1.

INTRODUCTION

Need of security is the basic necessity of any individual. The feeling that we are safe and
everything around us is all right is imperative for peaceful living. But in this unsafe world, when
crime, terror and threats are on their peak, how can one attain that sense of security? Here, laser
security system provides us with a solution and for this reason more and more people are
installing them in order to stay safe and secure. Various electronic security systems can be used at
home and other important working places for security and safety purposes.

Laser Security alarm is a device used for security purposes. It has a wide application in fields of
security and defence staring from the security of simple household material to a very high valued
material of an organization. They once used to be expensive solutions for security needs. Owing
to cost cutting and fast technological advancements, this form of security system is becoming
more affordable.
Lasers differ from other light sources in a few significant ways. there are two features that are
important for security systems. Unlike a light bulb or flashlight. Laser light doesn’t spread out, it
is a narrow beam. And laser light is essentially a single color. Because laser light doesn’t spread
much, it can be sent it a long way and still have enough energy in a small area to trigger the
security detector. Because it’s single wavelength, it can put a blocking filter on the detector to let
laser light through without letting background light onto the detector.

Laser light travels in straight line. For instance, to protect the front of the yard, putting the laser at
one corner and detector at the other corner would do the job. That’s not a very practical
configuration, though. More typically, if it is needed to protect the perimeter of a room, or at least
the enhances. So, laser security systems start with a laser pointing to a small mirror. The first
mirror is angled to direct the beam to a second small mirror, and so on until the last mirror directs
the beam to the detector. If the beam is interrupted anywhere between the laser and the detector,
the electronics will put the warning signal.

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2. AIM and OBJECTIVES

2.1 AIM

To design, construct, and program a laser security system to secure particular area or object from
thieves.

2.2 OBJECTIVES

The core objective of this project is to design a LASER Security System with Laser and light
dependent resistor, which will protect the individuals from crime, terror and threats in unsafe
world in order to stay safe and secure.

Laser based Security System is a type of security and alarm system that uses laser light and a light
sensor. A security system protects our homes, offices, banks, lockers etc. from intrusion and
unauthorised access. There are different types of security systems available and laser based
security system is an important and efficient type.

A Laser security system can acts as a standalone system, which makes some sound or noise when
it detects any irregular activity, or can be part of a much bigger security and home automation
system.

In this project, we have designed a simple laser based security system, which acts as a tripwire
like security system and triggers an alarm when the laser in interrupted.

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3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Block Diagram

Fig 3.1.1 Block Diagram of Laser Security System

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3.2 Hardware Description

S. No Components Qty
1. Arduino Nano 1
2. 16x2 LCD Display with I2C 1
3. Laser Module 1
4. LDR Sensor 1
5. Buzzer 1
6. LED 1

Table 3.2.1 Components

3.2.1 Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano is a compact size microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P IC.

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It is part of the Arduino family of development boards with the popular Arduino
environment. However, the Nano is small in size and is a total of 14 digital pins available
and a total of 8 analogue pins available and also supports UART, SPI and
I2C Communication.

Fig 3.2.1.1 Arduino Nano

3.2.2 16x2 LCD Display

 A 16×2 LCD display is a liquid crystal display that can display 16

characters in two rows.
 The “16×2” notation indicates the number of character positions
available on the display.
 The VCC and GND pins of LCD display are connected to 5V and GND
pins of the Arduino Nano.
 The SDA and SCL pins of LCD Display I2C pins are connected to the to
A4 and A5 pins of Arduino Board.

Fig 3.2.2.1 16x2 LCD Display

3.2.3 Laser Module

 Laser modules are compact electronic devices.

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  The 650nm 6mm 5V DC laser module is a specific type of laser
module that operates at a wavelength of 650 nanometers (nm) and
requires a 5V direct current (DC) power supply.
 The laser diode within the module operates based on the principle of
stimulated emission. When a suitable current is applied, it excites
electrons in the semiconductor material, causing them to emit
photons. These photons bounce between mirrored surfaces within the
diode, stimulating the emission of further photons and resulting in the
generation of a coherent laser beam at 650nm.

Fig 3.2.3.1 Laser Module

A Signal pin and GND pin of Laser Module are connected to 5V pin and GND pin of Arduino
Nano respectively. Arduino Nano Board gives constant 5V power supply to Laser Module.

3.2.4 LDR Sensor

A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in
light sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark activated switching circuits

Fig 3.2.4.1 LDR Sensor

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Photo resistors work based off of the principle of photoconductivity. Photoconductivity is
an optical phenomenon in which the material’s conductivity is increased when light is
absorbed by the material. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the
electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction
band. These photons in the incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of
the semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the
conduction band. Hence when light having enough energy strikes on the device, more and
more electrons are excited to the conduction band which results in a large number of
charge carriers. The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing through
the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device
has been decreased. This is the most common working principle of LDR. In the dark, a
photo resistor can have a resistance as high as a few mega ohms (M ohms), while in the
light, a photo resistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light
on a photo resistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor
give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free
electrons conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and
sensitivity of a photo resistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover,
unique photo resistors may react substantially differently to photons within certain
wavelength bands.

In this Project, the LDR’s positive (+ve) pin is connected to 5V pin of Arduino Nano
Board and LDR’s negative (-ve) pin is connected to GND pin of Arduino Nano Board
through 10k Resistor. The Analog 3 (A3) pin of Arduino Nano, which is connected to
LDR’s negative (-ve) pins receives analog signal from LDR .

3.2.5 Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, and piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Early
devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the
metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current,
causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it
as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that
electromechanical buzzers made. The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to
attach it to power and ground. When current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic
disk to contract or expand. Changing this then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate.
That's the sound that you hear. Adjust the potentiometer to increase or decrease the
resistance of the potentiometer. If you increase the resistance of the potentiometer then it
will decrease the Volume of the buzzer. If you decrease the resistance of the potentiometer
then it will increase the Volume of the buzzer.

The positive (+ve) pin of Buzzer is connected to Digital 5 (D5) pin of Arduino Nano .
Arduino Nano give 5V signal to buzzer when it laser is Obstructed.

Fig 3.2.5.1 Buzzer

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 3.2.6 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. Like an ordinary
diode, the LED diode works when it is forward biased. In this case, the n-type
semiconductor is heavily doped than the p-type forming the p-n junction. When it is
forward biased, the potential barrier gets reduced and the electrons and holes combine at
the depletion layer (or active layer), light or photons are emitted or radiated in all
directions. A typical figure blow showing light emission due electron-hole pair combining
on forward biasing. It is a PN junction diode, which emits light when activated. The
explanation behind the emission of photons in an LED diode lies in the energy band theory
of solids. According to this theory, whether the electron-hole combining will give out
photons or not depends on whether the material has a direct band gap or indirect band gap.
Those semiconductor materials which have a direct band gap are the ones that emit
photons. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect
is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often

small in area (less than I mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape its
radiation pattern

Fig 3.2.6.1 LED

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3.3 Software Description

3.3.1 Arduino Compiler

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used to write, compile, and
upload code to Arduino boards. The IDE is open-source and supports C and C++
programming languages. It's available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux, and runs on
the Java Platform with built-in functions and commands for debugging, editing, and
compiling code. The IDE has a minimalist design with a menu bar and buttons for
verifying and uploading sketches. The IDE has five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, and
Help. The IDE uses the program avrdude to convert executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the
board's firmware. When you click on the compile button in IDE, the IDE will create a
temporary folder inside the windows temp folder and save all the following files in that
folder. You can compare these .cpp files with the original sketch .ino files and tabs to get
an idea of how the IDE has modified your code to generate the .cpp which is actually
compiled.

3.3.2 MC Programming Language: C

C is a high-level programming language that is often used for microcontrollers, and is

known for its efficiency, flexibility, and portability. It was originally developed in the
early 1970s, revised in the late 1970s, and standardized in the 1980s. C is an imperative
procedural language that supports structured programming, lexical variable scope, and
recursion, with a static type system. It is designed to be compiled to provide low-level
access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, all
with minimal runtime support.

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3.4 Working

Fig 3.4.1 Circuit Diagram

Laser security systems are use a laser to project a beam of light onto a series of mirrors, which
then returns to a sensor. If the beam is interrupted, an alarm is triggered. The system as three
essential components:
 Laser: A concentrated light source that emits a straight line of light of one color.
 Detector: Sensitive to light and outputs a voltage when the light hits it.
 Sensing electronics: Sense the change in voltage output and put out a warning signal.

The System works by transmitting a narrow beam of light through the laser into the air. The
light travels until it is blocked by a fixed object, and then reflects back on LDR. The LDR
continuously measures the light falling on it after reflection. When a laser security system is
idle, there will always be the same amount of light coming to the detector

The project basically works on the principle of interruption. If by any means the LASER light
is interrupted the alarm will start unless it is reset or after set time period. The laser is a
concentrated light source that puts out a straight beam of light of a single color.

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 The LDR is sensitive to light and puts out a voltage when the laser light hits it. When the laser
beam is interrupted and can’t reach LDR, its voltage output changes, and eventually the
Buzzer will Buzz and LCD shows Message “Laser Alert”.

4 Results and Discussion

4.1Results

When the laser beam falling over the LDR is interrupted by the object in the field of
laser net, hence the LDR developed an output voltage and the alarm rings showing the
sign of any intruders. The Laser Security System has been successfully designed and
developed. The buzzer is turned on and LCD display show “Laser Alert” message as the
laser beam falling on the LDR is interrupted. The experimental model was made
according to a circuit diagram and the result was as expected.

Fig 4.1.1 System before interruption on laser

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 Fig 4.1.2 System after interruption on laser

The LDR has to be placed in dark place or inside a case so that the other source of light
except the laser beam doesn’t affect the LDR. This helps the circuit to work faster and
properly.

4.2 DISCUSSIONS

ADVANTAGES: These are easy to install and work at both within as well as outside houses. These
are very effective perimeter alarm systems around properties. In indoor systems can utilize the
normal power outlets and jacks making them inconspicuous. At outside these can be easily be
hidden behind the bushes or plants without causing any damage. They consume less power when
compared to the laser system as the whole, which is expensive. These laser systems can be installed
in homes either by self or by hiring a technical person. By technological innovations cost of the
security systems has been cut to a large extent. So, making laser systems one among affordable
security system options can be very safe. Lasers are strong in beam width and can be focused on the

perfect target. By using laser security system one can be safe in the case of harmful effects to the
body. As the beam width used in the laser security systems are not strong beam widths. The circuit,
construction and setup for the Laser Security System are very simple. If used with a battery, the
laser security system can work even when there is a power outage.

APPLICATIONS:
• Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes, where even if the locker’s code

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 is hacked, it acts as an additional layer of security.
• Apart from security systems, this laser based setup can also be used to check if pets or babies
crossed a certain boundary.
When the laser beam falling over the LDR is interrupted by the object in the field of laser net, hence
the LDR develops an output voltage and the alarm rings showing the sign of any intruders. The
Laser Security System has been successfully designed and developed. The buzzer is turned on and
LCD display show message “Laser Alert” as the laser beam falling on the LDR is interrupted. The
experimental model was made according to the circuit diagram and the result was as expected. The
LDR has to be placed in dark place or inside a case so that the other source of light except the laser
beam doesn’t affect the LDR. This helps the circuit to work faster and properly.

5 Conclusion

Laser security system provides us the security against any crime, theft in our day to day life
and so people are installing them in order to stay safe, secure and sound. Various electronic
security systems can be used at home and other important working places for security and
safety purposes. It is a great opportunity and source of saving man power contributing no
wastage of electricity. The "Laser Security System" is an important helping system. Using
this system robbery, thefts & crime can be avoided to large extend. Avoiding thieves results
in the safety of our financial assets and thereby this system provides us protection against
all. The Laser & LDR system is highly sensitive with a great range of working. The system
senses the light emitted by the Laser falling over the LDR connected with the circuit.
Whenever the beam of light is interrupted by any means, it triggers the alarm or siren. This
highly reactive approach has low computational requirement, therefore it is well suited to
surveillance, industrial application and smart environments.

Future Scope

The future scope of the "Laser Security System" is promising and encompasses various
avenues for further development and innovation. The future of laser security system include:

1. Identification: We can implement a person identification system like Face-recognition

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 and fingerprint scanning.

2. Multiple lasers and LDRs: Making the system more effective.

3. Real-time monitoring: Using 4G/LTE or Bluetooth technology.

4. Less bulky: Requiring fewer components and wiring

5. Low power requirement: Requiring less power.

6. Renewable Power Supply: We can also provide renewable energy sources like solar
power to power this system.

Overall, the future scope of the "Laser Security System" is vast, with opportunities for
innovation and improvement across various aspects of the system's design, functionality,
and integration with emerging technologies.
6 References

1 Laser Security System by David Nathan Hornback, University of Louisville

2 Laser Security System by Richa Chauhan, Rakesh Sharma and Akshay Meena
3 Low Cost Laser Light Security System in Smart Home | IEEE Conference Publication

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