Functions

Solution
a)
Input Output
1
1
3
1
3
7
1
5
11
1
7
15
1
9
19

b)
Input Output
1
2
5
1
4
9
1
6
13
1
8
17
1
10
21

c) A fraction cannot have a denominator of 0, so 2x + 1 ≠ 0

⇒ x = − 12 must be excluded.

Mappings
A mapping is the process of going from an object to its image.
For example, this mapping diagram shows the function f(x) = x 2 + 1
when the domain is the set of integers −2  x  2.
Domain Range

Input Output
−2 1
A mapping
−1
diagram is one
way to illustrate a 0 2

function. 1
2 5

Object Image

There are four different types of mappings.

5
1 FUNCTIONs

One-one
Every object has a unique image and every image comes from only one
object.
y
6

5 y=x+1
Input Output
4

−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1

−2

Many-one
Every object has a unique image but at least one image corresponds to
more than one object.
y
7
y = x2 − 2
6
Input Output
5

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−1

−2

6
 Functions

One-many
There is at least one object that has more than one image but every
image comes from only one object.
y
5

4 y2 = 2 x
Input Output 3

−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1

−2

−3

−4

Many-many
There is at least one object that has more than one image and at least
one image that corresponds to more than one object.
y
6
5
4 x2 + y2 = 25
3
Input Output
2
1

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6

7
1 FUNCTIONs

b) The range of f(x) is f(x)  0 ⇒ the domain of f −1(x) is x  0

The domain of f(x) is x  1 ⇒ the range of f −1(x) is f −1(x)  1
y y = f−1(x) y=x

The domain and

range of f −1(x)
can be seen more
clearly on this
sketch graph. y = f(x)
1

0 1 x

Exercise 1.1 1 For the function f(x) = 3x + 4, find:

a) f(3) b) f(−2) c) f(0) ()
d) f 12

2 For the function g(x) = (x + 2)², find:

a) g(4) b) g(−6) c) g(0) ()
1
d) g 2

3 For the function h: x → 3x 2 + 1, find:

a) h(2) b) h(−3) c) h(0) (1)
d) h 3

4 For the function f: x → 2 x3+ 6 , find:

2 x+ 1 is the a) f(3) b) f(−6) c) f(0) ()
d) f 14
notation for the 5 For the function f(x) = 2 x + 1 :
positive square a) Draw a mapping diagram to show the outputs when the set of inputs
root of 2 x+ 1 is the odd numbers from 1 to 9 inclusive.
b) Draw a mapping diagram to show the outputs when the set of inputs
is the even numbers from 2 to 10 inclusive.
c) Which number must be excluded as an input?
6 Find the range of each function:
a) f(x) = 3x – 2; domain {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
x−4
b) g(x) = 2 ; domain {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
c) h(x) = 2x 2; domain x∈ℝ
d) f: x → x 2 + 6; domain x∈ℝ
7 Which value(s) must be excluded from the domain of these functions?
a) f(x) = 1x b) f(x) = x − 1

c) f(x) = 2 x3− 3 d) f(x) = 2 − x 2

8 Find the inverse of each function:
a) f(x) = 7x − 2 b) g(x) = 3 x2+ 4
c) h(x) = (x − 1)2 for x  1 d) f(x) = x 2 + 4 for x  0
9 a) Find the inverse of the function f(x) = 3x – 4.
b) Sketch f(x), f –1(x) and the line y = x on the same axes. Use the same
scale on both axes.

12
1 FUNCTIONs

Solution
a)
y y
6 6
5 y=x−2 5 y = | x − 2|
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–1 –1
–2 –2
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5

b)
y y
7 7
6 y = x2 − 2 6 y = | x2 − 2|
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 Notice the sharp 2
1 change of gradient 1
from negative to
–3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 x positive, where –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 x
part of the graph
–2
–2
is reflected. This
–3 point is called a –3

c) ‘cusp’.
y y
y = cos x 
–1 1
y = cos x

90° 180° x 90° 180° x

–1 –1

16
 The modulus function

Exercise 1.2 1 Given that f(x) = 3x + 2, g(x) = x 2 and h(x) = 2x, find:
a) fg(2) b) fg(x) c) gh(x) d) fgh(x)
2 Given that f(x) = 2 x + 1 and g(x) = 4 − x, find:
a) fg(−4) b) gf(12) c) fg(x) d) gf(x)
3 Given that f(x) = x + 4, g(x) = 2x 2 and h(x) = 2 x1+ 1 , find:
a) f²(x) b) g²(x) c) h²(x) d) hgf(x)
4 For each function, find the inverse and sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and
Note y = f−1(x) on the same axes. Use the same scale on both axes.
a) f(x) = 3x − 1 b) f(x) = x 3, x > 0
In Chapter 10, you 5 Solve the following equations:
will look again at a) |x − 3| = 4 b) |2x + 1| = 7 c) |3x − 2| = 5 d) |x + 2| = 2
the relationship 6 Sketch the graph of each function:
a) y = x + 2 b) y = |x + 2| c) y = |x + 2| + 3
between y = f(x) 7 Sketch these graphs for 0°  x  360°:
and y = |f(x)|, a) y = cos x b) y = cos x + 1 c) y = |cos x| d) y = |cos x| + 1
where f(x) is 8 Graph 1 represents the line y = 2x − 1. Graph 2 is related to graph 1 and
trigonometric. graph 3 is related to graph 2.
Write down the equations of graph 2 and graph 3.
Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3
y y y

1 4
3
0.5 x 0.5 x

–1

0.5 x

9 The graph shows part of y

a quadratic curve and its
inverse.
a) What is the equation of y=x
the curve? (2, 5)
b) What is the equation of
the inverse?
10 a) Sketch the graphs of
these functions: (1, 2)
i) y = 1 − 2x
ii) y = |1 − 2x|
1
iii) y = −|1 − 2x|
iv) y = 3 −|1 − 2x|
1 x
b) Use a series of
transformations to sketch
the graph of y = |3x + 1| − 2.
11 For each part:
a) Sketch both graphs on the same axes.

17