Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
3rd Year 2nd Semester
Lecture Plan: EEE-3901 (Power System Analysis)
Classes Start: 26 December 2023
Lecture Plan: Section-B
Lecture No. Topics to be covered Quiz/CT
1 Introduction to electrical power system, power system analysis, objectives,
classification and their roles
2 Power System Stability, Classification of Stability, Stability limits, Infinite bus
3 General Network Constants
4 Power angle equation, Power angle curve.
5 Transient Stability, Swing equation, Swing Curve, M and H constants
6 Assumptions made for Stability calculations, Procedure for Determination of
Stability
7 Equal area criterion for stability
8 Application of equal area criterion
9 Critical Clearing angle and time
10 Step by step procedure of solving swing equation
11 Solution of swing equation, System fault and subsequent circuit isolation.
Numerical Solution of Swing Equation
12 Factors affecting Transient stability
13 Load flow problem
14 Bus admittance Matrix Ybus
15 Static Load flow equation
16 Methods of load flow solution
17 Gauss-Seidel Method using Ybus
18 Computation for load buses
19 Acceleration factors
20 Comparison of load flow analysis Methods
Methods of improving stability
21 Review and Problem Solution
References: 1. Modern Power System Analysis by I J Nagrath and D P Kothari.
2. Element of Power System Analysis by William D Stevenson Jr. Prof. Dr. Kazi Rafiqul Islam
3. Electrical Power System by Ashfaq Husain EEE Department
1
Introduction to Power System Analysis
Power system is basically the interconnection of several components right from the
generating station to different loads. The main components are: Generators,
Transformers, Transmission lines and Loads,
Power system analysis (PSA) is a branch of electrical engineering for designing entire
power systems consisting of generators, transformers, capacitor banks, shunt
reactances, transmission lines and so on.
What is the objective of power system control?
The main objective of Power System Control is to generate and transfer energy
from source to load in the most cost and energy-efficient manner. This it must do
within the constraints of the system in order that it remains both steady-state and
dynamically stable.
It is a complex system that must optimize the amount of feedstock required as well as
optimal scheduling of generating stations and generators based on historical demand
and consumption utilizing a real-time load flow and energy management control system.
What is the objective of power system analysis?
The objective of power system analysis is to make sure the equipment work
together so that the required power is delivered to the load centers at the
prescribed voltage and frequency and no component in the network is
overloaded and no fault condition jeopardizes the system.
However, utility design involves power equipment of high, low and medium voltages
including generators and transformer, besides the complexity of having several
generators working in parallel.
PSA consists of four main divisions:
1. Load flow analysis or power flow analysis - The voltage of generators, power
requirement of load centers and line impedances are input and the resulting voltages at
the various buses ("terminals") are found out. Of course, the voltages should be within
tolerances. Note that in this case we can’t assume load voltage to be the nominal
voltage as in the case of domestic installation, but has to be calculated by solving non-
linear multivariable equations.
2. Short circuit studies - Various short circuits are simulated and resulting fault currents
are found out to select appropriate switchgear for the power system
3. Stability studies - As generators work in synchronism sudden load changes or faults
could cause one or more of them to go out of step, which has to be dealt with.
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Besides these there are of course concepts like maintaining correct voltage using
automatic voltage regulators and capacitor/reactance banks, maintaining correct
frequency by load frequency control, selecting generators optimally (unit commitment),
transmission line design and a whole lot of topics.
4. Contingency analysis: This analysis is done at the time of line outage. Outage is the
term used for open circuit fault or intentional opening of circuit. The power flow at the
outage line is stopped hence the other parallel lines get burdened and may result in
failure. If the burdening continues it may result in black out. This is the aim of
contingency analysis wherein the diverted path does not get overloaded.
What is the significance of load flow analysis in a power system?
Load flow studies are one of the most important aspects of power system planning and
operation. The load flow gives us the sinusoidal steady state of the entire system -
voltages, real and reactive power generated and absorbed and line losses.
Significance of load flow analysis in power system:
• we can obtain the voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus in the steady
state. This is rather important as the magnitudes of the bus voltages are required
to be held within a specified limit. Once the bus voltage magnitudes and their
angles are computed using the load flow, the real and reactive power flow
through each line can be computed.
• Also based on the difference between power flow in the sending and receiving
ends, the losses in a particular line can also be computed.
• From the line flow we can also determine the over and under load conditions.
• The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best operation of
existing system and for planning the future expansion of the system.
• It helps in designing a new power system network.
• It helps in System loss minimization and transformer tap setting for economic
operation.
What is the need of power system modelling?
We create equivalent mathematical model for power system elements (e.g. transformer,
transmission line, generator, etc.) and the model solved to determine parameters like
fault current (under faulted condition), line current (under normal condition), bus voltage
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etc. There are different algorithms available for solving this mathematical model. These
helps to analysis stability of power system under faulted condition and also helps to
design of circuit breaker and other elements to protect the power system
In other words, power system modelling can be described as systematic representation
of our power distribution system (it includes representing generators, transformers,
Protections, transmission, circuit breakers, isolators and substations, and record of type
of interruptions and their causes, various faults and their study).
What is the purpose of fault analysis in power system?
The fault analysis of a power system is required in order to provide information
for the selection of switchgear, setting of relays and stability of system operation.
A power system is not static but changes during operation (switching on or off of
generators and transmission lines) and during planning (addition of generators
and transmission lines). Thus, fault studies need to be routinely performed by
utility engineers.
Faults usually occur in a power system due to insulation failure, flashover, physical
damage or human error. These faults may either be three phases in nature involving all
three phases in a symmetrical manner, or may be asymmetrical where usually only one
or two phases may be involved. Faults may also be caused by either short-circuits to
earth or between live conductors, or may be caused by broken conductors in one or
more phases. Sometimes simultaneous faults may occur involving both short-circuit and
broken conductor faults (also known as open-circuit faults).
Balanced three phase faults may be analyzed using an equivalent single-phase circuit.
With asymmetrical three phase faults, the use of symmetrical components help to
reduce the complexity of the calculations as transmission lines and components are by
and large symmetrical, although the fault may be asymmetrical. Fault analysis is usually
carried out in per-unit quantities (similar to percentage quantities) as they give solutions
which are somewhat consistent over different voltage and power ratings, and operate
on values of the order of unity.
What is electrical reactance? What purpose does it serve?
In the magnetic field, the reactance resists change in current, and in the electric
field, it resists the change in voltage. The reactance is inductive if it releases energy
in the form of a magnetic field. And the reactance is capacitive if it releases energy in
the form of an electric field.
What is the need of reactance in the line power system?
Reactance is used to compute amplitude and phase changes of sinusoidal
alternating current (AC) going through.
Reactance is a property of certain components that introduces non-proportional
relationships between current and voltage. For example, a constant voltage across an
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inductor will cause the current through it to rise slowly; contrast that with the current
through a resistor, which always changes instantly to remain directly proportional to the
voltage across it.
Thus, reactance introduces the ability for a circuit to vary its state with time. This can be
used to produce controlled delays and oscillations, which are essential in almost all
applications of electronics, from simple flashing lights, to timing and synchronizing
operations in a microprocessor.
In addition, the non-proportionality between current and voltage has useful
consequences regarding energy; capacitors store energy (as an electric field) as do
inductors (in the form of a magnetic field). This stored energy is recoverable, making
reactive components extremely useful in power control and delivery applications. Again,
contrast this with resistors, which dissipate (and thus lose) energy as heat.
What is an electrical load analysis?
Multiple parameters need to be taken care for electrical load analysis as follow:
1. How much power required to drive the load.
2. How much maximum power sustained by the load.
3. How much phase shift introduced by the load in the main supply.
4. What is the power factor of supply at the input terminal of the load.
5. Minimum and maximum electric current driving rating of load.
6. Load operates on single or three phase supply.
Advantages and disadvantages Of Power System Analysis:
Advantages:
• By analyzing the system, the life span of equipment increases.
• Power or electricity can be delivered properly without any losses.
• Safety factor increases.
• The efficiency of power or electricity transmission increases.
Disadvantages:
• Risk is more
• 24 hours of monitoring is required.
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Why is reactive power compensation needed in a power system?
AC power systems produce and consumes two types of powers: active and reactive
power. Real power or active power is the true power given to any load. It accomplishes
useful work like lighting lamps, rotating motors, etc.
On the other hand, reactive power is the imaginary power, which does not do any useful
work but simply moves back and forth in the power system lines. It is a byproduct of AC
systems and produced from inductive and capacitive loads. It exists when there is
phase displacement between voltage and current. It is measured in units of volt-ampere
reactive (VAR).
But all the installations need to be designed for the apparent power which considers
both active and reactive power. If the reactive power exists in excess amounts, it will
greatly reduce the system power factor and hence lowers the operational efficiency.
This causes undesirable voltage drops, greater conduction losses, excess heating and
higher operational costs.
Need of Reactive Power?
It plays an important role in the electrical power system for various functions such as
satisfying the reactive power requirement, improving the voltage profiles, decreasing the
network loss, providing sufficient reserve to ensure system security in emergencies, and
other several functions. Let us discuss some of the reasons in brief, which makes
reactive power so important:
• Voltage Control
• To Satisfy Reactive Power Demand
• To Reduce Electrical Blackouts
• To Produce Magnetic Flux
Most inductive loads such as motors, transformers, ballasts and induction heating
equipment require reactive power in order to produce a magnetic field. In every
electrical machine, a part of input energy, i.e., reactive power is consumed for creating
and maintaining magnetic flux to do so. However, it leads to lower the power factor. In
order to achieve the high-power factor, capacitor banks are generally connected across
these devices to supply the reactive power.
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Power System Analysis:
The objective of power system analysis is to make sure the equipment work together so that
the required power is delivered to the load centres at the prescribed voltage and frequency
and no component in the network is overloaded and no fault condition jeopardizes (put in
harm) the system.
The electrical power system consists of three major components: generation, a high voltage
transmission grid, and a distribution system.
The types of electric power are:
1. Real power (W): - it is P = V I CosΦ , Φ is angle between V and I. It is defined as
actual output or conversion of electrical energy to other form like mechanical / heat etc.
Real power is useful power.
2. Reactive power (VAr) - it is ( Volt-Amps-Reactive), Q = V I SinΦ. Reactive power is not
useful to actual output or energy conversion, Reactive power is consumed due to presence
of reactance in circuit.
3. Apparent power (VA) - it is S = V I. It is total power consumed i.e. vector summation of
Active power and Reactive power, means Square root of [ (VICosΦ)² + (VISinΦ)² ]
Power Factor, Φ = W/VA - it indicates like % of total power that actually outputted /
converted to another form of energy.
Power system analysis is a branch of electrical engineering for designing entire
power systems consisting of generators, transformers, capacitor banks, shunt
reactances, transmission lines and so on.
Power system analysis not only pertains to low voltage for the consumer premises
but also assume availability of a stable power supply from utility.
However, utility design involves power equipment of high, low and medium voltages
including generators and transformer, besides the complexity of having several
generators working in parallel.
The main parts of an electric power system are power stations, transmissions systems
and distribution networks. These are shown in the following single-line diagram:
Consumer
11 or 15.75 Service main
11 or 15.75 132/230KV 132/66/33KV 33/11KV Consumer
Distributor
G Transmission Feeder
Line
Power Station Step-up
Transmission/grid Distribution
transformer substation(Step- Consumer
substation (Step-
down X-former) down X-former)
Fig. Main parts of a power system. 7
POWER SYSTEM STABILITY:
A large power system consists of a number of synchronous machines operating in
synchronism. It is necessary that these machines should maintain perfect synchronism
under all steady-state conditions. When the system is subjected to some form of
disturbance, there is a tendency for the system to develop forces to bring it to a normal or
stable condition. In other words, the stability of an interconnected power system is its
ability to return to normal or stable operation after having been subjected to some form of
disturbance.
So, the ability of a system to reach a normal or stable condition after being disturbed
is called stability (synchronous stability).
Conversely, instability means a condition denoting loss of synchronism or falling out
of step.
Stability considerations have been recognized as an essential part of power system
planning for a long time.
Stability may be divided into two main categories depending upon the magnitude of the
disturbance - these are:
Steady-state stability and Transient stability.
The steady-state stability is the ability of a system to bring it to a stable condition after a
small disturbance (it is basically concerned with the effect of gradual infinitesimal/tiny power
changes).
The transient stability is the ability of a system to bring it to a stable condition after a large
disturbance and it is concerned with sudden and large changes in the network conditions
(the large disturbances can occur due to sudden changes in application or removal of loads,
line switching operating operations, line faults, or loss of excitation).
Moreover, steady-state stability is subdivided into static stability and dynamic stabilities
to make a distinction between operations with and without automatic control devices such
as governors and voltage regulators.
Static stability refers to inherent stability that prevails without the aid of automatic control
devices.
Dynamic stability, on the other hand, denotes artificial stability given to an inherently
unstable system by automatic control devices. Dynamic stability is concerned with small
distur
STABILITY LIMITS:
The stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred in a network between
sources and loads without causing loss of synchronism. The term stability and stability limit
are applied to both steady-state and transient condition.
The steady-state limit is the maximum power that can be transferred without the system
becoming unstable when the load is increased gradually.
Transient limit is the maximum power that can be transferred without the system becoming
unstable when a sudden or large disturbance occurs. The system experiences a shock be
sudden and large power changes and powerful fluctuations of voltage occur. Consequently,
individual machines or group of machines may go out of step. The rapidity of the application
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of a large disturbance is responsible for the loss of stability, otherwise it may be possible to
maintain stability if the same large load is applied gradually.
Thus, the transient stability limit is almost always lower than the steady-state limit.
INFINITE BUS:
In a power system normally more than two generators operate in parallel. The machines
may be located at different places. A group of machines located at one place may be
treated as a single large machine. Also, the machines may not connect to the same bus but
separate by lines of low reactance, may be grouped into one large machine. The operation
of one machine connected in parallel with such a large system comprising many other
machines is of great interest. The capacity of the system is so large that its voltage and
frequency may be taken constant.
The connection or disconnection of a single small machine on such a system would
not affect the magnitude and phase of the voltage and frequency.
Such a system of constant voltage and constant frequency regardless of the load is
called infinite bus bar system or simply infinite bus.
Physically it is not possible to have a perfect infinite bus. An infinite bus is an ideal voltage
source.
