SFC11623

COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE

Wan Fadhilah binti W Abu Bakar

0179434370
Topic 1:
Introduction to Computer
Hardware
CLO 2:
Explain the architecture of computer system to peers
using appropriate terminalogy
1.1 Explain the basic concepts of computer technology
Computer Architecture in general covers three aspects of computer design
namely:
Computer Hardware
Instruction set Architecture
Computer Organization.

Computer hardware
consists of electronic circuits, displays, magnetic and optical storage media
and communication facilities.

Instruction set Architecture

is programmer visible machine interface such as instruction set, registers,
memory organization and exception handling. Two main approaches are
mainly CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced
Instruction Set Computer)

Computer Organization
includes the high level aspects of a design, such as memory system, the
bus structure and the design of the internal CPU.
 Computer Generations

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Personal computer: Types of Computer
A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

Workstation:
A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer,
but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality
monitor.

Minicomputer:
A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users
simultaneously.

Mainframe:
A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.

Supercomputer:
An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.

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Basic computer

An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in

its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate the data
according to specified rules (process), produce information (output) from
the processing, and store the results for future use.
It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
Computer functions

1
Data processing

2
Data storage

3
Data transfer
 Computer organization & Computer architecture

The components from which computers are built- computer

organization.

The science of integrating those components to achieve a level of

functionality and performance - Computer architecture

Computer organization examines the wood, bricks, nails, and other

building material.

Computer architecture looks at the design of the house.

 Define computer architecture

A specification detailing how a set of software and hardware

technology standards interact to form a computer system or
platform.
In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer
system is designed and what technologies it is compatible
with.
A very good example of computer architecture is Von Neumann
architecture, which is still used by most types of computers today.
This was proposed by the mathematician John Von Neumann in 1945.
It describes the design of an electronic computer with its CPU, which
includes the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, memory for data
and instructions, an input/output interface and external storage functions.
VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
Computer top level structure
 Main structural components of computer:
Central processing unit (CPU):
Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions; known as processor.
Main memory: Stores data and program.
I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external
environment.
System interconnection:
Some mechanism that provides for communication among
CPU, main memory, and I/O.

A common example of system interconnection is by means of

a system bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires to
which all the other components attach.
 The major structural components of CPU:

1.Control unit: Controls all the operation of the CPU .

The CU determines the sequence in which computer
programs and instruction are executed.
2.Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the
computer’s data processing functions. Such as performs
arithmetic/ logic computations, Example of arithmetic
operation is - +, -, x, / and perform Logical Operation –
AND, OR, NOT.
3.Registers: Provides internal storage to the CPU. It is
fast internal storage and used to temporarily store
addresses, data, and processor status.
4.CPU interconnection/ internal bus: Some mechanism
that provides for communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers.
 Basic Funtional Units Of a Computer

A computer in its simplest form

comprises five functional units
namely:
input unit
output unit
memory unit
arithmetic & logic unit
and control unit.

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Basic organization of computer system
Input: provide instruction or data to the system. In order for a
computer to receive the requests and instructions of the user, some
methods of inputting data and information to the computer are
required.
Output: Needs to display the result to the user and to communicate
with the user and display information that is being worked on, output
device is required
Storage: Used to store instruction or data. Operation on data requires
access for more than one time, so data and instruction have to be
stored temporarily
Control: Control the processing of instructions and the movement of
data from one part of the CPU to another.
ALU: Where arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations are performed
 Major operations of computer system:

The input operation recognizes input from keyboard or mouse.

The processing operation manipulates data according to the
user’s instructions.
The output operation sends output to the video screen or printer.
The storage operation keeps track of files for use later. Examples
of storage devices include flash memory and hard drives.
The control -The process of input, output, processing and storage
is performed under the supervision of a unit called ‘Control Unit’.
Processing
The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical
operations is called processing
CPU-central processing unit
CPU takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of
calculations based on the instructions given and type of data provided
The result is then sent back to the storage unit.
The CPU is a computer chip located inside the system unit that performs the
calculation and comparisons needed for processing; it also controls the
computer’s operations.
Control

The process of input, output, processing and storage

is performed under the supervision of a unit called
‘control unit’
It decides when to start receiving data, when to stop it,
where to store data, etc
It takes care of step-by-step processing of all operations
inside the computer
 THE CONCEPT OF
INTERCONNECTION
WITHIN A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Interconnection Structures

A computer consists of a set of components

(CPU,memory,I/O) that communicate with each other.
Interconnection structure is the collection of paths connecting
the various modules.
Cont…
BUS INTERCONNECTION
A bus is a communication pathway connecting two or more
devices.
A key characteristic of a bus is that it is a shared transmission
medium.
A bus consists of multiple communication pathways, or lines.
Each line is capable of transmitting signals representing binary 1
and binary 0.

‹#›
BUS INTERCONNECTION
A sequence of bits can be transmit across a single line.

Several lines can be used to transmit bits simultaneously (in parallel).

A bus that connects major components (CPU, Memory,I/O) is called System Bus.
 Internal & External Bus
There are two main buses in a computer:
The internal (system/ local / front side bus) -
Connects all the internal components of a computer,
such as CPU and memory, to the motherboard. Is a type
of data bus that only operates internally in a computer or
system. It carries data and operations as a standard bus;
however, it is only used for connecting and interacting
with internal computer components.
The external (or expansion) bus - Connecting
peripherals and all external devices to a computer.
These devices can include storage, monitors, keyboard,
mouse and more.
Typically, an external bus is composed of electrical
circuits that connect and transmit data between the
computer and the external device. Being external to the
computer, external buses are much slower than internal
buses. Moreover, an external bus can be both serial or
parallel.
Internal & External bus
Internal Bus Structure

A system bus consists of 50-100 lines. Each line is assigned

a particular meaning or function.

The lines can be classified into three functional groups:

Data bus ( Data lines)
Address bus ( Address lines)
Control bus (Control lines)
Bus Interconnection Scheme
Data Lines / bus
Provide a path for moving data between system modules.
These lines, collectively, are called the data bus
The data bus typically consists of 8, 16 or 32 separate lines, the
numbers of lines being transferred to as the width of the data bus.
Each line carry only 1 bit at a time, the number of lines determines
how many bits can transferred at a time - overall system
performance.
Data will need to be moved between several of these elements. The path
along which data moves is called a data bus.
With a wider bus, the computer can move more data in the
same amount of time (or the same amount of data in less
time).
The Address Lines/ bus
Used to designate the source or destination of the data on the
data bus

The width of the address bus determines the maximum

possible memory capacity of the system.
When data is saved to (or loaded from) memory, the address of the
store location at which it is to be stored (or loaded) must also be sent.
The address of data always travels along an address bus.
The Control Lines/ bus
Used to control the access to and the use of the data and
address lines.
Typical control lines include: Bus request
Bus grant
Memory write
Interrupt request
Memory read Interrupt ACK
I/O write Transfer ACK
I/O read
Clock
Reset
The Control Unit sends and receives signals from all parts of the
computer which makes sure that all processes take place at the right
time and in the correct order. These signals travel along a control bus.
Definition of terms:
Memory write: Causes data on the bus to be written into the addressed
location
Memory read: Causes data from the addressed location to be placed on
the bus
I/O write: Causes data on the bus to be output to the addressed I/O port
I/O read: Causes data from the addressed I/O port to be placed on the
bus
Transfer ACK ("acknowledgement“): Delivers information that the data
was acknowledged (read) by the device.
Bus request: Indicates a device is requesting the use of the (data) bus.
Bus grant: Indicates the CPU has granted access to the bus.
Interrupt request: A device with lower priority is requesting access to
the CPU.
Interrupt ACK: Acknowledges that the pending interrupt has been
recognized
Clock: is used to synchronize data between the CPU and a device.•
Reset: Initializes all modules/ If this line is active, the CPU will perform
a hard reboot.
The operation of the bus
If one module wishes to send data:
obtain the use of the bus
transfer data via the bus

If one module wishes to request data:

obtain the use of the bus
Transfer request to the other module over the control and address
lines, then wait for that second module to send the data.
b) External bus (expansion bus)
An external bus connects external peripherals to the
motherboard.
The external bus, also known as expansion bus, is made up
of the electronic pathways that connect the different external
devices, such as monitor, printer etc, to the computer.
These external devices connect to ports on the back of the
computer .
Those ports are actually part of a small circuit board or 'card'
that fits into a connector on your motherboard inside the case.
 The following list are common expansion
buses( internal bus) in a PC system:
a. Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) – no longer used
b. Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) – no
longer used
c. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
d. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
e. Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)
f. Mini-PCI
Expansion bus ( external)
Universal serial bus (USB)
Fire wire - Apple Computer's version of a standard, IEEE
1394, High Performance Serial Bus, for connecting devices to
your personal computer.
Exercise
1.List two differences between computer organization & computer
architecture.
2.List and briefly explain the main structural components of a computer.
3.List 2 input output devices according to the categories.
4.List and briefly define the main structural components of a CPU.
5.Draw block diagram to illustrate the basic organization of computer
system.
6.Describe 5 (FIVE) major operations performed by a computer system.
7.Define the computers bus system
8.Draw and explain each function of computers bus system diagram.
Exercise
9.. Choose the correct answer
i. The unit which of performs arithmetic and logical
operations is called
a)ALU b)editing c)storage d) output

ii. The process of producing results from the data for

getting useful information is called
a)output b)input c)processing d)storage