1.3. Resource Optimization Models
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3 Concept and Typology of Models
The scope of application of the models for decision making that
Operations Research appears increasingly promising, going
from the professional fields it has traditionally covered, to fields in
those whose application could previously be considered unthinkable, such as the
field of medical sciences and social sciences.
There are several optimization models, there are models to minimize costs,
models to maximize profits, critical path models, there are many, but the
the main application of these types of models is to create combinations in which they
Make the most of certain operational activities.
For example, for the shortest route in package delivery, we already have the
places where it has to be delivered and the model creates the combinations in the
It is advisable to make the deliveries in this way, minimizing costs.
(for example, gasoline and time) and maximize profits (for example, a greater
number in package delivery
Types of models.
Some models that may be useful for optimization are proposed.
Resource allocation model.
Model of resource allocation in multiple periods.
Network model.
Resource allocation model.
The allocation model is carried out through linear programming and helps to
determine how each of the resources can be allocated optimally in
the whole system.
For this, the mathematical model is necessary to establish the optimal solution.
of the problem.
The goal of the model is defined by the objective function.
The criterion used in the objective function can be maximization or minimization.
In the case that one seeks to increase the benefits of the model, the criterion must be
maximization, otherwise, the criterion used must be minimization.
The objective function consists of the decision variables, these are the
unknowns of the problem that seek to be determined with the model. The coefficient that
a decision variable accompanies the objective function indicates the increment
unitary in the benefit or the cost in the overall effectiveness of the problem.
Multi-period resource allocation model.
The planning of supply chain processes is dynamic since
that the decisions made in a certain period are linked to the
decisions that will be made in future periods.
Production managers may choose a production strategy.
composed of several periods through the use of forecasts. In fact, for
To implement this model, managers must have the minimum and maximum levels.
intended sales by product in each of the periods. The decisions on
taking in each period are the production levels, the sales levels and the
inventory levels for each of the products.
The model is proposed for the entire horizon through the application of models.
of resource allocation for each period, as well as the balance equations
linked inventory between periods.
The aggregate inventory balance equation for the period has the following
form:
Final inventory in week t = Final inventory in week t–1 + Production
from week t - Sales made in week t
Network model.
A network refers to a geographic area that contains distribution sources.
of products and sources that are expected to be supplied with that product. The network is
formed by a set of nodes and branches.
There are two types of nodes, the source node which represents the place where it
the distribution of a product such as warehouses or plants begins, and the destination node is
refers to the place where the client is located.
The connection between two different nodes located at different points is denoted
as a branch and the sequence of several branches is known as trajectory.
Therefore, the network model seeks for the optimal path to supply
all destination nodes at low costs and in short times.
The network model restrictions establish that the total shipments from the
the plant and the warehouses cannot exceed their availability of products and the
the demand of each of the customers must be met by the shipments from the plant
and the wineries.
The decision variables in this case are the flows of a product from the
plant to the customer and the flows from the warehouses to the customer.
The problem is feasible if the sum of the demand is less than the availability of
products contained in the plant and its warehouses.
A single client can be supplied with the same product from one plant and
a warehouse simultaneously to meet its demand. In case there is a
restriction regarding a client being supplied by the same one
installation, the solution to the problem is not feasible.
In order to reduce transportation costs, the company can investigate the
potential benefits of locating deposits between the client and the warehouses and the
plant.
Other decision variables representing costs are added to the model.
transport to the new warehouse, handling cost of the product in the warehouse and the
transportation cost from the warehouse to the customer.
In addition, to the restrictions on the type of capacity of the company and the
demand restrictions by the customer are based on capacity restrictions
of the deposit.
These establish that the incoming product flow is equal to the outgoing flow of
this. The multiple product flow model proposes that the different
products share the capacity of transportation.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Administrators: People who carry out the task and functions of
manage, at any level and in any type of company.
Committee: A group of people to whom a task is entrusted collectively.
subject for the purposes of information, advice, exchange of ideas or decision making
decisions.
Communication: Transfer of information from one person to another, always
that the receiver understands it.
Creativity: Ability to develop new concepts, ideas, and solutions
to problems.
Effectiveness: Achievement of objectives; attainment of desired effects.
Efficiency: Achieving goals with the least amount of resources; the achievement of
objectives at the lowest cost or other unintended consequences.
Strategy: Determination of the purpose (or mission) and the basic objectives
long-term goals of a company and adoption of courses of action and allocation of
the necessary resources to achieve these purposes.
Operations research: Use of mathematical models to reflect the
variables and constraints in a situation and their effect on a goal
selected, is usually based on the use of optimization models;
the application of the scientific method to a problematic situation with the idea of
provide a quantitative basis to reach an optimal solution in
terms of the sought goals.
Leadership: Influence, art or process of influencing people to
they strive voluntarily and enthusiastically to achieve the goals of the
group.
Microcomputer: A smaller device than the minicomputer; it can be
a desktop computer, for home, personal, portable or a
computer for a system for small businesses.
Mission: Basic function or task of a company or agency or of one of
their departments.
Objectives: Aims towards which the activity is directed; end points of the
planning.
Organization: Concept used in various forms, such as for example 1)
systems or patterns of any group of relationships in any kind of
operation, 2) the company itself, 3) cooperation of two or more people,
4) the behavior of the members of a group and 5) the intentional structure of
papers in a 'formally organized' company.
Policies: General statements or interpretations that guide the
thinking during decision-making; the essence of policies is the
the existence of a certain degree of discretion to guide decision-making
decisions.
Planning premises: Planning assumptions,
expected environment in which the plans will operate; they can be forecasts of
environmental planning or basic policies and existing plans that will influence on
any determined plan.
Procedures: Plans that establish a method for handling the
future activities. They are chronological series of required actions, guides
for action, not for thought, which detail the exact way in which
certain activities must be carried out.
Productivity: Production-inputs ratio over a period, taking into account
properly the quality.
Rules: Norms that dictate action or abstention, but do not allow for
discretion; for example, "definitely, no smoking".
Responsibility: Obligation that subordinates owe to their superiors
regarding the exercise of the authority that was delegated to them as a form
to achieve the expected results.
Feedback: Input of information into a system that transmits
system operation messages to indicate whether it operates as expected
planned; information related to any type of planned operation,
addressed to the person responsible for its evaluation.
Supervisor: Just like manager, but generally this name is applied to
lower-level or first-line managers of administration.
