a
750mA transformer.
Fill in the table shown below.

Resistance
Reading
Primary Winding
Secondary
winding

2. Make a conclusion of what you have observe. Compare the resitances.

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2. Using the voltmeter AC as shown above record the voltage measured in
the secondary winding of a
750mA transformer.
Fill in the table shown below.
Voltage Reading
Terminal 1 – 2
Terminal 2 - 3

Teacher Intervention;
Call/ Text/ Email/ Chat/ Google Classroom

Practice Task/ Assessment

Identification
_____________1. It is an inductor used to tune Radio Frequency.
_____________2. What process links energy between primary and secondary
coil
___________ 3. It is an inductor used to smooth DC (Audio or line
frequency ___________
__4. Is the winding of a transformer which is the
output?__________
___5 Principle that applies transformer action?
_____________6. Two general classification of transformer.
_____________7.
_____________8. It is a type of Thyristor used as a trigger diode in power
control circuits for the gate.
_____________9. F1R3G/ T106D/3P4M is an example of?
_____________10. It is a type of thyristor that is basically a triac with built in
Diac.

Feedback to Assessment
1.coils
2. electromagnetic induction
1.coils
3. Filter Choke
2. mutual
4. electromagnetic
induction induction
5. secondary winding
6. step up 32
7. step down
8 Diac
3. Filter Choke
4. mutual induction
5. secondary winding
6. step up
7. step down
8. Diac
9. SCR
10 . Quadrac

Assignment

Enrichment Activity
1.Make a circuit involving any application of inductors.

2. Make a circuits involving any application of Thyristors.

Reflection or insights
1.What are some difficulties in identifying a bad or good inductors?

References:

1.Balamiento, Narciso M. Electronic Enthusiasts Projects & Circuits Vol.1 .

2. Inductor Types. Retrieve from Https:// www.google.com/search?q= picture

+ of+ inductors &aqs =
Cchrome.69i57.10422j0j.15&sourceid = cchrome &ie=UTF-8

3. Meade, Russell L. (2007), Foundations of Electronics. Australia: Thomson

Delmar Learning.

4.Picture of 1K carbon composition resistor. Retrieve from https://www.

Google.com/ search? q =
Picture + of + 1K + carbon + composition + resistor &oq = picture
+of+1k&aqs=chrome.

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5.Picture of Multi tester and its parts. Retrieve from
https://www.google.com/ search? q= picture
+of+multi +tester &oq = picture + & aqs = chrome.
0.69i5913j35i39j013.9821j0ji5 &sourced=
Chrome & ie = UTF.8

6.Transformer. retrieve from http:// https://www.eletrical 4U.com/what is

transformer – definition –
Working principle of transformer.

7.Triac circuit. Retrieve from https://www.google.com/search?q = triac &aqs

= chrome,1.69i57j35i39j01
6.4155i0j&sourceid= chrome&ie=UTF-8.

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