Index
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgment
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Apparatus required
6. Procedure followed
7. Observation
8. Conclusion
9. Precautions
10. Bibliography
Certificate
This is to that Yash Kumar of class Xll of Vidya
Niketan School has successfully completed the
physics investigatory project on the topics”
Transformers ” as prescribed by the
CBSE board academic year 2024 -2025. It is
further certified that the project is individual work of
the candidate.
External’s signature Internal’s signature
Principal’s signature
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher who gave me this golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
"Transformer’s"which also helped me doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so many
new things, I am really thankful to him.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parent's
and teachers who helped me lot in finalising this
project within the limited time frame.
Introduction
The Transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice
versa.
A transformer based on the principle of natural induction.
According to principal, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil charging, an EMF of induced in the
neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
charging AC voltages. A transformer is most widely used
for device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuit, transformer
size may be small that it wait only a few 10s of gram
whereas in high voltage power circuits, it may wait 100
tons.
In a transformer, the electrical energy to transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving.
Transformer is therefore, an essential piece of apparatus
boat for high and low current circuits.
Objective
~>To investigate the relation
between the ratio of
11. Input and output voltage.
12. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary of a self made transformer
Theory
When an altering EMF is supplied to the primary coil P P in an
alternating current starts falling in net. The towing in the
primary post produces a charging magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in secondary. In a good
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with the primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced EMF
induced in each one of the secondary is equal to the induce in
each of the primary. Thus if E and E will be the instantaneous
value of the EMF in the primary secondary and N and N are
the number of terms of the primary, secondary coils of the
transformer.
The coil at the instant, we have
Since the above relation are true at every instant, so by dividing
2 x 1, we get
As E. Is instantaneous value of back EMF induce in a primary
coil P1 soda. In instantaneous current in coil is due to the
difference (E-E ) Indians, instantaneous values of the app
applied in back EMF. Further if R is the resistance of P P
Coil, then the instantaneous current I in primary coil is given
When the assistance of primary is small, R , I can be
neglected, so therefore
Thus , back EMF= input EMF
Hence, equation 3 can be written as
Where Ke is constant, called turn are transformer ration.
Step-down transformer
Step -UpTransformer
Efficiency
#efficiency of a transformer is defined as a ratio
of output power to the input power.
#in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses,
# but in an actual practice, there are many power
losses.
Energy losses
1. Copper loss- is there energy loss in the form
of heat in the copper coils of a transformer.
2. Iron loss-is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the iron of the transformer. This is
due to transformer from Eddy Current in iron
core.
3. Hysteresis loss- loss of energy due to
repeated magnetisation and
demagnetisation of the Iron corebwhen A.C
is fed to it.
4. Magneto striation-I. E humming noise of a
transformer.
5. Leakage of magnetic flux- occurs in spite of
best insulation. Therefore, weight of change
of magnetic flux link with each turn off S. S. Is
less than the weight of change of magnetic
flux. Will link with each turn of P P .
Apparatus
1. Iron Rod
2. Copper wire
3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter
Circuit Diagram
- The mutual inductance. Turn in the primary
circuit represents the load of the secondary. It has
the negative sign because it helps the source to
produce most prevent in response to increasing
load in the secondary circuit.
The mutual inductance term in secondary represents
the coupling from the primary and acts as the voltage
show that divides the secondary circuit.
Procedure
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with thick paper and
Wind a large number of Turns of thin copper wire on
thick paper . This constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively small number of turns (say 20) of thick
Copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil . It is step down transformer .
3. Connect P P to AC main and measure the input voltage
and current using AC, voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, Measure the output voltage and current through
S and S .
5. Now connect S & S to AC, main and again measure
voltage and curet through primary & secondary coil
Of step up transformer "
6. Repeat all steps for other self made Transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
Uses of Transformers
-> a transformer is used in almost all AC
operating.
1. A voltage regulator for T.V, refrigerator , computer,
air conditioner etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
4. A step up transformers is used for production of X-rays
in neon advertisement.
5. Transformers ore used it voltage regulators and
Stabilised power supplies.
6. Transformer are used in transmission of AC.
7. Small consumers are used in video sets, telephone, loudspeakers,
and electric bells, etc.
Sources of Error
1. Value of current can be changed due to heating
effects.
2. Eddy can change readings.
Conclusion
I. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (N |N ) with
respect to the input Voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio( N / N ) with
respect to the input voltage .
3. There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.
Precautions
• keep safe yourself from high voltage.
• While taking the wedding of current and voltage,
the AC, should remain constant.
Bibliography
•NCERT Physics Manual.
•NCERT textbook class 12
