Applications of Integration — Full Worked Solutions
Area, Volume, Riemann sums, Improper integrals
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises
September 17, 2025
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 1 / 26
Outline
1 Question 1
2 Question 2
3 Question 3
4 Question 4
5 Question 5
6 Question 6
7 Summary
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 2 / 26
Question 1 (i)
Evaluate: Z 2π
3 + cos x
I = x log dx.
0 3 − cos x
We will use symmetry (the substitution x 7→ 2π − x) and a half-period
shift property.
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 3 / 26
Solution 1 (i) – symmetry argument
Define Z 2π
3 + cos x
f (x) = log , I = xf (x) dx.
3 − cos x 0
Do the substitution x 7→ 2π − x. Because cos(2π − x) = cos x,
Z 2π
I = (2π − x)f (x) dx.
0
Add the two forms:
Z 2π Z 2π
2I = 2π f (x) dx ⇒ I =π f (x) dx.
0 0
R 2π
So computing I reduces to computing J = 0 f (x) dx.
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 4 / 26
Solution 1 (i) – integrand parity under shift
Observe the shift-by-π property:
3 + cos(x + π) 3 − cos x
f (x + π) = log = log = −f (x).
3 − cos(x + π) 3 + cos x
Thus f (x + π) = −f (x). Therefore
Z 2π Z π Z 2π Z π Z π
J= f (x) dx = f (x) dx+ f (x) dx = f (x) dx+ f (u+π) du
0 0 π 0 0
So J = 0 and finally I = π · 0 = 0.
Z 2π
3 + cos x
x log dx = 0.
0 3 − cos x
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 5 / 26
Illustration: why shift cancels
1 cos x cosine
0.5
x
π 2π
−0.5
−1
Small sketch: cosine flips sign around a half period; because our
transformed integrand flips sign under x 7→ x + π, areas cancel.
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 6 / 26
Question 1 (ii)
Evaluate:
Z sin2 x √
Z cos2 x √
I (x) = arcsin t dt + arccos t dt.
0 0
We interpret arcsin, arccos as the principal inverses; assume x ∈ [0, π2 ] so
sin x, cos x ≥ 0.
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 7 / 26
Solution 1 (ii) – parameter derivative trick
Set
Z sin2 x √
Z cos2 x √
A(x) = arcsin t dt, B(x) = arccos t dt.
0 0
Differentiate using the Leibniz rule (derivative of integral with variable
upper limit):
d
A′ (x) = arcsin(sin x) · (sin2 x) = x · 2 sin x cos x = x sin 2x,
dx
d
B ′ (x) = arccos(cos x) · (cos2 x) = x · (−2 sin x cos x) = −x sin 2x.
dx
So
I ′ (x) = A′ (x) + B ′ (x) = x sin 2x − x sin 2x = 0.
Hence I (x) is constant on [0, π2 ].
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Solution 1 (ii) – compute constant value
Evaluate at x = π2 :
1 √
Z
π
I 2 = arcsin t dt.
0
R1 √ √
Compute J = 0 arcsin t dt. Substitute u = t, t = u 2 , dt = 2u du:
Z 1
J= 2u arcsin u du.
0
Integrate by parts: set v = arcsin u, dw = 2u du so w = u 2 ,
du
dv = √ .
1 − u2
Z 1 Z 1
u2 π u2
J = [u 2 arcsin u]10 − √ du = − √ du.
0 1 − u2 2 0 1 − u2
R π/2
Put u = sin θ to evaluate the last integral: it equals 0 sin2 θ dθ = π/4.
π π π π
Thus J = − = . So the constant value is I (x) ≡ .
2 4 4 4
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Question 2
Z ∞
Prove: e −x x n dx = n!, where n is a positive integer.
0
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Solution 2 – integration by parts (reduction formula)
Define Z ∞
In = x n e −x dx.
0
R∞
Base case n = 0: I0 = 0 e −x
dx = 1 = 0!.
For n ≥ 1, integrate by parts: pick u = x n , dv = e −x dx. Then
du = nx n−1 dx, v = −e −x . So
h i∞ Z ∞
n −x
In = − x e +n x n−1 e −x dx = 0 + nIn−1 .
0 0
Thus In = nIn−1 and iterating yields In = n!.
Z ∞
x n e −x dx = n!
0
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 11 / 26
Graphical intuition
e −x
1
0.8
0.6 rapid decay
0.4
0.2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Multiplying by x n shifts weight
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercisestoward
Applications larger
of Integration: x but exponential
Solutions September 17,decay
2025 12 / 26
Question 3
Problem: The region enclosed between y = x and y = x 2 is denoted by
R. Find the volume generated when R is rotated through 360◦ about the
x-axis.
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 13 / 26
Solution 3 – set up
Intersection of curves: x = x 2 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 1. On [0, 1], the top curve
is y = x and the bottom is y = x 2 .
Using washers (about x-axis):
Z 1 Z 1
2 2
(x 2 − x 4 ) dx.
V =π [outer radius] − [inner radius] dx = π
0 0
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Solution 3 – compute and diagram
Compute:
1
x3 x5
1 1 2π
V =π − =π − = .
3 5 0 3 5 15
1 y y =x
y = x2
0.5
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2π
V =
15
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Question 4
Problem: Using integration find the area of the region bounded by
triangle ABC whose vertices are A(−1, 1), B(3, 2), C (0, 5).
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 16 / 26
Solution 4 – Method 1: Coordinate formula
Area of triangle with coordinates (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 ) is
1
Area = |x1 (y2 − y3 ) + x2 (y3 − y1 ) + x3 (y1 − y2 )| .
2
Plugging (−1, 1), (3, 2), (0, 5):
1 1 15
Area = |(−1)(2 − 5) + 3(5 − 1) + 0(1 − 2)| = |3 + 12| = .
2 2 2
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Solution 4 – Method 2: Integration (split by x)
Find line equations:
AB : y = 14 x + 54 , AC : y = 4x + 5, BC : y = −x + 5.
Projecting to the x-axis, triangle covers x ∈ [−1, 3]; vertex C is at x = 0,
so split at 0:
Z 0 Z 3
1 5
(−x + 5) − ( 14 x + 54 ) dx.
Area = (4x + 5) − ( 4 x + 4 ) dx +
−1 0
Evaluating gives 15/2 (same as coordinate formula).
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 18 / 26
Diagram (triangle)
C (0, 5)
B(3, 2)
A(−1, 1)
x
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 19 / 26
Question 5
Problem: By integration find the volume of the container which is the
shape of a right circular conical frustum (lower radius R, upper radius r ,
height h).
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 20 / 26
Solution 5 – derive using washers
Place the frustum axis along x ∈ [0, h]. The radius varies linearly:
R −r
ρ(x) = r + x.
h
A disk at x has area πρ(x)2 , so
h h 2
R −r
Z Z
2
V =π ρ(x) dx = π r+ x dx.
0 0 h
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 21 / 26
Solution 5 – final algebra
Expand and integrate:
(R − r )2 3 (R − r )2
2 2
V = π r h + r (R − r )h + h = πh r + r (R − r ) + .
3h2 3
Simplify:
πh 2
R + Rr + r 2 .
V =
3
πh 2
V = (R + Rr + r 2 )
3
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Diagram (frustum)
upper radius r
height h
lower radius R
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 23 / 26
Question 6
∞
xn
Z
Evaluate: dx, where n is a positive integer ≥ 2.
0 nx
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 24 / 26
Solution 6 – convert to Gamma integral
Write integrand as exponential:
xn
= x n e −x ln n .
nx
Set t = x ln n so x = t/ ln n, dx = dt/ ln n. Then
Z ∞ Z ∞
t n −t dt 1
I = e · = t n e −t dt.
0 ln n ln n (ln n) n+1 0
R∞
But 0 t n e −t dt = n!, therefore
∞
xn
Z
n!
dx = .
0 nx (ln n) n+1
Prepared for: NCERT Chapter 9 Exercises Applications of Integration: Solutions September 17, 2025 25 / 26
Summary and tips
Use symmetry (period/shift) to simplify integrals of trigonometric
expressions.
Differentiate integrals with parameter limits (Leibniz rule) to reduce
parameter dependences.
Use integration by parts for reduction formulas (Gamma-like
integrals).
For volume problems: sketch region, identify outer/inner radii, choose
washers or cylindrical shells.
For improper integrals with an exponential kernel, transform to the
Gamma integral using t = ax.
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