Table of contents

CONTENT Page No.

Introduction ………………………………………………… 3

Main Objective……………………………………………… 4

Chapter 1. Problem Domain……………………………… 6

Chapter 2.Software Requirement Specification…………. 9

Chapter 3. Component Requirement………………….. 12

Chapter 4. Methodology ……………………………………… 16

Chapter 5. Design and Implementation.......................... 19

Chapter 6. Code outline ……………………………………… 23

Chapter 7. Future Use &Application…………………………… 29

Chapter 8. Conclusion&References…………………………… 31

1
List of Figures-

1.Flow diagram
2.Use case diagram
3.Circuits Connections Diagram
4.Arduino based radar

2
INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Arduino-Based Radar System

A sonar system (Sound Navigation and Ranging) is a device that uses
sound waves to
measure distances, detect objects, or map environments. An Arduino-
based sonar system leverages an Arduino microcontroller to process data
from an ultrasonic sensor, making
it a cost-effective, easy-to-build solution for applications like object
detection, obstacle avoidance, or environmental mapping.

Principle of Operation

The sonar system operates on the principle of ultrasonic wave reflection:

The ultrasonic sensor emits a high-frequency sound wave (ultrasound).

This sound wave travels through the air and reflects back when it
encounters an obstacle.
The sensor measures the time it takes for the echo to return.
Using the speed of sound in air (approximately 343 m/s at 20°C), the
distance to the
object is calculated as:

Distance=(Time taken×Speed of Sound)/2

The division by 2 accounts for the round trip of the sound wave.

Concept Overview: Arduino-Based Radar System

The Arduino-based Radar system is a practical implementation of

distance measurement
using ultrasonic waves and is built around the following core concepts:

3
MAIN OBJECTIVE :

Main Objectives of the Arduino-Based Radar System Project

The primary goals of this project are as follows:

1. Distance Measurement
Objective: Accurately measure the distance between the ultrasonic sensor
and an object
using the time-of-flight principle of ultrasonic waves.
Outcome: Understand and implement the physics of sound waves and
their practical
application for measuring distances.

2. Learning Sensor Interfacing

Objective: Interface an ultrasonic sensor (e.g., HC-SR04) with an
Arduino microcontroller
to collect real-time data.
Outcome: Develop skills in connecting and configuring hardware
components for communication with microcontrollers.

3. Microcontroller Programming
Objective: Write and execute Arduino code to control the ultrasonic
sensor, process data,
and provide outputs.
Outcome: Gain proficiency in programming microcontrollers using the
Arduino IDE and libraries.
4. Real-Time Data Processing
Objective: Calculate the distance based on the echo signal duration using
the speed of
sound.
Outcome: Enhance problem-solving skills by applying mathematical
concepts in a real-
world scenario.
5. Output Visualization and Alerts
Objective:
Display measured distance values on an LCD or serial monitor.
Trigger alerts (LEDs, buzzers) for specific conditions, like objects
detected within a
threshold distance.
Outcome: Learn how to provide meaningful feedback from sensor data in
an intuitive
and user-friendly way.

4
6. Developing Automation Skills
Objective: Demonstrate how a sonar system can be integrated into real-
world automation
tasks, such as obstacle detection or level monitoring.
Outcome: Build foundational knowledge for creating smart, automated
systems in robotics, vehicles, or industrial applications.

7. Hands-On Learning with Embedded Systems

Objective: Provide practical experience in working with embedded
systems, combining hardware and software for a functional prototype.
Outcome: Strengthen understanding of the end-to-end process of
designing, building,
and testing an embedded system.

8. Cost-Effective System Design

Objective: Use readily available, low-cost components (Arduino,
ultrasonic sensor,
wires) to create an affordable and functional sonar system.
Outcome: Encourage resourcefulness and creative problem-solving within
budget
constraints.

9. Application Exploration
Objective: Understand how sonar systems can be adapted for various
applications like
robotics, navigation, security, and monitoring.
Outcome: Inspire further innovation and adaptation of the concept to
solve diverse real-
world problems.

5
CHAPTER :1 Problem Domain

1.Problem Statement:
In modern technology-driven environments, the ability to accurately
detect and
measure distances is critical for various applications, including obstacle
detection,
robotics navigation, and level monitoring. Traditional measurement
systems often
require costly equipment or complex setups that may not be feasible for
low-cost,
small-scale applications.

The problem is to design a cost-effective and efficient sonar-based

distance measurement
system that can:

Accurately measure distances to nearby objects using ultrasonic sound

waves.
Provide real-time data for visual display or triggering alarms.
Be scalable and adaptable for use in robotics, automation, or security
systems.
This system should leverage readily available components, such as an
Arduino
microcontroller and an ultrasonic sensor, and be capable of processing
and displaying
data in a simple and user-friendly manner. The solution must address the
challenges of:

Ensuring measurement accuracy in varying environmental conditions.

Interfacing hardware components with software to process data
effectively.
Operating efficiently within budget constraints while remaining flexible
for future enhancements.
This project aims to solve these challenges by developing a reliable and
compact
Arduino-based sonar system that meets the requirements of simplicity,
affordability,
and functionality for diverse real-world applications.

6
 1.1 Proposed System / Solution:
Proposed Solution for Arduino-Based Sonar System Project
To address the challenges of distance measurement and object detection
in a cost-
effective, accurate, and efficient manner, the proposed solution is to
develop an
Arduino-based sonar system. The solution involves designing a system
that uses an
ultrasonic sensor interfaced with an Arduino microcontroller to measure
distances
and provide real-time outputs. Below are the key aspects of the proposed
solution:

Key Features of the Solution

Accuracy:
Leverage the ultrasonic sensor's ability to measure distances with
precision within its
operating range (typically 30cm).

Ease of Implementation:
Use widely available and affordable components like the HC-SR04 sensor
and
Arduino board.Simple interfacing with clear wiring diagrams.

Modular Design:
Adaptable for various applications by modifying the code or adding
hardware
(e.g., integrating with motors for robotics).

Low Cost:
Keeps the overall system affordable while meeting the requirements for
small
-scale projects.

7
 1.1 Advantages of Proposed Solution:

Real-Time Operation: Provides immediate distance

measurements and alerts.
Scalable: Can be expanded to include multiple sensors for
wider area coverage.

Energy Efficient: Requires minimal power, making it suitable

for portable or battery-powered applications.

Customizable: Easy to modify for specific requirements

(e.g., range thresholds or different output types).

Low Maintenance
Reason: With no moving parts, the ultrasonic sensor is durable and requires
minimal
maintenance.
Benefit: Reduces the overall cost of ownership and ensures long-term
reliability.
Educational Value
Reason: The project combines concepts from physics (sound waves),
electronics,
and programming.
Benefit: Serves as an excellent learning tool for students and hobbyists to
develop
skills in embedded systems and real-world problem-solving.
Wide Application Potential
Reason: The system’s modular nature makes it applicable to a range of
industries
and domains.
Benefit: From home automation and robotics to agriculture and security,
the system can be
adapted for multiple use cases.

8
Chapter 2.Software Requirements Specification (SRS)
Project Title: Basic Arduino-Based Sonar Using Ultrasonic
Sensor
1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose

The purpose of this document is to define the software requirements for a

basic Arduino-based sonar system using an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04).
The project is intended for object detection by measuring the distance of
nearby objects and displaying the results through the Arduino Serial
Monitor.

1.2 Scope

This sonar system uses an ultrasonic sensor connected to an Arduino

board to detect objects and measure distances. The distance values are
calculated and displayed in real time via the Serial Monitor. The project is
suitable for learning basic sensor integration and microcontroller
programming.

1.3 Definitions and Abbreviations

 Arduino UNO: A microcontroller board used to run the sonar code

 HC-SR04: An ultrasonic sensor used for distance measurement
 Serial Monitor: A tool in the Arduino IDE for displaying output
 Sonar: Sound Navigation and Ranging (uses sound waves to detect
objects)

2. Overall Description

2.1 Product Perspective

This is a standalone embedded system. The ultrasonic sensor sends out

sound waves, receives the echo, and the Arduino processes this
information to calculate the distance.

2.2 Product Functions

9
  Sends trigger pulses to the ultrasonic sensor
 Measures the time taken for the echo to return
 Calculates distance using the speed of sound
 Displays distance on Serial Monitor in centimeters

2.3 User Characteristics

 Basic knowledge of Arduino IDE

 No advanced programming experience needed
 Familiarity with connecting sensors to Arduino is helpful

2.4 Constraints

 Limited to sensor range: 2 cm to 400 cm

 Accuracy may vary depending on temperature and surface of
objects
 Output is only visible on Serial Monitor (no screen or display
module used)

2.5 Assumptions

 The sensor is wired correctly and mounted in a fixed position

 The environment is relatively free of sound interference

3. Specific Requirements

3.1 Functional Requirements

 FR1: The system shall send a 10-microsecond trigger signal to the

sensor
 FR2: The system shall receive the echo signal from the sensor
 FR3: The system shall calculate distance using the formula:
distance = (duration × 0.034) / 2
 FR4: The system shall display the distance on the Serial Monitor

3.2 Non-Functional Requirements

 NFR1: The software shall provide readings with an update interval

of 100 ms
 NFR2: The Arduino code shall be written in C++ using Arduino
IDE

10
  NFR3: The system shall operate at 5V and use standard Arduino-
compatible components

3.3 Hardware Interface

 Arduino UNO
 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
 USB Cable for power and data transfer

11
Chapter 3 .Component Required
Arduino Board:

Acts as the central controller to read sensor data and perform

computations.
model: Arduino Uno

Ultrasonic Sensor (e.g., HC-SR04):

Emits ultrasonic waves and detects the reflected signals.

Key pins:
Trigger: Sends the pulse to initiate the sound wave.
Echo: Receives the reflected wave.

Power Supply:

Powers the Arduino board and sensor with laptop usb power supply.

Connecting Wires:

Used to interface the components.

12
Flow Diagram-

13
. Use Case Diagram

14
Use Cases

1. Actors:

User: The person operating the system, responsible for initiating the
system and interpreting
the data.

2 Use Cases:

Measure Distance: The ultrasonic sensor calculates the time taken for
sound waves to
bounce back after hitting an object. The Arduino processes this data to
compute
the distance.

Detect Object: The system identifies the presence of an object if it falls

within a predefined range of the ultrasonic sensor.

Display/Alert Output: The distance or detection status is displayed on

serial monitor.

3. Relationships:

The User interacts with the system to initiate the measurement or

detection process.

The Arduino interacts with the ultrasonic sensor to send and receive
signals and
controls the output display or alerts.

15
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY
Methodology for Arduino-Based Radar System
The Arduino-based radar system can be constructed to detect objects at
varying
Distances using a combination of ultrasonic sensors and an Arduino
microcontroller.
Below is a step-by-step methodology to design and implement a basic
radar system using Arduino:

1. System Design Overview

The radar system will use an ultrasonic sensor to measure the distance of
objects
and an adjustable servo motor to rotate the sensor and scan the
environment. The
Arduino will process the data from the ultrasonic sensor, calculate
distances, and
control the servo's rotation. The system can display the detected object’s
distance on
a serial monitor or an LCD.

2. Hardware Requirements
Arduino Uno or any other compatible microcontroller
Ultrasonic Sensor (e.g., HC-SR04): For distance measurement.
Servo Motor (e.g., SG90): To rotate the ultrasonic sensor and scan for
objects.
Jumper Wires
Power Supply: For Arduino and servo motor.
Breadboard: For testing and connecting the circuit.
LCD Display (Optional): To display results visually.
Resistors and Capacitors (if necessary)
3. System Architecture
Arduino Microcontroller: Processes sensor data, controls the servo motor,
and interfaces
with other components (e.g., LCD).
Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): Emits ultrasonic waves and calculates the
time it takes
for the waves to bounce back from an object. The distance can be
calculated using the
time-of-flight principle.
Servo Motor: Rotates the sensor at a certain angle (e.g., 180° or 360°) to
scan the area in

16
front of it.
LCD (optional): Displays the distance of detected objects.

4. Circuit Connections
Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04):
VCC to 5V (Arduino)
GND to GND (Arduino)
Trigger Pin (T) to any digital pin (e.g., Pin 8)
Echo Pin (E) to any digital pin (e.g., Pin 9)
Servo Motor (SG90):
VCC to 5V (Arduino)
GND to GND (Arduino)
Control Pin to PWM-capable pin (e.g., Pin 10)
LCD (Optional):
VCC to 5V (Arduino)
GND to GND (Arduino)
SDA and SCL to Arduino’s I2C pins (A4 and A5 on Arduino Uno)

Circuit Connections Diagram-

5. Software Design
The software will handle the rotation of the servo motor, trigger the
ultrasonic sensor,
and calculate the distance. The measured distance can be displayed on a
serial monitor
or an LCD.

17
Steps for the Software:

Include Libraries:

Servo.h for controlling the servo motor.

LiquidCrystal_I2C.h (if using an LCD).
NewPing.h or direct ultrasonic handling functions for distance
measurement.

Servo Motor Rotation:

Set up the servo motor to rotate within the desired angle (e.g., 0° to 180°).
Use Servo.write(angle) to control the rotation of the sensor.

Ultrasonic Distance Measurement:

Send a trigger pulse from the Arduino to the sensor.

The ultrasonic sensor sends out a pulse and waits for the echo.

The time is measured between the sending and receiving of the echo.

Loop through Scanning:

Move the servo motor step-by-step, and at each position, trigger the
ultrasonic sensor to
measure the distance to the nearest object.
Optionally, store the angle and distance information for visualization.
Display the Results:

On the Serial Monitor:

Display the distance readings for each servo angle.

18
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENATION

To implement an Arduino-based radar system, we will use an ultrasonic

sensor
(e.g., HC-SR04) to detect objects and measure distances, combined with
an Arduino microcontroller (e.g., Arduino Uno). The system can be used
for various applications,
including obstacle detection, proximity sensing, and object tracking.

1. System Design Overview

Components Needed:
Arduino Uno (or any compatible board)
Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04) – For distance measurement
Servo Motor – To rotate the sensor for scanning a wider area
Jumper wires – For connections
Breadboard (optional) – For prototype connections

19
Power Supply – For Arduino and peripherals
Block Diagram:
Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): Sends out high-frequency sound waves
and listens for the reflected signal. It calculates the distance based on the
time taken for the echo to return.
Arduino Uno: Controls the ultrasonic sensor and processes the data. It
also handles the
logic to display the results or drive other actuators (e.g., servo motors).
Servo Motor (optional): Moves the ultrasonic sensor in a horizontal
direction to cover
a larger area (like a radar sweep).
LCD Display (optional): Displays distance readings or radar scan output.

2. System Design Details

A. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04):

The HC-SR04 has two pins responsible for emitting and receiving
ultrasonic waves:
Trig Pin: Sends out a pulse.
Echo Pin: Receives the reflected pulse.
The Arduino measures the time taken for the pulse to return and
calculates the distance
using the formula:
The speed of sound is approximately 343 meters per second (or 0.0343
cm/μs at room temperature).

B. Servo Motor ;
Using a servo motor allows the ultrasonic sensor to rotate and scan the
area. The motor

20
can be controlled via PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals from the
Arduino. This
setup helps to create a radar-like effect by sweeping the sensor over a
range of angles.

C. Arduino Code Logic:

The Arduino code performs the following tasks:

Trigger the Ultrasonic Sensor: Send a pulse to the Trig pin to trigger the
ultrasonic
sensor.
Measure the Echo: Listen for the echo signal on the Echo pin and
calculate the time it
takes for the pulse to return.
Distance Calculation: Using the time taken for the echo to return,
calculate the distance
to the object.
Control Servo Motor (Optional): Rotate the sensor to scan the area.
Display the Results: Send the calculated distance to an LCD display or
serial monitor.
Visual Feedback (Optional): Use LEDs to give visual feedback when an
object is detected
within a certain range.
3. Step-by-Step Implementation
Step 1: Wiring the Components
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor:

VCC to Arduino 5V.

Trig to any digital pin (e.g., Pin 9).

21
Echo to any digital pin (e.g., Pin 10).
GND to Arduino GND.
Servo Motor:

VCC to Arduino 5V.

Signal Pin to a PWM pin (e.g., Pin 11).
GND to Arduino GND.
LCD (optional):

22
CHAPTER 6:CODE OUTLINE

Servo motor-

#include <Servo.h>.
const int trigPin = 8;
const int echoPin = 9;
// defining time and distance
long duration;
int distance;
Servo myServo; // Object servo
void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // echoPin as an Input
Serial.begin(9600);
myServo.attach(10); // Pin Connected To Servo
}
void loop() {
// rotating servo i++ depicts increment of one degree
for(int i=15;i<=165;i++){
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();

Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(".");
}
// Repeats the previous lines from 165 to 15 degrees
for(int i=165;i>15;i--){
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(".");
}
}

23
int calculateDistance(){

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance= duration*0.034/2;
return distance;

24
Radar-
import processing.serial.*;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.io.IOException;
Serial myPort;// defubes variables

String distance="";
String data="";
String noObject;
String angle="";
float pixsDistance;
int iAngle, iDistance;
int index1=0;
int index2=0;
PFont orcFont;
void setup() {

size (1280 ,720);

smooth();
myPort = new Serial(this,"COM7", 9600); // change this accordingly
myPort.bufferUntil('.'); // reads the data from the serial port up to the
character ‘.’.
So actually it reads this: angle,distance.
}
void draw() {

fill(98,245,31);
// simulating motion blur and slow fade of the moving line
noStroke();
fill(0,4);
rect(0, 0, width, height-height*0.065);

fill(98,245,31); // green color

// calls the functions for drawing the radar
drawRadar();
drawLine();
drawObject();
drawText();
}
void serialEvent (Serial myPort) { // starts reading data from the Serial
Port
// reads the data from the Serial Port up to the character ‘.’ and puts it into
the String variable “data”.

25
data = myPort.readStringUntil('.');
data = data.substring(0,data.length()-1);

index1 = data.indexOf(','); // find the character ‘,’ and puts it into the
variable “index1”
angle= data.substring(0, index1); // read the data from position “0” to
position of the variable index1 or thats the value of the angle the Arduino
Board sent into the Serial Port
distance= data.substring(index1+1, data.length()); // read the data from
position
“index1” to the end of the data pr thats the value of the distance

// converts the String variables into Integer

iAngle = int(angle);
iDistance = int(distance);
}
void drawRadar() {
pushMatrix();
translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the starting coordinats to
new location
noFill();
strokeWeight(2);
stroke(98,245,31);
// draws the arc lines
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.0625),(width-width*0.0625),PI,TWO_PI);
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.27),(width-width*0.27),PI,TWO_PI);
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.479),(width-width*0.479),PI,TWO_PI);
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.687),(width-width*0.687),PI,TWO_PI);
// draws the angle lines
line(-width/2,0,width/2,0);
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(30)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(30)));
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(60)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(60)));
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(90)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(90)));
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(120)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(120)));
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(150)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(150)));
line((-width/2)*cos(radians(30)),0,width/2,0);
popMatrix();
}
void drawObject() {
pushMatrix();
translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the starting coordinats to
new location
strokeWeight(9);

26
stroke(255,10,10); // red color
pixsDistance = iDistance*((height-height*0.1666)*0.025); // covers the
distance from
the sensor from cm to pixels
// limiting the range to 40 cms
if(iDistance<40){
// draws the object according to the angle and the distance
line(pixsDistance*cos(radians(iAngle)),-
pixsDistance*sin(radians(iAngle)),(width-
width*0.505)*cos(radians(iAngle)),-(width-
width*0.505)*sin(radians(iAngle)));
}
popMatrix();
}
void drawLine() {
pushMatrix();
strokeWeight(9);
stroke(30,250,60);
translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the starting coordinats to
new
location
line(0,0,(height-height*0.12)*cos(radians(iAngle)),-(height-height*0.12)
*sin(radians(iAngle))); // draws the line according to the angle
popMatrix();
}
void drawText() { // draws the texts on the screen

pushMatrix();
if(iDistance>40) {
noObject = "Out of Range";
}
else {
noObject = "In Range";
}
fill(0,0,0);
noStroke();
rect(0, height-height*0.0648, width, height);
fill(98,245,31);
textSize(25);

text("10cm",width-width*0.3854,height-height*0.0833);
text("20cm",width-width*0.281,height-height*0.0833);
text("30cm",width-width*0.177,height-height*0.0833);

27
text("40cm",width-width*0.0729,height-height*0.0833);
textSize(40);
text("object detector", width-width*0.875, height-height*0.0277);
text("Angle: " + iAngle +" °", width-width*0.48, height-height*0.0277);
text("", width-width*0.26, height-height*0.0277);
if(iDistance<40) {
text(" " + iDistance +" cm", width-width*0.225, height-height*0.0277);
}
textSize(25);
fill(98,245,60);
translate((width-width*0.4994)+width/2*cos(radians(30)),(height-
height*0.0907)-width/2*sin(radians(30)));
rotate(-radians(-60));
text("30°",0,0);
resetMatrix();
translate((width-width*0.503)+width/2*cos(radians(60)),(height-
height*0.0888)-width/2*sin(radians(60)));
rotate(-radians(-30));
text("60°",0,0);
resetMatrix();
translate((width-width*0.507)+width/2*cos(radians(90)),(height-
height*0.0833)-width/2*sin(radians(90)));
rotate(radians(0));
text("90°",0,0);
resetMatrix();
translate(width-width*0.513+width/2*cos(radians(120)),(height-
height*0.07129)-width/2*sin(radians(120)));
rotate(radians(-30));
text("120°",0,0);
resetMatrix();
translate((width-width*0.5104)+width/2*cos(radians(150)),(height-
height*0.0574)-width/2*sin(radians(150)));
rotate(radians(-60));
text("150°",0,0);
popMatrix();
}

28
CHAPTER 7: FUTURE USE&APPLICATION
. Arduino-based radar systems are versatile and cost-effective,
offering numerous future applications across various industries. Here
are some potential uses:

Autonomous Vehicles:

Obstacle detection: Arduino radar can be integrated into self-driving

cars to detect objects and obstacles in real-time, improving safety by
providing additional sensors alongside cameras and LiDAR.
Speed and distance measurement: By utilizing radar to measure the
speed of surrounding vehicles, it could help in adaptive cruise control
and collision avoidance.
Drones and UAVs:

Collision avoidance:
Arduino-based radar can be used in drones to detect obstacles like
trees, buildings, or other flying objects, enhancing flight safety and
navigation.
Ground mapping and surveillance: Radar can be applied for
mapping terrains and surveillance in areas with low visibility,
providing valuable data for search and rescue missions.
Home Automation and Security:

Motion detection for security systems: Arduino radar can be

integrated into home
security systems to detect intruders or monitor movement in and
around the home.
Smart lighting control: Radar sensors could detect room occupancy
or movement,
triggering smart lighting systems to automatically adjust based on
user presence.
Industrial and Warehouse Robotics:

Inventory management: Radar can be used in warehouses for real-

time monitoring of stock, detecting movement of goods or robotic
vehicles, and even preventing collisions.
Industrial automation: Arduino-based radar systems can aid in
robotics applications for material handling, ensuring that robotic
arms or other devices avoid obstacles during operation.

27
Environmental Monitoring:

Weather and storm detection: Radar systems can detect weather

patterns, including precipitation or storm formation. Arduino-based
radar systems could be employed for
early warning in agricultural and emergency response settings.
Pollution detection: Radar technology could be used to detect
airborne pollutants or measure the concentration of certain gases,
contributing to environmental monitoring efforts.
Healthcare Applications:

Non-invasive health monitoring: Radar systems could detect vital

signs, such as heart
rate or respiration, from a distance, which may be used in patient
monitoring in
hospitals or for elderly care.
Fall detection: Radar sensors can detect sudden movements, like a
person falling, and trigger immediate alarms for medical attention.
Aerospace:

Satellite systems: Miniaturized Arduino-based radar systems could

support satellite-
based applications, such as Earth observation or tracking small debris
in space.
Agriculture:

Traffic monitoring and control: Radar systems can be used for

detecting traffic congestion, monitoring vehicle speed, and providing
real-time traffic management data
for urban planning.
Public safety: Radar sensors can be integrated into public spaces for
surveillance,
detecting unusual movement or crowds, enhancing safety in large
venues like stadiums
or shopping malls.
Military and Defense:

Border surveillance: Low-cost, small radar systems could be

deployed along borders
or in conflict zones to detect movement, providing early warning for
security forces.
Drone defense systems: Radar could be used to detect and track

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small drones in
restricted areas, helping to neutralize potential threats or
unauthorized surveillance.

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 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Arduino-based radar project demonstrates a practical

and cost
-effective approach to radar system design. By integrating key
components such as
an ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, and Arduino microcontroller, the
project successfully simulates basic radar functionality, including object
detection and distance measurement.
The system's ability to detect and track objects in real-time showcases the
versatility
of Arduino in developing electronic systems for a wide range of
applications, from
security to automation. Although the radar system built here is basic, it
serves as a
strong foundation for more advanced radar applications, which could
involve more
sophisticated sensors and data processing techniques. With further
refinements, the
Arduino-based radar could be enhanced with features like better
resolution, longer
range, and improved accuracy, opening up possibilities for its use in areas
like robotics, automotive safety, and environmental monitoring.

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References-
Websites-
https://projecthub.arduino.cc/hashan_sudeera/radar-system-using-arduino-
dedc7d
Youtube-
https://youtu.be/JvmIutmQd9U?si=1s8ZCqBiu_zKbiv_

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