SAMPLE QUESTION

PAPER 1
PSYCHOLOGY (Question-Answer)
General Instructions
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying
2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A

1. Priyanka is considered as a gifted child who shown early signs of intellectual superiority
since childhood, she show larger attention span, good recognition memory, sensitivity to
environmental changes, and early appearance of language skills.
What type of traits a gifted child adhered with? (1)
I. Advanced logical thinking
II. High level of intrinsic motivation
III. Solitary academic activities
IV. Passive generalisation
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III

2. The most popular therapy across the world is the Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). The
outcome and effectiveness of CBT, is a short and efficacious treatment for a wide range of
psychological disorders. Name the approach that is adopted in the Cognitive Behaviour
Therapy (CBT). (1)
(a) Psychological (b) Bio-psychosocial
(c) Existential (d) Client-focussed
Ans. (b) Bio-psychosocial
3. Modern day Western psychologists and thinkers, strives for the new methodologies to find
different ways for psychological disorders. According to the psychological approach,
psychological problems are caused by inadequacies in the way an individual......... (1)
I receives II.Thinks III reacts IV perceives
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (e) 1, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans, (a) I and I

4. Which among the following provides us necessary information that may be used to change,
modify, or strengthen certain aspects of self?
(a) Self-instruction
(b) Self-reinforcement
(c) Observation of others' behaviour
(d) Observation of own behaviour
Ans. (d) Observation of own behaviour

5. The father of modern stress research, Hans Selye defined stress as

(a) the non-specific response of the body to any demand.
(b) individual's response of a stressful situation largely depends upon perceived events,
(c) associated with both the causes as well as effects of an event.
(d) involvement of individuals, who transacting with their social and cultural environments.
Ans. (a) the non-specific response of the body to any

6. Sumitra Devi, a 79 year old retired school teacher was facing several mental problems,
such as she was not able to recognise her own relatives and at times longer silences. However
she was reluctant to visit any psychiatrist out of shame, though after repeatedly insistence she
agreed to visit. Which among the following is a component of Therapeutic relationship?
I. Conditional positive regard
II. Unconditional positive regard
III. Permanent in nature
IV. None of the above
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) Il and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (b) Il and III

7. Nishikanthas done his Masters Computer Science from IIT Kharagpur. Most of the time
when people asks for any help he proudly describes about himself how intelligent and hard-
working he is and also gives career guidance. What are the characteristics of personal
identity?
I. Multiple similarity
II. Similar with others
III. Performance attributes
IV. Personal attributes
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and IV (c) I, II and III (d) I, II and IV
Ans. (d) I, II and IV

8. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Social behaviour is a necessary part of human life, and being social means
much more than merely being in the company of others.
Reason (R) Because of social influences, people form views, or attitudes about people, and
about different issues in life, tha exist in the form of behavioural tendencies
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans.(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

9. A group may be defined as an organised system of two or more individuals, who are
interacting and....
(a) communicative (b) cohesive (c) self-dependent (d) inter-dependent
Ans. (d) inter-dependent

10. Rubeena is considered poor in studies and her sports activities are also low. However her
parents has been told by the teachers that her success in life is not associated with
(a) Personality
(b) High Test Score
(c) Intelligence Test Score
(d) Cognitive Performance Test
Ans. (c) Intelligence Test Score

11. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) When you say, "I know who I am", the self is being described as a knower as
well as something that can be known.
Reason (R) As a subject (actor) the self actively engages in the process of knowing itself. As
an object (consequence) the self gets observed and comes to be known.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

12. Which movement is given credit for the growth of a scientific attitude towards
psychological disorders in the eighteenth century?
(a) Psychological Movement
(b) Reform Movement
(c) Infrastructural Development
(d) Industrial Development
Ans. (b) Reform Movement
13. Among the given options, the signs of stress includes ...... and ........., which if left
unresolved, might have serious implications.
I. frequent and long sleep
II. lack of concentration
III. emotional stubbornness
IV. memory loss
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (d) II and IV

14. This therapy focuses on the actions and thoughts of the client in the present. The past is
relevant only to the extent of understanding the origins of the faulty behaviour and thought
patterns. Name the therapy used by therapist in psychological studies.
I. Behaviour Therapy II. Active Therapy
III. Integrative Therapy IV. Clinical Therapy
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I
(b) II and III
(c) I, II and III
(d) I, II and IV
Ans. (a) Only I

15. Which of the following refers to an individual's underlying potential for acquiring skills.
These are also used to predict what an individual will be able to do if given proper
environment and training.
(a) Quantitative Test
(b) Aptitude Test
(c) Psychological Test
(d) Qualitative-Quantitative Test
Ans. (b) Aptitude Test

16. Which among the following is one of the end resultant effect through the addictive meal
behaviour?
(a) Hallucination (b) Obesity (c) Phobia (d) Low BMI
Ans. (b) Obesity

17. Vinita has 9-5 job in a multi-national company and two children to take care of. She
passionately does her job and also helps her kids in doing homework and practical. Now she
feels and getting tired and planning to do work from home. Name the stimulus event that
disturbs and exceeds a person's ability to cope.
(a) Strength (b) Stress (c) Strain (d) Disorder
Ans. (b) Stress

18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Technological advances in recent times have made audio-visual media and the
Internet very powerful sources of information.
Reason (R) These sources first strengthen the cognitive and affective components of
attitudes, and subsequently may also affect the behavioural component.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A),
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
Section B (2 Marks)
19. One day while driving home, Deb felt his heart beating rapidly, he started sweating
profusely, and even felt short of breath. He was so scared that he stopped the car and stepped
out. Identify the type of disorder he is suffering.
Ans. Deb is suffering from anxiety disorder, which is usually defined as a diffuse, vague,
very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. The other common symptoms includes
rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating,
sleeplessness, frequent urination and tremors.

20. When we find someone good-looking, we often assume that the person also has a
charming personality. This notion of personality is based on superficial impressions, which
may not be correct. How can you explain personality of a persons?
Ans. The term personality generally refers to the physical or external appearance of an
individual. The good-looking notion of personality is based on superficial impressions, which
may not be correct. However in psychological terms, personality refers to our characteristic
ways of responding to individuals and situations.

21. Raman is known for his ability to solve and sort out various problems using his past
experiences creatively. It is also reflected in creative performance. Name the skills persons
like him, high on this aspect and how quickly they find out solution in a given situation.
Or
Gautam is very sensitive about his feelings and emotions. He also controls his emotions and
expressions while dealing with self and others. Name the other two traits of Emotionally
Intelligent Person.
Ans. Experimental/Creative intelligence is involved in using past experiences creatively to
solve novel problems. It is an ability which integrate different experiences in an original way.
Persons included in this types of intelligence quickly find out the information which is crucial
in given situation.
Or
The other two traits of Emotionally Intelligent Person are
Perceive and be sensitive to various types of emotions in others by noting their body
language. voice and tone, and facial expressions.
Understanding the powerful influence of the nature and intensity of one's own and other's
emotions.

22. How stress is an going process in human psychology?

Ans. Stress is an ongoing process in human psychology because stress can be described as
something everybody experiences throughout life. It is show how the body and brain react to
any need or demand that it sees as a challenge or obstacle. Therefore, stress in human
psychology is an experience that evokes a variety of responses. including those that are
physiological, cognitive and behavioural changes.

23. How several aspects of self, linked to the characteristic features of the culture?
Ans. There are several aspects of self that linked to the characteristic features of the culture.
Analysis of self, carried out in the Indian cultural context reveals a number of important
features that are distinct from those found in the Western cultural context. The most
important distinction between the Indian and the Western views is the way the boundary is
drawn between the self and the other. In the Western view, this boundary appears to be
relatively fixed.
Section C (3 Marks)
24. Sangeeta is someone, who is afraid to travel in a lift or climb to the tenth floor of a
building, even she refuse to enter a room she saw a lizard. Moreover she also unable to speak
a word of a well-memorised and rehearsed speech before an audience. What do we call such
abnormal behaviour?
Ans. The abnormal behaviour of Sangeeta is termed as phobias. It is an extreme, irrational
fear of a specific object or situation. A phobia is classified as a type of anxiety disorder, since
anxiety is the chief symptom experienced by the sufferer. Phobias are thought to be learned
emotional responses. People who have phobias have irrational fears related to specific
objects, people or situations. Phobias often develop gradually or begin with a generalised
anxiety disorder. Phobias can be grouped into three main types i.e. specific phobias, social
phobias, and agoraphobia.

25. Name the three factors that contributes to the treatment of psychological distress.
Ans. Three factors that contributes to the treatment of psychological distress are as follows
(i) A major factor in the healing is the techniques adopted by the therapist and the
implementation of the same with the patient/client.
(i) The therapeutic alliance, which is formed between the therapist and the patient/client, has
healing properties, because of the regular availability of the therapist, and the warmth and
empathy provided by the therapist.
(iii) At the outset of therapy while the patient/client is being interviewed in the initial sessions
to understand the nature of the problem, she/he unburdens the emotional problems being
faced.

26. Om Prakash a Passport issuing officer is known as a corrupt and greedy government
employee. He treats people according to his/her capacity to pay him bribe to get their work
done. When there is some external pressure, he surprisingly works honestly. Explain how
consistency in behaviour, thought and emotion of an individual across situations and across
time periods characterises her/his personality.
Or
Sandra, a 20 year old Medical student is described as kind, caring and loyal and prefers
watching movies and reading rather than going out to a party. Sandra works hard, studying
Medicine at university and volunteers to help children with autism. What types of
characteristics and features she adhere?
Ans. In psychological terms, personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to
individuals and situations. People do show variations in their behaviour. As we can see in the
personality traits of Om Prakash, who treats people differently on the basis of their capacity.
One is not always cautious or impulsive, shy or friendly. Personality characterises individuals
as they appear in most circumstances.
For example, an honest person is more likely to remain honest irrespective of time or
situation. However, situational variations in behaviour do occur as they help individuals in
adapting to their environmental circumstances. Therefore consistency in behaviour, thought
and emotion of an individual across situations and across time periods characterises her/his
personality.
Or
Sandra basically adheres or occupies a term called 'personality'. In psychological terms,
personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations. In
this case, an individual, like Sandra's charming and helping nature personality appeared,
people can easily describe about her the way she responds to various situations.
However for a layperson, personality generally refers to the physical or external appearance
of an individual. For example, when we find someone beautiful, we considers that person
also has healthy and positive personality as it is based on superficial impressions, which may
not be correct. Understanding the personalities of people help us to predict their behaviour in
varied circumstances. It also helps us to deal with people in better and acceptable ways.

27. Describe the negative reinforcement and aversive conditioning techniques for behaviour
modification?
Ans. Negative reinforcement and aversive conditioning are the two major techniques of
behaviour modification. Hesponses that lead organisms to get rid of painful stimull or avoid
and escape from them provide negative reinforcement. For example, one learns to put on
woollen clothes, burn firewood or use elecine heaters to avoid the unpleasant com Weather
One learns to move away from dangerous stimull because they provide negative
reinforcemen Aversive conditioning refers to repeated associatio of undesired response with
an aversive consequence. For Example, alcoholic is givena mil electnc shock and asked to
smell the alcohol. WA repeated painings the smell of alcohol is aversive as the pain of the
shock is associated with it and the person will give up alcohol.

Section D (4 Marks)
28. Identify the four significant features of attitude,
Ans. Four significant features of attitudes are as follows
(i) Valence The valence of an attitude tells us whether an attitude is positive or negative
towards the attitude object. For example, on a 5-point scale, Rating Scale, ranging from 1
(Very bad) to 5 (Very good), if an individual rates her/his view towards nuclear research as 4
or 5, this is clearly a positive attitude. On the other hand, if the rating is 1 or 2, the attitude is
negative.
(ii) Extremeness The extremeness of an attitude indicates how positive or negative an
attitude of a person is. Giving very good or very bad in the 5-point rating scale is consider as
extremeness in attitude.
(iii) Simplicity or Complexity This feature refers to how many attitudes there are within a
broader attitude. An attitude system is said to be simple if it contains only one or a few
attitudes, and 'complex' if it is made up of many attitudes.
(iv) Centrality This refers to the role of a particular attitude in the attitude system. An
attitude with greater centrality would influence the other attitudes in the system much more
than non-central (or peripheral) attitudes would.

29. Kanika now the day stopped going to school and locked himself in a room and in case
asking about the issue he repeatedly states that she knows that she is going to fail in the term
exams and someone is constantly trying to let her down in future. Identify the kind of
psychological trauma Kanika is going through and how many types of stress people
experiences?
Ans. Kanika is facing stress in her daily routine. The common symptoms of stress can be
phylci, emotional and behavioural. Any of the symptoms can indicate a degree of stress
which, if left unresolved, might have serious implications.
There are three major types of stress. These are as follows
(i) Physical and Environmental Stress These are demands that change the state of our body.
We feel strained when we overexert ourselves physically, lack a nutritious diet, suffer an
injury, or fail to get enough sleep.
(ii) Psychological Stress These are stresses that we generate ourselves in our minds. These
are personal and unique to the person experiencing them and are internal sources of stress.
(iii) Social Stress These are induced externally and result from our interaction with other
people. Social events like death or illness in the family, strained relationships, trouble with
neighbours are some examples of social stresses.

30. Define any four Big Five Factors of Personality.

Or
Give the major attributes given in Charak Samhita on the basis of three humoural elements
called tridosha.
Ans. Four Big Five Factors of Personality include
(i) Agreeable This factor characteries people who cares about others, feels empathy, enjoys
helping others.
(ii) Conscientiousness Person with high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, goal-
directed behaviours.
(iii) Neuroticism It characteries people who are emotionally unstable, anxious, worried,
fearful, etc.
(iv) Extraversion It characteries people who has sociability, assertiveness, and high amounts
of emotional expressiveness.
Or
Ans. The Charak Samhita, a famous treatise on Ayurveda, classifies people into the
categories of vata, pitta and kapha on the basis of three humoural elements called tridosha.
Each refers to a type of temperament. called prakriti (basic nature) of a person. Apart from
this, there is also a typology of personality based on the trigunas i.e. sattva, rajas, and tamas.
Sattva guna includes attributes like cleanliness, truthfulness, dutifulness, detachment,
discipline, etc.
Rajas guna includes intensive activity, desire for sense gratification, dissatisfaction, envy for
others, a materialistic mentality, etc. Tamas guna characterises anger, arrogance, depression,
laziness, feeling of helplessness, etc. All the three gunas are present in each and every person
in different degrees. The dominance of one or the other guna may lead to a particular type of
behaviour.

31. Lovelen and Jadon are just briefed by their organisation to get enrolled to participate in
the upcoming IQ test Kohs Block test, where a number of wooden blocks to be arranged by
the candidates. How IQ test is designed in Kohs Block Test?
Or
Tina in her childhood mostly expressed her creativity through physical activities and in non-
verbal ways. In the later years, she fully developed her creativity through verbal modes too.
How creativity can be defined?
Ans. The Kohs Block test, also known as the Kohs Block Design Test, is a performance test
designed to be an IQ test. It includes, 16 coloured cubes, replicate the patterns displayed on a
series of test cards.
A major advantage of performance tests is that they can be easily administered to persons
from different cultures. The IQ Test designed as a way that could easily be administered to
persons with language or hearing disabilities. The IQ technique is used for psycho-
diagnostics, the results of which determine mental abilities and personality traits of a person.
Or
In psychological terms, the creativity can be described as an ability to produce original and
unique thoughts, ideas, and possibilities, to help solve problems, aid in communication, and
can also be a form of entertainment.
According to literature children begin to develop their imagination during the early years of
childhood but they express creativity mostly through physical activities and in non-verbal
ways. When language and intellectual functions are fully developed and store of knowledge
is adequately available, creativity is expressed through verbal modes too. Those who are
outstanding in their creativity may give an indication about the direction in which their
creativity lies through their self-chosen activities. In some cases, however, opportunities need
to be provided before they can manifest their hidden potential for creativity.

Section E (6 Mark)
32. What is the meaning of group? Write five stages of group formation.
Ans. A group may be defined as an organised system of two or more interdependent
individuals, who have common motives and norms to regulate the behaviour of its members.
Tuckman suggested five stages of group formation. These are as follows
(i) Forming When group members meet for first time, a kind of uncertainty is created for
achieving group goals. People try to know each other and assess whether they will fit in or
not. There is excitement as well as apprehensions. This stage is called the forming stage.
(ii) Storming After forming stage, there is a stage of intragroup conflict which is referred to
as storming. In this stage, there is conflict among members about target, process,
performance and control resources. When this stage is complete, some sort of hierarchy of
leadership in the group develops.
(iii) Norming The storming stage is followed by another stage known as norming. Group
members by this time develop norms related to group behaviour. This leads to development
of a positive group identity.
(iv) Performing By this stage the structure of the group has evolved and is accepted by group
members. The group moves towards achieving the group goal. For some groups, this may be
the last stage of group development.
(v) Adjourning In this stage, once the function is over, the group may be disbanded.
However, all groups do not always proceed from one stage to the next in same manner.
Or
The groups are powerful as they are able to influence the behaviour of individuals. Influence
of group on individual behaviour are as follows
Social Loafing Social facilitation research suggests that presence of others leads to arousal
and can motivate individuals to enhance their performance if they are already good at solving
something. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in many experiments by Latane and his
associates. They asked group of male students to clap or cheer as loudly as possible because
they wanted to know how much noise people make in social settings. The result revealed that
although the total amount of noise rose up, the amount of noise produced by each participant
dropped.
Group Polarisation Groups show another tendency referred to as group polarisation. It has
been found that groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone,
Group polarisation focuses on how groups usually make decisions that are more extreme than
the original thoughts and views of the individual team members For example, suppose you
favour capital punishment for heinous crimes and you were interacting this issue with like-
minded people After this interaction, your views may become stronger.

Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Very often people who have been caught in a natural disaster (such as tsunami) or have been
victims of bomb blasts by terrorists, or been in a serious accident or in a war-related situation,
experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Its symptoms vary widely but may include
recurrent dreams, flashbacks, impaired concentration, and emotional numbing.
Somatic symptom disorder involves a person having persistent body-related symptoms which
may or may not be related to any serious medical condition. People with this disorder tend to
be overly pre-occupied with their symptoms and they continually worry about their health
and make frequent visits to doctors. As a result, they experience significant distress and
disturbances in their daily life.

33. What do you understand by the term 'PTSD'? Cite some of the characteristics of it. (2)
Ans. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is triggered by a
terrifying event either experiencing it or witnessing it. Some of the important characteristics
of the post-traumatic stress disorder are flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as
uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

34. Describe the two types of disorder that includes in the Somatic symptom and related
disorders. (2)
Or
What is the name of the disorder that involves persistent preoccupation about developing a
serious illness and constantly worrying?
Ans. The two types of disorders that includes in the Somatic symptom and related disorders
are
(i) Illness Anxiety Disorder It develops persistant pre-occupation about a serious illness and
constantly worrying about it.
(ii) Conversion Disorder The symptoms of conversion disorders are the reported loss of par
or all of basic body functions, Paralysis, blindness deafness and difficulty in walking are
some basic symptoms of conversion disorder.
Or
Illness anxiety disorder involves persistent preoccupation about developing a serious illness
and constantly worrying about this possibility, individuals with illness anxiety disorder are
overly concerned about undiagnosed disease, negative diagnostic results, do not respond to
assurance by doctors, and are easily alarmed about illness.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Componential intelligence has three components, each serving a different function. First is
the knowledge acquisition component, which is responsible for learning and acquisition of
the ways of doing things. The second is the meta or a higher order component, which
involves planning concerning what to do and how to do. The third is the performance
component, which involves actually doing things.
On the other hand, experiential or creative intelligence is involved in using past experiences
creatively to solve novel problems. It is reflected in creative performance. Persons high on
this aspect integrate different experiences in an original way to make new discoveries and
inventions.

35. What do you understand by componential or analytical intelligence? (2)

Ans. Componential or analytical intelligence is the analysis of information to solve problems.
Persons high on this ability think analytically and critically and succeed in schools. It also
includes a person's ability to successfully complete academic tasks, solve analogies, and
process information.

36. Who proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence? Explain with its basic components. (2)
Ans. The triarchic theory of intelligence was proposed by Robert Sternberg in the 1985s. The
theory attempts to understand the human intelligence in terms of distinc components rather
than a single ability.
 SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 2
PSYCHOLOGY (Question-Answer)
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks:
70
General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying
2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Biological factors which influence our behaviour are
(a) faulty genes (b) endocrine imbalances
(c) malnutrition (d) All of these
Ans. (d) All of these

2. Kiran nowadays suffer from stress including mood swings, and shows erratic behaviour
with family and friends. In career path, she has decreasing confidence and self-esteem. These
effects are called as……….
(a) Psychological effects (b) Workload burden effects
(c) Emotional effects (d) Medical disorder effects
Ans. (c) Emotional effects

3. A group of people start a tree plantation campaign as a part of 'green environment'

movement. Based on sufficient information about the environment, your view towards a
green environment is positive. What do we call this positivity?
I. Cognitive II. E-Component
III. C- Component IV. Non-Evaluate Aspect
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I and III
4. When someone says that she/he is a Hindu or a Muslim, a Brahmin or an adivasi or a
North Indian or a South Indian, or something like these, she/he is trying to indicate
her/his………
(a) Social identity (b) Personal identity (c) Collective identity (d) Cognitive identity
Ans. (a) Social identity

5. Who among the following psychologists have suggested that an intelligent individual not
only adapts to the environment, but also actively modifies or shape it?
I. Gardner II. Sternberg III. Carl Jung IV. Guilford
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (a) I and II
6. Individual tests require the test administrator to establish a rapport with the subject and be
sensitive to her/his feelings, moods and expressions during the testing session. Group tests,
however, do not allow an opportunity to be familiar with the subjects' feelings. In which
format, group tests generally seek answers?
(a) Multiple-choice format
(b) Viva-voce format
(c) Personal interview
(d) Group discussion
Ans. (a) Multiple-choice format

7. Children of Narmada Enclave Housing Society has formed a group to celebrate

Janmashtami and Ram Leela festival every year inside the colony premises. Identify those
elements through which interaction is facilitates as basic elements of group formation.
I. Responsiveness II. Creativity
III. Similarity IV. Proximity
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (d) II and IV

8. Which Psychologist believed that there is common structure on which people differ from
each other?
(a) Gordon Allport (b) Raymond Cattell
(c) Sigmund Freud (d) H.J. Eysenck
Ans. (b) Raymond Cattell

9. According to the psychological studies, which among the following factors influences
attitude formation?
I. Family and school environment II. Reference groups
III. Social experiences IV. Clinical related influences Choose the correct option
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (a) I and II

10. According to….... method, unwanted behaviour can be reduced and wanted behaviour can
be increased simultaneously
(a) Differential Reinforcement (b) Differential Enforcement
(c) Reciprocal Inhibition (d) Positive Modelling
Ans. (a) Differential Reinforcement

11. Krishnamurti who was brilliant in studies and eventually took admission in one of the
best medical college in Chennai. After few months his parent received the news about his
son's demise by committing suicide. His friends told that he was in great stress. Identify the
disorder he most likely have suffered with.
(a) Personality disorder (b) Adjustment disorde
(c) Emotional disorder (d) Bipolar disorder
Ans. (d) Bipolar disorder

12. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) An individual intelligence test is one which can be administered to test can be
administered to several one person at a time. A group intelligence persons simultaneously.
Reason (R) Individual tests allow people to answer orally or in a written form or manipulate
objects as per the tester's instructions. Group tests generally seek written answers usually in a
multiple-choice format.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

13. A person may smoke to decrease anxiety, may indulge in other activities such as eating,
or be unable to concentrate for long hours on her/his study because of the anxiety. Name the
procedure by which a person can get rid of anxiety.
(a) Meditative procedure (b) Psychoanalytical procedure
(c) Relaxation procedure (d) Rehabilitation procedure
Ans. (c) Relaxation procedure

14. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Changes, both big and small, sudden and gradual doesn't affect our life from
the moment we are born.
Reason (R) Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or
someone that hinders us from achieving a desired goal.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
 (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

15. Shyam, a 25 year old man is suffering from tobacco and alcohol addiction, though he
wants to leave these substance in the past but could not successful. His mother has decided to
treat his son at Rishikesh through alternative therapies. Identify among the following which
are considered as alternative therapies.
I. Constant observation and medical therapy
II. Yoga and meditation
III. Clinical treatment and drug healing
IV. Acupuncture and herbal remedies
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (d) II and IV

16. Holmes and Rahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life
events based on the scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale. It has been
developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. How many life changes are
mentioned in this?
(a) Fifty-one life changes (b) Sixty-one life changes
(c) Seventy-one life changes (d) Eighty-one life changes
Ans. (a) Fifty-one life changes

17. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Dissociation can be viewed as severance of the connections between ideas and
emotions.
Reason (R) Dissociative amnesia is characterised by extensive but selective memory loss that
has no known organic cause e.g, head injury.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A)

18. Rama and Garima are sisters and are equally good at studies in school. Their behaviour,
likes and dislikes are also quit similar. It becomes at times difficult for their people to
distinguish between the two. How psychologists get to know about their personality and
traits?
(a) Trait Approach (b) Type Approach
(c) Personality Approach (d) Post-Freudian Approach
Ans. (b) Type Approach

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Jaqueline is very open minded teenage girl. She loves party, outing and enjoys being at
the centre of attention among her peer group. Which personality characteristics associated
with her?
Ans. Jaqueline' personality characteristics associated with extraversion personality. Person
that have an extraversion personality type are approachable and friendly. They likes being in
group and peers and are considered as charismatic leaders that foster positive outlooks.

20. Rupam's term-end exams are about to start. Being a studious person he has well prepared
and attended regular classes with good internal exams. However he is not able to properly
sleep or take food on time due to examination stress. How examination stress can be
characterised?
Ans. Examination stress has been characterised as evaluative apprehension or evaluative
stress. It produces debilitating behavioural, cognitive, and physiological effects different from
those produced by any other stressor.

21. Technologically advanced societies adopt child rearing practices that foster skills of
generalisation and abstraction, speed, minimal moves, and mental manipulation among
children. What type of behaviour, these societies promotes?
Ans. Technologically advanced societies promote a type of behaviour, which can be called
technological intelligence. In these societies, persons are well-versed in skills of attention,
observation, analysis, performance, speed and achievement orientation.

22. What are the various approaches used to distinguish between normal and abnormal
behaviour?
Ans. Various approaches have been used to distinguish between normal and abnormal
behaviours. These are as follows
(i) The first approach refers to abnormal behaviour as a deviation from the social norms. Each
society has norms, which are stated or unstated rules for proper conduct. Behaviours,
thoughts and emotions that break societal norms are called abnormal.
(ii) The second approach views abnormal behaviour as maladaptive. Many psychologists
think that the normality of behaviour does not depend on the fact whether society accepts it or
not, but it depends on the well-being of the individual and group.

23. Omvati is considered as most obedient and traditionally well-mannered girl in remote
village of Bihar. She cares about her parents and grandparents. She is the one who does every
household work along with her mother. Why agricultural societies preserved tradition so
well?
Or
Sanam since her childhood is very kind towards animals, she particularly cares about her
neighbourhood street dogs and cats. Identify the psychological approach she interstates.
Ans. In agricultural societies, children are socialised to be obedient to elders and responsible
to their duties. Since these behavioural qualities make people more functional in agricultural
societies, they become dominant features of people's personality in contrast to independence,
autonomy and achievement.
Or
Ans. Sanam interstates humanistic approach which was proposed by Rogers that states
fulfilment is the motivating force for personality development. People try to express their
capabilities, potentials and talents to the fullest extent possible. There is an inborn tendency
among persons that directs them to actualise their inherited nature.

Section C (3 Mark)

24. Raman shows variation in his behaviour. At times he is friendly and other times he
becomes very shy and introvert. Give reasons why his behaviour is not constant.
Ans. Raman shows the variation in his behaviour. Different people show variations in their
behaviour as they are not always cautious or impulsive, shy or friendly. Individuals are
characterised by their personality as they appear in most circumstances. These situational
variations in behaviour also occur in normal human being, as it help individuals in adapting
to their environmental circumstances. Situations are powerful enough to override human
being's personalities and principles. There are also some external factors which may have
impact on behavioural changes, such as loss of loved one, loss in business, separation from
the loved ones, failure in life, etc.

25. How Cognitive Behavioural Therapy locates the cause of psychological distress in
irrational thoughts and beliefs?
Or
Identify the basic components of special relationship between the client and the therapist.
Ans. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a scientifically-validated treatment that locates
the cause of psychological distress in irrational thoughts and beliefs such as anxiety,
depression, panic attacks, etc. It is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people
learn how to identify and change the destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a
negative influence on their behaviour and emotions.
 Or
The special relationship between the client and the therapist is known as the therapeutic
alliance. There are two basic components of a therapeutic alliance. The first component is the
contractual nature of the relationship in which two willing individuals, the client and the
therapist, enter into a partnership which aims at helping the client overcome her/his problems.
The second component of therapeutic alliance is the limited duration of the therapy. This
alliance lasts until the client becomes able to deal with her/his problems. The high level of
trust enables the client to unburden herself/himself to the therapist. He encourages this by
being accepting, empathic, genuine and warm to the client.

26. How is Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) used in treating psychological disorders?
Ans. Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) is formulated by Albert Ellis. The central thesis of this
therapy is that irrational beliefs mediate between the antecedent events and their
consequences. The first step in RET is the Antecedent-Belief-Consequence (ABC) analysis.
Antecedent events, which caused the psychological distress, are noted. The client is also
interviewed to find the irrational beliefs, which are distorting the present reality. Irrational
beliefs may not be supported by empirical evidence in the environment. These beliefs are
characterised by thoughts with 'musts' and 'shoulds', i.e. things 'must' and 'should' be in a
particular manner. The rational belief system replaces the irrational belief system and there is
a reduction in psychological distress.

27. Harshit is in class 2 and he stays in residential boarding school in Nainital. Whenever he
comes home in summer vacation, he remains throughout cheerful. However when his
holidays comes to end he falls serious ill and becomes terrified. Identify the psychological
anxiety he is going through.
Ans. Harshit is going through the separation anxiety disorder that is an extreme distress
condition. Individuals with separation anxiety disorder are fearful and anxious about
separation from attachment figures to an extent that is developmentally not appropriate. They
even throw severe tantrums and make suicidal gestures. The ways in which children express
and experience depression are related to their level of physical, emotional and cognitive
development.

Section D (4 Mark)
28. What is Emotional Quotient? How Emotional intelligence is receiving increasing
attention in modern times?
Or
Explain the term Aptitude. Give some of its nature and characteristics.
Ans. The Emotional Quotient is the ability of an individual to appropriately and successfully
respond to a vast variety of emotional stimuli being elicited from the inner self and
immediate environment. Emotional intelligence constitutes three psychological dimensions
that are emotional competency, emotional maturity and emotional sensitivity which motivate
an individual to recognise truthfully, interpret honestly and handle tactfully the dynamics of
human behaviour.
Emotional intelligence is receiving increasing attention of educators for dealing with students
who are affected by stresses and challenges of the outside world. Programmes aimed at
improving students' emotional intelligence have beneficial effects on their academic
achievement.
Or
Aptitude refers to special abilities in a particular field of activity. It is a combination of
characteristics that indicates an individual's capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or
skill after training. We assess aptitude with the help of selected tests.
Aptitude is one's natural ability or capacity to learn and it manifests in tendencies and
inclinations. Aptitudes are the ease to develop your strengths that are either innate or quickly
learned.
The knowledge of aptitude can help us to predict an individual's future performance. While
assessing intelligence, psychologists often found that people with similar intelligence differed
widely in acquiring certain knowledge or skills.

29. Joy, a hardworking content editor is not feeling well due to prolonged office hours and
immense pressure from the peer coordinators. Due to this he started developing anxiety and
exhaustion and fallen seriously ill. Name the psychological condition he is suffering with.
Or
Samantha, a 28 years old IT Professional has completely hectic day throughout the weekdays.
Despite of the fact her neighbours get surprise how energetic she remains all day long
without failing any day to go for shopping or community club. Identify the personality of her.
Ans. Joy is suffering with General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). GAS term is used to
describe the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Selye studied this issue by
subjecting animals to a variety of stressors such as high temperature, X-rays and insulin
injections, in the laboratory over a long period of time. According to him, GAS involves three
stages, these are as follows
(i) Alarm Reaction Stage The presence of a noxious (deadly) stimulus or stressor leads to
activation of the adrena-pituitary-cortex system. This triggers the release of hormones
producing the stress response. Now the individual is ready for fight or flight.
(ii) Resistance Stage If stress is continued then the resistance stage begins. The para-
sympathetic nervous system calls for more cautious use of the body's resources. The
organism makes efforts to cope with the threat, as through confrontation.
(iii) Exhaustion Stage Continued exposure to the same stressor or additional stressors drains
the body of its resources and leads to the third stage of exhaustion.
Or
Samantha has stress resistant personality, which allow a person to cope well with stress,
giving the appearance that they are resistant to crisis. These include the hardy personality, the
survivor personality, and the sensation seeker. People with high levels of stress but low levels
of illness share three characteristics, which are referred to as the personality traits of
hardiness. It consists of the three Cs, i.e, commitment, control, and challenge Hardiness is a
set of beliefs about oneself, the world, and how they interact. It takes shape as a sense of
personal commitment to what you are doing, a sense of control over your life, and a feeling
of challenge.
Stress resistant personalities have control which a sense of purpose and direction in life,
commitment to work, family, hobbies and social life, and challenge, that they see in life as
normal and positive changes rather than as a threat. Everyone does not have these
characteristics, many of us have to relearn specific life skills in areas such as rational
thinking, and assertiveness to equip ourselves better to cope with the demands of everyday
life, etc.

30. What do you understand by Allport's Trait Theory? How it acknowledged the influence of
situations on behaviour?
Ans. Gordon Allport is considered as the pioneer of tra approach. He proposed that
individuals possess: number of traits, which are dynamic in nature. They determine behaviour
in such a manner that an individual approaches different situations with similar plans. The
traits integrate stimuli and responses which otherwise look dissimilar. Allport acknowledged
the influence of situations on behaviour. He categorised traits into three parts i.e. cardinal,
central and secondary. Cardina traits are highly generalised in nature. They indicate the goal
around which a person's entire life seems to revolve. Mahatma Gandhi's non-violence and
Hitler's Nazism are examples of cardinal traits.
Central traits are less broad in effect but still quite generalised in nature. These traits are often
used in writing a testimonial or job recommendations a person. Warm, sincere, diligent, etc
are the examples of this trait. Secondary traits are the least generalised characteristics of a
person. Traits such as like mangoes or prefers ethnic clothes are examples of secondary traits.

31. Farhan is a teacher in the nearby Anger 150 students, he teaches with live model
Management Institute. With the batch of examples. Even students are quite satisfied with his
teaching methodology. One day they learnt that his teacher has filed divorce petition against
his wife. Explain the attitude-behaviour relationship.
Ans. An individual's attitude may not always be exhibited through behaviour. One's actual
behaviour may be contrary to one's attitude towards a particular topic. As we can see here
how Farhan could not save his marriage life after being a qualified anger management
teacher.
With this, one can say, attitudes may not always predict actual pattern of one's behaviour.
Sometimes, it is behaviour that decides the attitude. Psychologists have found that there
would be consistency between attitudes and behaviour when
• The attitude is strong and occupies a central place in the attitude system.
• The person is aware of her/his attitude.
• There is very little or no external pressure for the person to behave in a particular way.
• The person's behaviour is not being watched or evaluated by others.
• The person thinks that the behaviour would have a positive consequence, and therefore,
intends to engage in that behaviour.

Section E (6 Mark)
32. What is Group polarisation? How it is related with Persuasive Arguments Theory?
Or
What is Social loafing and why does it occurs?
Ans. Group polarisation is the tendency for groups to show a shift towards the extremes of
decision-making when compared to decisions made by individuals. When individual
members of a group are already cautious in their attitude to a decision, they will show a shift
toward an even more cautious attitude when they discuss this as part of a like-minded group.
When individuals are less cautious before a group discussion, they tend to show a shift
towards more risky decisions when they are making a decision as part of a like-minded
group. This type of group polarisation is known as risky shift. On average, groups will
polarise (show accentuated judgments) toward the attitudes held before the group decision is
reached.
The Persuasive Arguments Theory points that group polarisation occurs because of the
content of the arguments that happen during discussions. This theory assumes that there is a
group of arguments that can be applied to any issue and that the people participating in the
discussion draw possible arguments from the pool of those that support their initial attitudes.
Or
Social loafing refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort when working
collectively as part of a group compared to performing a task alone. Social loafing is more
evident in tasks where the contribution of each group member is combined into a group
outcome, making it difficult to identify the contribution of a single person. An example of
such a task is the game of tug-of-war. It is not possible for you to identify how much force
each member of the team has been exerting.
Social loafing occurs because of following reasons
• Group members feel less responsible for the overall task being performed and therefore
exert less effort.
• Motivation of members decreases because they realise that their contributions will not be
evaluated on individual basis.
• The performance of the group is not to be compared with other groups.
• There is an improper coordination (or no coordination) among members.
• Belonging to the same group is not important for members. It is only an aggregate of
individuals.

Section F

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Schizophrenia is the descriptive term for a group of psychotic disorders in which personal,
social and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of disturbed thought processes,
strange perceptions, unusual emotional states, and motor abnormalities. It is a debilitating
disorder. The social and psychological costs of schizophrenia are tremendous, both to patients
as well as to their families and society.
Symptoms of schizophrenia can be classified as positive symptoms (i.e. excesses of thought,
emotion, and behaviour), negative symptoms (i.e. deficits of thought, emotion, and
behaviour), and psychomotor symptoms.
33. What are delusions? Explain different types of delusions seen in schizophrenia.
Ans. A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected
by rational argument, and has no basis in reality.
There are mainly three types of delusion seen in schizophrenia. These are as follows
(i) Delusions of Reference In this type of delusion, people attach special and personal
meaning to the actions of others or to objects and events.
(ii) Delusions of Grandeur In this type of delusion, people believe themselves to be
specially empowered persons.
(iii) Delusions of Control In this type of delusion, people believe that their feelings, thoughts
and actions are controlled by others.

34. Explain two types of hallucinations.

Or
What is catatonia? Explain its role in schizophrenia.
Ans. Schizophrenics may have hallucinations, i.e. perceptions that occur in the absence of
external stimuli. Two types of hallucinations that exist are as follows
Auditory Hallucinations These are false perceptions of sound. It is one of the most
prevalent symptoms of schizophrenia.
Somatic Hallucinations It is false perception that something happening inside the body such
as a snake crawling inside one's stomach, etc.
Or
The extreme forms of psychomotor symptoms is known as catatonia. People with
schizophrenia also show psychomotor symptoms. They move less spontaneously or make odd
grimaces and gestures, People in a catatonic stupor remain motionless and silent for long
stretches of time. Some show catatonic rigidity, i.e. maintaining a rigid, upright posture for
hours. Others exhibit catatonic posturing, i.e. assuming awkward, bizarre positions for long
periods of time.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

As in the case of other mental and physical characteristics, such variations can be attributed t
the complex interaction of heredity and environment. There is no disagreement that creativity
is determined by both heredity and environment. Limits of the creative potential are set by
heredity, environmental factors stimulate th development of creativity. How much of the
creative potential can be realised, when and in what specific form and direction is largely
determined by environmental factors such as motivation, commitment, family support, peer
influences, training opportunities, etc. Although n amount of training can transform an
average person to the level of Tagore, Shakespeare, etc. bu it is also true that every individual
can raise her/hi level of creative potential beyond its present level

35. What do you understand by creativity?

Ans. Creativity refers to the ability of transforming ideas, imagination, and dreams into
reality. It is also a ability to produce problem solutions that are novel and appropriate. For
example, when you're being creative you can see the hidden patterns, make connections
between things that aren't normally related, and come up with new ideas.

36. Limits of the creative potential are set by heredity, environmental factors stimulate the
development of creativity. Explain.
Ans. It is a well-known fact that creativity is determined by both heredity and environment.
Limits of the creative potential are set by heredity, environmental factors stimulate the
development of creativity, determines tha how much one can achieve creative potential. The
for and direction also depends on environmental factors such as motivation, commitment,
family support, etc.

SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 3
PSYCHOLOGY (Questions-Answers)
General Instructions
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Saumya, a brilliant student in her class who consistently perform well in almost every
field. Saumya has a score of 5 in her behaviour attitude scale. Find out among the following,
what her behaviour shall be called?
I. Extreme II. Cooperative or Uncooperative
III. Always Neutral IV. Always Moderate
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) I and IV
Ans. (a) I and II

2. Premsagar was taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making and weaving to help
him to form a work discipline. This is known as...
(a) Positive reinforcement
(b) Occupational therapy
(c) Alternative therapy
(d) Behavioural therapy
Ans. (b) Occupational therapy

3. Rajveer living in a peaceful colony where there is huge central park. He had plans to do
every day running and exercise. However when he heard of stray dog, he does not wish to go
to parks at all because he has a fear of dogs. This fear is an example of ..........
(a) Social phobia (b) Specific phobia
(c) Agoraphobia (d) Melanophobia
Ans. (b) Specific phobia

4. When the human body is placed under physical or psychological stress, it is called ..........
Choose the correct option
(a) Emotional effects (b) Physiological effects
(c) Cognitive effects (d) Behavioural effects
Ans. (b) Physiological effects
5. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) The techniques of personality assessment described so far are known as direct
techniques.
Reason (R) The direct techniques tend to rely on information directly obtained from the
person who clearly knows that her/his personality is being assessed.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

6. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a group?

(a) It is a social unit consisting of two or more individuals who perceive themselves as
belonging to the group.
(b) It is a collection of individuals who have common motives and goals.
(c) It is a collection of individuals who are not interdependent,
(d) Individuals who are trying to satisfy a need through their joint association also influence
each other.
Ans. (c) It is a collection of individuals who are not interdependent,

7. What indicates the degree of how positive or negative an attitude is?

(a) Extremeness (b) Simplicity
(c) Centrality (d) Valence
Ans. (a) Extremeness

8. Find out the pathogens of stresses person in the given pairs,

I. Poor nutritional habits
II. Smoking and alcohol abuse
III. Longer durational sleep
IV. Hallucination
Choose the Correct Option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (a) I and II
9. Although Yamini does quite fair in her studies and extra curriculum activities, but she try
to learn from others especially from her teachers and instructors. Learning by observing
others is known as…..
(a) Reciprocal inhibition (b) Vicarious learning
(c) Systematic desensitisation (d) Imitational recreation
Ans. (b) Vicarious learning

10. The tendency of a person to react to a given situation in a particular way is called as .....
(a) habit (b) characteristics
(c) disposition (d) temperament
Ans. (c) disposition

11. Rakshita has secured first rank in the CAT Exams. She was throughout her career, a
meritorious fellow. Her parents being into the Central Government services also helped
Rakshita's career. Find out the attributes of her creativity.
I. Heredity II. Environment
III. Friends IV. Sound Intelligence
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (a) I and II

12. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Stress has come to be associated with both the causes as well as effects.
Reason (R) The reaction to external stressors is called 'strain'.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

13. Which among the following stated or unstated rules of proper conduct?
(a) Principles (b) Manners
(c) Norms (d) Culture
Ans. (c) Norms

14. Manish is very hard working and intelligent worker in the Multi National Company based
in Gurgaon. He not only performs well in his professional life but also helps a lot in day to
day work to his Mother. Which of the following traits Manish has?
(a) Creative and Cooperative
(b) Creative and Intelligence
(c) Smartness and Intelligence
(d) Hardwork and Creativity
Ans. (b) Creative and Intelligence

15. Girish is a middle age PhD. Scholar has involved with anti-social and wicked minded
people. He also started consuming illicit drugs and liquor. These all began after rejection of
his thesis which he had prepared to for years. Identify the disorder with which Girish has
been diagnosed.
(a) Panic Disorder
(b) Bipolar Disorder
(c) Schizophrenia
(d) Social Anxiety Disorder
Ans. (b) Bipolar Disorder

16. In psychological terms, personality refers to our characteristic ways of responding to.......
I. culture II. Individuals III. Learning IV. situations
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (d) II and IV

17. Which of the following is true about Gestalt therapy in psychological studies?
I. Gestalt is a German word which means whole.
II. This therapy was given by Freiderick (Fritz) Perls together with his wife Laura Perls.
III. The goal of this therapy is to increase an individual's self-awareness and self-acceptance.
IV. This therapy cannot be used in group settings.
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III
18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Researchers have found that both high and low level of creativity can be found
in highly intelligent children and also children of average intelligence.
Reason (R) Creativity tests came into existence to assess variations in terms of the potential
for creativity in contrast to intelligence.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Section B ( 2 Mark)

19. Explain the Bandura's social learning theory.

Ans. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that observation and modelling play a
primary role in how and why people learn. Bandura's theory goes beyond the perception of
learning being the result of direct experience with the environment. Learning according to
Bandura, can occur simply by observing others' behaviour.

20. Tushar has very strict schedule throughout the day. He goes for morning walk at 4 AM,
and then after does his all daily routine work and sleep at 10 PM in the night. He barely
misses his time table routine. Find out Tushar's personality traits.
Ans. Tushar has Stress Resistant Personality. Individuals with a high level of hardiness
believe and engage meaningfully in living activities. The studies of Kobasa have shown that
people with high levels of stress but low levels of illness share three characteristics, which are
referred to as the personality traits of hardiness. It consists of the three Cs, i.e. Commitment,
Control, and Challenge.

21. Explain the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, developed by Binet and Simon.
Ans. In 1905, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, made the first successful attempt to
formally measure intelligence. Binet and Simon developed a series of tests designed to assess
mental abilities. Rather than focus on learned information such as math and reading, Binet
instead concentrated on other mental abilities such as attention and memory. The scale they
developed became known as the "Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale".
22. Karthik belongs to a merchant class family, who are basically into the export-import
business. Karthik has decided to become a content creator and convinced his family that he is
going to earn handsome money out of it. Identify the method through which his personality
trait can be understood.
Ans. Karthik personality trait can be demonstrated through the Rorschach Inkblot Test, which
was developed by Hermann Rorschach. The test consists of 10 inkblots. Five of them are in
black and white, two with some red ink, and the remaining three in some pastel colours. The
test usually reflects the thoughts of the individual since each person sees different things
when looking at the Inkblot. This means that everybody sees things according to his own
beliefs and thoughts.
Or
Sheetal doesn't like to eat healthy and nutritious food in her early age. Though she forcibly
eaten due to parental pressure but she also developed taste about many vegetables and milk
product. Identify the behaviour of her.
Ans. Sheetal has the structural unit of personality by the response behaviour. Children do not
like eating many of the vegetables e.g., spinach, pumpkin, gourds, etc., but gradually they
learn to eat them. This is accomplished through responses (behaviours) that are reinforced.

23. Tushar was declared a patient of Schizophrenia by general physician and was referred to
Mental Health Hospital for further treatment. However Tushar's family decided to visit a
psychotherapist, who found he is suffering from psychosis stage of Schizophrenia Spectrum.
What do you understand by Schizophrenia Spectrum?
Ans. The Schizophrenia Spectrum and other psychotic disorders is the category of mental
health conditions in which psychosis is the primary symptom. Schizophrenia is just one of
several conditions that fall under the spectrum of psychotic disorders. The Psychosis, by
which Tushar suffering, may be included hallucinations and delusions Le persistent false
beliefs that are not based in reality.

Section C (3 Mark)

24. Parents of Natasha nowadays are insisting her daughter to visit a psychotherapist, though
Natasha not interested. Her Parents ultimately convinced her by giving the in detailed
benefits of psychotherapy. Explain the goal of psychotherapies in psychology.
Ans. The goal of psychotherapies in psychology is to change the maladaptive behaviours,
decrease the sense of personal distress, this will help Natasha to adapt better to his
environment. The primary goals of psychotherapy are as follows
(I) To know yourself better.
(II) Alleviate emotional pain or confusion.
(III) Assist you in developing a more complete understanding of your psychological issues,

25. Explain briefly, how can a long-standing pattern of deviant behaviour be considered
abnormal.
Ans. A long standing pattern of deviant behaviour is considered to be abnormal. The word
abnormal literally means 'away from the normal'. It implies deviation from some clearly
defined norms or standards. Various approaches have been used in distinguishing between
normal and abnormal behaviours.
The first approach views abnormal behaviour as a deviation from social norms. Abnormal
behaviour, thoughts and emotions are different from a society's ideas of proper functioning.
The second approach views abnormal behaviour as maladaptive. The best criterion for
determining the normality of behaviour is whether society promotes the well-being of the
individual i.e. the group to which she/he belongs.
Or
What is autistic disorder? Also explain the difficulties faced by the children suffer with
autistic disorder.
Ans. Autistic disorder is a condition related to brain development that impacts how a person
perceives and socialises with others, causing problems in social interaction and
communication. Children with autistic disorder have marked difficulties in social interaction
and communication, a restricted range of interests, and strong desire for routine.
Children with autistic experience profound difficulties in relating to other people. They often
have problems with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive
behaviours or interests. Children may also have different ways of learning, moving, or paying
attention.

26. What is the significance of unstructured interviews in behaviour analysis?

Ans. An unstructured interview is usually utilised for qualitative data gathering because of its
in-depth approach to describing the experiences and knowledge of the interviewee. This
contrasts the methodology of structured interviews which pays attention to collecting
measurable data using a set of standardised questions.
In unstructured interviews, the interviewer seeks to develop an impression about a person by
asking a number of questions. The way a person presents her/himself and answers the
questions carries enough potential to reveal her/his personality.

27. Damini has visited to a psychiatrist for mental health checkup. She was quite satisfied
with service and assistance given by the therapist. Name the therapy Damini receiving.
Ans. Damini is receiving Client-centred therapy. The therapy was developed by Carl Rogers.
It is also called non directive psychotherapy which is a psychic treatment method that is done
by means of dialogue between counselors and clients, in order to achieve a harmonious
conditions between the ideal self and actual self.

Section D ( 4 Mark)
28. Simranjeet a professional kick boxer has represented various clubs across the world.
However she has met with serious sports injuries during the match. Surprisingly she not only
recovered but also started preparing for next bout. Her Doctors, Coach and parents were
surprised by her resilience. What do you understand by resilience?
Ans. Resilience is a dynamic developmental process referring to the maintenance of positive
adjustment under challenging life conditions. As we can see Simranjeet had the capacity to
'bounce back' in the face of stress and adversity. Resilience has been conceptualised as
reflecting feelings of self-worth and self-confidence, autonomy and self-reliance, seeking a
confidant and flexibility and a belief that one's life has purpose and meaning. Resilient
individuals are able to overcome the effects of trauma, stress and adversity and learn to live
psychologically healthy and meaningful lives.

29. Farhan's parents has enrolled him into the pre-board exams counselling and meditation
course into the nearby locality, as they believed it will increase his emotional intelligence to
cope up with exams. How emotional intelligence are useful?
Ans. Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and
regulation of emotions. It is the feeling side of intelligence. A good IQ and scholastic record
is not enough to be successful in life. Farhan's parents are aware of this fact that emotional
intelligence shall help to reduce his son's stresses and challenges of the outside world.
Programmes aimed at improving students' emotional intelligence have beneficial effects on
their academic achievement. They encourage cooperative behaviour and reduce their
antisocial activities.
Or
Rakshita is a highly intelligent girl. She always ranks high in the board examinations as well
as she is currently became a state level Chess champion. Her both working parents also gives
her feedback about her performance. Explain how intelligence is a key construct for abilities.
Ans. Intelligence is a key construct employed to know how individuals differ from one
another. Psychological notion of intelligence is quite different from the common sensical
notion of intelligence. If we watch an intelligent person, most likely that person has attributes
like mental alertness, ready wit, quickness in learning, and ability to understand relationships.
It also provides an understanding of how people adapt their behaviour according to the
environment they live in. As we can see Rakshita has multidisciplinary intelligence in every
sphere and she does it with extraordinary abilities. Her educated and working parents are also
one of the key factor of her success who constantly assist and gives timely feedback to her.

30. Explain the Self-regulation theory. How it helps in mental health?

Ans. Self-regulation refers to our ability to organise and monitor our own behaviour. People,
who are able to change their behaviour according to the demands of the external
environment, are high on self-monitoring. Many situations of life require resistance to
situational pressures and control over ourselves. This becomes possible through what is
commonly known as 'will power'. As human beings we can control our behaviour the way we
want.
We often decide to delay or defer the satisfaction of certain needs.
Self-regulation plays a huge role in alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, eating disorders,
excessive spending, crime, underachievement, procrastination, sexual behaviour, and more.
There are 3 types of Self-regulation which are as follows
(i) Cognitive Observing and challenging unhelpful thought patterns.
(ii) Emotional Observing and feeling emotions without letting them take over.
(iii) Behavioural Choose intentional behaviours instead of reacting impulsively.
Self-regulation helps people think and behave in ways that align with their own values. It
allows people to choose how to respond in an effective manner instead of reacting
instinctively (and often unhelpfully) to difficult situations. It greatly helps in people who are
struggling with self-regulation.
Or
What type of person traits possessed by Type-A person in psychology?
Ans. Type-A personality refers to a complex pattern of behaviours and emotions that includes
an excessive emphasis on competition, aggression, impatience, and hostility. People
characterised by Type-A personality seem to possess high motivation, lack patience, feel
short of time, be in a great hurry, and feel like being always burdened with work. Such people
find it difficult to slow down and relax.
Some of the characteristics of Type-A personality are as follow
Competitive One main characteristic of people with Type-A personality is competitiveness.
They always feel the need to win in any situation.
Impatient Type-A individuals are usually in a hurry. They get frustrated when they need to
fall in line, tend to lose their temper quickly, move fast and often, and think that they don't
have a lot of time to spare.
Overly Ambitious They associate success with their accomplishments, pushing themselves
with deadlines, and always looking to achieve more and climb high.

31. Discuss cognitive dissonance component in attitude change process.

Ans. Cognitive dissonance was proposed by Leon Festinger. It emphasises that the cognitive
components of an attitude must be 'consonant' (opposite of dissonant) i.e. they should be
logically in line with each other. If an individual finds that two cognitions in an attitude are
dissonant then one of them will be changed in the direction of consonance. Festinger and
Carlsmith, two social psychologists, conducted an experiment that showed the working of
cognitive dissonance. Both balance and cognitive dissonance are examples of cognitive
consistency. Cognitive consistency means that two components, aspects or elements of the
attitude, or attitude system, must be in the same direction. Each element should logically fall
in line with other elements. If this does not happen, then the person experiences a kind of
mental discomfort. In such a state, some aspects in the attitude system changes in the
direction of consistency, because our cognitive system requires logical consistency.

Section E ( 6 Mark)
32. What is the focus of group behaviour in for the formation of group. psychology? Describe
various conditions for the formation of group.
Ans. A group behaviour can be defined as a course of action a group takes as a family. The
group behaviour focuses is on how groups affect an individual's behaviour, thinking,
decision-making, or ideas. Psychologists also observe how groups behave as a whole and
how groups interact with one another.
Conditions which facilitate group formation are as follows
1. Proximity Individuals with similar background, interests, attitudes, values and opinions
when have repeated interaction with each other, get a chance to know each other and develop
a mutual liking. This facilitates group formation.
2. Similarity Being exposed to someone over a period of time makes an individually assess
similarities. Assessment of similarities paves the way for formation of groups. Explanation
given by psychologists are that when people meet similar people, they reinforce and validate
their opinions and values. They feel that they are right and thus start liking one another.
3. Common Motives and Goals When a number of people have common objectives or
goals, they tend to get together and form a group, which may facilitate goal attainment. For
example, Commuters in a train may form a group which can work towards facilitating their
travel on the train.
Or
Analysis in-group and out-group in social psychology.
Ans. In social psychology, an in-group is a social group where a person psychologically
identifies as being a member. On the other hand, an out-group is a social group with which an
individual does not identify him. Sometimes groupings are determined by factors inherent to
who we are (sex, age, and race/ethnicity) but in many other cases they are arrived at in a
somewhat arbitrary fashion.
In other words the term 'in-group' refers to one's own group, and 'out-group' refers to another
group. For in-group members, we use the word 'we' while for out-group members, the word
'they' is used. By using the words 'they' and 'we', one is categorising people as similar or
different.
Ideas about in-groups and out-groups form the basis of a psychological theory called Social
Identity Theory, first developed by the psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner. The
theory argues that our response to joining groups involves three key stages, which are as
follows
(i) Social Categorisation Here we put ourselves and others into categories, for example, we
label someone a rapper, a snob, hippie and so on. These labels then become a shorthand of
implying other things about that person.
(ii) Social Identification As soon as we are identified as belonging to one group rather than
another, we take up that identity in our own and others' eyes. We become defined in a way
that also has some emotional or value significance.
(iii) Social Comparison As members of a group, we then compare our group with others. In
the process, we will define our group in positive terms, thereby reinforcing our own positive
view of ourselves. There is also a competitive element in our response to other groups. Out-
groups are seen in negative terms, and perhaps even actively discriminated against.

Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Personality disorders are mental illnesses that share several unique qualities. They contain
symptoms that are enduring and play a major role in most, sometimes all, aspects of the
person's life. While many disorders vary in terms of symptom presence and intensity,
personality disorders usually remain constant. The psychodynamic theory regards human
behaviour to be determined by underlying psychological influences that usually are
unconscious.
These influences (also called forces) are dynamic the relationship between them gives rise to
behaviour. Abnormal symptoms are created when conflicts arise in this relationship. This
theory states that all behaviour is determined by childhood events and past experience.
Treatment then consists of psychoanalysis, which involves bringing into conscious awareness
the traumatic childhood conflicts that have been repressed, and resulting in resolution.

33. Name the traits of behavioural model of psychopathology has suggested about Phobias.
Ans. The behavioural model of psychopathology suggests that abnormal responses,
particularly phobias, were formed through a conditioning process, and also can be treated
through new learning- a process known as behaviour therapy.

34. Explain Maladaptive thoughts or behaviour.

Ans. The Maladaptive thoughts or behaviour-often behaviours that don't allow people to
adapt to life successfully. For example, hearing voices or being unable to leave the house
because of an extreme fear.
Or
How 'Continued' disability has been linked to institutionalisation, discrimination and social
exclusion?
Ans. The degree of ability or disability may vary across different life domains. Continued
disability has been linked to institutionalisation, discrimination and social exclusion as well
as to the properties of disorders.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

A general feature of most of the creativity tests is that they are open-ended. They permit the
person to think of different answers to the questions or problems in terms of her/his
experiences, whatever these may have been. These help the individual to go in different
directions.
There are no specified answers to questions or problems in creativity tests. Therefore, there is
freedom to use one's imagination and express it in original ways.
Creativity tests involve divergent thinking and assess such abilities as ability to produce a
variety of ideas, i.e. ideas which are off-the-beaten track, ability to see new relationships
between seemingly unrelated things, ability to guess causes and consequences, ability to put
things in a new context, etc.

35. Why creative tests were introduced in psychological studies?

Ans. The creativity tests came into existence to assess variations in terms of the potential for
creativity in contrast to intelligence. They provide the most representative samples of
behaviour, ability, or aptitude.

36. Does creativity tests measure Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?

Ans. Persons with the highest scores on creativity tests do not necessarily have the highest
IQs because the kinds of abilities measured by creativity tests differ from those measured by
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests.
 SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 4
PSYCHOLOGY (Questions-Answers)
General Instructions
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Saima, an illustrator in newspaper agency is known for her ability to draw satire cartoon on
various issues. Her cartoon strikes into the minds of reader with great message. Which type
of intelligence she has?
(a) Logical Intelligence (b) Spatial Intelligence
(c) Imaginative Intelligence (d) Linguistic Intelligence
Ans. (b) Spatial Intelligence

2. Despite of the fact Renuka couldn't clear NEET exam this time, she doesn't seems shaken
and start hurriedly preparing for the upcoming exams with same amount of motivation and
spirit. Name the trait she possess.
(a) Type-A Personality (b) Type-B Personality
(c) Type-C Personality (d) Type A-B Personality
Ans. (a) Type-A Personality

3. Garima remains in hyper stress and in the frustration mood mostly after her divorce with
Jay. Whenever she does anything in office it is most likely that she has arguments with
colleagues as well. Why frustrations arises in human beings?
(a) Loss of interest (b) Blocking of needs and motives
(c) Due to mental illness (d) Over protectiveness
Ans. (b) Blocking of needs and motives

4. Karan, who was suffering from depression and mental health issues, suggested to visit
psychotherapist, who suggested Karan to adopt logotherapy, which helped him in finding
meaning in every aspect of life. It also encouraged him to deal positively with good and bad
experiences. Who propounded the logotherapy concept?
I. Sigmund Freud II. Victor Frankl
III. Ivan Pavlov IV. BF Skinner
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) II and III (d) None of these
Ans. (b) Only II

5. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Roles are socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are
expected to fulfill.
Reason (R) Status refers to the relative social position given to group members by others.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

6. Mehak, a famous stand-up comedian has cancelled her several programme due to mental
health issues. Her therapist has treated with live examples and method of certain cognitive-
behavioural techniques of psychotherapy. Which among is that procedure?
I. Modelling II. Learning
III. Scaling IV. Focussing
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (a) Only I

7. A group of people in Bimla's locality started no plastic campaign as part of a green

environment movement. Find out your attitude based on sufficient information about the
environment after such campaign.
(a) Aggressive (b) Active
(c) Passive (d) Cognitive
Ans. (d) Cognitive

8. The CBT adopts a bio-psychosocial approach to the delineation of psychopathology.

Which of the following therapy used through it?
I. Biological Therapy II. Cognitive Therapy
III. Behavioural Techniques IV. Clinical Treatment
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I ,II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (b) II and III

9. Pooja a class 2 student in Delhi faces problems in basic skills in reading, writing and
mathematics, but her teachers says that she do better with additional efforts. The disorder she
is facing called as
(a) Specific mental disorder
(b) Specific learning disorder
(c) Common learning disorder
(d) Cognitive disorder
Ans. (b) Specific learning disorder

10. Which among the following is not one of the attributes that are categorised on the basis of
varieties of tests used in psychological literature?
(a) Intelligence
(b) Aptitude
(c) Observation
(d) Values
Ans. (c) Observation

11. This two features refers to how many attitudes there are within a broader attitude. Think
of an attitude as a family containing several 'member' attitudes. It is also related to various
topics, such as health and world peace, people hold man attitudes instead of single attitude.
Which two features we are here refer to?
(a) Personality and Attitude
(b) Positive and Negative Traits
(c) Active and Passive
(d) Simplicity and Complexity
Ans. (d) Simplicity and Complexity

12. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Holmes and Rahe developed a life event measure of stress. That scale known
as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale.
Reason (R) It has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

13. Polarisation processes have not been studied in which of the following domains?
(a) Group decision making (b) Attitudes
(c) Outer-group perception (d) Inter Group Perception
Ans. (c) Outer-group perception

14. Which among the following doesn't comes under the Big Five Factor model?
(a) Neuroticism (b) Unconscientiousness
(c) Agreeableness (d) Openness to Experience
Ans. (b) Unconscientiousness

15. The term 'Dissociation' in psychology can be viewed as severance of the connections
between ideas and emotions. Which among the following conditions are associated with it?
(a) Associative Amnesia
(b) Depersonalisation and Dissociative Identity Disorder
(d) Personalisation
(d) All of the above
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and
Ans. (b) Depersonalisation and Dissociative Identity Disorder

16. Many psychologists believe that our behaviours are influenced by our personal traits,
some others hold the view that our behaviours are influenced more by situational factors.
This is known as……..
(a) Externalism (b) Situationalism
(c) Factionalism (d) Individualism
Ans. (b) Situationalism

17. The effects of traumatic events may occur after some lapse of time and sometimes persist
as symptoms of anxiety, flashbacks, etc. Find out the stressful event in the following given
options.
I. Fire II. Train or road accident
III. Robbery IV. Political changes
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) I and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III

18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Cultural approach attempts to understand personality in relation to the features
of ecological and cultural environment.
Reason (R) It proposes that a group's social system plays a vital role in the origin of cultural
and behavioural variations.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Jaspreet, a sports trainer in Gymnastics, everyday train children in the nearby sports
complex. He not only train but himself first demonstrates each steps to every aspirants.
Identify the Jaspreet's personality.
Ans. The Jaspreet's personality is called as 'Bodily-Kinaesthetic' which is an ability to use
whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively. It consists of the use of whole body or
portions of it for display or construction of products and problem solving. Athletes, dancers,
sportspersons, and others have such kind of intelligence.

20. Ratan is a fun loving person, who seems to be less worried or responsible after his father's
untimely demise. He is involved in all types of illicit activities. His mother and sisters are
worried about his future. Identify the personality, Ratan has.
Ans. Ratan has Id personality that is based on pleasure principle, which assumes that people
seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. It is a source of a person's instinctual energy. Id does not
care for moral values, society, or other individuals.
Or
Samarth is considered as an average boy in his class. Though he managed to pass with fair
marks but this year he ranked in the bottom. His mother found him locked inside the room
and crying. Name the psychological disorder he is suffering,
Ans. Samarth is suffering with identity crisis disorder. This theory was given by Erikson,
which lays stress on rational, conscious ego processes in personality development. His
concept of identity crisis of adolescent age has drawn considerable attention.

21. Which is the structural unit of personality according to many behaviourists?

Ans. According to many behaviourists, the structural unit of personality is the 'response'.
Each response is a behaviour, which is emitted to satisfy a specific need. As we know, all of
us eat because of hunger, but we are also very choosy about foods and not eat every food
which might be good for our health.

22. What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? Explain.

Ans. Obsessive behaviour is the inability to stop thinking about a particular idea or topic.
Compulsive behaviour is the need to perform certain behaviours over and over again. Many
compulsions deal with counting, ordering, checking, touching and washing. People affected
by obsessive-compulsive disorder are unable to control their preoccupation with specific
ideas or are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly carrying out a particular act or
series of acts that affect their ability to carry out normal activities.

23. Satyen suddenly started vomiting and complaining about chest pain during the exam. He
was admitted to the nearest hospital timely, Explain the reason by which Satyen might have
happened went through.
Ans. Satyen might have suffered with stress. The common signs of this includes stomach
upsets. body aches, nausea, diarrhoea and fever, etc. Chronic daily stress can divert an
individual's attention from caring for herself or himself. When stress is prolonged, it affects
physical health and impairs psychological functioning.

Section C (3 Mark)
24. Gauri is working in Mishra family's house as a maid. Being a native of West Bengal she
prefer to eat rice and fish at her own home. The owner of the house most of the time offers
her to eat but kindly denies. Find out the possible psychological reasons of it.
Ans. Being a native of West Bengal Gauri prefers her home cooked rice and fish because
there are cultural approach attached to it, as it plays a vital role in the origin of cultural and
behavioural variations. The climatic conditions, the nature of terrain of the habitat and the
availability of food (flora and fauna) in it determine not only people's economic activities. but
also their settlement patterns, social structures, division of labour, and other features such as
child-rearing practices.

25. Explain how Yoga and Meditation as Alternative Therapies.

Ans. Yoga and Meditation is an ancient Indian technique detailed in the Ashtanga Yoga of
Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. Yoga is commonly refer to the asanas or body posture component or
to breathing practices or pranayama. Yoga techniques enhance well-being. mood, attention,
mental focus and stress tolerance. Proper training by a skilled teacher and a 30-minute
practice every day will maximise the benefits. Insomnia is treated with yoga. Yoga also
reduces the time to go to sleep and improves the quality of sleep.
Meditation refers to the practice of focusing attention on breath or on an object or thought or
a mantra. In Vipasana meditation, also known as mindfulness-based meditation, there is no
fixed object or thought to hold the attention.

26. One of the biggest disadvantage of metropolitan cities is mental disorder among the
various age group. As like the case of Jahnvi, a junior advocate working in the Legal firm.
She was smart and does her job efficiently. Due to frequent dealing with criminal cases, she
was diagnosed with depression. Identify the symptoms associated with depression and mania.
Ans. In psychological studies, depression and mania are mood descenders. Symptoms
associated with depression are as follows
• Change in body weight
• Constant sleep problems
• Tiredness
• Inability to think clearly
• Agitation
• Negative self-concept
• No interest in pleasurable activities
• Greatly slower behaviour
• Thoughts of death and suicide
Symptoms associated with mania are as follows
• Person become euphoric (high)
• Extremely active
• Excessively talkative Easily
• distractible

27. Explain unconditional positive regards for others in the context of counselling.
Ans. Unconditional positive regard indicates that the positive warmth of the therapist is not
dependent on what the client reveals or does in the therapy sessions. This unique
unconditional warmth ensures that the client feels secure, can trust the therapist and feels
secure enough to explore her/his feelings. The therapist reflects the feelings of the client in a
non-judgemental manner. The reflection is achieved by rephrasing the statements of the client
i.e. seeking simple clarifications to enhance the meaning of the client's statements. This
process of reflection helps the client to become integrated. This therapy helps a client to
become her/his real self with the therapist working as a facilitator.
Or
Explain negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement for behaviour modification.
Ans. Negative Reinforcement It is a major technique of behaviour modification. Responses
that lead organisms to get rid of painful stimuli or avoid and escape from them provide
negative reinforcement. For example, one learns to put on woolen clothes, burn firewood or
use electric heaters to avoid the unpleasant cold weather. Person learns to move away from
dangerous stimuli because they provide negative reinforcement.
Positive Reinforcement If an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement is
given to increase the deficit. The positive reinforcement used by the child's mother by
preparing the child's favourite food will increase the behaviour of doing homework at the
appointed time.
Section D ( 4 Mark)
28. Explain Allport's Self-report measures in assessment of personality.
Ans. The Self-report measures which was suggested by Allport is considered as the best
method to assess a person by asking her/him about herself/himself. This led to the use of self-
report measures. These are fairly structured measures, often based on theory, that require
subjects to give verbal responses using some kind of rating scale.
The method requires the subject to objectively report her/his own feelings with respect to
various items. The responses are accepted at their face value. They are scored in quantitative
terms and interpreted on the basis of norms developed for the test. The Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) are the well known self-report measures in
assessment of personality.

29. What do you understand by psychometric approach?

Ans. Psychologists have proposed several theories of intelligence. These theories can be
broadly classified as a psychometric/structural approach or an information-processing
approach. The psychometric approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It
expresses the individual's performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities. On the
other hand, the information-processing approach describes the processes people use in
intellectual reasoning and problem solving.
Or
Explain the role of intelligence tests in psychology. What are the ill effects of intelligence
tests?
Ans. The intelligence tests serve many useful purposes such as selection, counselling,
guidance. self-analysis, and diagnosis. Unless used by a trained investigator, they may be
misused either intentionally or unintentionally.
Some of the ill-effects of intelligence testing are
• Poor performance on a test may attach a stigma to children and thereby adversely affect
their performance and self-respect.
• The tests may invite discriminating practices from parents, teachers and elders in the
society.
• Administering a test biased in favour of the middle class and higher class populations may
underestimate the IQ of children from disadvantaged sections of the society.
• Intelligence tests do not capture creative potentialities and practical side of intelligence, and
they also do not relate much to success in life.
30. Rehana is always worried about her children's future. Due to family pressure to have a
boy child, she became mother of six girls. Her in-laws always taunts her and don't treat her
equally in the family. She remains in the great stress all day long. Explain the psychological
meaning and process of Stress.
Ans. Psychologically, the stress refers to the emotional and physiological reactions
experienced when an individual faces a situation, where that individual failed to cope up
with. As we can see, how Rehana is living in such unconducive atmosphere, where she feels
like loneliness and helplessness. Stressors, a stimuli that cause our body to give the stress
response. Such events include noise, crowding, a bad relationship, or the daily commuting to
school or office. The perception of stress is dependent upon the individual's cognitive
appraisal of events and the resources available to deal with them.
The stress process, based on the cognitive theory of stress propounded by Lazarus and his
colleagues which can be demonstrated as "Cause-Internal State -Result (Stress Reaction)".
An individual's response to a stressful situation largely depends upon the perceived events
and how they are interpreted or appraised.

Or
Venkat Sundarajan was an Area Supervisor in a water purifying company. His job included
vast survey and travelling across South India. During pandemic period in 2020, he lost his job
and became unemployed. Many relatives and friends became indifferent and didn't help him.
Due to this, he has developed severe mental disorder. How 'Social Stress ruining Venkat's
life?
Ans. Social Stress can be described as causing factors that are induced externally and result
from our interaction with other people, Social events like death or illness in the family,
strained relationships, Trouble with neighbours are some examples of social stresses. These
social stresses vary widely from person to person.
As we have seen that Venkat is in deep financial trouble and most of his known persons
didn't help him in the period of crisis. Apart from that he has great concern for joblessness as
well, as brought changes of other people's perception about him that creates great stress for
Venkat. Social stress is quite different from social pressure, as the latter emerges due to
people, who make excessive demands on an individual. This can cause even greater stress to
deal with.

31. Prejudice can exist without discrimination and vice versa. Comment.
Ans. Prejudice can exist without being shown in the form of discrimination. Similarly,
discrimination can be shown without prejudice. Yet, the two go together very often.
Wherever, prejudice and discrimination exist, conflicts are very likely to arise between
groups within the same society.
Our own society has witnessed many deplorable instances of discrimination, with and
without prejudice based on gender, religion, community, caste, physical handicap, and
illnesses such as AIDS. Moreover, in many cases discriminatory behaviour can be curbed by
law. But, the cognitive and emotional components of prejudice are more difficult to change.

Section E (6 Mark)
32. Who discovered the process of process of groupthink? Also discuss about the process of
groupthink.
Ans. Irving Janis discovered a process known as groupthink in which a group allows its
concerns for unanimity. The process of groupthink occurs when a group with a particular
agenda makes problematic or irrational decisions because its members value harmony and
coherence over accurate and practical analysis as well as critical evaluation. Individual
members of the group are strongly discouraged from any disagreement with the consensus
and set aside their.
Groupthink suggests the appearance of consensus or unanimous agreement within a group.
All members of a group agree upon a particular decision of the group. No one express
dissenting (disagreement) opinion as it can destroy the cohesion of the group.
There are also some ways to prevent groupthink. These are as follows
• Encouraging and rewarding critical thinking.
• Encouraging groups to present alternative courses of action.
• Inviting outside experts to evaluate the decisions.
• Encouraging members to seek feedback from trusted others,
Or
Explain the polarisation processes in groups. Why polarisation does occur?
Ans. In psychological studies, polarisation processes describe movement in individuals'
views toward opposite views or extremes. Group polarisation is the phenomenon wherein
groups make extreme decisions rather than individuals acting alone. Group polarisation can
occur due to the following reasons
• When like-minded people are interacting the views become stronger resulting in a decision
that favours them, for example, an employee who has done an antisocial activity on the job
can be given an extreme punishment if all the individuals were in favour of punishment for
him.
• The favourable view of one person is validated by the others, which leads them towards that
attitude, this is known as the Bandwagon effect.
• When you find people having similar views, you are likely to perceive them as ingroup.
You start identifying with the group, begin showing conformity, and as a consequence, your
views become strengthened.

Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
On the one hand are the gifted and creative persons. On the other hand, there are children
who face enormous difficulty in learning even very simple skills. Those children who show
intellectual deficiency are termed as 'intellectually disabled'. As a group, there is wide
variation among the intellectually disabled. The American Association on Mental Deficiency
(AAMD) views intellectual disability as "significantly sub-average general intellectual
functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during
the developmental period". Individuals who are categorised as having intellectual disability
show significant variation in their abilities, ranging from those who can be taught to work and
function with special attention, to those who cannot be trained and 3 require institutional care
throughout their lives.

33. What symptoms are associated with intellectual disability disorder?

Ans. Some symptoms that are associated with intellectual disability are Rett syndrome,
Dravet syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Down syndrome, Asperger's syndrome, and fragile
X syndrome (Martin-Bell). Diseases such as obesity, diabetes, HIV, STD's, and dementia are
also more likely.
Or
As per AAMD, what are Adaptive behaviour refers to a person's capacity
Ans. As per The American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD), Adaptive behaviour
refers to a person's capacity to be independent and deal effectively with one's environment.

34. Explain Intellectual Giftedness.

Ans. Intellectual Giftedness refers to general ability shown in superior performance in a wide
variety of areas. Intellectually gifted individuals show higher performance because of their
outstanding potentialities.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Gary is a 19-year-old who withdrew from college after experiencing a manic episode during
which he was brought to the attention of the Campus Police. He had changed his stream from
engineering to philosophy. He spends his nights on phone, talking to his friends about life
and reality. He had been convinced about the importance of his ideas, stating frequently that
he was more learned and advanced than all his professors.
He also increased a number of high-risk behaviours - drinking and engaging in sexual
relations in a way that was unlike his previous history. At the present time, he has returned
home and has been placed on a mood stabiliser (after a period of time on an antipsychotic),
and his psychiatrist is requesting adjunctive psychotherapy for his disorder. The patient's
parents are somewhat shocked by the diagnosis, but they acknowledge that Gary had early
problems with anxiety during pre-adolescence, followed by some periods of withdrawal and
depression during his adolescence. His parents are eager to be involved in treatment, if
appropriate.

35. Identify the disorder with which Gary has been diagnosed.
Ans. Gary has been diagnosed with Bipolar disorder which is characterised by episodes of
both mania and depression with phases of stability in between the episodes.

36. What is Bipolar disorder? Mention few symptoms of it.

Ans. Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder dealing with mania and depression. The
symptoms of Bipolar disorder includes mania or hypomania and depression. Symptoms can
cause unpredictable changes in mood and behaviour, resulting in significant distress and
difficulty in life.

SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 5
PSYCHOLOGY (Questions-Answers)
General Instructions
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Tarun's group has won the elections from his constituency. His opponents, Ramesh and his
group, are weak and too small in number. Tarun often expresses frustration and negative
attitude towards Ramesh's group. This is known as……..
(a) Learning (b) Kernel of truth concept
(c) Scapegoating (d) Imitation
Ans. (a) Learning

2. Rakhi was travelling in a bus. She suddenly felt nervous. Her heart started beating very
fast. She was sweating. This is an example of………..
(a) Panic attack (b) Heart attack
(c) Bipolar disorder (d) Anxiety depression
Ans. (a) Panic attack

3. Sunita is regarded by her teachers as an excellent student. She does her work on time,
scores the highest grades in her class, listens to instructions with care, grasps quickly,
reproduces accurately but she rarely comes out with ideas which are her own.
Find out which factor is missing in her?
(a) Intelligence quotient (b) Emotional quotient
(c) Creativity skill (d) Leaning aptitude
Ans. (c) Creativity skill

4. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) The immune system guards the body against attackers, both from within and
outside.
Reason (R) There are several kinds of white blood cells or leucocytes within the immune
system, including T cells, B cells and natural killer cells.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

5. Which of the following is/are the behavioural technique?

I. Negative reinforcement
II. Aversive conditioning
III. Token economy
IV. Transference
Choose the correct option
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
(c) III, IV and I (d) I, II and IV
Ans. (a) I, II and III

6. Naina was shown by her elder sister how to behave in front of the guest as well as with
neighbours. This technique of learning is known as……….
(a) Token economy
(b) Modelling
(c) Rational emotive therapy
(d) Relaxation therapy
Ans. (b) Modelling

7. Lazarus and Folkman has conceptualised coping as a dynamic process rather than an
individual trait. Name the two types of coping among the following.
I. Problem focussed II. Stress focussed
III. Intelligence focussed IV. Emotional focussed
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II, and III (c) I, II and III (d) I and IV
Ans. (d) I and IV

8. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Intelligence tests can be culture-fair or culture-biased. Many intelligence tests
show a bias to the culture in which they are developed.
Reason (R) It is nearly impossible to design a test that can be applied equally or meaningfully
in all cultures.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

9. Sunil wants to teach children in a slum area who are unable to go to school. He cannot do
this alone because he has his own studies and homework. What is the main attributes he is
missing?
I. Common motives and goals II. Like-minded friends
III. Resources IV. Social influences
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and IV

10. Who among the following compiled CIE Verbal Group Test of Intelligence?
(a) MC Joshi
(b) S Jalota
(c) Uday Shankar
(d) SM Mohsin
Ans. (c) Uday Shankar

11. As per the………. approach, abnormal psychology results when a person's brain and
body do not work properly.
(a) Psychological (b) Organismic
(c) Demonology (d) Biological
Ans. (d) Biological

12. There was a marriage in which dowry was being given. Ramesh is the groom and does
not want dowry. Sunita is the bride who is giving the dowry. As per P-O-X triangle, what can
be denoted as O?
(a) Ramesh (b) Sunita (c) Dowry (d) Marriage
Ans. (c) Dowry
13. Salim, a teenage boy, always keen to play outside but his parents don't allow him to play
in the park as he is allergic to dust. Hence, dust is………..

(a) Aversive conditioning (b) Positive reinforcement

(c) Differential reinforcement (d) Negative reinforcement
Ans. (d) Negative reinforcement

14. What term is used when people develop a fear of entering unfamiliar situations?
(a) Specific phobia
(b) Social phobia
(c) Agoraphobia
(d) Astrophobia
Ans. (c) Agoraphobia

15. What is the name of Adler's theory which assumes that human behaviour is purposeful
and goal-directed?
(a) Cognitive psychology
(b) Collective psychology
(c) Individual psychology
(d) Social psychology
Ans. (c) Individual psychology

16. Which of the following traits refers to the degree to which people are socially outgoing or
socially withdrawn?
I. Extraversion vs Introversion
II. Emotional intelligence
III. Neuroticism vs Emotional stability
IV. Economic conditions
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (a) Only I

17. Procedure to monitor and reduce the physiological aspects of stress by providing
feedback about current physiological activity is known as……….
(a) Bio feedback
(b) Meditation feedback
(c) Creative feedback
(d) Cognitive feedback
Ans. (a) Bio feedback

18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was developed by Cattell, where he
identified a large set of personality descriptors.
Reason (R) It has been found not useful in career guidance, vocational exploration, and
occupational testing.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Kamath is known as the most dominant person in his office. He always gives suggestions
and opinions in every matter Identify the method through which he can be evaluated.
Ans. The method by which Kamath can be evaluated is called 'Assessment'. Assessment
refers to the measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation,
often using multiple methods in terms of certain standards of comparison.

20. In the final year of University exams, Gopi failed in two subjects. Due to this, many
friends of her started distancing from her She started losing her confidence as well. In which
psychological problem she is going through?
Ans. Gopi is suffering from lack of self-esteem in herself. It is an important aspect of oneself.
Some people have high self-esteem, whereas others may have low self-esteem. Self-esteem
shows a strong relationship with our everyday behaviour.
Or
Neeru is such a smart girl, who requires very few command to fulfill her daily tasks, whether
it is home or office, What are the two characteristics of her personality?
Ans. Neeru has the personality of self-regulation. It refers to our ability to organise and
monitor our own behaviour. People with this trait can change their behaviour according to the
demands of the external environment, are high on self-monitoring.
21. State any two features of Rorschach Inkblot test.
Ans. Two features of Rorschach Inkblot Test are
1. Psychologists use this test to examine the personality characteristics and emotional
functioning of their patients.
2. It is one of the most well-known personality tests, allowing to investigate a human being
in detail.

22. Chandan is a joyful guy who has attitude towards human beings. He also assist and teach
illiterate people in his colony, What we call this attitude?
Ans. The attitude of Chandan is called as positive attitude. Some of the factors of a positive
attitude are having a fairly accurate perception of reality; a sense of purpose in life and taking
credit for success and accepting blame for failure.

23. What do you understand by Bipolar mood disorders or manic-depressive disorders.

Ans. Bipolar mood disorders were earlier referred to as manic-depressive disorders, is a
mental illness that causes dramatic changes in the person's mood, energy and ability to think.
People with Bipolar mood disorder experience high and low moods which are known as
mania and depression.

Section C (3 Mark)

24. Kenneth has decided to visit Serengeti National Park during her summer vacation. He is
someone who doesn't like to experience natural beauty through TV. Which type of
personality she has according to the Five-Factor Model of Personality?
Ans. Kenneth has 'openness to experience' personality as per Five-Factor Model of
Personality given by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae. The openness to experience personality
experiences. Openness to experience is used to study and measure individual differences in
personality. A person with a high level of openness to experience will often enjoy travelling
and venturing beyond his or her comfort zone.

25. Define Aaron Beck's theory of psychological distress characterised by anxiety or

depression.
Ans. Aaron Beck's theory of psychological distress states that childhood experiences
provided by the family and society develop core schemas or systems, which include beliefs
and action patterns in the individual.
Thus, a client, who was neglected by the parents as a child, develops the core schema of "I
am not wanted". During the course of life, a critical incident occurs in her/his life. She/he is
publicly ridiculed by the teacher in school.
Aaron Beck believes that a person's reaction to specific upsetting thoughts may contribute to
abnormality. As we confront the many situations that arise in life, both comforting and
upsetting thoughts come into a person's heads. Beck calls it as unwarranted cognition's
automatic thoughts

26. Aditya, generally seems a fit guy and always keeps himself fit and goes for walk and
gym. However he consumes excessiv food in family gathering and party. Name the disorder
and its types.
Ans. Aditya is suffering from eating disorder, known as binge eating. It is very common in
young people. It has three types, which are as follows
(i) Binge Eating It is known as frequent episodes of out-of-control eating. The individual
tends to eat large amount of food may be eaten even when the individual is not feeling
hungry.
(ii) Anorexia Nervosa In this condition an individual has a distorted body image that leads
her/him to see herself/himself as overweight. Then he/she develops behaviour of refusing to
eat, exercising compulsively and developing unusual habits such as refusing to eat in front of
others.
(iii) Bulimia Nervosa It is the condition where an individual may eat excessive amounts of
food then stays away her/his body to food by using medicines such as laxatives or diuretics or
by vomiting.

27. How is behaviour therapy used to treat phobia?

Ans. Behaviour therapy is a term that describes a broad phobia. It is focussed on the
behaviour and range of techniques which are used to treat thoughts of the client in present. It
is a technique introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears. The client is
interviewed to elicit fear-provoking situations.
The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think about the least anxiety-provoking
fearful situation if the slightest tension is felt. After situation. The client is asked to stop
thinking of the some sessions, the client is able to imagine more severe fear-provoking
situations while maintaining the relaxation. The client gets systematically desensitised to the
fear.
Or
What do you understand by psychological distress as per behaviour therapy? Describe any
one behavioural therapy.
Ans. According to the behaviour therapies, psychological distress arises because of faulty
behaviour patterns or thought patterns. It is focused on the behaviour and thoughts of the
client in the present. The past is relevant only to the extent of understanding the origins of the
faulty behaviour and thought patterns. Only the faulty patterns are corrected in the present.
Aversive conditioning is a major technique of behaviour therapy. Aversive conditioning
refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. For
example, an alcoholic is given a mild electric shock and asked to smell the alcohol. With
repeated pairings the smell of alcohol is aversive as the pain of the shock is associated with it
and the person will give up alcohol.
 Section D (4 Mark)
28. Give the major four characteristics of Emotionally Intelligent Persons.
Ans. Emotional Intelligence is the ability to smartly channelise the emotions and possessing
and allows you to harness one's emotions for positive results. The major four characteristics
of Emotionally Intelligent Person are as follows
(i) Relates a person's emotions and thoughts so that you take them into account while solving
problems and taking decisions.
(ii) Perceive and be sensitive to your feelings and emotions.
(iii) Understand the powerful influence of the nature and intensity of your emotions.
(iv) Control and regulate your emotions and their expressions while dealing with self and
others to achieve harmony and peace.
Or
Describe the relationship between creativity with intelligence.
Ans. There is an abstract relationship between creativity and intelligence. If you measure
intelligence by the ability to solve problems, then creativity may be a prerequisite.
Furthermore, the filtering mechanism to discard poor ideas comes down to a form of random
intelligence.
However someone who does his/her work on time, scores the highest grades in the class, etc
not necessarily acquires creative ideas always. On the other hand, a person who is just
average in studies and has not achieved high grades consistently, can have various unique and
creative ideas. The former is considered to be more intelligent and the latter as more creative.
American psychologist, Lewis Terman, in the 1920s, found that persons with high IQ were
not necessarily creative. At the same time, creative ideas could come from persons who did
not have a very high IQ. Researchers have also found that both high and low level of
creativity can be found in highly intelligent children and also children of average intelligence.
The same person, thus, can be creative as well as intelligent but it is not necessary that
intelligent ones, in the conventional sense, must be creative, Intelligence, therefore, by itself
does not ensure creativity.
29. Among the four dominant features of attitude, which attitude is the most significant one?
Ans. Amongst the four dominant features of attitude Centrality is the most significant one,
with comparison to other three such as Valence, Extremeness and Simplicity or Complexity.
The Centrality of attitude refers to the role of a particular attitude in the attitude system. An
attitude with greater centrality would influence the other attitudes in the system much more
than non-central (or peripheral) attitudes.
The centrality indicates the importance of the object. The attitudes that have high centrality
for an individual will be less susceptible to change.
Or
Discuss how media can influence the attitude change of human beings.
Ans. In today's modern era media can influence the attitude change of human beings.
Technological advances in contemporary times have made audio-visual media and the
internet very powerful sources of information that lead to attitude formation and change.
These sources first strengthen the cognitive and affective components of attitudes, and
subsequently may also affect the behavioural component. The media can exert both good and
bad influences on attitudes.
On one hand, the media and internet make people better informed than other modes of
communication. They are also gradually becoming stronger in guiding public opinion. On the
other hand, there may be no check on the nature of information being provided.

30. Ruhani and Suhani are two sisters, who studied in the same school and also joined in the
similar IT Professional sector. However both have different nature and future goals in life.
How psychologists define such different personalities through type and trait approaches?
Ans. The nature and origin of individual differences in personality always been study of
interest among the psychologists. In the case of Ruhani and Suhani, one can.observe that both
the sisters in the same family developed dramatically different personalities. They also
behave differently in different situations. Psychologists distinguish between type and trait
approaches to personality.
The type approaches attempts to comprehend human personality by examinir.g certain broad
patterns in the observed behavioural characteristics of individuals. Each behavioural pattern
refers to one type in which individuals are placed in terms of the similarity of their
behavioural characteristics with that pattern. In contrast, the trait approach focuses on the
specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ in consistent and
stable ways.

31. Ramesh and Charu are not just colleagues in the same office but also husband and wife,
who cares for each other and manag to complete all office task and live happil at home.
Define the psychological supports they share.
Ans. Ramesh and Charu share social and emotional support with each other. Social support is
defined as the existence and availability of people on whom we can rely upon, people who let
us know that they care about, value, and love us.
Social support can help to provide protection against stress. People with high levels of social
support from family and friends may experience less stress when they confront a stressful
experience, and they may cope with it more successfully.

Section E (6 Mark)
32. What do you understand by group behaviour in psychology and why do people join
groups?
Ans. Group behaviour in psychology refers to the actions, thoughts, or feelings of a
collection of people or individuals within a group. Group behaviour is often guided by a set
of rules or regulations that may not always be the case for every individual within that group.
Different groups satisfy different needs, and therefore, we are simultaneously members of
different groups. This sometimes creates pressures for us because there may be competing
demands and expectations. Generally, people join groups for the following reasons such as
• Security Groups reduce the insecurity when we are alone. Being with people gives a sense
of comfort, and protection. As a result, people feel stronger, and are less vulnerable to threats.
• Status When we are members of a group that is perceived to be important by others, we feel
recognised and experience a sense of power.
• Self-Esteem Groups provide feelings of self-worth and establish a positive social identity.
Being a member of prestigious groups enhances one's self-concept.
• Fulfilment of Psychological and Social Needs Groups satisfy one's social and
psychological needs such as sense of belongingness, giving and receiving attention, love, and
power through a group.
• Goal Achievement Groups help in achieving such goals which cannot be attained
individually.
• Knowledge and Information Group membership provides knowledge and information and
thus broadens one's view. Group also enhances person's information and knowledge.

Or
Describe the elements of group structure.
Ans. The group structure is defined as the layout of a group. It is a combination of group
roles, norms, conformity, social loafing, cohorts, group demography and cohesiveness etc.
There are four important elements of group structure which are as follows
(i) Roles The Roles refer to the typical behaviour that depicts a person in a given social
context These are socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are
expected to fulfill.
(ii) Norms These are expected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon,
and enforced by group members. They may be considered as a group's 'unspoken rules'.
(iii) Status It refers to the relative social position given to group members by others. This
relative position or status may be either ascribed (given may be because of one's seniority) or
achieved (the person has achieved status because of expertise or hard work). By being
members of the group, we enjoy the status associated with that group.
(iv) Cohesiveness It refers to togetherness, binding, or mutual attraction among group
members. As the group becomes more cohesive, group members start to think, feel and act as
a social unit and less like isolated individuals.

Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
One of the most widely prevalent and recognised of all mental disorders is depression.
Depression covers a variety of negative moods and behavioural changes. Depression can
refer to a symptom or a disorder. In day-to-day life, we often use the term depression to refer
to normal feelings after a significant loss, such as the break-up of a relationship, or the failure
to attain a significant goal.
Major depressive disorder is defined as a period of depressed mood and/or loss of interest or
pleasure in most activities, together with other symptoms which may include change in body
weight, constant sleep problems, tiredness, inability to think clearly, agitation, greatly slowed
behaviour, and thoughts of death and suicide. Other symptoms include excessive guilt or
feelings of worthlessness.
33. How can we define mental disorder?
Ans. Mental disorder also known as depression. In psychology, it can be defined as
emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth. It is a common and serious
medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.
Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed.

34. What are the causes of depressive disorder?

Ans. According to psychologists, depressive disorder are caused by a combination of genetic,
biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Depression can happen at any age, but
often begins in adulthood.
Or
Which gender group is more likely to get affected by mental disorder?
Ans. Women are more likely to get affected by depressive/mental disorder. The major risk
factors are experiencing negative life events and lack of social support by women with
comparison to men.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Intelligence tests can be culture-fair or culture-biased. Many intelligence tests show a bias to
the culture in which they are developed. Tests developed in America and Europe represent an
urban and middle class cultural ethos. Hence, educated middle class white subjects generally
perform well on those tests. The items do not respect the cultural perspectives of Asia and
Africa. The norms for these tests are also drawn from Western cultural groups.
It is nearly impossible to design a test that can be applied equally meaningfully in all cultures.
Psychologists have tried to develop tests that are culture-fair or culturally appropriate, i.e. one
that does not discriminate against individuals belonging to different cultures. In such tests,
items are constructed in a manner that they assess experiences common to all cultures or have
questions in which language usage is not required.

35. Who developed Cultural-Fair Test?

Ans. The Cultural-Fair Intelligence Test or CFIT, was developed by psychologist Raymond
Cattell. It is a cultural unbiased test that meant to assess intelligence without being by cultural
and environmental factors.

36. Why it is impossible to design a test that can be applied meaningfully in all cultures?
Ans. It is impossible to develop a test that can be applied in all cultures because of its cultural
biasness. Many intelligence tests show a bias to the culture in which they are developed.
Tests developed in America and Europe represent an urban cultural scenario where they do
not respect the cultural perspectives of Asia and Africa.
 SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 6
PSYCHOLOGY (Questions-Answers)
General Instructions
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Rahul has always been against dowry but one day in office discussion when majority was
supporting dowry then he also went with the flow and started speaking in favour of the rotten
norm of the society. This effect is more commonly known as .....
(a) Compliance
(b) Personality
(c) Conformity
(d) Bandwagon effect
Ans. (d) Bandwagon effect

2. Hardik, a class 12th student from Modern School is such an all-rounder who is good in
studies, sports and also in dance. He has also 10 scientific innovation patents in his name.
Which among the following traits Hardik has as, suggested by the psychologists about
'giftedness' through the teachers' point of view?
1. High ability II. High creativity
III. High commitment IV. High observation
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III

3. Mithu, a final year college student of Delhi University, is known as a 'problem solver' in
her college. She not only co-relates student's emotions to her own thoughts but also helping
them in taking right decisions about courses and job placements. What traits do you think
Mithu possess?
(a) Emotionally Intelligent Person
(b) Emotionally Creative Person
(c) Powerful Influential Person
(d) Socially Influential Person
Ans. (a) Emotionally Intelligent Person

4. Sam is 19-year old athletic built ambitious swimmer. He has been selected for upcoming
Asian Games and for that he is preparing hard. However his coach has found that Sam is bit
distressed and not properly taking food or sound sleep. What is the best therapy suitable for
him?
(a) Humanistic-Existential therapy
(b) Psychoanalytical therapy
(c) Behaviour therapy
(d) Cognitive therapy
Ans. (c) Behaviour therapy

5. Which among the following factors, provides the context for the learning of attitudes
through the processes?
I. Family and school environment
II. Reference groups
III. Personal experiences
IV. People's experiences
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III

6. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) In systematic desensitisation client asked to think about the least anxiety-
provoking situations.
Reason (R) The client hence, learns to deal with fearful situations.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

7. Name the Psychologist/Thinker who proposed the Two-step theory.

(a) Sigmund Freud (b) Ivan Pavlov
(c) SM Mohsin (d) Fritz Heider
Ans. (c) SM Mohsin

8. Suryakant Nayar, a trained Ayurveda Doctor lives in Kerala is known for his knowledge of
ancient medicines and always encourages people to opt for traditional methods of medicines
and treatment, as mentioned in 'Charak Samhita'. Identify which types of people are classified
into it.
I. Vamdosha II. Pittadosha
III. Vatadosha IV. Kaphadosha
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) II, III and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) II, III and IV

9. Which among the following is a dynamic situation-specific reaction to stress?

(a) Meeting (b) Coping
(c) Avoiding (d) Relieving
Ans. (b) Coping

10. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Our capacity to view ourselves in terms of stable dispositions permits us to
combine separate self-evaluations into a general psychological image of ourselves.
Reason (R) At more specific level, one may have a positive self-concept about one's reading
ability but a negative one about one's mathematical skills.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

11. Yoga is an ancient Indian technique detailed in which of the following book?
(a) Shodash Yoga of Patanjali (b) Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali
(c) Mahabhashya of Panini (d) Ashtadhyayi of Panini
Ans. (b) Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali

12. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) An intelligence test may be fully verbal, fully non-verbal or fully performance-
based, or it may consist of a mixture of items from each category.
Reason (R) Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test is an example of a non-verbal test.
Therefore, non-verbal tests can be administered only to illiterate people.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

13. Ramya while facing a job interview, was asked numerous questions regarding her
qualifications, likes and dislikes etc. She confidently gave answers regarding her qualities and
skills and other characteristics. The type of identity Ramya has is called…….
(a) Special Characteristic Identity
(b) Confident Characteristic Identity
(c) Personal Identity
(d) Subject Identity
Ans. (c) Personal Identity

14. Name the behaviour or skill that helps to communicate, clearly and confidently, our
feelings, needs, wants, and thoughts.
(a) Time management
(b) Rational thinking
(c) Self-care
(d) Assertiveness
Ans. (d) Assertiveness

15. Prime Minister of India express his grief over Assam flood that killed almost 50 people
and millions of people were displaced. The PM has also announced all possible relief aids
and assistance. The type of social support demonstrated here is……..
(a) Tangible support
(b) Intangible support
(c) Moral support
(d) Monetary support
Ans. (a) Tangible support

16. Which among the following is/are considered as the best possible method to prevent
suicide cases in India?
I. Reporting of suicide by media in a responsible way.
II. Early identification, treatment and care of people at risk.
III. Training health workers in assessing and managing for suicide.
IV. Care for people who attempted suicide
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) II, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
Ans. (d) I, II, III and IV

17. Radhika, a middle aged housewife lost his son in the car accident. He was immensely
attached to his mother. Due to this trauma, Radhika started showing symptoms of delusion,
and recalling years ago events as like it happened in recent days. Identify the disorder.
(a) Schizophrenia disorder
(b) Informal thought disorder
(c) Neurodevelopmental disorder
(d) Depression disorder
Ans. (a) Schizophrenia disorder

18. Intellectual disability refers to below average intellectual functioning with an IQ of

approximately………
(a) 30 or below
(b) 50 or below
(c) 70 or below
(d) 90 or below
Ans. (c) 70 or below

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Maniamma, a 69 year old lady mother of 5 children lives in the remote village of
Karnataka. She generally lives alone when her children come to meet her, she becomes more
cheerful. However her grandson Puliyaar has discovered strange behavioural changes in her
in taking minor decisions. The family decided to treat her and took her with them. Mention
the best possible test Maniamma requires.
Ans. The best possible psychological treatment for Maniamma is Diathesis stress model test
that attempts to explain why we develop mental disorders. It postulates the interaction
between a genetic vulnerability or predisposition and adverse life events in the genesis of
major depressive disorder.

20. Vaani is not just smartest girl but also requires less command by her teachers and parents
to accomplish any given tasks. She analyse problems and arrives at solutions quickly.
Identify the type of intelligence of Vaani has.
Ans. Vaani is gifted with componential or analytical intelligence, where person analysis the
given information and quickly solve problems. Persons high on this ability think analytically
and critically and succeed in schools.

21. What do you understand by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)?

Ans. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) is a questionnaire to assess the
personality traits of a person. It was devised by psychologists Hans Jurgen Eysenck and Sybil
B G Eysenck. This test initially assessed two dimensions of personality, called 'introverted-
extraverted' and 'emotionally stable-emotionally unstable'. Later on, Eysenck added a third
dimension, called psychoticism. This test represents a lack of feeling for others, a tough
manner of interacting with people, and a tendency to defy social conventions.

22. Tanya is always does some unique activities to get herself physically and mentally fit
every day. Why is creative visualisation important in physical fitness?
Ans. The creative visualisation can be explained as the cognitive process of purposefully
generating visual mental imagery, with eyes open or closed, simulating or recreating visual
perception. It is an effective technique for dealing with stress. Creative visualisation is a
subjective experience that uses imagery and imagination. This reduces the risk of interference
from unbidden thoughts and provides the creative energy needed for turning an imagined
scene into reality.

23. What is Halo effect? Why it is called cognitive bias?

Ans. The Halo effect is a social-psychology phenomenon and like all cognitive biases. The
Halo effect is not a choice instead, it happens unconsciously. Social psychologist Edward
Thorndike identified this theory. He found Halo effect as like the cognitive bias whereby one
aspect of a person shapes one's opinions of the other dimensions and features of that person.
Or
In which stage a male child experiences the Oedipus complex?
Ans. The male child experiences the Oedipus complex in phallic stage. It involves love for
the mother, hostility towards the father, and the consequent fear of punishment or castration
by the father. A major developmental achievement of this stage by accepting his father's
relationship with his mother, and modelling his own behaviour after his father.

Section C (3 Mark)
24. Ankit rarely does his homework regularly. Her mother promised him to prepare his
favourite dish whenever he does homework at the appointed time. Identify the reinforcement
given by Ankit's mother? How does it benefit the Ankit?
Ans. In the given case, Ankit's mother is giving positive reinforcement. Positive
reinforcement is a process that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response by adding a
stimulus. The positive reinforcement of making favourite dish will increase the Ankit's
behaviour of doing homework at the appointed time. Persons with behavioural problems can
be given a token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour occurs. Thus, a positive
reinforcement is given to increase the deficit.

25. What do you understand by the term called 'attainment of self-actualisation'?

Ans. The attainment of self-actualisation can be described as the highest attainment of
personal growth. In psychology, a concept regarding the process by which an individual
reaches his or her full potential It was originally introduced by Kurt Goldstein. According to
him, self-actualised people have an acceptance of who they are despite their faults and
limitations, and experience to drive to be creative in aspects of their lives.

26. Bharti was suffering from some mental health related issues. Her Doctor although treated
well but leaked her vital information and private chats which was communicated between the
two. What do you understand by Ethics in Psychotherapy?
Ans. Bharti's private chat and vital information were lost due to lack of ethics in
psychotherapy. Some of the ethical standards that need to be practiced by professional
psycho-therapists are as follows
(i) Confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
(ii) Alleviating personal distress and suffering should be the goal of all attempts of the
therapist.
(iii) Integrity of the practitioner-client relationship is important.
Or
Joy, a 23 year old civil services aspirant was feeling extremely low and distraught after his
father’s demise due to cardiac psychiatrist for his mental health diagnosis. Explain the
therapy is best suited for joy to overcome/fight with this trauma.
Ans. The best possible therapy for Joy must be Client-centred Therapy. It was given by Carl
Rogers. The therapy provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with
her/his disintegrated feelings.
The Client-centred therapy, also known as person-centered therapy or Rogerian therapy, is a
non-directive form of talk therapy. By this, the therapist shows empathy i.e. understanding
the client's experience as if it were her/his own, is warm and has unconditional positive
regard, i.e. total acceptance of the client as he or she is.

27. What are the major causes of eating disorders?

Ans. An eating disorder is a serious mental health condition that involves an unhealthy food
habit. The eating disorders can have a significant physical and emotional impact on the
person affected, and their family.
The major causes of eating disorder are due to a combination of many factors. A person
might use food to help them deal with painful situations. These factors may include low self-
esteem, problems with friends or family relationships, problems at school, university or work,
high academic expectations or emotional abuse.
Traumatic events can also trigger an eating disorder, such as the death of someone special
(grief), bullying, abuse or divorce. Someone with a long-term illness or disability such as
diabetes, depression etc may also have eating problems.

Section D (4 Mark)

28. Seema Rajput, a Hindi literature teacher is quite famous in her school. Many students
simply opted Hindi as a subject over other MIL subject because of her attraction and soft
spoken skills. What would you name this attitude formation?
Ans. This attitude formation of Seema Rajput is called as Learning Attitudes by Association.
In this attitude formation, students often develop a liking for a particular subject because of
the teacher. This is because they see many positive qualities in that teacher.
These positive qualities get linked to the subject that she/he teaches, and ultimately get
expressed in the form of liking for the subject. It can be stated as a positive attitude towards
the subject is learned through the positive association between a teacher and a student.

Or
Priyanka was fond of junk food and ate it too often. However, she always felt guilty as she
knew junk food was harmful for her health and wanted to give it up. Explain the process that
will lead to change in her attitude.
Ans. The process that will lead to change in Priyanka's attitude is cognitive dissonance. The
concept of cognitive dissonance was proposed by Leon Festinger. He postulates that an
underlying psychological tension is created when an individual's behaviour is inconsistent
with his or her thoughts and beliefs. This underlying tension then motivates an individual to
make an attitude change that would produce consistency between thoughts and behaviours.
Research has shown that when an individual engages in behaviours that are inconsistent with
their attitude or belief (e.g., arguing a counter-attitudinal position on a topic), a change in
attitude is produced that is consistent in the direction of his or her behaviour.

29. Sandeep and his friends has planned a hiking plan in Nanda Devi Mountains in
Uttarakhand. Among them, Mukesh Thapa, a local person to that region insisted to lead the
troop, as he was acquainted with the climate and terrain. Identify the type of Mukesh Thapa's
personality in psychology.
Ans. The Mukesh Thapa's personality is called as self-efficacy. The theory of self-efficacy
can be described as the process of believing in our own ability to control our own behaviour,
emotions and motivations. It is our belief that we can solve a problem, reach a goal, complete
a task, and achieve what we set up to.
Psychologist Albert Bandura was the first proponent of this concept, who stated that self-
efficacy is the product of past experience, observation, persuasion, and emotion. Self-efficacy
is linked to academic achievement and the ability to overcome phobias.
30. Describe the link between positive thinking and positive attitude in personality trait.
Ans. There is strong correlation between positive thinking and positive attitude. People who
inherent consistently positive attitudes can expect great results, which are likely to achieve by
them. On the other hand, positive thinking is developed when we have a positive attitude.
Positive attitude included positive health and well-being can be realised by having a positive
attitude. Some of the factors leading to a positive attitude are having a fairly accurate
perception of reality, a sense of purpose in life and responsibility, acceptance and tolerance
for different viewpoints of others, etc.
On the basis of their administration procedure, types of Intelligence Tests can be categorised
as individual or group tests. They can also be classified as either verbal or performance tests
on the basis of the nature of items used.

31. Explain the knowledge base in PASS Model of Intelligence.

Ans. The knowledge base of the PASS Model represents all information obtained from the
cultural and social background and throws light on various parts of behaviour. Simultaneous
processing is essential for organisation of information into groups or a coherent whole.
Knowledge base is closely associated with the Planning, Attention-Arousal, Simultaneous
and Successive (PASS) theory of intelligence model and all processes are found within this
framework.
The PASS Model of Intelligence, has been developed by JP Das, Jack Naglieri and Kirby in
1994. According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning
of three neurological systems, called the functional units of brain.
Or
Write the basic characteristics of types of Intelligence Tests on the basis of administration
procedure.
Ans. On the basis of their administration procedure types of ntelligence Test can be
categorised as individual or group tests. They can also be classified as either verbal or
performance test on the basis of the nature of items used.
The basic characteristics of types of Intelligence Tests are as follows
Individual or Group Tests An individual intelligence test is one which can be administered
to one person at a time. A group intelligence test can be administered to several persons
simultaneously.
Verbal, Non-Verbal or Performance Tests An intelligence test may be fully verbal, fully
non-verbal or fully performance-based or it may consist of a mixture of items from each
category. Verbal tests require subjects to give verbal responses either orally or in a written
form. Performance tests require subjects to manipulate objects and other materials to perform
a task.
Culture-Fair or Culture-Biased Tests Intelligence tests can be culture-fair or culture-
biased. Many intelligence tests show a bias to the culture in which they are developed. Tests
developed in America and Europe do not respect the cultural perspectives of Asia and Africa.
 Section E (6 Mark)
32. Describe in-group and out-group bias social psychology.
Ans. In-groups are groups to which a person belongs, and out-groups are groups to which a
person does not belong which could therefore become target for in-group bias. In psychology
terms, when we develop a strong identity with our own group, the categorisation as in-group
and out-group emerges and becomes salient. Gender, ethnicity, occupation, economic and
social position are all meaningful dimensions by which a person can define him- or herself
and others in terms of in-groups and out-groups; this is a process of social (and self)
categorisation.
The in-group bias refers to a form of favouritism toward one's own group or criticism of
another group. The in-group bias can take many forms and on many dimensions, both
evaluative and behavioural. Evaluative in-group bias refers to the rating of one's own group
as better (more positive, less negative) on dimensions of judgement, and as such, it is closely
related to the concept of prejudice.
On the other hand, the out-group bias, the tendency to favour the out-group over the in-group,
is much less common than in-group bias but by no means absent in intergroup relations.
Some researchers have argued that in-group bias can be explained by self-interest after all, if
it is assumed that there is an expectation of reciprocity of mutual reward among in-group
members. Contemporary theorists have been proposing that people may have good reasons to
trust and reward those within their in-group, who may in turn help them in the future. This
may explain in-group favouritism but may less easily explain evidence of maximum
differentiation or out-group derogation. Clearly in-group bias is not just a matter of rational
self-interests but may also include more symbolic and emotional benefits to the group.
Or
Explain the major characteristics of group formation.
Ans. A group is defined as a social aggregate of two or more people that involves mutual
awareness, interaction, and inter-dependence of its members. The sense of cooperation,
competition, sacrifice, give and take etc are developed in a group situation. The
characteristics of the group shape the beliefs and behaviours of its members.
The major characteristics of a group formation are as follows
Common Motive The members of a group shares a common outcome with other members.
The group may disintegrate when the common motive is satisfied. This refers to a temporary
group like a party or groups formed to collect money for relief fund or to celebrate Ganesh
Puja. But a group can also have permanent motive or purpose like family, religious groups
and clubs which are formed to fulfil some permanent purposes.
Mutual Benefit There is a rewarding experience associated with group membership, the
mutual benefit. The group provides not only the sense of security to its members but also
various benefits and roles to participates certain tasks.
Social Structure The group provides a stable organisation of relationships among members,
it also provides interaction and communication among members, the group basically act as an
idea exchange platform for its members and self-categorisation. The group also provides one
as a member of the group.
Fate Interdependence Events that affect one group member affects other group members
and can affect the ability of the group to meet the goals for which it may have been formed. It
a football team is successful, all members share in the glory. But when the team loses, it is a
loss for the whole group.

Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow:
Technologically advanced societies adopt child rearing practices that foster skills of
generalisation and abstraction, speed, minimal moves, and mental manipulation among
children. These societies promote a type of behaviour, which can be called technological
intelligence. In these societies, persons are well-versed in skills of attention, observation,
analysis, performance, speed and achievement orientation. Intelligence tests developed in
western cultures look precisely for these skills in an individual.
33. What are the basic activities of technology intelligence?
Ans. Technology intelligence can be understood as a process in which both new and existing
information is collected and evaluated for the study of human psychology. In this regard, the
need for information must be determined accurately, information must be acquired and
evaluated in a targeted manner and the results must be edited to be intelligible and targeted.

34. Why technological intelligence is not so valued in many Asian and African societies?
Ans. In non-western societies, like in Asian and African countries, self-reflection and
collectivistic orientation are more valued as opposed to personal achievement and
individualistic orientation in Western countries. In these societies, persons are well-versed in
skills of attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed and achievement orientation.

Or
Name two important contributions made by technological intelligence in psychological
studies.
Ans. Technological intelligence can be used for the physical assessments of a psychological
tests such as increased heart rate or temperature changes in response to challenging questions
can provide valuable and insightful additional data for the clinician. Also the technological
intelligence can provide more focused engagement with those needing it most and when
urgently required.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

The Humanistic-Existential model focuses on broader aspects of human existence. Humanists
believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative and
constructive, and are driven to self-actualise, i.e. to fulfil this potential for goodness and
growth. Whereas Existentialists believe that from birth we have total freedom to give
meaning to our existence or to avoid that responsibility.
Those who shirk from this responsibility would live empty, inauthentic and dysfunctional
lives. In addition to the biological and psychosocial factors, socio-cultural factors such as war
and violence, group prejudice and discrimination, economic and employment problems, and
rapid social change, put stress on most of us and can also lead to psychological problems in
some individuals.
35. How Humanistic-Existential model is useful in the study of human behaviour?
Ans. The Humanistic-Existential model is useful in the study of human behaviour because it
emphasises self-acceptance, personal values, personal meaning and individual choice. This
theory emphasises self-acceptance, personal values, personal meaning and individual choice.
Existential psychology emphasises self-determination, choice and individual responsibility.

36. What is self-actualisation according to Humanistic-Existential theory?

Ans. According to Humanistic-Existential theory, self-actualisation is necessary for an
individual to recognise reality before they can truly experience it. The Humanistic-Existential
theory shows us that humans are complex beings with unique experiences, thoughts and
behaviours that all deserve respect.

SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 7
PSYCHOLOGY (Questions-Answers)
General Instructions
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Rahman being in England was raised through Western education. He was gifted with good
recognition memory and early appearance of language skills. Identified the traits of a gifted
child among the following.
I. High in intrinsic motivation II. Solitary academic activities
III. Advanced logical thinking IV. Leadership intelligence
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III

2. Rohan and her wife visited North-Eastern States in winter vacation. Unfortunately, he lost
her wife due to sudden heart failure. After returning to Delhi, he fallen ill and started
behaving abnormally. When he visited a psychotherapist, he was found grappled with the
feelings of frustration and depression. How psychotherapists treat patients like Rohan?
(a) Through Medical Treatment (b) Through Behaviour Pattern
(c) Through Medical Trauma (d) Through Prolonged Medicinal Treatment.
Ans. (b) Through Behaviour Pattern

SA
3. Contemporary Psychologists and researchers points out that, psychological problems are
caused by inadequacies in the way an individual thinks, feels or perceives the world. What
we call these perspective?
I. Supernatural II. Biological
III. Organic IV. Psychological
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) I, II, III and IV
Ans. (d) I, II, III and IV
4. Lena was changed from being a ruckus and haphazard person to stable and sensible one.
She has done it through bringing certain changes in herself. By which method the best one
can bring change drastically certain aspects of self?
(a) Observation of own behaviour (b) Self-instruction
(c) Observation of other's behaviour (d) Self-reinforcement
Ans. (a) Observation of own behaviour

5. The special relationship between the client and the therapist is neither a passing
acquaintance nor a permanent and lasting relationship. What we call this theory?
(a) Clinical relationship
(b) Therapeutic relationship
(c) Psychological relationship
(d) Psycho-social relationship
Ans. (b) Therapeutic relationship

6. Mother of Hansika is suffering from mental disorder. All of her family members has
suggested her to urgently meet psychologist. Although, she was reluctant but somehow
agreed after found in research papers about patient and psychologist's relationship in treating
patients. What this method is called?
(a) Clinical Relationship
(b) Psychological Relationship
(c) Therapeutic Relationship
(d) Cordial Psychotherapy
Ans. (c) Therapeutic Relationship

7. A person's existence is marked by successive changes from the past to the present, and it is
through consciousness and the mediation of memory that a different stages of existence to
constitute. What is it called?
(a) Psychological identity
(b) Social identity
(c) Evolutionary identity
(d) Personal identity
Ans. (d) Personal identity

8. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) The message is the information that is presented in order to bring about an
attitude change.
Reason (R) Source credibility and attractiveness are two features that affect attitude change.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

9. Ratikant, an energetic mill worker always wanted to work not only for the company but
also for the betterment of the mill workers. He wants to create a group where some skilled
members can readily provide rapid action in the case of mishaps and emergency. Name the
special kinds of groups.
(a) Team (b) Crowd
(c) Peer (d) Genus
Ans. (a) Team

10. Siddhartha is just 7 years old but he has extremely good hand writing and his teachers
told his parents in PTM that there is good chance that Siddhartha shall become a good writer
in future. What sort of trait demonstrated by Siddhartha here?
(a) Aptitude (b) Personality
(c) Attitude (d) Intelligence
Ans. (a) Aptitude

11. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) The first level is conscious, which includes the thoughts, feelings and actions
of which people are aware.
Reason (R) Analysis of forgetting, mispronunciations, jokes and dreams provide us with a
means to approach the unconscious.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
12. Who emphasised psychological conflict and disturbed interpersonal relationships as
causes of psychological disorders?
(a) Garry Froster (b) Johann Weyer
(c) Sigmund Freud (d) Joseph Ampoule
Ans. (b) Johann Weyer

13. Laxman, newly appointed stenographer in Ministry of Defence came to Delhi from Bihar.
He is very excited about his portfolio but also worried about to live in Delhi as there are no
relative of him at there. His friends suggested him to keep calm and not to take too much
stress. Among the given options, which are major types of stress?
I. Physical and environmental
II. Psychological and social
III. Biological and environmental
IV. Economic and social
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (a) I and II

14. The aim of the treatment is to extinguish or eliminate the faulty behaviours and substitute
them with adaptive behaviour and substitute them with adaptive behaviour patterns. Name
the methodologies by which the therapist does this.
I. Antecedent operations
II. Bulk operations
III. Intellectual operations
IV. Consequent operations
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) I and IV
Ans. (d) I and IV

15. Sridhar and his colleagues were shortlisted in their office for a random skills test to
predict what an individual will be able to do if given proper environment and training. What
shall that test would be called?
(a) Individual Behaviour Test
(b) Organisational Behaviour Test
(c) Qualitative-Quantitative Test
(d) Aptitude Test
Ans. (d) Aptitude Test
16. Identify the disorder, where an individual gets irrational fears related to specific objects,
interactions with people and also fear of situations.
(a) Generalised Anxiety Disorder
(b) Specific Phobia
(c) Panic Phobia
(d) Mental Anxiety Disorder
Ans. (b) Specific Phobia

17. The mental exhaustion appears in the form of irritability, anxiety, feelings of helplessness
and hopelessness. This state of physical, emotional and psychological exhaustion is called
…....
(a) hassle (b) burnout
(c) stress (d) disorder
Ans. (b) burnout

18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Adults who are planning to buy a laptop are more convinced by a computer
engineer who points out the special features of a laptop, than they would be by a school child
who might give the same information.
Reason (R) Attitudes will not change when the amount of information that is given about the
topic is just enough.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Section B (2 Mark)

19. Giriraj is a quite intelligent boy in his school who loves to participate in inter-school
debates and cultural festivals. Can we measure his intelligent through psychometric
approach?
Ans. The intelligence of Giriraj can be assessed through psychometric approach which
expresses the individual's performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities. It is
widely used method by the researchers and also known as information-processing approach.

20. Urvi consistently failed in term end exams and her teachers and parents treated negatively
and gives example of other bright students. Identify the disturbed interpersonal relationship.
Ans. Urvi might be suffering from basic anxiety. It is the result of deep resentment toward
parents or basic hostility occurs due to this anxiety. When parents' behaviour toward a child
is indifferent, discouraging and erratic, the child feels insecure.
Or
Prashad is a much disciplined person who cares about his family and gives proper time and
equally passionate about his work. Although his colleagues get involved in recreational
gatherings and party but Prashad prefers his own duties towards his family and work. Which
type of personality Prashad has?
Ans. Prashad has self-regulation personality. According to this personality, behaviour is
guided by a motivational system of setting goals, developing and enacting strategies to
achieve those goals, evaluating progress and revising goals and actions accordingly.

21. Describe any two features of personality.

Ans. Two features of personality are as follows
(i) Its main features do not easily change with time.
(ii) It has both physical and psychological components.

22. What do you understand by 'Positive Thinking' attitude?

Ans. Positive Thinking attitude can be described as traits of accepting into the mind thoughts
and feelings that contribute to growth, success and satisfactory outcome of an individual. The
of positive thinking attitude has been increasingly recognised in reducing and coping with
stress.

23. Kamal's wife has passed away in the road mishap. He became addicted to alcoholism and
drugs as he perceived it would reduce the pain and stress in life. Identify the disorder Kamal
is going through.
Ans. Kamal is suffering from depression disorder which is a mental illness that causes due to
natural disasters, experiencing violence, abuse or loss and isolation at any stage of life.
People with depression disorder most of the time has the tendency of suicides and addicted to
alcoholism and drugs to reduce the pain and stress in life.

Section C (3 Mark)

24. Swati Mukherjee born and raised in Delhi and also working in Tata Capitals for the past
12 years. She love her work and quite friendly with her peer group. The most important in her
character is that she never lost her tradition and every year goes to CR Park Puja Samiti and
involves in cultural works.
Find out the possible psychological reasons of it.
Ans. Swati though born and raised in a metropolitan city like Delhi but she never lost her
traditional values because there're cultural approach attached to it, as it plays a vital role in
the origin of cultural and behavioural variations in person People's skills, abilities,
behavioural styles, and value priorities are viewed as strongly linked to these features.
Rituals, ceremonies, religious practices, arts, recreational activities, games and play are the
means through which people's personality gets projected in a culture.

25. Explain how Kundalini Yoga has been found to be effective in treatment of mental
disorder.
Ans. Kundalini Yoga taught in the USA has been found to be effective in treatment of mental
disorders. The Institute for Non-linear Science University of California, San Diego, USA has
found that Kundalini Yoga is effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Kundalini Yoga combines pranayama or breathing techniques with chanting of mantras. help
the patients to process emotional stimuli better and hence prevent biases in the processing of
these stimuli.

26. Why people abuse alcohol drink in large amounts regularly and rely on it to help them
face difficult situations?
Ans. People who abuse alcohol drink in large amounts regularly and rely on it to help them
face difficult situations falls into the addiction since alcohol interferes into their social
behaviour and ability to think and work. Their bodies then build up a tolerance for alcohol
and they need to drink even greater amounts to feel its effects. They also experience
withdrawal responses when they stop drinking. Alcohol induced psychotic disorder in a
serious mental condition that involves the person's losing contact with reality, to a greater or
lesser extent and is most often associated with certain mental illnesses.

27. Describe the non-specific factors associated with healing in Psychotherapy.

Ans. Non-specific variables are factors supporting thetherapeutic relationship, typically
attributed to Carl Roger's model of facilitating conditions for a therapeutic alliance. There are
several factors that contribute to the healing process. These factors are called non-specific
because they occur across different systems of psychotherapy and across different
clients/patients and different therapists.
Some of the non-specific factors associated with healing in Psychotherapy are as follows
• Non-specific factors attributable to the client/patient are motivation for change, expectation
of improvement due to the treatment, etc. These are called patient variables.
• Non-specific factors attributable to the therapist are positive nature, absence of unresolved
emotional conflicts, presence of good mental health, etc. These are called therapist variables.
Or
Explain how Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) is beneficial, low-risk to the treatment of stress
and PTSD.
Ans. The Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) is a rapid breathing techniques to induce
hyperventilation. It is a beneficial, low-risk, low-cost adjunct to the treatment of stress,
anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, stress-related medical illnesses,
substance abuse and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
The SKY has been used as a public health intervention technique to alleviate PTSD in
survivors of mass disasters. This Yoga techniques enhance well-being. mood, attention,
mental focus and stress tolerance.

Section D (4 Mark)

28. Balashri lost her luggage while reaching at airport in Vancouver, Canada. She lost her
passport, money, phone as well as other important documents. She was suggested by some
co-passengers that she must visit the Indian Consulate as soon as possible. How social
support can be described in psychology?
Ans. In psychology social support is defined as the existence and availability of people on
whom we can rely upon, people who let us know that they care about, value and love us. As
we can see Balashri shall definitely get tangible support or assistance involving material aid,
such as money, goods, services, etc from Indian Consulate in Canada.
Studies have revealed that women exposed to life event stresses, who had a close friend, were
less likely to be depressed and had lesser medical complications during pregnancy. Social
support can help to provide protection against stress. People with high levels of social support
from family and friends may experience less stress when they confront a stressful experience
and they may cope with it more successfully.

29. Ishita is not just course coordinator, but also a kind-hearted working professional in a
multi-national company in Delhi. She always readily available for any sort of problems arises
among the editors or coordinators. Find out the type of intelligence Ishita has.
Ans. Ishita has interpersonal intelligence, which is an ability to understand to subtle aspects
of others behaviours. Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand the motives,
feelings and behaviours of other people so as to bond into a comfortable relationship with
others.
Psychologists, counsellors politicians, social workers and religious leaders are likely to
possess high interpersonal intelligence People with heightened interpersonal intelligence have
an ability to understand what those around therm need and they are incredibly skillful at
reading emotions of others surrounding them.
Or
Ranjana, a mother of two children is a senior Anganwadi worker. Many young women takes
her advice and suggestions in the matter of family and children welfare. How Ranjana
manages to convince people with such an ease?
Ans. Being a senior Anganwadi worker, Ranjana is an experienced woman who must
acquainted with common and serious issues related women and children. This intelligence is
called Experiential or Creative intelligence that is involved in using past experiences
creatively to solve novel problems. It is reflected in creative performance
Persons high on this aspect integrate different experiences in an original way to make new
discoveries and inventions. They quickly find out which information is crucial in a given
situation.

30. According to the Humanistic Theorists, what are the criteria of a 'Healthy Personality'.
Ans. The Humanistic Theorists have indicated that healthy personality lies in not mere
adjustment to society. It involves a quest to know oneself deeply and to be true to one's own
feelings without disguise, and to be oneself in the here-and-now. According to them, the
healthy people share the following characteristics such as
(i) They become aware of themselves their feelings and their limits, accept themselves, and
what they make of their lives as their own responsibility have the courage to be.
(ii) They experience the "here-and-now are not trapped.
(iii) They do not live in the past or dwell in the future through anxious expectations and
distorted defences.
Or
Explain Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in psychology?
Ans. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is widely used as a test in
personality assessment. Hathaway and McKinley developed this test as a helping tool for
psychiatric diagnosis, but the test has been found very effective in identifying varieties of
psychopathology.
Its revised version came up as MMPI-2. It consists of 567 statements. The subject has to
judge each statement as 'true' or 'false' for her/him. The test is divided into 10 sub-scales,
which seek to diagnose hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, schizophrenia, mania and
social introversion. In India, Mallick and Joshi have developed the Jodhpur Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (JMPI) along the lines of MMPI.

31. Discuss the strategies suggested by psychologists for handling prejudice.

Ans. Prejudices are examples of attitudes towards a particular group. They are usually
negative, and in many cases, may be based on stereotypes. Thus psychologists projected
some strategies for handling prejudice would be effective if they aim at minimising
opportunities for learning prejudices, changing such attitudes, de-emphasising a narrow social
identity based on the in-group etc.
These goals can be accomplished through
• Education and information dissemination, for correcting stereotypes related to specific
target groups and tackling the problem of a strong in-group bias.
• Increasing inter-group contact allows for direct communication, removal of mistrust
between the groups and even discovery of positive qualities in the out-group.
• Highlighting individual identity rather than group identity, thus weakening the importance
of group (both in-group and out-group) as a basis of evaluating the other person.
 Section E (6 Mark)
32. Assess individual and group behaviour. What are the factors that affects behaviour of an
individual in group?
Ans. The behaviour of an individual and group are inter-related with each other and it is not
necessary that if a person is doing something as an individual is similar to when he is
working in a group. Earlier, psychologist's focus of study was on individual behaviour in an
organisation. But later on psychologists suggested that in order to analyse behaviour of an
organisation, working on group behaviour is as essential as working on an individual. Every
person has some limitations in his thinking, skill and ability. In general, effectiveness of an
individual or groups depends both on the task and on the number of personal and situational
factors. Groups are formed for achieving various purposes. An individual joins group whether
formal or informal, because sometimes it is essential for them to join group in order to
achieve an organisational goal and sometimes to satisfy their personal needs.
These are the factors which affects behaviour of an individual in group
• Conflict Conflict in a group has an interesting perspective. It can be beneficial for group's
effectiveness or it may result in loosing group membership. Conflict can rise from not
properly defined roles, norms, task, leadership, communication channel, power and status.
• Social Facilitation Social facilitation has a positive effect on the performance of an
individual. The groups can affect the behaviour of an individual in a number of ways. An
individual's performance is facilitated by its presence in a group.
• Social Loafing It explain that reduction in an a group rather than as an individual. The in
reason for this problem is simply because it is difficult to assess an individual in larger group
than in smaller one.
• Group Polarisation Group polarisation has both positive and negative effects on individual
behaviour. Individual is a group can take risky decisions which he will never take alone. One
of the advantages of group polarisation is that an individual can take risky is ready to accept
the responsibility of that decisions but its disadvantage is that no one is ready to accept the
responsibility of that decision.
Or
What do you understand by the 'Tajfel's Minimal Group Paradigm Experiment"?
Ans. The Tajfel's Minimal Group Paradigm Experiment was a methodology employed in
social psychology to investigate the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur
between groups. This paradigm accepted a number of assumptions, concepts, values or
practices in order to better allow a view of reality in relation to the onset of human group
formation.
Tajfel and his colleagues were interested in knowing the minimal conditions for inter-group
behaviour. 'Minimal group paradigm' was developed to answer this question. British school-
boys expressed their preference for paintings by two artists that are Vassily Kandinsky and
Paul Klee. Children were told that it was an experiment on decision-making. Experiments
using this approach have revealed that even arbitrary and virtually meaningless distinctions
between groups can trigger a tendency to favour one's own group at the expense others.
The Minimal Group Paradigm had been presumed that pre-existing individual personality or
social tensions between groups were necessary to give rise to prejudice or discrimination.
 Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
With respect to the role of environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age,
their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from
disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socio-economic status exhibit a large
increase in their intelligence scores.
There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition,
good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general
consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of
heredity and environment. Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within
which an individual's development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the
environment.
33. Does intelligence determined by the factors like heredity and environment?
Ans. Heredity and environment play a great role in the development of intelligence in
children adolescents. During childhood, the environment influences intelligence test
performance by up to 60% while hereditary factors influence it by 40%.
Or
What are the rate of correlation of among identical twins raised in different environment?
Ans. The intelligence of identical twins raised in different environments correlate 0.72, those
of fraternal twins reared together correlate almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters
reared together correlate about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlate about 0.25.

34. Do adoptive and biologically related families affect intellectual development?

Ans. The comparison of adoptive and biologically related families provides a framework for
studying both within and between family effects on intellectual development. Furthermore,
related and unrelated persons, living together and apart, offer an opportunity to estimate
genetic and environmental effects on individual variation.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Dissociative Amnesia is characterised by extensive but selective memory loss that has no
known organic cause (e.g., head injury). Some people cannot remember anything about their
past. Others can no longer recall specific events, people, places or objects, while their
memory for other events remains intact. A part of dissociative amnesia is dissociative fugue.
Essential feature of this could be an unexpected travel away from home and workplace, the
assumption of a new identity, and the inability to recall the previous identity. The fugue
usually ends when the person suddenly 'wakes up' with no memory of the events that
occurred during the fugue. This disorder is often associated with an overwhelming stress.

35. What do you understand by Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Ans. The Dissociative Identity Disorder, often referred to as multiple personality. It is the
most dramatic of the dissociative disorders. It is often associated with traumatic experiences
in childhood. In this disorder, the person assumes alternate personalities that may or may not
be aware of each other.

36. Name the disorder in which the person has a sense of being separated both from self and
from reality.
Ans. This disorder is called Depersonalisation or Derealisation disorder that involves a
dreamlike state in which the person has a sense of being separated both from self and from
reality. In Depersonalisation, there is a change of self-perception and the person's sense of
reality is temporarily lost or changed.

STAGE – III
 Sample Question
Paper (8-10)
Unsolved

SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 8
PSYCHOLOGY (Unsolved)
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)

1. Nutan while coming home from college, has witnessed some people were mercilessly
beating a man whereas many other people were just mere spectators. She was quite upset
over the issue. Generally,……… are not the major factors or characteristics of a Mob.
(a) Homogeneity of thought and impulsivity
(b) Dissenting opinions and violence
(c) Non-predetermined process for decision-making and deliberate
(d) Determined process for decision-making and multitude
Ans. (c) Non-predetermined process for decision-making and deliberate

2. Which among the following is/are the main components of Emotional Quotient (EQ)?
I. Self-awareness
II. Self-management
III. Social skills
IV. Social-management
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III

3. Mani a class twelfth student has learnt about various Indian scholars who have prepared
numerous intelligent tests. She has also get to known about the 'National Library of
Educational and Psychological Tests' which documented Indian tests and published in the
form of handbooks. It is published in the area of intelligence,……..personality, interest
and ............,
(a) aptitude and attitude
(b) habits and status
(c) behaviour and fallacies
(d) interest and strength
Ans. (a) aptitude and attitude

4. Hetal has re-joined her previous job after consecutively remaining unsuccessful in Civil
Service examination. Though in her current job, she was handsomely paid and various perks
were included in it, she was feeling psychological distress, feelings of loneliness and
alienation. Suggest the best mode of therapy for Hetal.
(a) Behaviour Therapy
(b) Cognitive Therapy
(c) Psychoanalytical Therapy
(d) Humanistic-Existential Therapy
Ans. (d) Humanistic-Existential Therapy

5. Rudra, a final year commerce student was arrested by local police in the theft and forgery
case. His neighbours were quite surprised as Rudra generally has characteristics of nice and
decent behaviour who always used to speak softly with others. Identify the factors which
brings consistency between attitudes and behaviour.
I. Strong attitude that occupies in the central position
II. No external pressure
III. No group pressure
IV. Loosely observed Person's Behaviour-Attitude
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III

6. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) The basis of meaning making is a person's quest for finding the spiritual truth
of one's existence.
Reason (R) Therefore Frankl emphasised the role of spiritual anxieties in leading to
meaninglessness.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

7. Name the Psychologist/Thinker who experimented the prejudices and attitude-behaviour

relationship survey by American towards Chinese.
(a) Abraham Maslow
(b) Joseph E. McGrath
(c) Richard LaPiere
(d) B F Skinner
Ans. (c) Richard LaPiere

8. Shrishti is elder daughter of Gupta family. She is considered as the most introvert person in
the family who doesn't mix up with people and loves to remain busy in her own projects and
studies. She doesn't even has any specific likes for food. Which among the following are
Introversion personality traits?
I. Impulsive II. Solitary reserve
III. Socially withdrawn IV. Cautious and passive
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) II, III and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) II, III and IV

9. Which among the following is a dynamic developmental process that is meant to the
maintenance of positive adjustment under challenging life conditions?
(a) Positive attribute (b) Resilience
(c) Free spirit (d) Relaxation spirit
Ans. (b) Resilience

10. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Sigmund Freud claimed that core aspects of personality are established early,
remain stable throughout life, and can be changed only with great difficulty.
Reason (R) It is found that around ages two and three the child learns to respond to some of
the demands of the society.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

11. Which among the following adopts a bio-psychosocial approach to the delineation of
psychopathology?
(a) Alternative Therapy
(b) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
(c) Humanistic Therapy
(d) Therapeutic Alliance
Ans. (b) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

12. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of intelligence represents the information-
processing approach to understand intelligence.
Reason (R) According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent
functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of brain.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

13. Amit in his younger age was quite fond of the company of girls and also was the member
of several clubs where he used to spend his quality time. However over the period of time he
tilted towards religious activities and became involved in various charitable work. Which
among the following the behaviour change occurred in Amit?
(a) Religious formation
(b) Social formation
(c) Reaction formation
(d) Identity formation
Ans. (c) Reaction formation

14. Name the behaviour or skill that have a positive effect on reducing tension, anxiety and
depression.
(a) Physical exercise
(b) Social alienation
(c) Emotional support
(d) Mental support
Ans. (a) Physical exercise

15. Punit, a final year medical student of AIIMS, Delhi has organised a student meeting
seminar for the fresher students regarding the course structure, stress management as well as
introduction to the daily affairs in the campus. Name the type of support demonstrated here.
(a) Informational support
(b) Emotional support
(c) Educational support
(d) Human support
Ans. (a) Informational support

16. Depression cases are fast increasing in India with over 5 crore people suffering from the
disorder, the highest in South-East Asia and Western Pacific region, which includes China,
according to WHO. Which among the following is/are disposing factors towards Depression?
I. Feelings of sadness, tearfulness or hopelessness
II. Angry outbursts
III. Irritability or frustration
IV. Violent attitude
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) I, II, III and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and III

17. There is a buzz in the Govindpuri locality that Radhemma has acquired some para-normal
power and can directly establish communications with dead people and spirits. In
psychological terms, Radhemma is suffering with Auditory hallucination which also known
as …………..hallucination.
(a) Second Person (b) Third Person
(c) Somatic (d) Visual
Ans. (a) Second Person

18.......... is the disorder where people eats large amounts of food with a loss of control over
the eating and then trying to get rid of the extra calories in an unhealthy way.
(a) Anorexia nervosa (b) Alnexianervosa
(c) Bulimia nervosa (d) Binge eating
Ans. (c) Bulimia nervosa

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Swarnalipi is an organised girl who does everything according to her own schedule and
planning. She also motivates others to do the same. Identify the type of her intelligence.

20. Urmila has enrolled into a new skill development course for further enhancement in her
career. She never hesitate to new learning modes and to enhance her knowledge. What
Rogers has mentioned about person like Urmila?
Or
Parents of Sanam are really proud of her daughter as she is the youngest YouTuber with 5
Million strong followers. She is just 7 but has memorised various facts and figures.
Explain the two characteristics of her personality.
21. Explain any two features of Self-Report Measures Test.

22. Farhad runs a small NGO in his locality, where hundreds of orphans and old a people gets
food three times in a day. He himself runs carpet business in the nearby locality but he says
he is highly passionate about mankind and to serve people. What we call Farhad's attitude?

23. Name psychological disorder where an individual, behaves momentarily in two different
or opposite ways at the same time.

Section C (3 Mark)
24. Mandy is an upcoming promising Radio Jockey (RJ) who runs a Q&A Session every
Saturday 9 to 10 PM. He raises the 90 questions related to common problems as well as
difficult marriage life over the phone. Do you think he has certain trait personality?

25. Differentiate between Existential Therapy and Humanistic Therapy used in therapeutic
approach.
26. Rani, a 10 years girl was diagnosed with moderate level of self-skill and speech related
problem. Medical treatment proved unsuccessful to bring her into mainstream life. Describe
some characteristics of individuals with different levels of intellectual disability.

27. How Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT) is used in biomedical therapy?

Or
How Psychotherapy is proving helpful through its different modes of therapeutic approaches?
Describe any five goals and aims of Psychotherapy.

Section D (4 Mark)
28. Why modern thinkers and psychologists gives utmost importance to Emotional Quotient?
Mention some of its attributes.
Or
What is the role of 'Arousal-Attention' in PASS Model of Intelligence? Explain with some of
its characteristics.

29. Sankalp working as a Product Manager has endless tasks to accomplish by day end.
Being into the senior post he never hesitate to come forward and finish off the tasks by his
own. However it was found that Sankalp is suffering from great amount of stress. What are
the various Stress Management Techniques he can opt for?
Or
Seenu, working in McDonald Restaurant as a service boy is very hard working and comes in
the early hours of store opening and finish off his duties and leaves on time. However he
refuses to do overtime even though his Manager's repetitive requests as doesn't want to miss
Evening Fitness session. Identify how life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive
behaviour.

30. How Cattell's Personality Factors determines common structure on which people differ
from each other?
31. Sandesh and his Father Kishore Mehta in every weekend participate in the local
community awareness programme. The Mehta family has witnessed people's prejudices and
inferior behaviour during Pandemic period in 2020, therefore don't wish other gets the same
amount of humiliation. Explain the various sources of prejudices in attitude formation.
Section E (6 Mark)

32. "The Group satisfies one's psychological and social needs". Elaborate.
Or
Explain the major advantages and disadvantages by Group formation. How we can
effectively participate in the group?
Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Interpersonal is an ability to understand to subtle aspects of others' behaviours. This is the
ability to understand the motives, feelings and behaviours of other people so as to bond into a
comfortable relationship with others. Psychologists, counsellors, politicians, social workers,
and religious leaders are likely to possess high interpersonal intelligence. On the other hand,
Intrapersonal is an ability to understand of one's own feelings, motives, and desires. This
refers to the knowledge of one's internal strengths and limitations and using that knowledge
to effectively relate to others. Persons high on this ability have finer sensibilities regarding
their identity, human existence, and meaning of life. Philosophers and spiritual leaders
present examples of this type of intelligence.
33. What are the behaviour traits of a person with interpersonal skills?
Or
What do you understand by intrapersonal effectiveness?

34. Describe any two methods to enhance one's interpersonal skills.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Children with autism spectrum disorder experience profound difficulties in relating to other
people. They are unable to initiate social behaviour and seem unresponsive to other people's
feelings. They are unable to share experiences or emotions with others. They also show
serious abnormalities in communication and language that persist over time. Many of them
never develop speech and those who do, have repetitive and deviant speech patterns.
Such children often show narrow patterns of interests and repetitive behaviours such as lining
up objects or stereotyped body movements such as rocking. These motor movements may be
self-stimulatory such as hand flapping or self-injurious such as banging their head against the
wall.

35. Why Children with autism spectrum disorder have marked difficulties in Social
interaction and communication?

36. Describe some of the signs of self-stimulatory of Child Autism.

SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 9
PSYCHOLOGY (Unsolved)
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Sakshi, an elected Mayor of Rajnagar locality is an active and cooperative leader who
visits regularly in the area and monitors the work by her own. She also sort out the issues
facing by the people on the spot. The type of personality Sakshi has, is called as……..
(a) Interpersonal (b) Bodily-Kinaesthetic
(c) Spatial (d) Naturalistic
Ans. (a) Interpersonal

2. Anshul came to Mumbai from Bihar's small town. His parents were advised him to stay in
a Bihari color y where he can communicate and socialise well. Which type of identity Anshul
will develop there?
(a) Family (b) Personal
(c) Organisational (d) Social
Ans. (d) Social

3. Vaishali is an independent girl who is least bothered about her age and decided to remain
unmarried and just focus on career. Her parents however get worried about daughter's choices
and try to convince her other way. Identify the type of stress must have on Vaishali.

(a) Individual stress

(b) Social stress
(c) Psychological stress
(d) Family stress
Ans. (b) Social stress

4. Which anxiety Frankyl had suggested for that is leading to meaninglessness in spiritual
theory?
(a) Generalised anxiety (b) Existential anxiety
(c) Panic anxiety (d) Social anxiety
Ans. (b) Existential anxiety

5. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder experience profound difficulties in
relating to other people.
Reason (R) The two main features of ADHD are attention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

6. Name the therapy which encourages the client to act out fantasies about feelings and
conflicts and can also be used in group settings.
(a) Humo Therapy (b) Logo Therapy
(c) Client-centred Therapy (d) Gestalt Therapy
Ans. (d) Gestalt Therapy

7. Radheshyam Housing Society members are always in fight with Madhuban Society. The
people never arrange mutual gatherings and the sense of enmity always remains the same.
Which concept is best suited for both these societies?
(a) Hans-Smidt concept
(b) Organic Tortillas concept
(c) Kernel of Truth concept
(d) Garry Levin concept
Ans. (c) Kernel of Truth concept

8. Human beings are motivated by the desire for personal growth and self-actualisat and an
innate need to grow emotionally Which of them motivates human to come more self-
actualisation?
I. Complex II. Balanced
III Smart IV. Integrated
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, III and IV (d) II, III and IV
Ans. (c) I, III and IV
9. Mamta, a 14 years old girl from Jodhpur faces speech related problems and also upset
quickly with her siblings who makes fun out of it. Therefore she never meets to guests or
relatives. Identify symptoms she has.
(a) Delusion (b) Negative
(c) Aggressive (d) Passive
Ans. (b) Negative

10. Which among the following is one of the attributes/characteristics of Spatially Intelligent
Person?
(a) Creative (b) Hard working
(c) Flexible (d) Efficient
Ans. (a) Creative

11. Psychologists have found that there shall be consistency between attitudes and behaviour
when the
(a) attitude is moderate, and occupies a central place.
(b) person is unaware of her/his attitude.
(c) person has immense external pressure.
(d) person's behaviour is not being evaluated by others.
Ans. (d) person's behaviour is not being evaluated by others.

12. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R) Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping are necessary when facing
stressful situations.
Reason (R) It is an active skill that reduces symptoms of stress and decreases the incidence
of illnesses.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
13. Ram has joined as a Supervisor in Ministry of Railways. He was briefed by the two
different unions to join them with respective groups. Find out in which case, people joins
groups.
I. Security
II. Status
III. Social welfare
IV. Social needs
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and IV

14. Which among the following exist as two different entities with clearly defined
boundaries?
(a) Social and group (b) Self and group
(c) Society and family (d) Self and social
Ans. (b) Self and group

15. Rocky was a leading performance artist in Bangalore city. He has a persona by which
crowd easily get connected with him. He was found dead in the hotel room and the autopsy
reports suggested the cause of death was drug abuse. Identify the possible drug might have
consumed by Rocky.
(i) Cocaine
(ii) Heroin
(iii) Alcohol
(iv) Combination of Heroin and Alcohol
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV (d) only IV
Ans. (d) only IV

16. Rajeshwar, a mathematics scholars, has a type of intelligence where he can think logically
and critically. He also engages in abstract reasoning, and can manipulate symbols to solve
mathematical problems. It is called theory of intelligence.
(a) Quantum- Mathematical
(b) Logical-Mathematical
(c) Laws of Mathematics
(d) Standard Logical-Quantum
Ans. (b) Logical-Mathematical
17. Burn-out is a psychological disorder that resulted from chronic workplace stress. Which
among the following are the signs of Burnout stress among the given ones?
I. Irritating II. Over thinking
III. Chronic fatigue IV. Hopelessness
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II, and III
(c) I, III, and IV (d) I and IV
Ans. (c) I, III, and IV

18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Consistency in behaviour, thought and emotion of an individual across
situations and across time periods characterises her/his personality.
Reason (R) A child who has feelings of inferiority needs to be treated differently from a
child who less self-confident.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Abraham was a football champion in the Rajput Schools, who consecutively won Inter-
School Championship for the school. However after failing to win this year Championship,
he took the extreme step and committed suicide. Identify the disorder in him.

20. Babita is an NGO worker who works for the street children like their education, food and
uplifting their social status. Identify the type of intelligence of Babita has.

21. Tanmay Sharma is promising Agricultural Scientist who primarily works in remote
village. He belongs to a wealthy business class family but still prefers to work for the poor.
Identify the personality.

22. Ravi and Harsh are the same batch-mates in the AIIMS where they both are aspiring
Doctors. However there is always a sense of bitter rivalry and fierce competition to proof that
who is the best doctor. What would be the possible cause of stress between them?
23. Give the two points of Interactional approach.
Or
Differentiate between the source traits and surface traits.
Section C (3 Mark)
24. Sapna has divorced her former husband and wants lived a normal independent life.
However she is all the time pre-occupied with past life and she is not able to focus on
anything. What types of Alternative Therapy may be helpful for Sapna?

25. 'Individuals possess a number of traits, which are dynamic in nature." Explain.

26. Jonathan has learnt from Doctors that his father is suffering from Schizophrenia and
strictly suggested him to start a rehabilitation therapy as soon as Why Rehabilitation is an
important process in psychotherapy?
Or
Sneha's father was diagnosed with serious mental illness. Doctors have suggested her and her
family to begin with ECT. Find out how effective shall be ECT for her father.

27. What are the major difference between Bipolar I and II Disorder?

Section D (4 Mark)
28. Critically examine the components of PASS Model.
Or
Explain the Componential and Experiential Intelligence of Triarchic Theory.

29. Ramola Dixit is a bright and excellent student throughout her career. Nowadays she is
preparing for campus placement interviews and remains in great stress and anxiety. How
emotional effects are deeply attached with stress?
Or
Ram Prakash, watchman in the residential colony has a son who wants to continue his study
after 10th exams were out. The President of the colony has called a meeting of residents and
decided to contribute for Ram Prakash's son. How 'Social Support' can be defined in
psychology?

30. Define Neuroticism vs Emotional stability given in Eysenck's Theory.

31. St. Xavier's School inducted many poor children into their school as it was directed by the
state government's directions. How it was found that the teaching staff is not very pleased
with the decision. Find out how prejudices and discriminations are fine example of attitude
formation.
 Section E (6 Mark)
32. Explain the major outcome of ‘Minimal Group paradigm’.
Or
Describe method by which social Loafing can be reduced.

Section F

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Individual variations are common within and across all species. Variations add colour and
beauty to nature. In all likelihood, your answer will be 'no'. Like objects, people too possess
different combinations of traits. Variability is a fact of nature, and individuals are no
exception to this. They vary in terms of physical characteristics, such as height, weight,
strength, hair colour, and so on. They also vary along psychological dimensions. They may
be intelligent or dull, dominant or submissive, creative or not so creative, outgoing or
withdrawn, etc.
33. When one's behaviour can be called as 'Situationalism'?

34. Identify the basic characteristics of individual differences.

Or
Variability is a fact of nature, and individuals are no exception to this. Define.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

People affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder are unable to control their preoccupation
with specific ideas or are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly carrying out a
particular act or series of acts that affect their ability to carry out normal activities. Obsessive
behaviour is the inability to stop thinking about a particular idea or topic. The person
involved, often finds these thoughts to be unpleasant and shameful.

35. How Compulsive behaviour is described as 'set of behaviour done over and over'?

36. What are the symptoms of obsessive disorder?

 SAMPLE QUESTION
PAPER 10
PSYCHOLOGY (Unsolved)
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Damini a sales executive in the multi-brand showroom has the convincing power to
convince people to make their choice according to their need. She has also the highly rated
worker there. Which type of intelligence she has?
(a) Imaginative Intelligence
(b) Linguistic Intelligence
(c) Logical Intelligence
(d) Spatial Intelligence
Ans. (d) Spatial Intelligence

2. Kamraj a small Idli-Dosa vendor was running his shop in the government land. One day
the civic authority demolished his shop without prior notice. Despite this he didn't panic and
decided to rebuild the shop with all legal documents and permission. Name the trait Kamraj
possess.
(a) Type-C Personality
(b) Type A-B Personality
(c) Type-A Personality
(d) Type-B Personality
Ans. (c) Type-A Personality

3. Mayank, a final year BA dropout is known for his ill behaviour and making unnecessary
ruckus in the campus. Rahul was strictly advised by his classmates to avoid any sort of
conflicts with Mayank like students. Why 'conflicts' arises between two or more human
beings?
(a) Loss of interest
(b) Blocking of needs and motives
(c) Due to mental illness
(d) Incompatible need and motives
Ans. (d) Incompatible need and motives
4. Name the Asana where there is focus on mindfulness-based meditation and no fixed object
or thought to hold the attention.
(a) Kriya Asana
(b) Vipanna Asana
(c) Shava Asana
(d) Surya Namaskara Asana
Ans. (b) Vipanna Asana

5. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) There are several psychological models which provide a psychological
explanation of mental disorders.
Reason (R) The psychological models include the behavioural, cognitive, and humanistic-
existential models.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

6. In which therapy the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag making
and weaving to help them to form a work discipline?
(a) Cognitive Therapy
(b) Learning Therapy
(c) Occupational Therapy
(d) Focus Therapy
Ans. (c) Occupational Therapy

7. Nayantara is very obedient and disciplined girl. Everyone says that she inherited and learnt
all this traits from her grandparents. Which one among the following influence the attitude
formation?
(a) Reference group
(b) Social environment
(c) Passive traits
(d) Cognitive behaviour
Ans. (a) Reference group

8. The principle of reciprocal inhibition states that the presence of two mutually opposing
forces at the same time, inhibits. Which of the following are those two forces?
1. Reinforced response
II. Relaxation response
III. Behavioural changing scene
IV. Anxiety-provoking Scene
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I
(b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV
(d) II and IV
Ans. (d) II and IV

9. Tina is suffering from mental disorder and her parents although educated ones but referred
to an occult or medicine man for her daughter's treatment. What we call the so called type of
treatment does by medicine man?
(a) Antiracism
(b) Specific super natural practices
(c) Exorcism
(d) Tantric practices
Ans. (c) Exorcism

10. Unhappiness, discomfort, anxiety, and unrealised potential are seen all over the world is
called as ..........
(a) Intelligence disorder (b) Aptitude disorder
(c) Psychological disorder (d) Mental disease
Ans. (c) Psychological disorder

11. These sources first strengthen the cognitive and affective components of attitudes, and
subsequently may also affect the behavioural component. Which type of influence we are
here refer to?
(a) Reference group influence
(b) Positive and negative influence
(c) Personal experience influence
(d) Media related influence
Ans. (c) Personal experience influence

12. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) These are induced externally and result from our interaction with other people.
Reason (R) Social events like death or illness in the family, strained relationships, trouble
with neighbours are some examples of social stresses.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

13. A sample test was conducted among the students of 50 of Mechanical Engineering batch
of ICT College in Pune. It was found that through the method of 'Social facilitation'one can
motivate individuals to enhance their performance, if they are already good at solving
something. Find out which among the following are example of Social loafing.
I. Pressure to work hard
II. Individual contribution
III. Individual identity
IV. High group cohesiveness
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and IV

14. Mahatma Gandhi's non-violence and Hitler's Nazism are ......... traits.
(a) factor (b) cardinal
(c) surface (d) source
Ans. (b) cardinal
15. According to the socio-cultural model, abnormal behaviour is best understood in light of
the social and cultural forces that influence an individual. Which among the following factors
are associated with it?
I. Associate network
II. Social networks
III. Societal conditions
IV. Personalised conditions
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (b) II and III

16. Psychological attributes are involved in very simple phenomena like in time taken to react
to a stimulus, i.e. reaction time, and also in highly global concepts like happiness. Which
among the following is the first step towards understanding psychological attributes?
(a) Examination (b) Assessment
(c) Diagnose (d) Treatment
Ans. (b) Assessment

17. These are the personal stresses we endure as individuals, due to the happenings in our
daily life. Which among the following is/are Hassle event in the given options?
I. Calm surroundings
II. Quarrelsome neighbours
III. Water shortage
IV. Failure in exams
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, II and III (d) I and IV
Ans. (b) II and III

18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) A number of theorists further developed their ideas following Freud. Some had
worked with him and then moved on to develop their own versions of the psychoanalytic
theory.
Reason (R) Jung claimed that there was a collective unconscious consisting of archetypes or
primordial images.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Jessica, a dance trainer in the Dance School, everyday train children. She not only train
but herself first demonstrates each steps to every aspirants. Identify the Jessica's personality.

20. Raju is a free minded person, who seems to be less worried or responsible despite
repeatedly warned by his father. He is involved in all types of illicit activities and several
times arrested by police for the same. Identify the personality, Raju has.
Or
Shilpi is considered as an average girl in her class. Although she tries her level best but could
perform well. She remains silent and sobbing inside the room when she is alone. Name the
psychological disorder she is suffering.

21. What are the major feature of analytical psychology given by Carl Jung?

22. Name the few symptoms of Anxiety Disorder.

23. Nagarjuna was admitted to hospital after complaining severe body ache and headache due
to the report of upcoming cyclone in the coastal area. He was admitted to the nearest hospital
timely. How traumatic conditions can affect human life?

Section C (3 Mark)
24. Shreenath Iyer is working in Google Inc as a Software Developer. Being a native to
Kerala he prefer to eat rice and fish and wear traditional clothes in public gatherings. Find out
the possible psychological reasons of it.

25. Which patterns of thought are called Dysfunctional Cognitive Structures?

26. Amit has tendency to repeat things which he has just before done or always in the state of
reoccurring thoughts about certain incidents and chronic behaviour pattern. Identify the other
behaviour which are associated with OCD.

27. Explain the correlation between Logotherapy and Human-Existential Therapy.

 Or
Does Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is the solution of every psychological disorder?
Evaluate.
Section D (4 Mark)
28. "Psychological qualities resulted from a desire for freedom, and striving for justice and
truth". Explain.

29. Why 'Psychological Attributes' are considered complex and multi-dimensions rather
linear or uni-dimensional?
Or
How 'Case Study' regarded as an in-depth study of the individual in the context of her/his
psychosocial and physical environment?

30. Stephaney is a nurse in a general hospital in Kerala. She tirelessly worked several days to
treat COVID patients. Unfortunately she has died due to excessive stress in the workplace.
Explain the correlation between stress and health. How chronic daily stress can affect our
health?

31. Jeewan who used to be a lively and helpful person throughout his career, has now
changed into an introvert and miserable person. He hardy speaks or helps anyone. People
says he has major impact due to his own loss during COVID Pandemic. Define the major
concepts that has role in the process of attitude change.
Or
Fardeen, a Fruit seller in the Sadar Bazar market has tendency to gain the profit opportunity.
He overcharges during the festive season from the customers and also spares his own
community people and over charges them as well. How his congruent attitude can be defined
in the attitude change? Also compare it with incongruent attitude.

Section E (6 Mark)
32. Critically examine the role of 'Social facilitation' and 'Social loafing' on Individual
behaviour.
Or
'Bandwagon Effect is the biggest drawback of Polarisation process. Explain.

Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
In 1927, Charles Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence employing a
statistical method called factor analysis. He showed that intelligence consisted of a general
factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). The g-factor includes mental operations
which are primary and common to all performances. In addition to the (g-factor), he said that
there are also many specific abilities. These are contained in what he called the (s-factor).
Excellent singers, architects, scientists, and athletes may be high on (g-factor), but in addition
to this, they have specific abilities which allow them to excel in their respective domains.

33. What do you understand by theory of primary mental abilities?

Or
What are the similarities between two-factor theory and structure-of-intellect model?

34. What two level of abilities defined in hierarchical model of intelligence?

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

The Negative symptoms are 'pathological deficits' and include poverty of speech, blunted and
flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal. People with schizophrenia show alogia or
poverty of speech, i.e. a reduction in speech and speech content.
Many people with schizophrenia show less anger, sadness, joy, and other feelings than most
people do. Thus they have blunted affect. Some show no emotions at all, a condition known
as flat affect.
Also patients with schizophrenia experience avolition, or apathy and an inability to start or
complete a course of action. People with this withdraw socially and become totally focused
on their own ideas and fantasies

35. Why Schizophrenia is considered as the most challenging mental disorder across the
world?

36. What do you understand by 'pathological deficits'?

 LATEST
CBSE
SAMPLE
PAPER
LATEST CBSE SAMPLE PAPER
Issued by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
PSYCHOLOGY
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section Care Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying
3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)

1. Jasleen is high on critical thinking and can manipulate symbols to solve numerical
problems. She is also high on the ability to understand one's own feelings, motives and
desires. Which of the following intelligences are displayed by Jasleen?
I. Spatial
II. Logical-mathematical
III. Interpersonal
IV. Intrapersonal
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) II and IV
Ans. (d) II and IV

2. Ryan believes that he is very good at football. Therefore, he has a high.......... as far as
sports is concerned.

(a) Self-esteem (b) Self-efficacy

(c) Self-motivation (d) Self-control
Ans. (a) Self-esteem
3. According to the behaviourists, personality of an individual is the result of ..............
(a) unconscious motives and conflicts
(b) response of an individual to the environment
(c) early childhood experiences
(d) a relationship of the individual to her/his environment
Ans. (b) response of an individual to the environment

4. Which of the following would a humanistic psychologist not use to explain an individual's
behaviour?
(a) Innately good
(b) Goal-directed and adaptive
(c) Self-actualised
(d) Balance among three competing forces
Ans. (d) Balance among three competing forces

5. Which of the following are the dimensions of stress?

I. Intensity
III. Predictability
II. Duration
IV. Vulnerability
Choose the correct option
(a) I, II and IV (b) I, III and IV
(c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and III
Ans. (d) I, II and III

6. Imran feels disappointed when he is not able to do everything perfectly, leading him to
push himself to achieve unrealistically high standards. Identify the cause of his stress.
(a) Social pressure (b) Conflict
(c) Frustration (d) Internal pressure
Ans. (d) Internal pressure

7. Sonali was questioned by her senior when her performance started to decline. She admitted
that she was not eating regularly and her sleep was disturbed. Moreover, she could not
concentrate on work and felt overburdened. Identify the effects of stress being indicated here.
I. Emotional
III. Cognitive
II. Behavioural
IV. Physiological
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) III and IV (d) I and IV
Ans. (b) II and III

8. Which of the following is/are true about psychological disorders in the middle ages?
1. Demonology and superstition were used as explanations of psychological disorders.
II. Mental anguish and conflict were considered as reasons for psychological disorders.
III. Disturbed interpersonal relationships were emphasised to explain mental disorders.
IV. There was emphasis on de-institutionalisation for people with psychological disorders.
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) I and II
(c) Only III (d) II and IV
Ans. (b) I and II

9. While paying bills, Sanjana was suddenly overwhelmed by anxiety. Her heart pounded,
she felt like she couldn't breathe, and she became dizzy. This was most likely to be.........
(a) a panic attack
(b) a dissociative episode
(c) a manic episode
(d) a generalised anxiety episode
Ans. (a) a panic attack

10. Brijesh, an accountant, went on a work trip and never returned home. Years later, he was
found by a friend in another city, where he was working as a labourer. He was living with a
new identity and had no memory of his past. Brijesh's symptoms are indicative of…….
(a) Dissociative fague
(b) Dissociative identity disorder
(c) Schizophrenia
(d) Depersonalisation
Ans. (a) Dissociative fague
11. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) The principle of reciprocal inhibition states that the presence of two mutually
opposing forces at the same time will lead to the stronger force inhibiting the weaker one.
Reason (R) The principle of reciprocal inhibition is a procedure wherein the client learns to
behave in a certain way by observing the behaviour of the therapist.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

12. Amit throws temper tantrums every time he goes to the market with his parents. He insists
that they buy him a new toy every time. Identify the most suitable behavioural technique to
modify this unwanted behaviour.
(a) Token economy
(b) Aversive conditioning
(c) Differential reinforcement
(d) Systematic desensitisation
Ans. (c) Differential reinforcement

13. What is the chief benefit to the client in cognitive therapy?

(a) Emotional insight is gained and the client is able to change his emotions towards the
conflict.
(b) The client is able to change maladaptive behaviour to adaptive ones.
(c) The client is able to replace irrational thoughts with rational ones.
(d) The client is able to achieve personal growth which leads to understanding one self.
Ans. (c) The client is able to replace irrational thoughts with rational ones.

14. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) We assign causes to the behaviour shown in specific social situations. This
process is called attribution.
Reason (R) We are also interested in why people behave in ways they do. Therefore, we
assign a cause to a behaviour.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

15. Anna, the head girl of a school, gives more opportunities to the members of Red House
than those of Blue or Green House. This is because she feels they are less capable. She even
ignores the advice of her teachers to give equal opportunities to all the Houses. Which
strategy will help in handling this prejudice?
(a) Highlighting group identity rather than individual identity.
(b) Increasing her interaction with the members of all the Houses.
(c) Keeping the Red House members higher in power or status.
(d) Creating an environment for all the Houses to meet in a competitive rather than
cooperative context.
Ans. (b) Increasing her interaction with the members of all the Houses.

16. Which one of the following is a feature of an attitude?

(a) Centrality
(b) Behavioural
(c) Cognitive
(d) Affective
Ans. (a) Centrality

17. A working group was formed to organise the annual sports competition in a school. At a
particular stage, there was a lot of conflict in the group. Identify this stage and the stage that
is likely to follow it.
(a) The group was at the storming stage followed by the norming stage.
(b) The group was at the norming stage followed by the forming stage.
(c) The group was at the storming stage followed by the performing stage.
(d) The group was at the forming stage followed by the norming stage.
Ans. (a) The group was at the storming stage followed by the norming stage.
18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Situation and circumstances in which one is placed influence one's behaviour.
Reason (R) The situational influences are so powerful that individuals with similar
personality traits respond to them in almost the same ways.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Ivaan experiences distress and is constantly complaining of snakes crawling inside his
stomach. Identify the disorder and the symptom that Ivaan is experiencing. Explain any one
negative symptom of this disorder.
Ans. Ivaan is experiencing distress and is suffering from the Schizophrenia as he is
experiencing snakes crawling inside his stomach. The negative symptom of this disorder is
that many people with Schizophrenia show less anger, sadness, joy and other feelings than
most of the people which are called blunted affect.

20. Fatima communicates her feelings and views clearly with confidence. She could say 'no'
to a request or state an opinion without being self-conscious. Which life skill is she using?
Suggest two more life skills that can help Fatima meet the challenges of life successfully.
Ans. Fatima communicates her feelings and views clearly with confidence. She was using
assertiveness. It is a behaviour or skill that helps to communicate clearly and confidently, our
feelings, needs, wants and thoughts.
Other two life skills that will help Fatima to meet the challenges of life successfully are as
follows
(i) Time Management The major way to reduce time stress is to change one's perception of
time. The central principle of time management is to spend one's time through doing the
things that one value or that help one to achieve one's goals.
(ii) Meditation Procedures The yogic method of meditation consists of a sequence of
learned techniques for refocusing of attention that brings about an altered state of
consciousness.
Or
Resham has been overwhelmed by the quantum of work in her office. She has been advised
some stress management techniques by her counsellor. What are the two techniques that you
think would be helpful for her to manage stress?
Ans. Two techniques which are helpful for Resham to manage stress are as follows
(i) Relaxation Techniques It is an active skill that reduces symptoms of stress and decreases
the incidence of illnesses such as high blood pressure and heart disease. Relaxation starts
from the lower part of the body and progresses up to the facial muscles in such a way that the
whole body is relaxed.
(ii) Meditation Procedures The yoga method of meditation consists of a sequence of learned
techniques for refocusing of attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.

21. State any two ethical standards that need to be practiced by professional psychotherapists.
Ans. Two ethical standards that need to be practiced by professional psychotherapists are
 Confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
 Alleviating personal distress and suffering shou be the goal of all attempts of the
therapist.

22. Vinita holds a negative attitude towards individuals of a particular community. She
avoids interacting or helping them in college. Identify and explain the behaviour being
exhibited by Vinita.
Ans. Vinita holds a negative attitude towards individuals of a particular community. The
behaviour being exhibited by Vinita here is discrimination. It is the behaviour that shows a
distinction being made between two or more persons, often on the basis of the person's
membership of a particular group. Prejudice may also got translated into discrimination, the
behavioural component, whereby people behave in a less positive way towards a particular
target group compared to another group which they favour.

23. Explain any two elements of a group structure.

Ans. Two important elements of a group structure are
(i) Roles These are socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are
expected to fulfill. Roles refer to the typical behaviour that depicts a person in a given social
context.
(ii) Norms These are expected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon
and enforced by group members. For example, in every family there are norms that guide the
behaviour of family members which represent their views of the world.

Section C (3 Mark)

24. Kirti is of average intelligence but is high on ability to appraise, express and regulate her
emotions. Identify the intelligence that she exhibits and why it is receiving so much attention
these days. Suggest some ways to enhance this kind of intelligence of students in schools.
Ans. The intelligence that Kriti exhibits is emotional intelligence. It is believed that the
notion of emotional intelligence brodens the concept of intelligence beyond the intellectual
sphere/domain and considers that intelligence includes emotions. It builds on the concept of
intelligence in the Indian tradition. The characteristics of emotionally intelligent persons are
that it relates your emotions to your thoughts so that you take them into account while solving
problems and taking decisions. Receiving attention as it helps students to deal with the
stresses and challenges of the outside world, benefits their academic achievements and
reduces anti-social activities. Programmes that involve cooperative behaviour should be
promoted in school.

25. Explain major depressive disorder. State the factors which predispose an individual to
depression.
Ans. Major depressive disorder are defined as a period of depressed mood and/or loss of
interest or pleasure in most activities, with other symptoms like change in body weight,
constant sleep problems, tiredness, inability to think clearly, agitation, greatly slowed
behaviour and thoughts of death and suicide. Other symptoms include excessive guilt or
feelings of worthlessness. Depression covers a variety of negative moods and behavioural
changes.
Factors predisposing towards depression are Genetic make-up or heredity, Age, Gender,
Negative life events and Lack of social support, etc.

26. An attitude towards recycling and reuse needs to be encouraged to conserve the
environment. Examine the factors that will influence attitude change towards this.
Ans. Following are the major factors that influence attitude change
• Source Characteristics Source credibility and attractiveness are two features that affect
attitude change. Attitudes are more likely to change when the message comes from a highly
credible source rather than from a low-credible source. For example, a person wants to buy a
laptop will be more convinced to hear recommendation from a computer engineer than a
school child who gives the same information.
• Message Characteristics The message is the information that is presented in order to bring
about an attitude change. Attitudes will change when the amount of information that is given
about the topic is just enough, neither too much nor too little. Whether the message contains a
rational or an emotional appeal makes a difference. The motives activated by the message
determine attitude change. For example, drinking milk may be said to make a person healthy,
good looking, energetic and successful.
Or
An individual's attitude may not always be exhibited through behaviour. When would there
be consistency between attitude and behaviour? Explain.
Ans. An individual's attitudes may not always be exhibited through behaviour. One's actual
behaviour may be contrary to one's attitude towards a particular topic. Attitudes may not
always predict actual pattern of one's behaviour. Sometimes, it is behaviour that decides the
attitude. Psychologists have found that there would be consistency between attitudes and
behaviour when
• The attitude is strong and occupies a central place in the attitude system.
• There is very little or no external pressure for the person to behave in a particular way.
• The person's behaviour is not being watched or evaluated by others.
• The person thinks that the behaviour would have a positive consequence and therefore,
intends to engage in that behaviour.
27. Ananya had been trying to learn a new form of dance to win a competition. She decided
to join a dance group which was also practicing the same dance form. Identify the reason for
Ananya wanting to join the dance group.
Explain some of the other reasons that make people join groups.
Ans. Ananya's reason for joining the dance group is Goal achievement.Groups help in
achieving such goals which cannot be attained individually. There is power in the majority.
People join groups because these groups satisfy a range of needs.
Following are the reasons to join groups
• Security Groups reduce the feeling of insecurity when we are alone. Being with people
gives a sense of comfort and protection. As a result, people feel stronger and are less
vulnerable to threats.
• Similarity Being exposed to someone over a period of time makes us assess our similarities
and paves the way for formation of groups. We like people who are similar because people
prefer consistency and like relationships that are
consistent. When two people are similar, there is consistency and they start liking each other.
For example, I like playing football and one of my batch mate also like playing football.
There is a high chance that we may become friends as our interests are same.

Section D (4 Mark)

28. Explain the role of assessment in understanding psychological attributes. Describe the key
features of any two methods used for psychological assessment.
Ans. Assessment is the measurement of psychological atenbutes of an individual which often
uses methods in terms of certain comparisons. An attribute of an individual will be said to
exist if it can be measured by using scientific procedures. Assessment is the first step in
understanding a psychological attribute. Assessment may be formal and informal.
There are various methods of assessment, in which two methods are as follows
(i) Psychological Test It is an objective and standardised measure of an individual's mental
and behavioural characteristics. Objective tests have been developed to measure all the
dimensions of psychological attributes. It is commonly used for the purposes of clinical
diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement, and training.
(ii) Self-Report It is a method in which a person provides factual information about
themselves. Such information may be obtained by using an interview schedule or a
questionnaire, a psychological test, or a personal diary.

Or
Explain the term intelligence. Describe the PASS Model of Intelligence.
Ans. Intelligence is a key construct employed to know how individuals differ from one
another. It also provides an understanding of how people adapt their behaviour according to
the environment they live in. Intelligence is the power of perceiving, learning, understanding
and knowing. Intelligent person has attributes like mental alertness, ready wit, quickness in
learning and ability to understand relationships.
The PASS Model of Intelligence was given by JP Das, Jack in 1994. According to this
model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological
systems, called functional units of brains. These units are responsible for arousal/attention,
coding or processing, and planning respectively, which are as follows

(i) Arousal/Attention State of arousal is basic to any behavior as it helps us in attending to

stimuli.
(ii) Simultaneous/Successive Processing Simultaneous processing takes place when you
perceive the relations among various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern
for comprehension. Successive processing takes place when you remember all the
information in a serial order.
(iii) Planning Planning comes after the information is attended to and processed allows us to
think of the possible courses of action, implement them to reach a target, and evaluate their
effectiveness.

29. Mother Teresa believed that she had a mission to fulfill and did what came natural to her,
loving others and serving them. Identify the trait being referred to here by Gordon Allport
and how it affects a person's behaviour. Distinguish it from other traits given by him.
Ans. Allport thinks that the way a person reacts to given situations depends on his traits,
although people sharing the same traits might express them in different way. Any variation in
trait may result a different response to the same situation. The trait here referred is Cardinal
traits.
Cardinal Traits are highly generalised in nature. They indicate the goal around which a
person's entire life seems to revolve. Mahatma Gandhi's non-violence and Hitler's Nazism are
examples of cardinal traits. Such traits often get associated with the name of the person so
strongly that they derive such identities as the 'Gandhian' or 'Hitlerian' trait.
Other traits mentioned by Allport are as follows
Central Traits These are less broad in effect but still quite generalised in nature. These traits
(e.g. warm, sincere, diligent, etc) are often used in writing a testimonial or job
recommendation for a person.
Secondary Traits These are the least generalised characteristics of a person.Traits such as
'likes mangoes' or 'prefers ethnic clothes' are examples of secondary traits.

30. Individuals differ in the coping strategies that they use to deal with stressful situations.
Justify this statement highlighting various coping strategies.
Ans. Coping strategies include both overt (clear) and covert (private) activities. The three
coping strategies given by Endler and Parker are as follows
(i) Task-oriented Strategy This involves obtaining information about the stressful situation
and about alternative courses of action and their probable outcome. It also involves deciding
priorities and acting, so as to deal directly with the stressful situation. For example, schedule
my time better or think about how I have solved similar problems.
(ii) Emotion-oriented Strategy This involves efforts to maintain hope and to control one's
emotions. It also involves releasing feelings of anger and frustration or deciding that nothing
can be done to change things. For example, tell myself that it is not really happening to me or
worry about what I am going to do.
(iii) Avoidance-oriented Strategy This involves minimising the seriousness of the situation.
It also involves conscious suppression of stressful thoughts and their replacement by self-
protective thoughts. Examples of this are watching TV, phone up a friend or try to be with
other people.

31. Shahid showed a reduction in symptoms after he received treatment for Schizophrenia.
He was sent to the rehabilitation centre to improve his quality of life. What steps would be
taken in the rehabilitation centre to help him become a productive member of the
community? Explain.
31. Shahid showed a reduction in symptoms after he received treatment for Schizophrenia. In
disorders like Schizophrenia, reduction of symptoms may not be associated with an
improvement in the quality of life. Rehabilitation is required to help patients to become self-
sufficient. The aim of rehabilitation is to empower the patient to become a productive
member of society to the extent possible. In rehabilitation, the patients are given occupational
therapy, social skills training and vocational therapy.
• In occupational therapy, the patients are taught skills such as candle making, paper bag
making and weaving to help them to form a work discipline.
• Social skills training helps the patients to develop interpersonal skills through role play,
imitation and instruction. The objective is to teach the patient to function in a social group.
• Cognitive retraining is given to improve the basic cognitive functions of attention, memory
and executive functions. After the patient improves sufficiently, vocational training is given
wherein the patient is helped to gain skills necessary to undertake productive employment.
Or
Mukesh was given therapy that encouraged him to seek personal growth and actualise his
potential. Based on these principles, explain the therapy that is being applied here.
Ans. Humanistic-Existential therapy is applied in the case of Mukesh that encouraged him to
seek personal growth and actualise his potential. These therapies claim that psychological
distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation and an Inability to find meaning and
genuine fulfilment in life. Human beings are motivated by the desire for personal growth and
self-actualisation and an innate need to grow emotionally. When these needs are control by
society and family, a human beings experience psychological distress.
Self-actualisation is defined as an inborn force that moves the person to become more
complex, balanced and intergrated. As lack of food and water causes distress, frustration of
self-actualisation also causes distress. Healing occurs when the client is able to perceive the
obstacles to self-actualisation in her/his life and is able to remove them. The therapy creates a
permissive, non-judgmental and accepting atmosphere in which the client's emotions can be
freely expressed and the complexity, balance and integration could be achieved. The
fundamental assumption is that the client has the freedom and responsibility to control her/his
own behaviour.
 Section E (6 Mark)
32. Describe Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development.
Ans. Freud proposed a five-stage theory of personality development also called psychosexual
stages. These are as follows
(i) Oral Stage The infant achieves oral gratification through feeding, thumb sucking, biting
and babbling (chattering). It is during these early months that people's basic feelings about
the world are established.
(ii) Anal Stage The child learns to respond to some of the demands of the society around
ages two and three. One of the principal demands made by parents is that the child learns to
control the bodily functions of urination and defection. The anal area of the body becomes the
focus of certain pleasurable feelings. This stage establishes the basis for conflict between the
id and the ego and between the desire for babyish pleasure and demand for adult, controlled
behaviour.
(iii) Phallic Stage This stage focuses on the genitals. Around ages four and five, children
began to realise the difference between males and females. At this stage, male child
experiences the Oedipus complex. It involves love for the mother, hostility towards the father
and the fear of punishment by the father. For girls, the Oedipus complex (called the Electra
complex) follows a slightly different course as it involves love for the father.
(iv) Latency Stage This stage lasts from about seven years until puberty. During this period,
the child continues to grow physically, but sexual urges (forces) are relatively inactive.
(v) Genital Stage During this stage, the person attains maturity in psychosexual
development. The sexuality, fears and repressed feelings of earlier stages are once again
exhibited. People learn to deal with members of the opposite sex in a socially and sexually
mature way.
Or
Explain the characteristics of indirect techniques that are used to assess personality. Describe
any two such tests.
Ans. Projective techniques are an indirect method of assessment of personality. These were
developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. The analysis of personality with the
help of projective techniques appears fairly interesting. It helps us to understand unconscious
motives, deep-rooted conflicts, and emotional complexes of an individual. However, the
interpretation of the responses requires sophisticated skills and specialised training. The main
projective tests of personality are
(i) Rosenzweig's Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study) This test was developed by
Rosenzweig to assess how people express aggression in the face of a frustrating situation.
With the help of cartoon like pictures, the test presents a series of situations in which one
person frustrates another, or calls attention to a frustrating condition.
The subject is asked to tell what the other (frustrated) person will say or do. The analysis of
responses is based on the type and direction of aggression. An attempt is made to examine
whether the focus is on the frustrating object or on protection of the frustrated person or on
constructive solution of the problem. Pareek has adapted this test for use with the Indian
population.
(ii) Sentence Completion Test This test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences.
The starting part of the sentence is first presented and the subject has to provide an ending to
the sentence. The type of endings used by the subjects reflects their attitudes, motivation and
conflicts. The test provides subjects with several opportunities to reveal their underlying
unconscious motivations.

Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Malay, a student of class IX, was referred to a mental health clinic with complaints of
stealing money, excessive lying, setting fire to household items, teasing young girls of the
locality, and passing lewd remarks and making obscene gestures. The onset was about three
years ago and has increased over the past eight months. Of late, he has started using alcohol
and spending more time outdoors with friends of similar interest. School reports suggested
gradual development of inappropriate behaviours such as openly defying rules in school,
playing truant, instigating fellow students to pass silly remarks in class, disrespectful attitude
towards elders ultimately resulting in frequent school absenteeism, mixing with local goons
and excessive aggression. Further investigation revealed that family history is disturbed,
relationship with father was extremely hostile and there were frequent conflicts amongst the
family members. Birth and developmental milestones are normal.

33. Identify the disorder Malay is exhibiting. Distinguish it from Attention - Deficit/
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Ans. Malay is exhibiting conduct disorder. It refers to age inappropriate actions and attitudes
that violate family expectations, societal norms and the personal or property rights of others.
The behaviours in conduct disorder include aggressive actions that cause or threaten harm to
people or animals, non-aggressive conduct that causes property damage.
The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder, marked by a
continuous pattern of inattention or hyperactivity- impulsivity that interferes with functioning
or development.
The major difference between conduct disorder and ADHD is that conduct disorder affects
the behavioural activity, whereas ADHD affects brain activity. And also the conduct disorder
has a genetic influence, on the other hand, the ADHD is a chronic disorder. It is important to
know that children with ADHD are also prone to develop a conduct disorder.

Or
The symptoms that Malay is exhibiting are different from the symptoms of Oppositional
Defiant Disorder. Justify this statement.
Ans. Malay is exhibiting conduct disorder. It refers to age inappropriate actions and attitudes
that violate family expectations, societal norms and the personal or property rights of others.
It is different from the Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Children with Oppositional
Defiant Disorder (ODD) are irritable, defiant, and disobedient and behave in a hostile
manner. Individuals with ODD do not see themselves as angry, oppositional, or defiant and
often justify their behaviour as reaction to circumstances/demands.

34. How would the socio-cultural model help us to understand Malay's disorder?
Ans. According to the socio-cultural model, abnormal behaviour is best understood in light of
the social and cultural forces that influence an individual. Through this model, we can
understood Malay's psychological disorder. As we learnt that Malay's abnormal activities are
closely related to his social, cultural and family background. The socio-cultural model states
that the behaviour is shaped by societal forces. Factors such as family structure and
communication, social networks, social conditions, etc.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Alfred Binet, in 1905, was requested by the French government to devise a method by which
students who experienced difficulty in school could be identified. Binet and his colleague,
Theodore Simon, began developing questions that focused on areas not explicitly taught in
schools those days, such as memory, attention skills related to problem solving.
Using these questions, Binet determined which were the ones that served as the best
predictors of school success. Binet quickly realised that some children were able to answer
more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa.
Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of mental age or a measure of
intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group. This first
intelligence test is referred to as the Binet-Simon Scale. He insisted that intelligence is
influenced by many factors, it changes over time, and it can only be compared in children
with similar backgrounds.

35. Identify the approach on which the Binet- Simon Intelligence Scale is based. Discuss its
features.
Ans. Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale is based on the psychometric approach.
The main features of this test are as follows .
• It considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities or on the structure of intelligence.
• It expresses an individual's performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.

36. 'Binet quickly realised that some children were able to answer more advanced questions
than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa'. Why do individuals differ
in intelligence? Using examples, give reasons for your
Ans. There is a general view among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex
interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity sets a range within which
an individual's development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the
environment. With respect to the role of environment, studies have reported that as children
grew in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents.
 ONE
DAY
BEFORE
EXAM
One Day
BEFORE EXAM
PSYCHOLOGY
Time: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
2. Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
3. Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
4. Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type II question carrying 6 marks. Answer
to this question should not exceed 200 words.
7. Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two
questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.

Section A (1 Mark)
1. Nirupama is considered as multi-talented student in her school. She is interested in painting
and also learning classical dance. Despite of the fact his father's frequent transfer, she manage
to adjust and reorganise herself into new places. Explain the type of personality Nirupama
gifted with.
(a) Intellectual Giftedness
(b) Special Ability Giftedness
(c) Imaginative Giftedness
(d) Learning Giftedness
Ans. (a) Intellectual Giftedness

2. Mullica, a small town girl from Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh has come to Delhi for
better job and future opportunity. She has visualised her biggest ambition to own a home and
with that regard she does saving every month. Identify the traits of her.
(a) Source traits
(b) Secondary traits
(c) Surface traits
(d) Cardinal traits
Ans. (d) Cardinal traits

3. Vaishali is an independent girl who is least bothered about her age and decided to remain
unmarried and just focus on career. Her parents however get worried about daughter's choices
and try to convince her other way. Identify the type of stress must have on Vaishali.
(a) Individual stress (b) Social stress
(c) Psychological stress (d) Family stress
Ans. (b) Social stress

4. Which among the following is not a part of Ethics in Psychotherapy?

(a) Consent (b) Socio-economic
(c) Confidentiality (d) Integrity
Ans. (b) Socio-economic

5. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the

Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Individuals with ODD do not see themselves as angry, oppositional, or defiant
and often justify their behaviour as reaction to circumstances/demands.
Reason (R) In case of specific learning disorder, the individual experiences easy in
perceiving or processing information efficiently and accurately.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

6. Dayanand, a government school teacher is known for his unique methods/ways of learning.
He motivates and encourages students through various quiz and rewards system that is known
as……….
(a) Token economy
(b) Token psychology
(c) Token clinical pathology
(d) Token-focussed economy
Ans. (a) Token economy

7. Heena has decided to purchase an attractive e-Scooter after read the news that Indian
Government provides huge subsidy under the FAME scheme in the Electric vehicle category.
This attitude based on sufficient information about the environment is called as ...... attitude.
(a) Positive (b) Passive
(c) Cognitive (d) Non-cognitive
Ans. (c) Cognitive

8. Roger in his Client-centred therapy combined scientific rigour with the individualised
practice of client-centred psychotherapy. Which two concepts put forth by Rogers as the core
of one's being?
I. We II. Self III. With freedom IV. Choice
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and I (d) II, III and IV
Ans. (d) II, III and IV

9. Kelly have marked difficulties in social interaction and communication with her friends
and family. She rarely goes forfamily gathering or party as mostly refuses by saying she has
several assignments to complete. She basically follows a strict routine life. Name the disorder
she is facing.
(a) Specific psychological disorder
(b) Specific spectrum disorder
(c) Common spectrum disorder
(d) Autism spectrum disorder
Ans. (d) Autism spectrum disorder

10. Savita, an engineer in IT firm and a mother of two, raised her children without any luxury
and pampering. Although she becomes happy and motivates her children to perform better
and achieve higher in life but never gets over-excited or fulfils all demands. Among the is not
the following,………is not the attributes/characteristics of Emotionally Intelligent Person.
(a) Perceive and sensitive
(b) Sensible facial expressions
(c) Emotional influence
(d) Regulated emotions
Ans. (c) Emotional influence
11. This type of trait refers to the role of a particular attitude in the attitude system. An
attitude with this would influence the other attitudes in the system much more than any other
attitudes would. It is called……..
(a) Peripheral attitude
(b) Positive and negative attitude
(c) Submissive attitude
(d) Centrality attitude
Ans. (d) Centrality attitude

12. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) Everyone has their own pattern of stress response. Therefore the warning signs
may vary, according to their intensity.
Reason (R) There could be a number of causes of frustration such as social discrimination,
interpersonal hurt, low grades in school, etc.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

13. A Residential Welfare Association (RWA) has to take decision for improvement of
walking path in the colony garden. However there are some financial constrains found in the
matter. Find out in which case, group polarisation occurs in following domains.
I. Attitudes
II. Group decision making
III Social welfare
IV. Inter-group perception
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (c) I, II and IV
14. Which among the following is considers as the 'third dimension' that became base for
'Eysenck Personality Questionnaire'?
(a) Psychoticism vs. Neuroticism
(b) Psychoticism vs. Sociability
(c) Agreeableness vs. Non-Agreeableness
(d) Openness vs. Closeness
Ans. (b) Psychoticism vs. Sociability

15. Identify among the following illicit substance that delivers extraordinary performance and
excitement but repeated and high doses, may lead to a state of increasing irritability,
restlessness, and paranoia.
I. Cocaine
II. Heroin
III. Alcohol
IV. Combination of heroin and alcohol
Choose the correct option
(a) Only I (b) II and III
(c) I, II and IV (d) II and IV
Ans. (a) Only I

16. In recent years, our understanding of creativity has broadened. An ordinary individual
who is engaged in simple occupations like pottery, carpentry, cooking, etc can also be
creative. Which theory is considered as the highest level of creativity?
(a) Quantum Field Theory
(b) Theory of Relativity
(c) Laws of Motion
(d) Standard Model
Ans. (b) Theory of Relativity

17. Harpreet Kaur just ended a long time love relationship due to family pressure. However
her parents noticed that she has developed some high stress and mental illness. Which among
the following events comes at top three on Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale?
I. Death of a close family member
II. Break-up with friend
III. Unexpected accident or trauma
IV. Illness of a family member
Choose the correct option
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I, III and IV (d) I and IV
Ans. (c) I, III and IV

18. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of the
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.
Assertion (A) The theory of classical conditioning of Pavlov views learning and maintenance
of behaviour from different angles.
Reason (R) People's skills, abilities, behavioural styles, and value priorities are viewed as
strongly linked to economic features only.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Section B (2 Mark)
19. Rasika is just 9 year old girl but became more stubborn and disobedient. Being an only
child raised in a pampered way and therefore she rarely obeys or respect the elders. Identify
the disorder Rasika has.
Ans. Rasika is suffering from Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) where a person display
age-inappropriate amounts of stubbornness, irritable, defiant, disobedient, and behave in a
hostile manner. Individuals with ODD often justify their behaviour as reaction to
circumstances/demands.

20. Shrikant is mathematics graduate and considered very good in aptitude analysis to solve
the problems. He identify the problems then processes into mathematical theorem and comes
to the conclusions for taking the judgements. Identify the type of intelligence of Shrikant has.
Ans. Shrikant is gifted with Logical-Mathematics intelligence, where person can think
logically and critically. Person with this trait engage in abstract reasoning, and can
manipulate symbols to solve mathematical problems in day to day basis.

21. Yashwant Lal, a Central Government employee has just retired from services at the age of
60. He seems quite satisfied as he was telling his former colleagues that he has achieved what
he has desired for and therefore will settle in his ancestral village. Identify the personality.
Ans. Yashwant Lal is experiencing the stage or personality of self-actualisation. It is a state
that propounded by Maslow, in which people have reached their own fullest potential.
Maslow reiterates the optimistic and positive view of man in self-actualisation who has the
potentialities for love, joy and to do creative work.
22. Saniya and Priyanka are the same batchmate in the Film and Dance Academy where they
both are and equally good performers. However there is always a sense of bitter rivalry and
fierce competition visible in their performances. What would be the possible cause of stress
between them?
Ans. Saniya and Priyanka must be influenced under the stress called Conflict. The occurrence
of Conflicts may be between two or more incompatible needs or motives, e.g. whether to
study dance or psychology. One may want to continue studies or take up a job. There may be
a conflict of values when one is pressurised to take any action that may be against the values
held by the same person.

23. What do you understand by Ego Defence Mechanisms?

Ans. The Ego Defence Mechanism model was conceptualised by Sigmund Freud teawayg
reducing anxiety by distorting reality. Althoug some defence against anxiety is normal and
adaptive, people who use these mechanisms to such an extent that reality is truly distorted
dew various forms of maladjustment.
Or
Explain the term called 'Electra Complex'
Ans. The term Electra Complex also called as the Oedipus complex. In this condition, girl
symbolically attach her love to the father and then a girl tries to imaginatively compete with
mother When she realises that this is unlikely, she begins to idealise with her mother and
copy her behaviour as a means of getting her father's affection.

Section C (3 Mark)
24. Apoorva once a charming and talkative girl, is now suffering from serious mental illness
due to past traumatic experiences of losing both the parents and brother in a plane crash. Her
Maternal uncle is now taking care and also visiting psychiatrist for treatment. Identify the
treatment Apoorva requires here.
Ans. The condition of Apoorva indicates that she requires Biomedical treatment which is best
suitable for her in overcoming from the past traumatic experiences. The Biomedical Therapy
includes medicines that may be prescribed to theat psychological disorders.
Prescription of medicines for treatment of menta disorder by qualified medical professionals
known as psychiatrists. They are medical doctors who have specialised in the understanding,
diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. The nature of medicines used depends on the
nature of the disorders.

25. Children proceed from one stage to another stage of development, as they seem to adjust
their view of the world. Explain.
Ans. The statement 'Children proceed from one stage to another stage of development, as
they seem to adjust their view of the world was given by Sigmund Freud regarding the
Genital Stage of Children. This is a stage where the person attains maturity in psychosexual
development. Freud's theory also postulates that failure of a child to pass successfully
through a stage leads to fixation to that stage. In this situation, the child's development gets
arrested at an earlier stage.

26. Rajiv Khanna, an ambitious entrepreneur has inaugurated a new building of

Rehabilitation for Psychiatrist patients in Delhi. It was his pet project as he himself lost her
elder sister due to schizophrenia. What is the importance of Rehabilitation in psychotherapy?
Ans. Rehabilitation in psychotherapy is the process to provide support and assistance to those
who have disability due to injury or illness. Rehabilitation psychologists, often within teams,
assess and treat cognitive, emotional, and functional difficulties, and help people to overcome
barriers to participation in life activities.
The purpose of rehabilitative psychotherapy is to improve rehabilitation clients' ability to
work and functionality and to help them progress in their studies, remain economically
active, or enter or return to working life.

Or
Lasika is nowadays getting mild treatment as she was diagnosed with few mental disorder.
Her therapist is so understanding and cordial that Lasika shares with each and everything to
her whatever feelings arises. Explain how Empathy is prerequisite for client-therapist
relationship.
Ans. Empathy is called as the unconditional positive regard which the therapist has for the
client. Empathy is different from sympathy and intellectual understanding of another person's
situation. It can be understood through this method that empathy is present when one is able
to understand the plight of another person, and feel like the other person. It means
understanding things from the other person's perspective, i.e. putting oneself in the other
person's shoes. Empathy enriches the therapeutic relationship and transforms it into a healing
relationship.

27. What are the major causes of Hallucination?

Ans. A Hallucination can be defined as an event where someone senses something that it isn't
actually exists. Instead, it is an outcome or created by the mind. Hallucinations have many
different causes, including psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, medical conditions such as
dementia, and substance abuse.
People with bipolar disorder can also experience Hallucinations during a manic episode, as
can individuals with psychotic depression. In depressed individuals, their Hallucinations are
often related to their depressive feelings.

Section D (4 Mark)
28. Explain the concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in psychology.
Ans. The concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in psychology is a method to quantify one's
intelligence level. In 1912, William Stern, a German psychologist, devised the concept of
Intelligence Quotient (IQ). IQ refers to mental age divided by chronological age, and
multiplied by 100.
The IQ scores are distributed in the population in such a way that the scores of most people
tend to fall in the middle range of the distribution. Only a few people have either very high or
very low scores. The frequency distribution for the IQ scores tends to approximate a bell-
shaped curve, called the normal curve. This type of distribution is symmetrical around the
central value, called the mean.
Or
What is Simultaneous processing and how it is different from Successive processing?
Ans. The Simultaneous processing takes place when a person perceive the relations among
various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern for comprehension.
Simultaneous processing helps you in grasping the meaning and relationship between the
given abstract figures. The Simultaneous processing is certainly helpful to accomplish tasks
where the focus is on solving problems where the objective of the task demands
conceptualisation of parts into a cohesive as a whole.
On the other hand, Successive processing takes place when one remember all the information
serially so that the recall of one leads to the recall of another. Learning of digits, alphabets,
multiplication tables, etc are examples of Successive processing.

29. Kanika is IAS Aspirant who stay in Old Rajinder Nagar, Delhi. She is preparing for the
Civil Services for last three years. She is duly determined that take cares for self and also
takes all precautionary things. Surprisingly her immunity system also supports her against
diseases and infection and also mental pressure. Name the condition or traits Kanika has.
Ans. Kanika has a psychological stage called Homeostasis that refers to psychological and
physiological balance achieved when one's needs and desires have been met. Homeostasis
can be referred as the inclination of the human body to seek as well as maintain balance,
stability, and equilibrium so that it is functioning at an optimal level.
In homeostasis, the individual's body attempts to regulate itself by meeting basic needs and
restoring the desired equilibrium to achieve homeostasis. Furthermore, homeostasis refers to
a balanced equilibrium for both physiological and psychological states. Many homeostatic
processes are physiological and automatic, e.g. maintenance of body temperature, adequate
supply of nutrition for growth and maintenance of the body and so on. Any type of deficiency
can create imbalance in the organism and this imbalance leads to a state of disequilibrium.
Or
Rekha is a housekeeper in Mumbai where her work also includes as a baby sitter. Though she
is underpaid by the house owner. Despite of the fact Rekha always in the energetic and
positive mood. How optimism can be defined in psychology?
Ans. In psychology, optimism is a mental attitude characterised by hope and confidence in
success and a positive future. Optimists are those who expect good things to happen, where
pessimists instead predict unfavourable outcomes. Optimism, which is the inclination to
expect favourable life outcomes, has been linked to psychological and physical well-being. It
is visible in the case of Rekha where the conditions are completely unfavourable but she still
works there with hope of better future perspectives.
People differ in the manner in which they cope. For example, optimists tend to assume that
adversity can be handled successfully whereas pessimists anticipate disasters. Optimists use
more problem-focused coping strategies, and seek advice and help from others.
30. What do you understand by Archetypes in psychology?
Ans. Archetype refers to the meaning of a sample or example. However, it carries a special
meaning in psychology. Carl Jung was instrumental and presented psychological Archetype,
as a pattern or a set of features, which can be used to signify a typical human experience and
emotion. The God or the Mother Earth is a good example of Archetypes. They are found in
myths, dreams and arts of all mankind. Jung held that self-strives for unity and oneness. It is
an Archetype that is expressed in many ways.
Archetypes then go on to describe our subconscious natures, such as dreams. These dreams
can describe mythical stories and sacred images, and can represent the information that we
may have obtained from our primordial ancestors. Archetype is present in all people
according to Jung's theory.

31. Ishant and Jishant are brothers and studies in the same school but belongs to different
Cultural Houses. They most of the time discuss positive aspects of their respective Houses
and criticise the others. Define various strategies for handling Prejudices.
Ans. Ishant and Jishant has prejudices about each other's Houses. Prejudices are examples of
attitudes towards a particular group. They are usually negative and in many cases, may be
based on stereotypes about the specific group.
To get aware of the causes or sources would be the first step in handling prejudice. Thus, the
strategies for handling prejudice would be effective if they aim at
• minimising opportunities for learning prejudices,
• changing such attitudes,
• de-emphasising a narrow social identity based on the in-group, and
• discouraging the tendency towards self-fulfilling prophecy among the victims of prejudice.

Section E (6 Mark)
32. What is Social facilitation and how it is different from Social loafing?
Ans. Social facilitation is a psychological concept relating to the tendency for the presence of
others to improve a person's performance on a task. In terms of a basic definition of social
facilitation, social facilitation refers to improvement in performance induced by the real,
implied, or imagined presence of others.
On the other hand, Social loafing highlights a condition where an individual exerts less effort
to achieve a goal when he or she works in a group than when working alone, believing that
his/her absence will not make much difference in the outcome.
Both Social facilitation and Social loafing depend on the impact of others' presence in our
performance. Therefore, both Social loafing and Social facilitation can be considered a part
of group behaviour. While Social facilitation is a behavioural aspect which may not require
intervention, Social loafing has to be dealt with to enhance group performances. There are
ways to deal with Social loafing that should be put into practice right from a very early stage
of life, so that we learn to work and give our best in a group.

Or
What are the different purposes of Group formation?
Ans. The Group formation has certain objectives and purposes such as task achievement,
problem-solving, proximity or other socio-psychological requirements. The basic purpose of
group formation is the achievement of certain objectives through task performance. Some of
these purposes are as follows
• Task Achievement Individuals come closer in order to understand the tasks and decide on
the procedures of performance. In any organisation, task accomplishment is the reason for
which different groups such as an engineering group, marketing group, foreman's group and
personnel group are formed for achievement of the organisations' goals. When an
organisation faces some procedural difficulties, concerned groups discuss them and evolve
new techniques of production, marketing and other functions.
• Problem Solving When people foresee or face certain problems, they unite to solve the
problems. Unity has strength. A group provides strength to members who are willing to
challenge any problem. Group behaviour gives more strength to solve the problems.
• Socio-Psychological Factors Sentiments and action-uniformities bring people closer.
People cooperate with members of the group on social as well as economic grounds to reach
satisfactory levels. People form groups basically for activities, interaction and due to
sentiments. People living in proximity frequently discuss their problems.

Section F
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Individuals with illness anxiety disorder are overly concerned about undiagnosed disease,
negative diagnostic results, do not respond to assurance by doctors, and are easily alarmed
about illness such as on hearing about someone else's ill-health or some such news. In
general, both somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder are concerned with
medical illnesses. But, the difference lies in the way this concern is expressed. In the case of
somatic symptom disorder, this expression is in terms of physical complaints while in case of
illness anxiety disorder, as the name suggests, it is the anxiety which is the main concern.

33. What do you understand by illness anxiety disorder?

Ans. Illness anxiety disorder involves persistent preoccupation about developing a serious
illness and constantly worrying about this possibility. This is accompanied by anxiety about
one's health.

34. Name the amnesia that is characterised by extensive but selective memory loss.
Ans. Dissociative amnesia is characterised by extensive but selective memory loss that has no
known organic cause e.g., head injury. Some people cannot remember anything about their
past.
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What are the signs of people affected with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Ans. People affected by the obsessive-compulsive disorder are unable to control their
preoccupation with specific ideas or are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly
carrying out a particular act or series of acts that affect their ability to carry out normal
activities. These obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily activities and cause
significant distress.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

An individual intelligence test is one which can be administered to one person at a time. A
group intelligence test can be administered to several persons simultaneously. Individual tests
require the test administrator to establish a rapport with the subject and be sensitive to her/his
feelings, moods and expressions during the testing session.
Group tests, however, do not allow an opportunity to be familiar with the subjects' feelings.
Individual tests allow people to answer orally or in a written form or manipulate objects as
per the tester's instructions. Group tests generally seek written answers usually in a multiple-
choice format.

35. What do you understand by an 'Intelligent test'?

Ans. An intelligence test can be defined those which are fully verbal, fully non-verbal or
fully performance- based, or it may consist of a mixture of items from each category. Verbal
tests require subjects to give verbal responses either orally or in a written form.

36. Write briefly about Raven's Progressive Matrices Test.

Ans. The Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test is an assessment test designed to
measure your non-verbal reasoning, abstract reasoning, and cognitive functioning. Raven's
Progressive Matrices Test is an example of a non-verbal test. In this test, the subject
examines an incomplete pattern and chooses a figure from the alternatives that will complete
the pattern.