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The document discusses the fundamentals of communication systems, including signal types, properties, and transformations. It covers both analog and digital signals, their characteristics, and the importance of noise and distortion in signal transmission. Additionally, it addresses communication system components and the mathematical principles underlying signal processing, such as Fourier transforms and Shannon's capacity.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views93 pagesSMJ Notes
The document discusses the fundamentals of communication systems, including signal types, properties, and transformations. It covers both analog and digital signals, their characteristics, and the importance of noise and distortion in signal transmission. Additionally, it addresses communication system components and the mathematical principles underlying signal processing, such as Fourier transforms and Shannon's capacity.
Uploaded by
sambitadutta8Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 93
Basics of Commun cabion
Stonals ane variables Hob coy an formation . vo Lager and ewes Abo gjnudt -
Acoushiec Amal > andso or «peeth atgnols .
video zigmalh — rotensity variation ap an sage:
Biologion! signal > Aggwance of baser of a gene.
Noise — unwanted Algmals.
Defini Hena ’
* Voltage + forte whith amoves an elestricnl ewoient ogainah
Hesistante -
+ Woweforen —> Ure shope of sigmol derived from ibe omplfae
and frequen over a fixed Bune .
* Aanptade > amarimum valre of a signal, mensurted from
tts awertoge stoke .
+ Prequeney —> the mo. of bycles produced per second .
Si. Rogies *
gr) Rosie att) lo]
CT Algnals towne om meol or 6 pet
Compo values at a function of jaw ne
shctepertont vadables that Hanger Het
over dhe Ke mumbo and
1Se NO)
are denoted an ~(t). “yo 2 Y “uw 2 og
to mos
oT sigmals Lone on Heal or wari
Complex wales Hane ranges over the an Legare and ote
denoted ao [nm],
Amodeg signals
» Human vile, enn Kravognises Zouncls Lowe vy Less,”
+ AM aucllo ~ 95 KH & [eos Kz
+ PM cractig — 8g IMHZ «be 108 MHz. . digital signals
Fo meprccented hy £qtiote wows ond all dole rLeprezeinked ty
binary values
. single Pinay Digtt — br,
s Tanivmriseiny of conGguour group af bite ha bit steam,
Amato, advantages
« besk sled for aucllo and u'deo
» consume Less hand willy
© available world ustole
Less suseptible L moise.
| Digby advantages
(bert for tomputan otota -
* Can be tnoily compressed
+ Can he encrypted “and prtovitler better ebuiity ,
+ equipment ke mone common and Less ex pensive
A/p - D/A eorwersions . .
eS
| * gateway Prom the Womrmariention devite 19 dhe channel.
Ny quick Sampling Thworem + Pom kitne dorharhr 1 the Bide
| Prequenty a6 the atgmod in ® Ha, the 44pma) tom be Heconstreles
fom us somples , Loven ot a rote mot Less dan ap Aaonples
per second, Ay frag 2B j eon Iiickin — fy 3B :
x
+ Buonksation +» fem amplitade absnmath , An bE quantisation ,
b tnbewols LeaM. Usually Hore ae 9 & Ie bike ond arto
Peformance + s'grol ky moise nolo,
pr Wy we den wilh Lomphex stomoLi ?
Comphen signals ane ction’ omalytically curplen f ote with
Hon neo Aignols erheriathy an digit Cammmunieation,
eal
a) i alae tlh 5
tt od
a Ry edeeey = vos {atlas
RRMA. cos [VE],
”
BRR IW
R Gales
Periodic amd Afetiodie
A oright- at % Qyet0 For XT ana kept sided
Aignod in Geto for L>T white Too be ave or eve.
pal’ att)
T tz
Rounded and Unbeunded Signals
Bouncted tlymal an a agra wlth foo finite value ab al
anstors of He, Unbounded sigma wher Bor s6 Pinite value
OF omy anchunti ef EN et Shar estes
unboundeg | *H)
SS be
~ ——Ft Even And odd Signals
if a(ht) = - alt) 2. odd itr \
act = aly
any signal ui a sun of unique odd and ewer, Aigrals
and xb = %& (WY ~ % LY)
SD wen zlgnall «
at) = ag (Y + % CO
ale) (6) and %o(Y = VS (al) aly)
4g (D = 05 (
att) men
4
h » . OK ‘
t
aco Ante
~~,
nh
Powen And Ener oy Signals ..
Energy Sigal Rar Pinite duration meumalized “enaNDY in mie
| iwile and mo- Jerr Normalized power oweroged over 16 finile
|| time w mero and plry sieoLby Aeol male .
| Power | top ( =
z
dain = 10 tog ( Yio2) whure Pd ar Walls,
10
abn = 0 Lop (Yod where Vr an vols, Communication Sys km
am (4)
emestage Prem? ‘ m(t)
sountee \ neice”
a(Y
—_ Tranionitteor | HP Ea 8 (Hi |
. ae veda hy
Aiprod gees amestaye
nereivect O sim
The communi cation Ayako ty a 4yxtirn which desuubes He
exebange f + formation hehsean tw polnz. The process of dyans—
Isher and Receplion of Aigmod or information in cotled communi -
cation. Components ef Communication Ayden
The sourte : Tt wriginalas © message, Aude oo ravessoge dor,
oe
durmon vette, eft. TE the dota mn men elecbue dren at is
Corwerted fo eterbu'e rave foam by basking fous it Hytough an
Inpub von daween -
The rermnem blew: Tk modifies the baseband il er offrelent
a motifs fhe Indaba sige
Homamission. The danvoms How anay ecrecicyrecst connie of. one
or mone AubsyARms } an encoolur 7 ALD corwentir, mmo dubs.ler.
Channd Tk in the medium — wire coanal enble , woneguide,
—=—-_
ee which com worwey the domimitter outet oven a Aistones .
Receiver: Reeeiven Heproeesios fhe siqmod Fem the ehonnel
by Haan en Ha Algrod anodifieaton mocle at the dewmillor
ond the ehanndl, Tp amoy tontatn Aeeooter, D/A, converter,
demodulolor , elt .
Desbraben : Tk tb the Find uit vohaere dre pasegign wo
Cormmenleaa
Mess Nye lled baseload siprals having Lowe Prequeny
ap “hl case) ROI GRE Takes RGA
spol 0 Cap) and WOW fore tigh freqnoney be. Peenter dane 300 Kite
4 “
Petouninistie signals
Signals dhak com he modeled ar Completely specified function,
of Hime. These mo uneetalnty wilh nespecr & ik value ab
omy anshomk of chine.
Random Signals
These signals cornet be Lompletely ‘ypelified as a Pumelim Line
(| amust he am atrvern.oSG Coty modelled s prpbabitistieally, The oe |
& rondom Aienol ab omy dina tenk to mek uno ans! cannot be |
| prestieles) Prom a tnowlede of valuex ak ofan pack shetenb .
Power, Distoti noice
oa Distortion | Notse
|
|
|
Power: conahalred by dlewiee, bablery | Anes tlh, seaues ete, |
Aistortion +. gateatite’ > almosk Plo over Praguanes , chomges Ap
over Lime. + fibres’ 5 purfect. |
SCble wm Line “—> resborie voy aiflount over Pregueney,
Chowrge AUighty over Kme »
+ Pbwireles — worst, Mutlipol Are}lection causes
Poschration ph Preqreney response. Dopplr sift causes pluthaation
| Over Lime. tans " : |
|) Nelse and Sot AWGN > Addifive White Gaussian Noise
| Srvterperentes: power Une, anicno wove, elt :
How towaistions dow over emadia
ee oe vers mel
* Siropkex —yonby uh one dlrection.
* Halp-duplen > dvawels an ei tWor ainecti but mol bolle anliom
at dhe came Lme-
|. Full chuphex —> con cravel 2m eithor direction sumnutteneoundy,
| Coaxial Cable
+ Rob bybe of enehoouclng ceneshia, used
sovatlable in different’ Leber (RGb ~!
Coble Ty, RGSYU > thud eternit, REZ-
Hien etrornet )
\ Aaryely Replaced by Hwithed pair of
mebsorke, UnsbWielsed Twisted i :
Adwomboges: + a5 expensive | eany Lo braid foit
. terminale , widely used ard tested, —
| Aupporta mony metworur, Lyper..
Sisadwantases : Juteptable b awnterfounte , pune f domoye dud
‘ : Tratatlation, distance bimidalionn mot followed «
Glass Media
scone of Vee | ex drided glow or plastic
+ Aivgle ancole is 0.06 of amieton un
Vamettr . fone Clocting “Lg.
s muliimoce = 0:6 mictons.
* Routing con be Kelvar, Pibre gle oF even steel.
* ouker toning arose fem, Phre- prook plastic .
Adwowstoses “* Con be fnotaUled over lo Bistance
* prouieles forge amount of band wiclHs
sot acta auttepUble b emt REL.
“cannot he appeal ensiby,
Bisodvantopes |e most urpenaive mera £6 InotnU
* Wi gonioux quitetines for instalation.
woieless :
+ nace dramamils af ioe gb
ene.
Mivwwones hawamib at lune f S00 GHe.
+ Infored drommmils ot S00 Guo t> 4 THe.
Roclio Hon seisins emouy anrelucle marrow band , Arigh powerad
Frequency tro pp A, + z [An Coe (met + qn)
mal ,
| whoie 2 As
TWe fs alco unoun ao polar form of Fourint Series, Fourier Trons fox
Fowler chow forum ee aed of ft) ie F(o)
€ (eo) = ¥{ Ro} = fpye Je at s
Flt) = HG eto = et f tle) F* aw
an
=.
f(Y <> Fle) je a Powln Tramofoun pak.
FAROP giver a speetia comieting of continuous sum ef
exponential: with Prequencies sounging From -® B +2.
F(a) = lela] JP
whore [el] te tre conGnuous Amplitude speetuum ef HY
end @lw) & the continu: ap phase.
t
S(t) ob
1 ded ‘an (4)
+ Fowsion Tran foam of ‘singe Reetanpulor fulte
FIs reek (tye W(t/e) 2 1 for HAUG
fer a 17%,
20
ee \yt “
F (00) = S HH eV at. f wt
“ “Ho.
DI yp
2 (eet)
je ah, . jo
2 TA aan (O72) ~ te ee (w0t/2y
Je i
aun (°Y .
fle) = [* at DT. Kane (whe),
Hrs F (wo)
4
anna
ho ° % -
sine (a) = san (%)
Sine Pre pertier :
1 ede) to am ever fumelion of
2. sane (*) co whole sine 0 he
2. USing LU HBitals Auhe, it eon be shower aude (0) 21
4. sine C4) oge/Uater and monolonienlly derierser a4 Von. _
m2, %,de-
ar ae EMR —
' es
ees Fowler cramaform of o single aera oer pute
Properties of Fourier “Trans Pou.
J Linenrity or superpedition
Tf a) and ayy) dowe forlorn tron forms %(4) and x, (f)
Respectively pun for atl tonatars a anda, we can wie
[ae + amy] gf» [ami G) + a, 5 O]
Th mens tant the Linen tombination oP inputs golr draneforme
tno Linea eombination of Hatin Fourulen dranofonme |
| rey
Pot
meet € [av (ey + 3 (49) S f [ove ly + Oy % (3) evtt at
“2 \
= fay () eit ay Searaly) eJ Eat
ey
= a %(F) + a, x)
2
Proved.
2. Tare Seating . , ,
Aat, alt) and XCF) former a fowler Branoform par and
det a be a combmt | Hens
Cat) Ln 1 (Mh),
TWh mens:
Y lat) represents Lime 4, alot) will be expancled and XCF) & compressed,
Prof: Cnse-t when Aa>O.
e[a(au] = fay JAH yt
= deh at at.
Cy
5 ie ¥-kdt = de
= fly edits at dts at
-20 aw dt = at
x
ro .
- 1 JOY
F [ala] = tf ales Se A 4
co K
x (fa),
| , ta ON
Cose - when a £0}
oa Fa cjontt
f [nay] 2 falve jonft at
a het,! bb woe
. OR (fat kdb de
. a(t) e “ :
f J As apna
| ! Migr
xX;
2, efaley] = ob x1)...
2 Coanbininns dhe foo results £ [=] oo x (fe),
1 al ,
Spriticance of eating prope
Se Aigilel Communication , @ Droud of Rigtted pultes is dmsnity
Te moet xucl pulser pen t
|— 7 —
|
emnorvio pulse
onl)
~—9t
Comprestion Ln Zirne domain = exprestion ah Prequenty domain
© Fig Signi Preanee of Hime. Realy Ho ppentty « 3. Dual or Aymmelry property.
fo at) gf, XCF)
Mon X(t) A> mH Cf).
TWh ameans Hat af alt) xf), shan the shape of Hae
Algol 25 tne Hme clormain and slrape of i apeciium can be
intorchonged :
Proof. val) ef ey) oie ap af
-0
patting beet
bY = fru eset ae
-2
interchanging cond f
a(-F) = f xy eo PTE ge 2 e[xly]
<0
leg 225 RW " Proved=
4. Arex under a(t) : .
Td property ctates that the arerarunier the cine (tb)
eyrele tre value of she fourier Fiero forom ab fro.
Twin means if a(t) ZL XCF) than,
Bree under a(t) = fx) at = ao x10),
. 4
TOW oee nar a(t) < [at 2 Jue erteae
= -a at f20
2 x(F) at feo,
“yore uurctern a(t) = A (0),
5. Aree uncter &(f)
sf att) <£5 x(t) then,
Oren unl Ke f KMD af s al), —O
Proof: Rem Mrwerte Pounlen Tranohnne
MOE Fels SF at
a : patting tro 46 eg, O —'
o ro)
we) = f xe’ af = f x) 4g.
oO ob
ance unos x(f 2 clo), (Proved)
b. Frequenty shift
ott) al xt) and al & compen,
1 (ZB QM bey
Prost oer, by TPT;
al = fx. oP ae
-o
Pande wom Lex Conjugate om both «tole
aA(t) = [f xe. eit ag)"
at De fTlD eV ag
putting fe-f
at (yc f x* (4) oan ae
~o
at (the po [xn]
or, at cf oy x Of), Pe .
Shectrum Analyser shows Mequeny Peman
hows Maquenty Donn’
Shectitum olnatyse
A Abectiam anabyser measives ‘the mihi te of 00 despa
Aignal versus Prequenty acoarngee wilhur, Pull plequenty range oF de
wehuments tt measures Preqenuy, power , Rorrmonict , distonlion
noise, xpwrious cignals and bandwidth.
Tt & an electionic receiver —
© Menge amon taste of Atgnols
+ does mot mensune phate of angus
+ complements time demas, 9”
Sigrod Trancmiscfor Trough Unens. ne Srwartiant
