Class 12 Chemistry - Chapter 1: Solutions (Easy Notes)
🧪 Chapter 1: Solutions – Easy Notes
1 Types of Solutions
1️⃣
- Binary Solution: Two components – Solute (dissolved) and Solvent (does the dissolving).
- Based on physical states:
- Gas in gas (air), liquid in liquid (alcohol in water), solid in solid (alloys), etc.
2️⃣Concentration Terms
- Mass % = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100
- Volume % = (Vol. of solute / Vol. of solution) × 100
- Mole Fraction (χ) = Moles of component / Total moles
- Molarity (M) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution (L)
- Molality (m) = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent (kg)
👉 Molality is temperature independent; Molarity changes with temperature.
3️⃣Solubility
- Solid in liquid: Increases with temperature
- Gas in liquid: Decreases with temperature
- Obeys Henry’s Law: p = KH × x
- p = Partial pressure of gas
- x = Mole fraction of gas
- KH = Henry’s constant
4️⃣Vapour Pressure
- Raoult’s Law: Partial vapour pressure of component = Mole fraction × Pure vapour
pressure
- For binary solution:
P_total = P_A + P_B = X_A P_A^0 + X_B P_B^0
- Ideal Solutions: Follow Raoult’s Law; no enthalpy/volume change
- Non-ideal Solutions:
- Positive deviation: ↑ Vapour pressure (e.g., ethanol + acetone)
- Negative deviation: ↓ Vapour pressure (e.g., HCl + water)
5️⃣Colligative Properties (depend on number of particles)
A. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
ΔP / P^0 = n_solute / n_solvent = mole fraction of solute
B. Elevation in Boiling Point
ΔT_b = K_b · m
C. Depression in Freezing Point
ΔT_f = K_f · m
D. Osmotic Pressure
π = C R T = (n / V) R T
- Reverse osmosis: Used in water purification (RO filters)
6️⃣Abnormal Molar Mass
- Occurs when solute undergoes association (e.g., acetic acid in benzene) or dissociation
(e.g., NaCl in water).
- Use van’t Hoff factor (i):
i = Observed colligative property / Calculated colligative property
= Normal molar mass / Abnormal molar mass
🎯 Quick Tips to Remember
- Molarity depends on volume → changes with temp
- Molality depends on mass → independent of temp
- Henry’s Law – gas dissolves less at high temp
- Colligative Properties are for non-volatile, non-electrolyte solutes
- van’t Hoff factor shows how solute particles behave in solution
