UNIT:01
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
1. Steam enters a turbine at 30 bar, 300oC, u= 2750kJ/kg, h= 2993kJ/kg and exits the turbine
as saturated liquid at 15kPa, u= 225kJ/kg, h= 256kJ/kg
Heat loss to the surrounding is 50kJ/kg of steam flowing through the turbine. Neglecting
changes in kinetic energy and potential energy, find the work output of the turbine (in kJ/kg
of steam).
2. In the figure shown, the system is a pure substance kept in a piston- cylinder arrangement.
The system is initially a two- phase mixture containing 1 kg of liquid and 0.03 kg of vapour
at a pressure of 100 kPa. Initially, the piston rests on a set of stops, as shown in the figure.
A pressure of 200 kPa is required to exactly balance the weight of the piston and the outside
atmospheric pressure. Heat transfer takes place into the system until its volume increases
by 50%. Heat transfer to the system occurs in such a manner that the piston, when allowed
to move, does so in a very slow (quasi-static / quasi-equilibrium) process. The thermal
reservoir from which heat is transferred to the system as a temperature of 400∘C. Average
temperature of the system boundary can be taken as 175∘C. Heat transfer to the system is
1 kJ, during which its entropy increases by 10 J/K.
Specific volume of liquid (vf) and (vg) vapour phases, as well as values of saturation
temperatures, are given in the table below.
Pressure (kPa) Saturation temperature vf vg
Tsat (oC)
100 100 0.001 0.1
200 200 0.0015 0.002
3. A 2Kw, 40 liter water heater is switched on for 20 minutes. The heat capacity Cp for water
is 4.2 kJ/kg.K Assuming all the electrical energy has gone into heating the water, find the
increase of the water temperature in degree centigrade.
4. A rigid tank of volume of 8 m3 is being filled up with air from a pipeline connected through
a valve. Initially the valve is closed and the tank is assumed to be completely evacuated.
The air pressure and temperature inside the pipeline are maintained at 600 kPa and 306 K,
respectively. The filling of the tank begins by opening the valve and the process ends when
the tank pressure is equal to the pipeline pressure. During the filling process, heat loss to
the surrounding is 1000 kJ. The specific heats of air at constant pressure and at constant
volume are 1.005 kJ/kg.K and 0.718 kJ/kg.K, respectively. Neglect changes in kinetic
energy and potential energy. find the final temperature of the tank after the completion of
the filling process in K
5. An engine running on an air standard Otto cycle has a displacement volume 250 cm3 and a
clearance volume 35.7 cm3. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of the
compression process are 100 kPa and 300 K, respectively. Heat transfer during constant-
volume heat addition process is 800 kJ/kg. The specific heat at constant volume is 0.718
kJ/kg.K and the ratio of specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume is 1.4.
Assume the specific heats to remain constant during the cycle. Find the maximum pressure
in the cycle in kPa.
6. One kg of an ideal gas (gas constant R = 400J/kg.K) specific heat at constant volume is
1000J/kg.K, at 1 bar, and 300K is contained in a sealed rigid cylinder. During an
adiabatic process, 100kJ of work is done on the system by a stirrer. Find the increase in
entropy of the system.
7. Air enters a frictionless adiabatic converging nozzle at 10 bar, 500K with negligible
velocity. The nozzle dis-charges to a region at 2 bar. If the exit area of the nozzle
is 2.5cm2 find the flow rate of air through the nozzle. Assume for air, Cp =
1005J/kg.K and Cv=718 J/kg.K
8. A polytropic process is carried out from an initial pressure of 110 kPa and volume of 5
m3 to a final volume of 2.5 m3. The polytropic index is given by n = 1.2. Find the absolute
value of the work done during the process In kJ
9. The contents of a well-insulated tank are heated by a resistor of 23ohms in which 10A
current is flowing. Consider the tank along with its contents as a thermodynamic system.
The work done by the system and the heat transfer to the system are positive. Find the rates
of heat (Q), work (W) and change in internal energy during the process in kW.
10. A source at temperature of 500K provides 1000 kJ of heat. The temperature of
environment is 27oC. Find the maximum useful work (in kJ) that can be obtained from the
heat source.
11. The pressure, temperature and velocity of air flowing in a pipe are 5bar, 500K and 50m/s
respectively. The specific heats of air at constant pressure and at constant volume are 1.005
kJ/kg.K and 0.718 kJ/kg.K respectively. Neglect potential energy. If the pressure and
temperature of the surroundings are 1 bar and 300 K respectively, find the available energy
in kJ/kg of the air stream.
12. At a place where the surroundings are at 1bar, 27oC a closed rigid thermally insulated tank
contains 2kg air at 2 bar, 27oC This air is then churned for a while, by a paddle wheel
connected to an external motor. If it is given that the irreversibility of the process
is 100kJ find the final temperature and the increase in availability of air. Assume for air Cv
=0.718 kJ/kg.K
13. Two identical metal blocks L and M (specific heat 0.4 kJ/kg.K), each having a mass
of 5kg are initially at 313K A reversible refrigerator extracts heat from block L and rejects
heat to block M until the temperature of block L reaches 293K. Find The final temperature
(in K) of block M.
14. An iron cube at a temperature of 4000C is dropped into an insulated bath containing
10kg water at 25oC The water finally reaches a temperature of 50oC at steady state. Given
that the specific heat of water is equal to 4186 J/kg.K. find the entropy changes for the iron
cube and the water.
15. A heat pump (H.P.) is driven by the work output of a heat engine (H.E.) as shown in the
figure. The heat engine extracts 150 kJ of heat from the source at 1000 K. The heat pump
absorbs heat from the ambient at 280 K and delivers heat to the room which is maintained
at 300 K. Considering the combined system to be ideal, find the total amount of heat
delivered to the room together by the heat engine and heat pump in kJ
