Analysis Homework 10
Quoc Trong Nguyen
November 24, 2024
Exercise 1
Let X be a metric space. Using the identity, X \ A◦ = X \ A, we see that statements (i) and
(ii) are equivalent.
Assume (ii) holds, and let A = {An }n∈N be a countable collection of open, dense subsets of X.
Since each An is open and dense, their complements are closed and nowhere dense. Therefore, the
set \ [
U =X\ An = X \ An
n∈N n∈N
is of first category. By assumption of (ii), the complement of U , which is
\
An
n∈N
is dense in X. So (ii) implies (iii). [
Now, assume (iii) holds. Let A = An , where each An is nowhere dense set, so A is a set of
n∈N
first category. Consider the set
\ \
B= X \ An ⊂ X \ An = X \ A.
n∈N n∈N
Since An is nowhere dense, we have that X \ An is dense and open. Thus, B is a countable
intersection of open and dense subsets, and by assumption of (iii), B is dense. This shows that
(iii) implies (ii).
Exercise 3
(a) Let A be a closed subset of metric space (X, d). For each n ∈ N, define
[
Un = B 1 (x).
n
x∈A
Then Un is open and \
A= Un .
n∈N
Thus A is a Gδ set.
(b) Similarly, if A is an open subset of (X, d), we can show that A is an Fσ set.
Exercise 4
1
Since Q ⊂ R is of first category and R is of second category, it follows that R \ Q cannot be of
first category.
Exercise 36
Assume that B ⊂ U ∪ V , where U and V are disjoint, open sets. Since A ⊂ B ⊂ A, the set B
can be viewed as the union of A and some of its limit points. If B = A, the proof is complete.
Hence we consider the case B ̸= A. Because A is connected, it must be entirely contained within
either U or V . Assume that A ⊂ U , and let x be a point in B that is not in A. Then x is a limit
point of A. Moreover, x must lie in U , for if x were in V then there would exist an open set
containing x that does not intersect with A, contradicting x being a limit point of A. Therefore,
all points of B lie in U , which in turn implies that B is connected.
Exercise 37
Suppose A = {Aα }α∈J is a collection of connected sets in metric space (X, d), with
\
Aα ̸= ∅;
α∈J
U and V are disjoint, open sets such that
[
Aα ⊂ U ∪ V.
α∈J
Let x be a common point of all Aα i.e.
\
x∈ Aα .
α∈J
Then x must belong to either U or V . Assume that x ∈ U . For each α ∈ J, the set Aα is
connected and contains x. Since Aα ⊂ U ∪ V , the connectedness of Aα implies that Aα lies
entirely within U , as x ∈ U and U ∩ V ̸= ∅. Therefore Aα ⊂ U for all α ∈ J. It follows that
[
Aα ⊂ U
α∈J
[
which implies Aα is connected.
α∈J
Exercise 38
Suppose A = {Ai }i∈N is a collection of connected sets in metric space (X, d) such that
Ai ∩ Ai+1 ̸= ∅ for every i. For each n ∈ N, define
n
[
Bn = Ai .
i=1
Since B1 = A1 and A1 is connected, B1 is connected as well. Suppose that Bn is connected. Since
An ⊂ Bn and An ∩ An+1 ̸= ∅, we have Bn ∩ An+1 ̸= ∅. Moreover, the set
Bn+1 = Bn ∪ An+1
2
is the union of two connected but not disjoint sets, therefore it is also connected. It follows that
Bn is connected for every n ∈ N.
Next, we have [ [
An = Bn
n∈N n∈N
and \
Bn ̸= ∅.
n∈N
By the result of Exercise 37, it follows that
[
An
n∈N
is connected.
