University of Gondar

Institute of Technology
Electrical Engineering Department
Introduction to Communication
(EEng4116 )
Chapter 3:Angle Modulation
By:- Robel Zerihun
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 Outlines
• Introduction to Angle modulation
• Narrow band and Wide Band Angle

Modulation
• Generation of FM signal
• Demodulation FM signal
• Application of angle modulation

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 Angle Modulation (1 of 7)
• The angle of the carrier wave is varied according to the baseband
signal.
• The amplitude of the carrier wave is maintained constant.
• Angle modulation can provide better discrimination against noise and
interference than AM.
• This improvement in performance is achieved at the expense of
increased transmission bandwidth and system complexity.
• There are two common forms of angle modulation:
• Phase modulation &
• Frequency modulation

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Angle Modulation (2 of 7)

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Angle Modulation (3 of 7)

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Angle Modulation (4 of 7)

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Angle Modulation (5 of 7)

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Angle Modulation (6 of 7)

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 Phase Modulated

Frequency Modulated

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Property 1: Constancy of Transmitted Power

•The amplitude of PM and FM waves is maintained at a constant value

equal to the carrier amplitude 𝑨𝒄 for all time t

•This constancy is irrespective of the sensitivity factors 𝒌𝒇 and 𝒌𝒑.

•With assumption of the load resistance is 1ohm, the power will be:

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Property 2: Nonlinearity of the Modulation Process

•Both PM and FM waves violate the principle of superposition

•Complicates the spectral analysis and noise analysis of PM and FM

waves, compared to AM.

•Nonlinearity offers superior noise performance compared to amplitude

modulation

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Property 3: Irregularity of Zero-Crossings
•Zero-crossings are the instants of time at which a waveform changes its
amplitude from a positive to negative value or the other way around.
•The zero-crossings of a PM or FM wave no longer have a perfect regularity in
their spacing across the time-scale.
•The irregularity of zero-crossings in angle-modulated waves is also attributed
to the nonlinear character of the modulation process.
•The information content of the message signal m(t) resides in the zero
crossings of the modulated wave.
•This statement holds provided the carrier frequency 𝒇𝒄 is large compared to
the highest frequency component of the message signal m(t). 14
Property 4: Visualization Difficulty of Message Waveform
•Difficult it visualize the message waveform in angle-modulated waves
•This property attributed to the nonlinear character of angle-modulated
waves.
Property 5: Trade-Off of Increased Transmission Bandwidth for Improved
Noise Performance
•An important advantage of angle modulation over amplitude modulation is
the realization of improved noise performance.
•The improvement in noise performance is, however, attained at the expense
of a corresponding increase in the transmission bandwidth requirement of
angle modulation.
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 Relationship between FM and PM

Generating an FM wave by using Generating an PM wave by using

Generating an FM wave by using Generating an PM wave by using
a phase modulator a frequency modulator
a phase modulator a frequency modulator 16
Frequency Modulation (1 of 3)

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Frequency Modulation (2 of 3)

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Frequency Modulation (3 of 3)

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Narrow-band Frequency Modulation (1 of 2)

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Narrow-band Frequency Modulation (2 of 2)

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Wide-band Frequency Modulation (1 of 5)

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Wide-band Frequency Modulation (2 of 5)

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Wide-band Frequency Modulation (3 of 5)

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 Bessel Function Table

()

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Bessel Function Table

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Wide-band Frequency Modulation (4 of 5)

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Wide-band Frequency Modulation (5 of 5)

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Properties of Bessel Function


( )𝑛
2
Jn 𝛽 =
𝑛!

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 Spectrum of FM signals
The spectrum of an FM signal contains at 𝑓𝑐 and symmetrical with
𝑓𝑐 side frequencies at 𝑓𝑚, 2𝑓𝑚, 3𝑓𝑚, …

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Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals (1 of 5)

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Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals (2 of 5)

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Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals (3 of 5)

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Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals (4 of 5)

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 Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals (5 of 5)
The value of 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 varies with the modulation index 𝛽 and can be determined readily
from tabulated values of the Bessel function 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) .

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 FM Transmitters
• FM signals have no amplitude variation, therefore FM transmitter can
employ class-C throughout, even after modulation.
• There are two types of FM transmitters
1. Directly modulated (Variable Reactance Type) FM transmitter
2. Indirectly (phase) modulated FM transmitter.

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 Direct FM Modulation
• In direct FM modulation, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal
is directly changed in proportion to the message.
• To achieve this, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is typically used.
• The VCO generates an output signal with a frequency that varies
according to the input voltage.
• The VCO’s frequency deviation is directly linked to the amplitude of the
message signal.
• As the message signal changes, the VCO frequency follows suit.

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 Direct FM Modulation
• When we attempt direct FM modulation at the final carrier frequency (the
frequency at which the modulated signal is transmitted), we encounter
difficulties.
• The primary issue is frequency stability. The carrier frequency must
remain constant over time for reliable communication.
• However, achieving both high frequency stability and adequate
frequency deviation simultaneously is problematic:
• Stability: To maintain stability, we need a highly stable carrier frequency. Crystal
oscillators are often used for this purpose because they provide excellent frequency
stability.
• Frequency Deviation: For effective modulation, we require a significant frequency
deviation (variation) in response to the message signal. This deviation ensures that
the modulated signal carries the desired information.

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 Direct FM Modulation
• The dilemma lies in the trade-off between stability and modulation
depth.
• If we directly modulate the carrier frequency at the final transmission
frequency, we risk destabilizing the carrier due to rapid changes.
• As a result, the resulting signal may suffer from frequency instability,
affecting communication quality.
• To overcome this challenge, engineers often use indirect FM
modulation.

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 Indirect FM modulation
• In indirect FM, the carrier frequency is first modulated at a lower
intermediate frequency (IF).
• The IF signal is then mixed with the carrier frequency to produce the final
modulated signal.
• This approach allows for stable carrier frequencies while achieving the
desired frequency deviation.

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 Indirect (Phase) Modulated FM
Transmitter
• An alternative technique for the generation of a FM signal which permits
the use of crystal-control is called the “Indirect Method”.
• The phase angle is made to vary while holding the frequency constant

Crystal Phase Frequency Power

Oscillator Modulator Multiplier Amplifier

Modulator
Integrator
Amplifier

Figure 4: FM transmitter in which FM is achieved through Phase

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Modulation
FM Transmitter (Armstrong Method) (1 of 2)
• The initial modulation takes place as an amplitude modulated DSBSC
signal so that a crystal controlled oscillator can be used if desired.
• The crystal oscillator generates the subcarrier, which can be low, say on
the order of 100 KHz.
• One output from the oscillator is phase shifted by 90 degrees to produce
the sine term,
• Which is then DSBSC modulated in the balanced modulator by S(t).
• This is combined with the direct output from the oscillator in the summing
amplifier,
• The result then being the phase modulated signal.

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 FM Transmitter (Armstrong Method) (2 of 2)
• The modulating signal is passed through an integrator to the modulated to
get the frequency modulated signal.
• At this stage, the equivalent frequency deviation will be low.
Frequency 𝑛𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛∆𝑓𝑚 Down 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛∆𝑓𝑚
Crystal 𝑓𝑐 Summing 𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓𝑚 Class C
Multiplier converter
Oscillator Circuit amplifier
×n (mixer)
DSBSC + 90° 𝑛 − 1 𝑓𝑐
90° Phase Balanced
shift Modulator Crystal
Oscillator

Modulating Integrator
Figure : FM transmitter in which FM is achieved through Armstrong Method
Signal
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 Demodulation of FM Signals (1 of 6)
•Frequency demodulation is the process that enables us to recover the original
modulating signal from a frequency-modulated signal.

•The objective is to produce a transfer characteristic that is the inverse of that of the
frequency modulator, which can be realized directly or indirectly

•Direct method of frequency demodulation involving the use of a popular device

known as a frequency discriminator

•The instantaneous amplitude is directly proportional to the instantaneous frequency

of the input FM signal.

•Indirect method of frequency demodulation that uses another popular device

known as a phase-locked loop. 44
Demodulation of FM Signals (2 of 6)

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Demodulation of FM Signals (3 of 6)

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Demodulation of FM Signals (4 of 6)

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Demodulation of FM Signals (5 of 6)

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Demodulation of FM Signals (6 of 6)

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Balanced Frequency Discriminator

Frequency Response.
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 Application of Angle Modulations

• Radio Broadcasting.
• Two-way mobile radio.
• Microwave communication.
• TV sound transmission.
• Cellular radio.
• Satellite communication.

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