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 Applications of Differential
Transform to Real World
Problems

This book is an invaluable resource for applied researchers to find the analytical solution of differen-
tial equations describing the dynamical system with less computational effort and time. It describes
the basic concepts of the differential transform method and solution of various real-world problems
described by simple to complicated differential equations. It provides a computational technique
that is not only conceptually simple and easy to use but also readily adaptable for computer coding.
Different chapters of the book deal with the basic differential equations involved in the physical
phenomena as well as a complicated system of differential equations described by the mathematical
model.
The book offers comprehensive coverage of the most essential topics, including

• Basic concepts and fundamental properties of the proposed technique with proof
• The solution of linear, nonlinear, homogeneous, and nonhomogeneous ordinary differential
equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs)
• The initial and boundary value problems
• Real-world ODE and PDE problems are also discussed

Applications of Differential Transform to Real World Problems is primarily aimed at undergradu-

ates, graduates, and researchers studying differential equations. Scientists dealing with complicated
differential equations or systems of differential equations will also find this book useful.
Applications of Differential
Transform to Real World
Problems

Yogeshwari F Patel
Jayesh M Dhodiya
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the
accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does
not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the
MATLAB® software.

First Edition published 2023

by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2022 Yogeshwari F Patel and Jayesh M Dhodiya

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ISBN: 978-1-032-18522-4 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-18523-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-25495-9 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003254959

Typeset in Times
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Preface................................................................................................................................................ix
Authors...............................................................................................................................................xi

Chapter 1 One-Dimensional Differential Transform Method....................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 ODDTM.............................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Basic Definition of the ODDTM............................................................. 2
1.2.2 Fundamental Properties of the ODDTM................................................. 3
1.3 Solution of a Linear Differential Equation by the ODDTM............................. 17
1.4 Solution of a Nonlinear Differential Equation by the ODDTM....................... 23
1.4.1 Riccati Differential Equation................................................................ 25
1.4.2 Lane–Emden Equation.......................................................................... 33
1.5 Higher-Order Nonlinear Singular Boundary Value Problems..........................36
1.6 Solution of an Integrodifferential Equation...................................................... 40
Exercises..................................................................................................................... 43
References................................................................................................................... 45

Chapter 2 Application of the One-Dimensional Differential Transform Method

to Solve Real-World Problems.................................................................................... 47
2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 47
2.2 Application of the ODDTM to an ODE Based on
Real-World Problems........................................................................................ 47
2.2.1 Problem of Population Growth and Decay........................................... 47
2.2.2 Mixing Problem.................................................................................... 51
2.2.3 Problem of Management Growth.......................................................... 55
2.2.4 Problem of Heat Transfer...................................................................... 57
2.2.5 Problem of Atmospheric Sciences........................................................ 60
2.2.6 Problem of Physical Sciences............................................................... 65
2.2.7 Problem of Electronic Engineering....................................................... 70
2.2.8 Problem of Civil Engineering............................................................... 72
2.2.9 Problem of Electrical Engineering........................................................ 74
Exercises..................................................................................................................... 77
References................................................................................................................... 78

Chapter 3 Solution of a System of Differential Equations by the One Dimensional

Differential Transform Method................................................................................... 79
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 79
3.2 Definition of a System of Differential Equations.............................................79
3.3 Solution of a System of Differential Equations by the ODDTM...................... 80
3.4 System of Integrodifferential Equations........................................................... 88
Exercises..................................................................................................................... 92
References................................................................................................................... 93

v
viContents

Chapter 4 A Coupled System of Ordinary Differential Equations–Based Real-World

Problems and Its Solution by the One Dimensional Differential Transform Method.......95
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 95
4.2 Compartment-Based Mixing Problem.............................................................. 96
4.3 Compartment-Based Chemical Risk Assessment Problem............................. 103
4.3.1 Mathematical Formula of Chemical Risk Assessment Problem......... 104
4.3.2 Solution of the CRAP by the ODDTM............................................... 106
4.3.3 Numerical Simulation of the CRAP................................................... 108
4.4 Surface Water Quality Problem in a Stratified Lake....................................... 110
4.4.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Surface Water Quality
Problem in a Stratified Lake............................................................... 111
4.4.2 Numerical Simulation of the Water Quality Problem in
Stratified Lake..................................................................................... 115
4.5 Transmission of a Computer Virus Problem (SAEIQRS Model)................... 118
4.5.1 Numerical Simulation of the Transmission of a Computer Virus
Problem (SAEIQRS Model)............................................................... 121
4.6 Nonlinear Two-Compartment Model of the Drug Delivery Problem............. 123
4.6.1 Using the ODDTM to Solve a Nonlinear Two-Compartment
Model of Drug Delivery...................................................................... 125
4.7 Susceptible–Infected–Recovered Epidemic Spread Model............................ 130
4.7.1 Mathematical Formulation of the SIR Epidemic Spread Model........ 130
4.7.2 Numerical Simulation of SIR Epidemic Spread................................. 131
Exercises................................................................................................................... 133
References................................................................................................................. 135

Chapter 5 Two-Dimensional Differential Transform Method................................................... 137

5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 137
5.2 TDDTM.......................................................................................................... 137
5.2.1 Basic Definition of the TDDTM......................................................... 137
5.2.2 Fundamental Properties of the TDDTM............................................. 138
5.3 Solution of PDE by the TDDTM.................................................................... 168
5.3.1 Solution of the Heat Equation............................................................. 174
5.3.2 Solution of the Wave Equation............................................................ 177
5.3.3 Solution of Laplace Equation.............................................................. 179
5.3.4 Solution of Diffusion–Convection Equation....................................... 181
5.3.5 Solution of Reaction–Convection–Diffusion Equation......................183
5.3.6 Solution of Reaction–Diffusion Equation........................................... 185
5.3.7 Solution of Nonlinear Gas Dynamics Equation.................................. 187
5.3.8 Solution of Klein–Gordon Equation................................................... 188
5.3.9 Solution of Time-Dependent Emden–Fowler-Type Equation............. 190
Exercises................................................................................................................... 192
References................................................................................................................. 193

Chapter 6 Application of the Differential Transform Method to a System of Partial

Differential Equations............................................................................................... 195
6.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 195
6.2 Solution of a System of Linear PDEs by the TDDTM................................... 195
6.3 Solution of a System of Nonlinear PDEs by the TDDTM.............................. 203
Exercises................................................................................................................... 210
References................................................................................................................. 211
Contents vii

Chapter 7 Solution of a Partial Differential Equation Describing Transport Phenomena

by the Differential Transform Method...................................................................... 213
7.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 213
7.2 Coupled System of Reaction Diffusion.......................................................... 213
7.3 Coupled Burgers’ Equation............................................................................. 218
7.4 Fokker–Planck Equation................................................................................. 222
7.5 Coupled KdV Equation................................................................................... 225
7.6 Jaulent–Miodek Equation............................................................................... 228
7.7 Whitham–Broer–Kaup Equation.................................................................... 230
Exercises................................................................................................................... 232
References................................................................................................................. 233

Chapter 8 A Compartment Model of the Reaction Diffusion Mechanism in Cell 42 and

Its Solution Using the Differential Transform Method............................................. 235
8.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 235
8.2 Compartment-Based Reaction and Diffusion Mechanism in a Cell with
Protein Binding............................................................................................... 235
8.2.1 Numerical Simulation......................................................................... 245
Exercises................................................................................................................... 253
References................................................................................................................. 255

Chapter 9 An Application of the Differential Transform Method to Solve Partial

Differential Equation–Based Real-World Problems................................................. 257
9.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 257
9.2 OTIS Model with Decay................................................................................. 258
9.2.1 Two-Compartment OTIS Model Neglecting Decay Rate
in River and Storage Compartments................................................... 259
9.2.2 OTIS Model with Decay..................................................................... 263
9.3 Compartment-Based Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Model............................ 267
9.3.1 Compartment-Based Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Model................ 267
Exercises................................................................................................................... 274
References................................................................................................................. 276

Chapter 10 Analytical Solutions Using the Differential Transform Method and Their
Convergence.............................................................................................................. 277
10.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 277
10.2 Convergence Analysis for ODE-Based Series by the DTM........................... 277
10.3 Convergence Analysis for PDE-Based Series by the DTM............................ 288
Exercises................................................................................................................... 291
References................................................................................................................. 291

Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 293
Preface
Engineers, scientists, researchers, and practitioners use mathematical modeling to solve problems
arising in their disciplines. Mathematical modeling can be categorized into at least two categories.
It involves translating natural laws and social rules into mathematical formulas, applying mathemat-
ical methods to analyze these formula, and comprehending the implications of the obtained results
for the original disciplines. A second type is to use mathematics to solve practical industrial or engi-
neering problems without necessarily developing their own mathematical theories.
The book Application of Differential Transform Method to Real World Problem deals with the
second kind of mathematical modeling as it solves the real-world problems that are occurring in
different disciplines involving large systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), partial
differential equations (PDEs), and systems of ODEs or PDEs. Many numerical, analytical, and
semi-analytical techniques are available in the literature to solve ODEs, PDEs, or systems of ODEs
or PDEs describing the various physical phenomena. The solution can be easily obtained by using
a numerical technique at discrete points, but sometimes, it contains a large number of errors. The
stability and convergence criteria are also major issues associated with the numerical technique.
At the graduate level, an efficient method is required that deals with all kinds of initial value and
boundary value problems with less computational effort and time. Students and researchers from
nonmathematical backgrounds can easily understand the technique and apply it to their field. This
book serves this purpose.
Thus, the objective of this book is to provide a computational technique that provides an analyt-
ical solution with computational efficiency, high accuracy, and less computational time and effort.
The book proposed the semi-analytical numerical technique known as the differential transform
method (DTM) to solve the mathematical model generated using different physical laws describing
the real-world problems involving ODEs, PDEs, or systems of ODEs or PDEs. DTM handles linear
and nonlinear problems in a simple manner by converting the system of complex ODEs, PDEs, or
systems of ODEs or PDEs to systems of algebraic equations, which reduce the computational time
as compared to the other methods. The book is divided into 10 chapters.
There are 10 chapters describing the basic concepts and how effectively the DTM provides solu-
tions to differential equations describing the real-world phenomena. It also discusses the MATLAB®
code for some of the linear and nonlinear problems.
Chapter 1, “The One-Dimensional Differential Transform Method” describes the basic concept
and solution procedure for finding the solution of an ODE with examples.
Chapter 2, “Application of the One-Dimensional Differential Transform Method to Solve Real-
World Problems,” describes the effectiveness and straightforward applicability to solve ODEs
involved in the different fields of science and engineering, as well as the field of management.
Chapter 3, “Solution of a System of Differential Equations by the Differential Transform
Method,” describes how easily the method provides solutions to large systems of linear, nonlinear,
homogeneous, and nonhomogeneous equations that describe the dynamical process.
Chapter 4, “A Coupled System of Ordinary Differential Equations–Based Real-World Problems
and Its Solution by the Differential Transform Method,” describes different real-world problems
from different fields in science and technology, namely, the chemical risk assessment problem, the
surface water quality problem, the transmission of computer virus problem, the two-compartment
drug delivery problem, and the Susceptible–Infected–Recovered model, and shows that how easily
the DTM handles the large coupled system of differential equations and provides an analytical solu-
tion with less computational efforts and time.
Chapter 5, “Two-Dimensional Differential Transform Method,” describes the basic and funda-
mental concepts of the two-dimensional DTM. It also demonstrates how efficiently the DTM solves

ix
xPreface

the heat equation, the wave equation, Laplace’s equation, the diffusion equation, the diffusion–­
reaction equation, the Klein–Gordon equation, and others while reducing computational efforts.
Chapter 6, “Application of the Differential Transform Method to a System of Partial Differential
Equations,” describes the computational efficiency in obtaining exact and analytical solutions for
various linear and nonlinear systems of PDEs.
Chapter 7, “Solution of a Partial Differential Equation Describing Transport Phenomena by the
Differential Transform Method,” describes the solution of the coupled PDE involved in the fluid
dynamics problem.
Chapter 8, “A Compartment Model of the Reaction Diffusion Mechanism in Cell 42 and Their
Solution by the Differential Transform Method,” describes the computational efficiency of using the
DTM to find an analytical solution for the reaction–diffusion mechanism of carcinogenic polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon in a mammalian cell from the field of biological sciences.
Chapter 9, “An Application of the Differential Transform Method to Solve Partial Differential
Equation–Based Real-World Problems,” describes the solutions for one-dimensional transport with
inflow and storage and the compartment-based double-pipe heat exchanger model from the civil and
mechanical engineering fields.
Chapter 10, “Analytical Solutions Using the Differential Transform Method and Their
Convergence,” shows the reliability and effectiveness of the approximated solutions obtained using
the DTM.
Authors
Dr. Yogeshwari F Patel works as an Assistant professor in the
Department of Mathematics, P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences,
Changa, Anand. She completed her BSc at Tolani College of Arts &
Science, Gujarat University, and received her MSc in mathematics from
the M. S. University of Baroda. She was awarded a PhD in mathematics
from Applied Mathematics and Humanities, SVNIT, Surat, in 2018. Her
thesis concerned the “Application of Differential Transform Method to
Compartment Modelling.” Her areas of research are mathematical mod-
eling and computation methods. She has published articles in various
reputed national and international journals, the details of which can be
found in the following link: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-2528.

Dr. Jayesh M Dhodiya works as an Associate professor in the

Department of Applied Mathematics and Humanities, SVNIT, Surat. He
completed his BSc at Bardoli P.G. Science College Bardoli and received
his MSc in mathematics from the Department of Mathematics, South
Gujarat University Surat, Gujarat; he received his BEd degree from Veer
Narmad, South Gujarat University, Surat. He was awarded his PhD in
mathematics from the Department of Mathematics, Veer Narmad, South
Gujarat University, Surat, in 2009. His thesis was concerned with the
“Development of Mathematical Model for Optimum Cropping Pattern
and of Knowledge Management System in Crop Management.” He
cleared the Gujarat Public Service Commission examination for mathe-
matics in 2010. He has total 15.8 years of teaching experience. His areas
of research are operation research, mathematical modeling and simulation, computing, and knowl-
edge management. He has published articles in various reputed national and international journals.
He has guided six PhD students, one MPhil student, and 27 MSc dissertations. He teaches vari-
ous courses, including engineering mathematics, mathematical modeling and simulation, discrete
mathematics, operation research, quantitative methods. He has taught Master of Science, Master of
Computer Application, Master of Business Administration, Bachelor of Technology, Bachelor of
Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Bachelor of Computer Application, Bachelor of Business Administration
courses. He has also published three chapters: Total Quality Management in Global Education
System (2008) (International Book); Navigating Globalization on through Quality Initiatives,
Quality Management with Automatic Data Collection with Web Source (2010) (International Book),
and Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship, Information Communication Technology Based
Structure for Business Intelligence (2010), (International Book). He is active member of many pro-
fessional societies, including the Gwalior Academy of Mathematical Sciences, SRM, and others. He
has also organized many workshops, Short Term Training Program, and national and international
conferences. Details of his publications can be found at the following link: https://sites.google.com/
view/drjayeshmdhodiya/home.

xi
 1 One-Dimensional Differential
Transform Method

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Mathematical modeling of real-world dynamical problems leads to linear, nonlinear ordinary, or
partial differential equations that describe the relationship between the physical system’s different
input and output parameters. From the past decade to now, researchers, scientists, engineers, and
mathematicians have developed numerous methods to find an exact, analytic, or numerical approxi-
mate solution for the system developed from mathematical modeling, which has its advantages and
disadvantages. Differential equations arise in many problems, such as the oscillations of electrical
and mechanical systems, the conduction of heat, the bending of beams, the velocity of chemical
reaction, the transport of the solute, and others, and play a significant role in modern engineering
and science studies. Numerical methods, such as the finite volume method, the finite difference
method, the finite element method, and others, describe the solution of the system at a discrete
point that requires extensive computational resources. The stability and convergence analysis are
also major issues with the numerical methods. Integral transforms, such as Fourier transforms and
Laplace transforms, are often applied to find the differential equation solution. The advantage of
these integral transforms lies in their ability to transmute the given differential equations into alge-
braic equations, which provide efficient and straightforward solution procedures but fail to work
efficiently with nonlinear problems. However, the analytic method, like the homotopy perturbation
method, a combination of perturbation and homotopy method, requires small or large perturba-
tion parameters to start the procedure. If the perturbation parameters are not selected appropriately,
then it is impossible to obtain the solution. While dealing with a nonlinear differential equation, it
requires a function (initial guess) in each iteration, which is tricky. Many methods have been devel-
oped to deal with the nonlinear term appearing in ordinary or partial differential equations. Some
of the methods that deal with nonlinear terms are the Adomian decomposition method (ADM),
the variational iteration method (VIM), the modified Adomian decomposition method (MADM),
the variational homotopy perturbation method (VHPM), and others. In all the techniques men-
tioned earlier, convergence analysis is essential for obtaining the series’ solution. In all the methods
mentioned earlier, good accuracy can be obtained by considering more terms of the series, which
is a tedious task. ADM for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) or partial differential
equations (PDEs) is simple in the abstract formulation, but it requires the calculation of Adomian
polynomial, which depends on the initial approximation. Suppose the initial approximation is not
considered correctly. In that case, a solution may not be physically justified, so it is necessary to
consider the proper initial approximation to obtain the physically realistic solution, which is a diffi-
cult task. The variational iteration method requires producing the correct function using Lagrange’s
multipliers and stationary conditions by using variational theory, which is problematic. Besides
this, other disadvantages are repeated computation and computation of unneeded terms, which con-
sume time and effort. In the homotopy analysis method, an auxiliary linear operator is required to
construct a continuous mapping of an initial guess approximation to the exact solution of the given
equation. An additional parameter is needed to show the convergences of series solutions obtained
by this method, which are difficult to identify. This technique embeds a parameter p, which ranges
from 0 to 1. When the embedding parameter is zero, the equation is a linear system, and when it is 1,
the equation represents the original system. So, the embedded parameter p ∈ [0,1] can be considered

DOI: 10.1201/9781003254959-1 1
2 Applications of Differential Transform to Real World Problems

a small parameter. To overcome all the mentioned issues, we suggest an efficient semi-analytical
approach, the differential transform method (DTM), for dealing with linear and nonlinear differen-
tial equations.
The DTM has no unrealistic assumptions or restrictions, such as linearization, discretization,
or small parameters used for nonlinear operators, to mention a few. It converts the system into a
recursive formula that is easy to handle. Thus, the DTM addresses linear and nonlinear problems
efficiently. Some authors consider the DTM as an iterative method or numerical method or semi-
numerical analytic method. The DTM can be defined as follows:

Differential transform method is a semi-numerical-analytic iterative method that describes the solution
of a ODEs or PDEs or system ODEs and PDEs into a series form that further sometimes can be con-
verted into a closed form, that is, an exact solution.

The DTM is derived from the traditional Taylor series method, which requires the complicated and
tedious symbolic computation of higher-order derivatives. It transforms the differential equation or
system of ODEs or PDEs into a recursive formula that calculates the series solution coefficient. The
differential transform method reduces the span of the computational domain compared to the other
techniques and doesn’t require the uneeded parameters to start the solution procedure. The series
solution obtained by using DTM shows rapid convergence. One of the most significant advantages
of DTM is that it obtains the solution of the given differential equation on a continuous interval.
Thus, its straightforward applicability, computational efficiency, and high accuracy make the DTM
one of the powerful and efficient methods to solve the differential equations or system of differential
equations.
This chapter discusses the one-dimensional differential transform method (ODDTM) with its
fundamental properties. This chapter also discusses the solution of differential equations involved in
different fields of science and technology.

1.2 ODDTM
The ODDTM is a semi-analytical technique derived from Taylor’s series method for the solution of dif-
ferential equations in the form of a polynomial. The solution obtained using the DTM may be in exact
or an approximated form. The DTM’s approximate solution does not always exhibit the real behavior
of the problem but provides an excellent approximation to the exact solution. Its simplicity and versatil-
ity make DTM a promising technique for solving linear, as well as nonlinear, ODEs or PDEs.

1.2.1 Basic Definition of the ODDTM

The basic definition of the ODDTM is introduced in this section [1, 2].

Definition 1: If u(t) is analytic in the time domain T, then

d ku  t 
   t ,k  , t  T , (1.1)
dt k

for t = ti, ϕ(t, k) = ϕ(ti, k), where k belongs to the nonnegative integer, denoted as the K-domain.
Therefore, Equation 1.1 can become

 d ku  t  
U i  k     t i ,k    k  , t  T , (1.2)
 dt  t  ti
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