1. What is IP? Also give the frame format of IP?

IP is a
Network layer protocol
Datagram oriented protocol
Packets in IP layer are called datagrams. A datagram has 2 parts header & data

The structure of IP consists of the following

Version:
Defines the version of IP
4 bit long field
IPV4,IPV6
IHL (IP Header length):
Defines length of datagram header'
Type of service field:
to distinguish between different classes of service
Total length
Defines the total length of IP datagram
Length of header as well as data field
Identification field
Identifies each datagram from others
DF Stands for Do not Fragment
MF Stands for More Fragments
Fragment offset
 Position of fragment w.r.t the whole datagram
Identifies the location of the fragment in a packet
Time to Live
Age, lifetime
Protocol
Defines the high level protocol
checksum
to detect error
Source address
Destination address
options

2. What is classful and classless addressing..?

IPv4 addressing used the concept of classes.
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.
If the address is given in binary notation, the first few bits can immediately tell us the class
of the address.
If the address is given in decimal-dotted notation, the first byte defines the class

For example
 For the first question a)
First bit is 0
0 means its of Class A
2nd Question b
First 3 bits are 110
Indicates Class C
3rd Question c
First number is 14
14 Comes between 0-127
So its from Class A
4th Question d
First number is 252
252 comes between 240 and 255
Its from class E

Netid and hostid

Classes A,B and C are divided into Netid and Host id
In the figure, the colored ones are Netid
Uncolored ones are hostid
This doesnt apply to classes D and E

Mask
 This is similar to the colored and uncolored figure we saw earlier
Colored ones are in 1's, uncolored ones are in 0's, Each slot is 8 bits

Classless Addressing
In classless addressing, the concept of fixed classes is abandoned. Instead, entities, whether
small or large, are granted blocks or ranges of addresses based on their needs and size.

3. What is sub netting..?

In networking, the concept of subnetting involves breaking down a large block of
addresses that an organization has been granted into smaller, contiguous groups called
subnets.
Subnetting allows for better organization and management of IP addresses within a large
network.
Although the external world still sees the organization as a single entity, internally, it
operates with several subnets.
To manage this structure, the organization creates smaller subblocks of addresses, with
each assigned to a specific subnet.
Additionally, each subnet must have its own subnet mask to maintain internal
communication and organization.

4. A network on the internet has a subnet mask of

255.255. 240.0. What is the maximum number of hosts it
can handle..?

5. Discuss about internet control message protocol..?

IP Does not have inbuilt mechanism for sending error and control messages
It depends on internet control message protocol (ICMP) for error control
ICMP is used for reporting Errors and management queries
used by networks devices like routers for sending error messages
The ICMP resides in the IP layer
ICMP Message format
Type
It is an 8-bit field. It defines the ICMP message type.
0 to 127 are defined for ICMPv6
128 to 255 are the informational messages
Code
It is an 8-bit field that defines the subtype of the ICMP message
Checksum
-It is a 16-bit field to detect whether the error exists in the message or not

The ICMP protocol always reports the error messages to the

original source.

Types of Error reporting messages

1. Destination unreachable
1. Occurs when packet does not reach the destination
2. Source quench
1. Request to decrease the traffic rate
2. If the receiving host feels the rate of sending packets is too fast, it can do a source
quench to the host to slow down so no packets are lost
 3. Parameter problem
1. When packet comes to router, the calculated header checksum should be equal to
received header checksum, only then its accepted
4. Time exceeded
1. Sometimes the situation arises when there are many routers that exist between the
sender and the receiver.
2. When the sender sends the packet, then it moves in a routing loop.
3. The time exceeded is based on the time-to-live (TTL) value
4. When the packet traverses through the router, then each router decreases the value
of TTL by one.
5. Whenever a router decreases a datagram with a time-to-live value to zero, then the
router discards a datagram and sends the time exceeded message to the original
source
5. Redirection
1. When the packet is sent, then the routing table is gradually augmented and updated.
The tool used to achieve this is the redirection message

ICMP Query Messages

Echo-request and echo-reply message

A router or a host can send an echo-request message. It is used to

ping a message to another host that "Are you alive"

Timestamp-request and timestamp-reply message

Suppose the computer A wants to know the time on computer B, so it sends the
timestamp-request message to computer B.
The computer B responds with a timestamp-reply message

6. What is ARP.? Explain its working.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used to find the MAC
(Media Access Control) address of a device from its IP address
ARP provides a dynamic mapping from an IP address to the corresponding hardware
address.
When one host wants to communicate with another host on the network, it needs to
resolve the IP address of each host to the host's hardware address
 This protocol is used when a device wants to communicate with another device on a Local
Area Network or Ethernet

Working of ARP
When a host tries to interact with another host, an ARP request is initiated
If the IP address is for the local network, the source host checks its ARP cache to find out
the hardware address of the destination computer.
If the correspondence hardware address is not found, ARP broadcasts the request to all
the local hosts
All hosts receive the broadcast and check their own IP address. If no match is discovered,
the request is ignored
The destination host that finds the matching IP address sends an ARP reply to the source
host along with its hardware address, thus establishing the communication
The ARP cache is then updated with the hardware address of the destination host

7. Define reverse Address Resolution Protocol. (RARP).?

Some network hosts, such as a diskless workstation, do not know their own IP address
when they are booted.
To determine their own IP address, they use a mechanism similar to ARP, but now the
hardware address of the host is the known parameter, and the IP address is the queried
parameter.

Method
1. Source Device “Generates RARP Request Message”
2. Source Device “Broadcasts RARP Request Message”
3. Local Devices “Process RARP Request Message”
4. RARP Server Generates RARP Reply Message
5. RARP Server Sends RARP Reply Message
6. Source Device Processes RARP Reply Message

8. Write short note on BOOTP

 BOOTP is used to give IP addresses to each member of that network for participating with
other networking devices by the main server
BOOTP is used during the bootstrap process when the computer is initially starting up,
hence the name.

Working of BOOTP
broadcasts a message containing its MAC address onto the network
This message is called a “BOOTP request,”
This request is picked up by the BOOTP server, which replies to the client with the
following information that the client needs
client’s IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway address
IP address and host name of the BOOTP serve
The IP address of the server that has the boot image, which the client needs to load
its operating system
When the client receives this info
it configures and intializes TCP IP protocol
Connects to server where the boot image is stored
Loads the image and starts OS

Uses of BOOTP
Used in diskless environment
Transfer of data between client and server
No external storage outside of cloudnetwork required

9. What is DHCP..? Discuss the DHCP header with

diagram
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used to
dynamically assign an IP address to any device, or node, on a network so they can
communicate using IP (Internet Protocol)

Working
Maintains unique address of IP address using a DHCP Server
Sends a request to DHCP when a client configured to work with DHCP connects to a
network
 Server acknowledges by providing an IP Address to client

Advantage
Centralized management of IP addresses
Reuse of IP address
Ease of adding clients to network

Disadvantage
Ip Conflicts

10. Explain the IPV4 with its datagram format..?

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of
a device
Two devices on the Internet can never have the same address at the same time
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which means that the address space is 𝟐^𝟑𝟐 or 4,294,967,296
(more than 4 billion). This means that, theoretically, more than 4 billion devices could be
connected to the Internet.
 The IP Datagram has a header and payload
VER -> Version Number
HLEN -> HeaderLength
Service Type
Total length

11. Differentiate IPV4 and IPV6.