Analysis Homework 8

Quoc Trong Nguyen

November 9, 2024

Exercise 2

Suppose X is a separable metrizable space. Let D = {x1 , x2 , x3 , . . .} be a countable dense

subset of X. Define n o
B = B 1 (xn ) | m, n ∈ N .
m

Then B is a countable collection. To show that it is a basis for X, let U be an open set containing
a point x ∈ X. Since U is open, there exists N ∈ N such that B 2 (x) ⊂ U . Because D is dense in
N
X, we can find a point xk ∈ D such that xk ∈ B 1 (x). Therefore, x ∈ B 1 (xk ) ⊂ B 2 (x) ⊂ U .
N N N
Since B 1 (xk ) ∈ B, this implies that B is a basis for X.
N
Conversely, suppose X has a countable basis B = {Bn }n∈N . For each n ∈ N , choose a point
xn ∈ Bn , and let D be the set of all those points. To show that D is dense in X, let U be any
nonempty open set in X. Since B is a basis, there exists some Bk ∈ B such that Bk ⊂ U . By
construction, xk ∈ D and xk ∈ Bk ⊂ U . Thus U ∩ D ̸= ∅, showing that D is dense.

Exercise 3

Let B = {Bn }n∈N be a countable basis for X. Suppose O = {Oα }α∈J is an open cover of X.
For each x ∈ X, since O covers X, there exists some Oα ∈ O such that x ∈ Oα . By the definition
of a basis, we can find a Bnx ∈ B such that x ∈ Bnx ⊂ Oα . Let B ′ be the collection of all such Bnx
for x ∈ X. Since B is countable and B ′ ⊂ B, the collection B ′ is also at most countable.
Furthermore, for each B ∈ B ′ there exists an O ∈ O such that B ⊂ O. Let O′ be the collection of
all such O corresponding to each B ∈ B ′ . Then O′ is at most countable, as it is indexed by the
countable set B ′ . Since O′ covers X, we conclude that O′ is an at most countable subcollection of
O that covers X.

Exercise 4

(a) By definition, ℓp , where p ∈ [1, +∞), is a space consisting of all sequences {xn } such that
∞
X
|xi |p < ∞.
i=1

Define
Dk = {{xn } | xn ∈ Q if n ≤ k, xn = 0 if n > k}
and [
D= Dk .
k∈N

1
Obviously, D ∈ ℓp . We prove that D is countable by showing that Dk is countable for all k. First,
D1 is countable since it has the same cardinality as Q. Suppose Dk is countable. Notice that if
x ∈ Dk+1 , we can write x as the 2-tuple

(dk , xk+1 )

where dk ∈ Dk and xk+1 ∈ Q is the (k + 1)th element of x. Since Dk is countable by the induction
hypothesis and Q is countable, Dk+1 is also countable. Thus Dk is countable for all k, it follows
that D is countable.
Next, we show that D is dense in ℓp . Let ε > 0 be given and x = {xn } be any element in ℓp .
Since the series
X∞
|xi |p
i=1
is convergent, there exists an N ∈ N such that
∞
X
|xi |p < εp .
i=N +1

Put
∞
X
δ = εp − |xi |p > 0.
i=N +1

Since Q is dense in R, there exist q1 , q2 , . . . , qN ∈ Q such that

δ
|qi − xi |p <
N
for 1 ≤ i ≤ N . Therefore, let q be the sequence whose ith element is qi if 1 ≤ i ≤ N and 0 if
i > N , then q ∈ DN ⊂ D and

N ∞
!1/p
X X
d (q, x) = |qi − xi |p + |xi |p < ε.
i=1 i=N +1

Thus D is dense in ℓp .

(b) The set D, defined as in Part(a), is also a countable dense subset of c0 .

Exercise 5
Let A = {Aα }α∈J be a nested collection of closed sets, as stated in the initial assumption.
Since inf diam (Aα ) = 0, Aα is nonempty for all α. Therefore, if A is increasingly nested, then we
α
are done. Now, suppose A is decreasing.
If diam (Aα ) = 0 for some α, then Aα consists \of exactly one point, denoted by x. In this case,
Aβ = Aα = {x} for all β ≤ α, which implies that Aα ̸= ∅.
α
If diam (Aα ) ̸= 0 for all α, then there exists a nested sequence of closed sets {An } ⊂ A such
that diam (An ) < 1/n. Construct a sequence {xn } by choosing an xn ∈ An for each n ∈ N. Fix
N ∈ N. Since A is decreasingly nested, we have AN ⊃ Am , An for all m, n ≥ N , so that
1
d (xm , xn ) <
N

2
for all m, n ≥ N . This implies that the sequence {xn } is Cauchy, and, therefore, convergent (by
the initial assumption of completeness). Since each An is closed and contains \ all but finitely many
points of {xn }, the limit point of {xn } belongs to all An . It follows that Aα ̸= ∅.
α

Exercise 6
(a) The Positivity and the Symmetry of d certainly hold. Let a, b and c be points in (N, d). If
either b = a or b = c, then we have

d(a, b) + d(b, c) = d(a, c).

Otherwise, we have
d(a, b) + d(b, c) > 2 > d(a, c).
Thus the Triangle inequality also holds.
We see that if a ̸= b, then d(a, b) > 1, so that every Cauchy sequence in (N, d) is eventually
constant. Hence (N, d) is complete.

(b) Consider the collection C = {Cn }n∈N , where Cn is the closed ball of radius (1 + 2/n)
centered at n. We observe that if m < n, then m ̸∈ Cn , while if m ≥ n, we have m ∈ Cn . This
\ Cn ⊃ Cm+1 for all n. Additionaly, for any interger m, we find that m ̸∈ Cm+1 , which
implies that
leads to Cn = ∅. Thus, C is a nested but not shrinking sequence of closed balls whose
n∈N
intersection is empty.
Exercise 7
Consider the open interval (0, 1) in R with its usual metric, clearly (0, 1) is not compact. Since
(0, 1) ⊂ [0, 1] and since [0, 1] is compact (therefore totally bounded), it follows that (0, 1) is totally
bounded.
Exercise 8
In a metric space, compactness implies closeness and boundedness, hence (K, D) is well
defined. Let {Kn } ⊂ (K, D) be a Cauchy sequence. We prove that the union
[
U= Kn
n∈N

is totally bounded.
Let ε > 0 be given. Since {Kn } is a Cauchy sequence, there exists N ∈ N such that for n > N
ε
D (KN , Kn ) < .
2
Since KN is compact and therefore totally bounded, there exists a finite set {k1 , k2 , . . . , kn } ⊂ KN
such that
[n
KN ⊂ B 2ε (ki ).
i=1

Now, consider any point x ∈ KN ′ for some N′ > N . Since

ε
D (KN , KN ′ ) <
2

3
we have
ε
d (x, KN ) < .
2
Therefore, there exists k ∈ KN such that
ε
d(x, k) < .
2
Since the finite collection of open balls of radius ε/2 centered at k1 , k2 , . . . , kn covers KN , there
exists km ∈ {k1 , k2 , . . . , kn } such that k ∈ B 2ε (km ), so that x ∈ Bε (km ). This implies

[ n
[
Kn ⊂ Bε (ki )
n≥N i=1
[
meaning that Kn is totally bounded. Since each Kn is totally bounded, the finite union
n≥N

−1
N[
Kn
n=1

is also totally bounded. It follows that U is totally bounded.

Next, define K as the set of all points x such that every neighborhood of x intersects infinitely
many Kn . We claim that K is the limit of the Cauchy sequence {Kn }.
First, we need to show that K is nonempty. Let {xn } be a sequence in U with xn ∈ Kn for
each n. Since U is totally bounded, {xn } has a Cauchy subsequence {xnk }. As X is complete,
this subsequence converges to a point x ∈ X. By construction, every neighborhood of x intersects
with infinitely many Kn , hence x ∈ K, showing that K is nonempty.
Secondly, we prove that K ∈ K. Since K is a subset of U , which is totally bounded, K itself is
also totally bounded. Furthermore, if {xn } is a sequence in K converging to a point x ∈ X, any
neighborhood V of x will contain infinitely many points from {xn }, leading to that V intersects
infinitely many Kn . Thus, x ∈ K, implying that K is closed. Since K is both closed and totally
bounded in the complete metric space X, it follows that K is compact.
Finally, we show that {Kn } converges to K in (K, D). Let ε > 0 be given. There exists a
N ′ ∈ N such that n > N ′ implies
ε
D (KN ′ , Kn ) < .
3
As earlier, there exists N ∈ N and a finite set {k1 , k2 , . . . , kn } ⊂ KN such that
[ n
[
UN = Kn ⊂ B 2ε (ki ).
n≥N i=1

We choose N to be larger than N ′ . Now we have

n
[ n
[
K ⊂ UN ⊂ B 2ε (ki ) ⊂ Bε (ki ).
i=1 i=1

implying that d(x, KN2 ) < ε for all x ∈ K. Next, since FN , FN +1 , FN +2 , FN +3 , . . . form a Cauchy
sequence and N > N ′ , there exists a subsequence {Fnk } such that Fn1 = FN ,

ε
D Fnk , Fnk+1 < k .
3

4
Notice that if x ∈ Fnk , then

ε
d x, Fnk+1 < k
3
implying the existence of x′ ∈ Fnk+1 such that
ε
d x, x′ < k .


2
Therefore, given x ∈ FN , we can construct a sequence {xk } with x1 = x, xk ∈ Fnk and
ε
d (xk , xk+1 ) < .
2k
Let x′ be the limit point of this sequence, then x′ ∈ K and d (x, x′ ) < ε, which implies
d (x, K) < ε for every x ∈ KN . It follows that

D (K, KN ) < ε

and {Kn } converges to K in the metric space (K, D).