BDC00MR-3
SECTION 10
DRAINAGE DESIGN
10-13 SAMPLE HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
The sample storm sewer hydraulic computations demonstrate the design
procedure for a simple storm sewer system as shown on Figure 10-I.
Obtain Tc for overland flow to inlets 1, 3 and 4 (based on the hydraulically
most distant point) (See Manual Section 10-03.2) Obtain Tc from Figure 10-B.
Inlet #1
Ground Cover is grass
Overland flow length = 800 ft
Elevation at farthest point = 112 ft
Elevation at inlet = 98 ft
H = 14 ft
From Figure 10-B, (overland flow Tc)
Tc = 6 minutes, multiply by 2 for grass
Tc = 12 minutes
Inlet #3
Ground cover is grass
Overland flow length = 980 ft
Elevation at farthest point = 98 ft
Elevation at inlet = 96 ft
H= 2 ft
From Figure 10-B
Tc = 17 minutes, multiply by 2 for grass
Tc = 34 minutes
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-1
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
Inlet #4
Ground Cover is grass
Overland flow length (farthest point from channel) = 480 ft
Elevation at farthest point = 118 ft
Elevation of channel invert = 102 ft
H= 16 ft
From Figure 10-B
Tc = 3.2 minutes
Multiply by 2 for grass
Tc =6.4 mins.
Tt through channel:
L=330 ft
H=102 ft – 93 ft= 9 ft
From Figure 10-B
Tc =2.5 min.
Total Tc = 6.4 mins.+ 2.5 mins. = 8.9 minutes, use 10 minute minimum Tc
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-2
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-3
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-4
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
Using Rational formula, find 10-year runoff to each inlet: (See Manual Section 10-03.3)
Q=CIA
Refer to Table 10-03 for runoff coefficients (“C”) , using soil group B
Obtain rainfall intensity (I) from Figure 10-A
Inlet Tc (min) I (in/hr)
1 12 5.7
2 10 6
3 34 3.3
4 10 6
Inlet #1
Q1 = (0.25)(5.7 in/hr)(2.471 acres) = 3.52 cfs
Inlet #2
Q2 = (0.99)(6 in/hr)(0.148 acre) = 0.87 cfs
Inlet #3
Q3 = (0.148x0.99 + 0.494x0.25)(3.3 in/hr)(0.642 acre) = 0.89 cfs
0.642
Inlet #4
Q4= (0.148x0.99 + 1.0x0.25)(6 in/hr)(1.148 acres)= 2.38 cfs
1.148
Compute gutter spread width, intercepted flow, bypass flow and efficiency for each
roadway inlet: (See Manual Section 10-05.5 and 10-05.7)
Inlet #2 (type D-1 inlet)
Q= 0.87 cfs
Sx=0.04
S= 0.03
n=0.013
Tall=4 ft (inside shldr. width) + 4 ft (1/3 of inside lane)=8 ft (allowable spread)
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-5
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-6
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
Using a modification of the Manning equation, obtain gutter spread width:
Q = 0.56 Sx1.67S0.5T2.67, solve for T (Section 10-05.4)
n
T2.67= 0.87
(0.56/0.013)(0.04)5/3(0.03)1/2
T=3.33 ft < Tall of 8 ft, OK
y=TSx (Section 10-05.4)
y=3.33 ft (0.04) = 0.13 ft
For the standard NJDOT bicycle safe grate, the following equation shall be used to obtain inlet
interception:
Qi = 16.88(y)1.54(S)0.233(Section 10-05.7)
Sx0.276
Qi = 16.88(0.13)1.54(0.03)0.233 = 0.78 cfs
0.040.276
Determine bypass runoff = total runoff -intercepted runoff
Bypass flow = 0.87 – 0.78 = 0.09 cfs
(0.09 cfs would bypass to downstream inlet)
Check inlet efficiency:
0.78 cfs = 0.90 > 0.75 , OK
0.87 cfs
Inlet #3 (type B inlet)
Q=0.89 cfs
sx=0.04
S=0.03
Tall=10 ft
Using above equation to solve for T:
T2.67= 0.89
(0.56/0.013)(0.04)5/3(0.03)1/2
T=3.36 ft < Tall of 10 ft, OK
Compute inlet interception:
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-7
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
When T=3.36 ft, y=3.36(0.04) = 0.13 ft
Qi = 16.88(0.13)1.54(0.03)0.233 = 0.78 cfs
0.040.276
Bypass flow = 0.89 - 0.78 = 0.11 cfs
(0.11 cfs will bypass to inlet #4)
Check inlet efficiency:
0.78 = 0.88 > 0.75, OK
0.89
Inlet #4 (type B inlet)
Q=2.38 cfs + 0.11 cfs (bypass from inlet #3) = 2.49 cfs
sx=0.04
S=0.025
Tall=10 ft
Using above equation to solve for T:
T2.67= 2.49
(0.56/0.013)(0.04)5/3 (0.025) 1/2
T=5.12 ft < Tall of 10 ft, OK
Compute inlet interception:
When T=5.12 ft, y=5.12(0.04) = 0.20 ft
Qi = 16.88(0.20) 1.54 (0.025) 0.233 = 1.46 cfs
0.04 0.276
Check inlet efficiency:
1.46 = 0.59<0.75
2.49
Since the efficiency is <75%, this inlet should be moved upstream.
When the spread width exceeds the shoulder width, the excess runoff extends into the adjacent
lane, which typically has a different cross slope than the shoulder. The following example
presented the computational procedure to determine the spread.
Obtain spread width for a composite gutter section:
Say conditions for inlet #2 are such that:
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-8
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
Q= 1.836 cfs
Sx=0.04 ft/ft
S= 0.005 ft/ft
n=0.013
T (allowable) =5 ft (inside shldr. width) + 4 ft (1/3 of inside lane)= 9 ft
Using above equation:
T2.67= 1.836
(0.56/0.013)(0.04)5/3(0.005)1/2
T= 6.17 ft
Inside shoulder width is 5 ft, therefore, spread is beyond shoulder into adjacent through lane.
Since the cross slope of the through lane differs from that of the shoulder, a composite gutter
spread calculation must be performed to determine correct spread width.
Initially, a depth is assumed (y1). Qx,Qy and Qz are then calculated using the above equation.
The flow contained in the composite section (Qt) is equal to Qx + Qz - Qy. This process is
repeated until Qt = Q (actual flow in the gutter). T (actual spread width) is equal to Tx+ Tz - Ty.
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-9
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
Given T1= 5 ft, y3=5 ft(0.04)=0.20 ft
Find Qx (Triangle 1,2,4)
Assume y1 = 0.25 ft , Tx = 6.25 ft
Qx = 0.56 (0.04)5/3(0.005)1/2(6.25 ft)2.67
0.013
Qx=1.90 cfs
Find Qz (Triangle 3,5,6)
Tz= (y1-y3) = 0.05 = 3.33 ft
0.015 0.015
Qz = 0.56 (0.015)5/3(0.005)1/2(3.33)2.67
0.013
Qz = 0.07 cfs
Find Qy (Triangle 3,4,6)
Ty= (y1-y3) = 1.25 ft
0.04
Qy = 0.56 (0.04)5/3(0.005)1/2(1.25)2.67
0.013
Qy=0.03 cfs
Qt= 1.90 cfs + 0.07 cfs – 0.03 cfs= 1.94 cfs
Qt ≈ Q, therefore, assumed depth is correct
Calculate T (actual spread width) (Tx + Tz - Ty)
T=6.25 ft + 3.33 ft - 1.25 ft= 8.33 ft
T=8.33 ft<9 ft, OK
Compute inlet interception:
Qi = 16.88(0.25)1.54(0.005)0.233 = 1.41 cfs
0.040.276
Check inlet efficiency:
1.41 = 0.77 > 0.75, OK
1.836
Obtain gutter spread width for inlet at low point: (See Manual Section 10-05.8)
Utilize same conditions at inlet #4, except s=0% (sag condition)
Q = 20.88(y)1.5 (for weir flow)
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-10
Drainage Design
BDC00MR-3
Solving for y:
y = Q0.67 = 2.380.67
7.66 7.66
y=0.23 ft (Less than 0.75 ft, therefore use of weir equation is acceptable)
T = d (d=y)
Sx
When d= 0.23 ft, T= 0.23 = 5.75 ft
0.04
T=5.75 ft < Tall of 10 ft , OK
Compute storm drain pipe sizes for network using sample forms at end of this
subsection. (See Manual Section 10-06.4 and 10-06.5)
Backup Computations for Pipe Travel Time for Figure 10-D
Find Tc for pipe flow for partly full pipe (pipe 1-3):
(See Manual Section 10-03.5)
From column 12 - Q=3.53 cfs
From column 15 - Qc = 4.95 cfs
3.53 = 0.71 (71% full)
4.95
From Concrete Pipe Design Manual chart, “Relative Velocity and Flow in Circular Pipe”, at 71%
full, v=1.09 of full velocity.
vfull = 4.03 ft/s, vdes = 4.03 ft/s(1.09)=4.38 ft/s
Tt = 197 ft = 0.75 min., Tc = 12.75 min. (12 min. to Junction 1 + 0.75
4.38 ft/s min. travel time in pipe)
Since Tc at inlet 3 from overland flow is 34.0 min. > 12.75 min., use 34.0 min.
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 10-11
Drainage Design
PRELIMINARY STORM DRAIN FIGURE 10-D
COMPUTATION FORM
[SAMPLE]
BDC97MR006
Computed: Date: Route:
Section:
Checked: Date: County:
Station and Offset Drainage Area “A” x “C” Flow Time Velocity Invert Elevation
(1) “A” “Tc” ft/s
(Acres) Runoff (min.) Total
Coef- Rainfall Runoff Dia. Capacity
L ficient "I" Q=CIA Pipe Slope Full
(ft) “C” in/hr ft3/S in ft/ft ft3/S
Overland In Cum.
Junction Junction Incre- Incre- To U/S Total in Flowing Design U/S D/S
From To ment Total ment Total Inlet Pipe Pipe* Full Flow End End
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)
1 3 197 2.471 2.471 0.25 0.618 0.618 12.0 -- 12.0 5.71 3.53 15 0.005 4.95 4.03 4.38 88.68 87.70
2 3 49 0.148 0.148 0.99 0.147 0.147 10.0 -- 10.0 5.90 0.867 15 0.005 4.95 4.03 3.03 91.37 91.14
3 4 197 0.494 0.25 0.124 34.0
0.148 0.99 0.147 0.75 34.0 3.27
3.261 1.036 (Line 3.39
1-3)
USE 3.53 15 0.02 9.90 8.06 7.39 87.60 83.66
MIN.
4 5 164 1.00 0.25 0.25 10.0
0.148 0.99 0.147 0.39
4.41 1.433 34.39 3.27 4.69 15 0.006 5.42 4.42 4.97 83.56 82.58
5 6 49 -- 4.41 1.433 0.37 34.76 3.27 4.69 18 0.005 8.05 4.55 4.73 82.35 82.09
•
For time of concentration, use larger of overload flow to inlet or cumulative time in pipe.
10-12
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE FIGURE 10-E
COMPUTATION FORM
[SAMPLE]
BDC97MR006
Computed: Date: Route:
Section:
Checked: Date: County:
Station & Offset Q V R L n h Hf He Hi Hs Ht TW HGL TOS CL
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
Junction Junction Dia. Flow Vel. Hydraulic Length Manning's Vel. Fric. Exit Entr. Struct. Total Tail- Head- Top of TOS-
From To in ft3/S ft/s radius ft Head Loss Loss Loss Loss* Head water water Struct. HGL
ft ft ft ft ft ft Loss Elev. Elev. Elev. ft
ft ft ft ft
6 (outlet) 5 18 4.69 2.65 0.375 49 0.012 0.109 0.083 0.109 -- 0.05 0.24 90.55 90.79 92.52 1.73
5 4 15 4.69 3.82 0.312 164 0.012 0.227 0.735 -- -- 0.16 0.90 90.79 91.69 92.85 1.16
4 3 15 3.53 2.88 0.312 197 0.012 0.129 0.502 -- -- 0.169 0.67 91.69 92.36 96.46 4.10
3 2 15 0.867 0.71 0.312 49 0.012 0.008 0.008 -- 0 -- 0.00 92.36 92.36 96.79 4.43
3 1 15 3.53 2.88 0.312 197 0.012 0.129 0.502 -- 0.03 -- 0.53 92.36 92.89 97.44 4.55
h = Velocity head, = (V)2/2g Hi = Entrance Loss = Ki(V)2/2g Refer to Table 10-07 for values of Ki
Hf = Friction Loss, = 29.14N2L X (V)2 He = Exit Loss, He = (V)2/2g
R1.33 2g
* For structural (junction) losses in inlets, manholes, see Figure 10-F.
10-13
STRUCTURAL AND BEND FIGURE 10-F
LOSS COMPUTATION FORM
[SAMPLE]
BDC97MR006
Computed: Date: Route:
Section:
Checked: Date: County:
Q v v2 Ks Hs A Kb Hb Hs + Hb
(1) (2) (3) (4) 2g (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
(5)
Junction Station Downstream Downstream Downstream Velocity Junction Flow Structural Structural Angle Bend Bend Loss Structural Loss
& Dia. Flow Velocity Head Type Type Loss Loss deg. Factor m +
Offset ft ft3/S ft/s ft (L,N or O) (P or O) Coeff. ft Bend Loss
ft
6 -- -- 0 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
5 18 4.69 2.65 0.109 N P 0.3 0.03 11 0.15 0.02 0.05
4 15 4.69 3.82 0.227 N P 0.3 0.07 37 0.41 0.09 0.16
3 15 3.53 2.88 0.129 L P 1.0 0.129 28 0.33 0.04 0.169
3.53 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
2 15 0.867 0.71 0.008 N P -- -- -- -- -- --
1 15 3.53 2.88 0.129 N P -- -- -- -- -- --
Hs = Structural Loss = KS X (V)2 , Ks from Table 10-08 NOTES: 1) Junction Type 2) Flow Type
2g L = with Lateral P = Pressure
N = with No Lateral O = Open Channel
Hb = Bend Loss = Kb X (V)2 , Kb from Figure 10-G O = with Opposed Laterals
2g
10-14
BDC00MR-3
REFERENCES
1. American Iron and Steel Institute, HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY
CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS, 150 East 42nd Street, New York, 1971. Harrison, L.J.,
Morris, J.L., Normann, J.M., and Johnson, F.L.
2. American Concrete Pipe Association, CONCRETE PIPE DESIGN MANUAL.
3. "Aluminum Storm Sewers - Corlix/Riveted Pipe/Structural Plate", 4th Edition.
4. Federal Highway Administration, DESIGN CHARTS FOR OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 1961. 105 p. (Hydraulic Design Series
No. 3).
5. "Drainage of Highway Pavement", FHWA, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC. (HEC No. 12).
6. "Design of Urban Highway Drainage-The State of the Art", USDOT, FHWA - TS-79-225,
August 1979.
7. FHWA, "Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts", U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC. September 1985. 253 p. (HDS No. 5).
8. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection,”Technical Manual for Land Use
Regulation Program, Bureau of Inland and Coastal Regulations, Stream Encroachment
Permits”, Revised September 1995.
9. “FUNDAMENTAL OF URBAN RUNOFF MANAGEMENT: Technical and Institutional
Issues”, Terrence Institute, Washington, D.C., Horner, R. Skupien, J.J., Livingston, E.H.,
and Shaver, H.E., August 1994.
10. Draft “Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual”, NJDOT, May 1998.
NJDOT Design Manual - Roadway10-15
Drainage Design
