KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Criminal Justice Education

Law Enfocrement Organization and Administration
By: MKD

Introduction to Police Organization and Administration

In all modern societies, the enforcement of the law is vital-without some type of
law enforcement, a society would eventually cease to exist. The function called law
enforcement is a society‟s formal attempt to obtain compliance with the established
rules, regulations, and laws of that society. Without law enforcement, society as we
know it would probably succumb to social disorder and chaos (Jones and Barletlett
Learning, 2020).

Organization – is an association or group of individuals with a common goal. It is a

structured group of individuals and functions into a productive relationship.
- a consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively identifiable boundary, that
functions on a relatively continuous basic to achieve a common goal or sets of goals.
(Robbins, 1990:4)

Administration – refers to the general managing and organizing that occurs at the
highest levels of an organization. It entails the establishment of the department‟s overall
purposes. (Gaines, Worrall, Southerland and Angell. 2003:2)

Police Organization- It is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety

administration engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the
maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property, enforcement of the
laws and prevention of crimes.
– a structured group of trained personnel dealt with achieving following goals and
objectives:

Goals:
-To protect life and property
-To ensure public safety
-To maintain peace and order

Objectives:
-To attain an acceptable degree of peace and order
-To attain effectiveness in the enforcement of law and efficiency of law
enforcers
-To attain a low crime volume or crime rate
-To attain a maximum degree of solution and criminal conviction of law violators
-To attain a maximum degree in the protection of life and property

Police Administration- it is the process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper

obedience of laws and related statutes that focuses on the policing process or how law
enforcement agencies are organized and managed in order to achieve the goals of
law enforcement most effectively, efficiency and productively.

Police in action. This refers to the cooperative human efforts to achieve the purposes of
Criminal Justice System.

Police
-The agency of a community or government that is responsible for enforcing the
law, maintaining public order, and preventing and detecting crimes (Banton, Brodeur,
Kelling, Whetstone, & Walsh, 2019).
-The act of maintaining discipline or ensuring that the rules must be observed
(Encarta Word English Dictionary, 1999).

Theories, Philosophies and Concepts of Police Service

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● appraise the theories and concept of police service;
 ● explain the theories and concepts of police service.

THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF POLICE SERVICE

Theories of Police Service
1. Home Rule Theory
● Police are considered servants of the community.
● This is applied in countries that have decentralized government structure.
2. Continental Theory
● Policemen are considered servants of a higher authority.
● This theory is applied in countries that have centralized government.

Fundamental Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concept
● Police is looked upon as a repressive machinery of the government.
● The yardstick of police efficiency is more arrest.
2. Modern Concept
● Police is an instrument for crime prevention.
● The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence of crime.

Basic Police Mission

The basic police mission is preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws.
This was the same in ancient societies as it is today in sophisticated urban communities.

POLICE ORGANIZATION UNITS

A. Functional Units
These are parts/components of the police organization that are well-designed
to work or perform definite tasks.

These are as follows:

1. Bureau - the largest organic unit within a large department, each bureau is
composed of a number of divisions
2. Division - the primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section - a smaller functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization
purposes.
4. Unit - the smallest group within a section when further specialization is needed.

B. Geographical Units
1. Post
● A fixed point or location where a police officer is assigned for duty.
● This may include designated desk, an intersection or crosswalk, or a point of
ingress or egress.
● A permanent spot for general guard duty.
2. Route/Line Beat
● A length of street/s designated for patrol purposes.
3. Beat
● An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether by foot or motorized.
4. Sector
● An area containing two or more bats, routes or posts.
5. District
● A geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own
station.
6. Area
● A section or territorial division of a large city or metropolis, each composed of
designated districts.

POLICE FUNCTIONS
Duties and responsibilities explicitly carried out by police agencies to meet the
demands concerning public order and public safety.

Types of Police Functions

1. Line Functions - these are designed to meet the basic police mission like patrol, traffic
enforcement, or criminal investigation.
2. Staff Functions - those that exist to support line functions, either directly or indirectly
like planning and research unit.
a. Auxiliary Support Services
● Those charged with the responsibility of giving immediate assistance to the operations
of line elements like communications and crime laboratory services.
b. Administrative Services
● Those that provide services that are of less immediate assistance and
are supportive of the entire police department like personnel and
training.

Functions of the Police

1. Maintain peace and order
2. Enforce the laws in their respective assigned jurisdictions.
3. Prevent crimes.
4. Make arrests, searches, and seizure in accordance with law.
5. Investigate crimes.
6. Prosecute offenders.
7. Ensure public safety.
8. Protect life and property.

Historical Development of Policing in the Worldwide and Philippine Setting

The term „POLICE‟ was derived from the following:

● “POLITEIA” (Greek word) which means Greek word and used to describe the group of
civil officers governing the city and not necessarily the armed men guarding or policing
the city.
● “POLITIA” (Romans) which means civil administration.
● “ POLICE ” (French) used it to those authorized people who enforce the law.
● “ PULIS ” - Filipinos further translated the term police in a way for it to be compatible in
the manner they pronounce and spell words (Timpac, 2013).

EVOLUTION OF POLICING IN THE INTERNATIONAL SETTING

A. Anglo Saxon (Ancient England) Period – 600-1066 A.D.
POLICING SYSTEM FORERUNNER/PERSONALITIE CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTIO
S N
Thanes Policing System King Alfred the Great A type of internal police
force
where landowners
throughout
the kingdom were
responsible to
police their own territory.
Landowners were
empowered to:
- arrest offenders and
deliver them to the King.
- settle civil litigations.
Frankpledge Policing TYTHINGMEN ‟ ● This policing system was
System - Every male over twelve carried
(12) out under a system of
years old joined nine (9) of mutual
his neighbors to form pledge.
TYTHINGMEN . ● Policing responsibility lies
- They performed police on the
works and anyone who hands of the citizens.
failed to join and perform
this duty was severely fined.
Tun Policing System ● This policing system
required all
male residents to guard the
town
to preserve peace and
order,
protect the life and
property of
the people and suppress
other
factors affecting peace
 and
order.
● Tun was the forerunner of
the word “town”.
Hue and Cry Policing ● Complainant or victim will
System go to
the middle of the
community
and shout to call all male
residents to assemble.
Once
heard, male residents will
automatically assemble to
go
after the criminal and
apprehend him.
Royal Judge System Royal Judge ● It started the identification
- conducts criminal of
investigation and gives criminals.
appropriate punishment for
the crime committed.
B. Normal Period – 1066-1285
Shire-Reeve System King William Norman ● King Norman divided the
kingdom into 55 military
districts
known as Shire-reeves.
Shire – used to refer to a
district.
Reeve – used to refer to the
ruler
of the district who made
laws,
rendered judgment, and
imposed penalties.
Court of the Tourn From the Court, 12 „ ● The Normans established
TYTHINGMEN ‟ the
were selected to hear Court Leet which looked
serious cases. after
matters of purely local
interest
and petty village nuisances.
Court Leet Master of the House‟
- The head of the court ● The Normans established
which the
was appointed by the King. Court Leet which looked
„Comes Stable‟ after
- also appointed by the matters of purely local
King interest
to be responsible in and petty village
keeping nuisances
peace and order in a
specific area.
- under the responsibility of
local officials who could
petition to remove him if he
did not perform his job
properly.
- Comes Stable became
Constable which is used to
day to refer to members of
the police force.
Legis Henrie King Henry I ● Imposed the following
features:
✔ Law violations were
classified as
 offenses against the King.
✔ Policemen were
considered as
public officials.
✔ The police and the
citizens were
given the power to
conduct
arrest.
✔ Grand Jury was created
to
inquire on the facts of the
law.
Keepers of the Peace King Richard of England ● It requires the
(1195). appointment of
knights to keep the King‟s
peace.
● The knights were posted
on
bridges and gates to check
the
people entering and
leaving the
town or cities.
Magna Carta (Great King John of England on ● became a law upon the
Charter) June 15, demand of the Knights of
1215 the
Round Table.
● It declared the following:
✔ No freemen shall be
taken or
imprisoned, disposed,
outlawed, or bowed
except by
legal judgment of his peers.
✔ No person should be
tried for
murder unless there is proof
of
the body of the victim.
✔ There should be national
and
local government as well as
the
national and local
legislation.
C. Westminster Period (1285-1500)
Statute of Winchester (1285) ● It was enacted for law
- Watch and Ward system. and
order.
Statute of 1295 ● It began the closing of
the gates
of London during sunset.
● This started the
observation of
the curfew hours.
Justice of the Peace ● This was a position given
to a
respected citizen, who has
the
power to arrest, pursue and
imprison offenders.
Star Chamber Court ● a special court that tried
offenders against the state.
● Later on, it became both
 a court
of law to determine civil
rights
and a court of revenue to
enrich
treasury.
Keepers of the Peace King Richard of ● It requires the
England (1195). appointment of
knights to keep the King‟s
peace.
● The knights were posted
on
bridges and gates to check
the
people entering and
leaving the
town or cities.
D. Modern Period
Night Watchmen or King Charles II in 1663 ● They were employed to
Bellmen be on
duty from sunset to sunrise.
Bow Street Runners Henry Fielding (1748) ● Thief Catchers
- Chief Magistrate of Bow ● Later on, he formed the
Street in London. Bow
Street Horse Patrol whose
duty
was to patrol the main
roads thus
secure the travelers from
highway bandits.
London Metropolitan Police Sir Robert Peel (1829) - the world‟s first modern
- Father of Modern Policing organized police force.
- later called Scotland Yard

King Louis XIV (17 th ● He maintained a small central police organization

Century) consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help
of numerous paid informants, supplied the
government with details about the conduct of
private individuals.
E. French Police System
FORERUNNER/PERSONALITIE CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
S
King Louis XIV (17 th ● He maintained a small central police organization
Century) consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help
of numerous paid informants, supplied the
government with details about the conduct of
private individuals.
Officers de Paix (1791) ● It was the origin of the term peace officers.
Sergent de Ville (Servant of ● These were called the first uniformed police officers.
the City)
Other contributions: ● Conceiving street signs
● Assigning house numbers
● Installing street lighting
● Creating emergency and rescue services
● Use of police ambulances
● Use of warrant card and ID signifying authority to
arrest.
F. American Police System
1. Rattlewatch
● It was organized in New York, Philadephia, and Boston which was similar to the
night watchmen in London created during the reign of King Charles II.
● They carried rattles while on duty to inform the public of their watchful presence.
2. Municipal Police Force
a. Night watch (1638) – Boston, Massachusetts
b. Rattlewatch (1658) – New York
c. Night watch (1700) – Philadelphia
d. Introduction of police regulation that “No watchman has the liberty to sleep”
(1722) – New Haven, Connecticut
e. It became a government policy that able-bodied males over 16 years old wre
required to serve without pay (1800).
f. Daytime police with pay (1833)
g. Full police New York City
3. State Police Force
a. Texas Rangers (1835)
b. State Constables (1865) – Massachusetts
c. Pennsylvania State Police (1905)
4. Federal Police Force
a. Post Office Inspection System (1829)
b. Investigation on crimes against the government (1861)
c. Detective forces (1868) were formed to investigate problems on revenue
services, immigration and smuggling.
d. In 1934, Federal government attention focused on lotteries, drug regulations, and
transportation guidelines.
e. Enactment of the Anti-White Slavery Act and Motor Vehicle Act (1910)
f. In 1934, National Kidnapping Act, Banking Act, and Racketeering Act were
passed by the United States Congress.

PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. Principle of Unity Objectives - Every police officer should play a part in the attainment
of the objectives of the police organization.

2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency - This principle requires that, in order that the
PNP organization is effective, it must be structured in a certain manner to accomplish
the objectives with a minimum cost.

3. Scalar Principle - This principle requires a vertical hierarchy of an organization which

defines the unbroken chain of units and command from top to bottom describing
explicitly the flow of authority.

a. Unity of Command
● It states that a group of police officers should only be under the control of one
superior or ranking police officer.

b. Span of Control
● It states that a senior police officer should be provided with men not more than what
he can effectively direct.

c. Delegation of Authority
● A superior officer must designate some of his immediate subordinates to exercise a
part of his administrative power. However, the power passed on by the superior officer
carries an appropriate responsibility.

4. Functional Principle - This principle is otherwise known as division of work according to

type, place, time, and specialization.

5. Line and Staff Principle - It implies a system of varied functions arranged into a
workable pattern.

6. Principle of Balance - Application of the principles of organization must be balanced

to ensure the effectiveness of the patrol force in accomplishing its objectives.

7. Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility - It states that the responsibility for

performance of the deputy chief to the chief of police is absolute (unconditional) and
vice versa, and that the chief of police cannot escape his accountability on the
activities performed by his subordinates.

8. Principle of Flexibility - It states that there is higher tendency that the PNP can fulfil its
purpose if the organization receives more provisions for flexibility (adaptability).
9. Principle of Authority Level (Hierarchy of Authority) - Decisions within the authority of
the police station commanders should be made by them and should not be referred to
their superiors, such as the police district commander (or PNP provincial director).

10. Principle of Parity and Responsibility - The responsibility of the head of the
Investigation Section for the actions of his detectives cannot be greater than that
implied by the authority he has delegated, nor should it be less.