CSE 520210
Microprocessor and Assembly Language
Types of Microprocessors
Types of Microprocessor
Depending on register
Accumulator based
Register based
Based on application
Bit Slice Processors
General purpose MPs
Dedicated/Embedded system controllers
Accumulator Based Microprocessors
The computers that uses accumulator based MPs are called a 1-operand
machine.
One of the operands is assumed to be held in a special register called
“accumulator”.
Although it may have several registers, all arithmetic and logical operations are
performed using this register as one of the data sources.
Result is stored back in the accumulator.
All the data transfers are performed through accumulator.
Examples are -Intel’s 8085, Motorola’s 6809
Accumulator Based Microprocessors
For instance, a CPU might have an instruction like:
ADD (memaddress)
that adds the value read from the memory location no. (memaddress) to the value
already stored in the accumulator after which it also places the result in to the
accumulator.
The accumulator is not identified in the instruction by a register number; it is
implicit in the instruction and no other register can be specified in the instruction.
Block Diagram of Accumulator Based
Microprocessors
The General Purpose Register Based
Microprocessors
Also called 2-operand or 3-operand machines.
These processors have a set of general purpose registers which can be used to
hold data, memory addresses or the results of an arithmetic or logic operations
for indefinite amount of time and are capable of manipulating data by shift or
rotate operations.
The number and size of these registers vary from processor to processor.
Some registers are general purpose while others are earmarked with some
functions.
Examples are -Intel’s 8086/386, Motorola’s 68000/020
The General Purpose Register Based
Microprocessors
Typical dedicated registers include:
◦ Program Counter (PC)
◦ Instruction Register (IR)
◦ Status Register or Flag Register
◦ Stack Pointer (SP)
Block diagram of Register based
microprocessors
D0 T1 T2 IR A0
CU
A3
ALU CC
SP
TP
D7 PC
+1
-
Central Processing Unit memory
Accumulator vs. Register Based MP
Accumulator based MP Register based MP
1. All operands are held in accumulator. 1. Register is used to hold memory and data.
2. After arithmetic and logic operations results 2. Stored in the register.
are stored in the accumulator.
3. One address instructions are very 3. Most instructions come with more than one
predominant in this organization. operands.
4. 8-bit MPs are usually accumulator based. 4. 16-bit and 32-bit are usually register based.
5. Lower speed. 5. Higher speed.
6. Data transfer are performed via accumulator. 6. Data transfer are performed via registers.
7. Are made by NMOS technique. 7. Are made by HMOS technique.
8. Example: intel-8085, Motorola-6800 8. Example: intel-8086, 80386
Motorola-68020,68030
Bit Slice MP
What is a bit slice MP?
A processor which is composed of a
number of smaller processors where
each smaller processor handles a portion
of a task concurrently.
A microprocessor in which the major
logic of the central processor is
partitioned into a set of large-scale-
integration circuits, as opposed to being
placed on a single chip.
Bit Slice MP
In a bit-sliced processor, each module contains an ALU (arithmetic-logic unit)
usually capable of handling a 4-bit field. By combining two or more identical
modules, it is possible to build a processor that can handle any multiple of this
value, such as 8 bits, 12 bits, 16 bits, 20 bits, and so on. Each module is called a
slice. The control lines for all the slices are connected effectively in parallel to
share the processing "work" equally.
Examples of bit-slice microprocessor modules can be seen in the Intel 3000
family, the AMD Am2900 family, the National Semiconductor IMP-16 and
IMP-8 family, and the 74181.
Dedicated/Embedded System Controllers
What is an Embedded System?
Embedded systems are devices or systems or part of a large system that are
dedicated to perform specific functions requiring computations.
Their computing unit differ from conventional computer systems as they are not
required to be general purpose. Instead of microprocessors, often
microcontrollers are used as embedded system controllers.
Dedicated/Embedded System Controllers
What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip, which includes all or most of the
components needed for a controller computer on a single chip.
The microcontroller typically includes: CPU, RAM, EPROM/PROM/ROM,
Input/output Interfaces (serial and/or parallel), Timers, Interrupt Controller, etc.
Intel 8051 (8-bit) and Intel 8096 (16-bit) are examples of microcontroller.
Microcontrollers are used increasingly in products like various as industrial
production machineries, home appliances and toys.
Block Diagram of a Microcontroller
A Better View
Microcontroller vs. Microprocessors
Microcontroller vs. Microprocessors
1. CPU for micro computers. 1. A smaller computer.
2. No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself. 2. On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports.
3. Example：Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 3. Example：Motorola’s 6811,
680x0 Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC
Microcontroller vs. Microprocessors
Microprocessors Microcontroller
General-purpose, used in microcomputers. Single-purpose, used in embedded systems.
CPU is stand-alone chip, RAM, ROM, I/O are CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a
separate. single chip.
Designer can decide on the amount of ROM, Fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O
RAM and I/O ports. ports.
Since all the other components are external, the As all the required components and buses are
circuit is larger. inside a single chip, the circuit is smaller.
Costly and inefficient for compact systems. Cheaper and efficient option for compact
systems.
Due to all the external components, the overall Overall power consumption is lower and most
power requirement is higher which makes it MCs feature idle or power saving mode which
unsuitable for systems that relies on battery. makes MCs ideal for battery driven systems.
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