I.
Review of Machine Elements 1
1. Mechanisms and Kinematics
Machines - devices used to achieve specific goals by altering, transmitting, and directing
forces.
Kinematics - the study of motion. It is the investigation of the motion's geometry.
Links - the individual parts of the mechanism, are rigid bodies connected to transmit
motion and forces.
Mechanisms - are connected parts that transfer motion and force from a power source
to an output.
Joints - are movable connections between links, allowing relative motion.
Kinematic Diagram Steps
a. Identify the Frame
b. Identify All Other Links
c. Identify the Joints
d. Identify Any Points of Interest
e. Draw the Kinematic Diagram
GRUEBLER’S EQUATION – formula for degrees of freedom
2. Vectors
Graphical Vector Analysis – can be done using drafting techniques or computer-aided
design programs
Analytical Vector Analysis – done using concepts of trigonometry
Vector Operations – vectors can be added, subtracted, or using dot or cross product
operation
3. Position and Displacement Analysis
Position - pertains to the specific location of an object.
angular position – is characterized as the angle formed by a line connecting two points
on that link concerning a reference axis.
Displacement - is the ultimate outcome of motion, manifesting as a vector that signifies
the distance between the initial and final locations of a point or link. It can be linear or
angular.
Determining the Displacement Steps
a. Calculate Mobility
b. Reposition the Driving Link
c. Determine the Paths of All Links Directly Connected to the Frame
d. Determine the Precise Position of new position
e. Measure the Displacement
4, Mechanism Design
Time Ratio - The quick return action of a mechanism is quantified by the time ratio
Timing Charts - Timing charts visually represent this process, aiding in estimating velocity
and acceleration magnitudes of follower links, where velocity is the rate of position
change and acceleration is linked to operational forces.
Types of Four-Bar Linkages
a. Slider Crank
b. Crank Rocker
c. Double Crank
d. Double Rocker
e. Change Point
f. Triple Rocker
Grashoff’s Criterion – used to determine the type of four-bar linkage
5. Velocity Analysis
Linear Velocity - The magnitude of velocity is often referred to as “speed” and
designated as v = |V|. Understanding the direction of linear velocity requires
determining the direction in which a point is moving at a specific instant.
Relative Velocity - Relative velocity is a term used when the velocity of one object is
related to that of another reference object, which can also be moving.
II. Overview of Machine Elements 2
1. Direct Contact Motion Analysis: Pure Rolling Contact
Pure Rolling Contact - the motion of a round object without any slipping or skidding
at the point of contact between two bodies.
2. Cams
-is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming rotary
motion into linear motion. It is often a part of a rotating wheel (e.g. an eccentric wheel) or
shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points on its
circular path.
3. Gears
- mechanical components that transmit rotation and power from one shaft to another, if
each shaft possesses appropriately shaped projections (teeth) equally spaced around its
circumference such that as it rotates, the successive tooth goes into the space between the
teeth of the other shaft.
4. Belt drives - Belt drives transmit power between shafts using pulleys and an elastic belt.
5. Chain drives -Chain drive is a type of mechanical power transmission system that uses chains
to transfer power from one place to another.
6. Rope Drives - Rope drives use a few circular section ropes, rather than a single flat or V-belt.
7. Power Screws - A power screw (also sometimes called a lead screw) is another simple
machine that can be used to create very large forces. The screw can be thought of as a
wedge or a ramp that has been wound around a shaft. By holding a nut stationary and
rotating the shaft, we can have the nut sliding either up or down the wedge in the shaft. In
this way a relatively small moment on the shaft can cause very large forces on the nut.
