FINAL Date: 23/02/2018 Extent: 392pp Spine: 20mm

Approved
by the Ministry of
Primary and Secondary
Mathematics Education

Unlock your potential to a bright future!

FORM Keys to Mathematics is a stimulating and exciting course specifically developed for

2
the NEW Zimbabwean Mathematics Curriculum. The course covers all grades in

Mathematics
the Primary and Secondary Phases. Keys to Mathematics teaches learners the skills
and concepts needed to be successful in Mathematics by relating it closely to the
k
Le

ar
oo

n e r ’s B learner’s everyday world.

ORRM
FFO M

Mathematics FORM 2
Keys to Mathematics in the Secondary Phase expands on themes and topics laid down

2
as foundations in the Primary Phase for Mathematics, helping learners consolidate their
knowledge and prepare them for further studies in this field.

k
Important features of Keys to Mathematics Form 2 Learner’s Book

Le
ar

oo
• Content made accessible through short and clear explanations supported by functional n e r ’s B
illustrations
• Opportunities to investigate mathematical problems through a variety of activities
• Examples with fully worked out answers to introduce and explain new concepts
• Assessment activities throughout the book to help revise new concepts and prepare
learners for the examination

Features of Keys to Mathematics Form 2 Teacher’s Guide

• An introduction to each Topic

Learner’s Book
• Practical guidance and teaching techniques to support each activity in the Learner’s Book
• Answers to all the activities in the Learner’s Book

NEW Curriculum, 2017 I S B N 978-1-316-64925-1

Approved by the Ministry

of Primary and Secondary
Betty Chadambuka • Jennifer Mudehwe
Education 9 781316 649251
Contents
Topic 1: Real numbers 1
Unit 1 Number concepts and operations  3
Factors and integers 4
Highest common factor (HCF) 6
Multiples6
Lowest common multiple (LCM) 8
Problems involving LCM and HCF 8
Perfect squares 10
Squares11
Square roots 12
Cubes14
Cube roots and notation 14
Unit 2 Approximation and estimation 17
Significant figures 18
Rounding to stated number of significant figures 19
Estimation21
Application of estimates 22
Unit 3 Ratios and proportions 24
Ratio24
Simplifying ratios 25
Sharing  27
Proportions29
Direct proportion 29
Inverse proportion 31
Unit 4 Standard form 33
Revision of indices and equivalent fractions 33
What is standard form? 34
Characteristics of standard form 34
Small numbers in standard form: meaning of a negative power 35
Word problems involving standard form 37
Unit 5 Number bases 38
Expanding a number in a given base 39
Converting from base 10 to any base 41
How to convert from one base to another 43
Problems involving number bases 46
Unit 6 Scales47
Types of scales  47
Scale drawings 49

Topic 2: Sets56
Unit 1 Sets57
Set notation and symbols 57
 Union and intersection of sets 57
Venn diagrams 59
Number of elements in a Venn diagram 62
Using Venn diagrams to solve real−life problems 66

Topic 3: Financial mathematics 71

Unit 1 Corporate bills 72
Unit 2 Profit and loss 75
Unit 3 Simple interest 78
Terminology79
Deriving the general formula for simple interest 80
Unit 4 Hire purchase 81
Unit 5 Small scale enterprise budgets 84

Topic 4: Measures and mensuration 92

Unit 1 Measures93
Units of length 94
Units of area 94
Units of volume 97
Capacity99
Density101
Unit 2 Perimeter104
Triangles104
Quadrilaterals109
Circles112
Unit 3 Area114
Rectangles and squares 114
Triangles116
Parallelograms and trapeziums 120
Circles124
Unit 4 Volume of cuboids 126
Different types of cuboids 128
Unit 5 Density of cuboids 130

Topic 5: Graphs134
Unit 1 Functional graphs 135
Cartesian plane 135
Scale139
Unit 2 Linear graphs 141
The table of values method of sketching linear graphs 143
Unit 3 Travel graphs 146
Distance-time graphs 147
Distance travelled 147
Distance from a certain point 148
Topic 6: Variation 155
Unit 1 Direct variation 155
Direct variation between linear quantities 156
Direct variation between non−linear quantities 159

Topic 7: Algebra 164

Unit 1 Algebraic expressions and algebraic manipulations 166
Like and unlike algebraic terms 166
Substitution in algebraic expressions 167
Factors of algebraic terms 168
Revision of common factors 169
Revision of common multiples 169
Expanding algebraic expressions with brackets 169
Factorising linear algebraic expressions 170
Factorising by grouping 172
Factorising quadratic algebraic expressions 173
Quadratic expressions with 1 or −1 as the coefficient of the squared term 175
The difference of two squares 177
Perfect squares 178
Algebraic fractions 179
Unit 2 Equations 183
Linear equations 183
Changing the subject of the formula 184
Word problems 185
Linear equations with brackets 187
Linear equations with fractions 189
Simultaneous linear equations 192
Quadratic equations 199
Unit 3 Inequalities 203
Formulating linear inequalities 203
Representing inequalities on a number line 205
Representing inequalities on a Cartesian plane 206
Solving linear inequalities 211
Multiplication and division by negative numbers 213
Word problems involving inequalities 214
Unit 4 Indices 216
Laws of indices 216
Squares and square roots 220
Cubes and cube roots 221

Topic 8: Geometry 228

Unit 1 Points, lines and angles 229
Revision of types of angles 229
Parallel lines and transversal lines 233
Corresponding angles 233
Alternate angles 234
Co-interior angles 235
Unit 2 Bearing 239
Cardinal points 239
Three-figure bearing 242
Compass bearing 244
Unit 3 Polygons 248
Revision 248
Naming of polygons 249
Regular and irregular polygons 251
Triangles 254
Properties of triangles 255
Sum of the interior angles of a triangle 257
Relationship of length of sides and size of interior angles in a scalene triangle 257
Quadrilaterals 260
Properties of quadrilaterals 261
Sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral 262
Properties of a parallelogram 262
Rhombus 265
Properties of a rhombus 267
Unit 4 Similarity and congruency 268
Similar figures 268
Similar triangles 272
Notation 273
Congruent figures 277
Congruent triangles 278
Unit 5 Constructions 284
Revision 284
Constructing the perpendicular bisector of a line segment 289
Bisecting a given angle 292
Constructing a 60° angle 294
Constructing a 30° angle 296
Constructing a 45° angle 297
Unit 6 Symmetry 300

Topic 9: Statistics 306

Unit 1 Data collection and classification 307
Collecting statistical data 307
Classifying statistical data 308
Tabulating statistical data 308
Unit 2 Data representation 312
Bar charts 313
Pie charts 315
Unit 3 Measures of central tendency 319
Mean 319
Median 320
Mode 320
Assumed mean for ungrouped data 322
Topic 10: Vectors 326
Unit 1 Vectors 327
Definition of a vector 327
Vector notation 327
Vectors on a Cartesian plane 328
Unit 2 Types of vectors 330
Translation vector 330
Unit 3 Operations with vectors 333
Addition of vectors 333
Subtraction of vectors 334

Topic 11: Matrices 338

Unit 1 Order of matrices 339
Definition of a matrix 339
Uses of matrices 339
The order of a matrix 340
Unit 2 Types of matrices 341

Topic 12: Transformation 345

Unit 1 Translation 345
Translation vectors 347
Unit 2 Reflection 351

Topic 13: Probability 360

Unit 1 What is probability? 360
Probability in everyday life 360
Probability terms 361
Probability notation 362
Unit 2 Experimental probability 363
Calculating probability 363
Theoretical and experimental probability 364

Term 1 Revision exercises 369

Term 2 Revision exercises 373

Term 3 Revision exercises 378

Glossary and index 383

Topic
1 Real numbers

Learning objectives
In this topic you will:
• find factors and multiples of numbers, including the
highest common factor and lowest common multiple
• calculate squares and square roots
• calculate cubes and cube roots
• round off numbers to given significant figures
• solve problems involving approximation and estimation
• simplify ratios and solve problems involving ratios
• distinguish between direct and inverse proportion
• solve problems involving direct and inverse proportion
• express numbers in standard form and ordinary form
• convert a number in any base to base ten and vice versa
• solve everyday life problems using number bases
• discuss types of scales
• find scales from given information
• use a given scale to measure lengths, draw lines or diagrams
and calculate distances.

Glossary
approximation – the value of a cube root – that number that
quantity after it has been rounded multiplies by itself three times
off to some degree of accuracy to create the cube value
base – the number of different decimal comma – a comma
digits or combination of digits separating the whole numbers
and letters used in a counting from the decimal fraction part
system to represent numbers of a decimal number
binary – base two decimal form – having digits on
composite numbers – multiples either side of a decimal comma
of prime numbers degree of accuracy – the expected
convert – to change from one level of approximation
form or type to another denary base – base ten
cube – the result of a number
multiplied by itself three times

Topic 1 Real numbers 1

 direct proportion – the relationship multiple – the result of multiplying
between two quantities whose one number by another number
ratio remains constant natural numbers – whole
directed numbers – numbers that numbers starting from 1, listed
have a sign, either a plus + or a as 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; ... (also called
minus − counting numbers)
divisor (factor)– a number that ordinary form – the conventional
another number divides and way of writing numbers
leaves no remainder operation – the mathematical
estimation – the calculated value process of combining quantities
of a quantity after the figures using mathematical operators +,
have been rounded off to some -, * and ÷
convenient figures percentage – fraction whose
expanded form – writing a number denominator is 100
to show the value of each digit perfect cube – an integer that
factor (divisor) – a number that is the product of three equal
another number divides without integers, e.g. 8 = 2 × 2 × 2
leaving a remainder perfect square – a natural number
factorisation – to write a number that is the product of an integer
as a product of its prime factors multiplied by itself, e.g. 4 = 2 × 2
highest common factor (HCF) – place value – the value of a digit
the factor with the highest value in a particular position in a
that is common to the numbers given number
in question prime number – a natural
index form – writing a number number that has only two
in a shortened way that uses factors, the number itself and 1
powers proportion – a statement that
integers – positive and negative represents ratios that are equal
whole numbers, including 0 ratio – a comparison of two or
integral – in integer form more terms of the same kind
inverse proportion – when one ratio scale – a scale written in the
variable increases, the other form 1 : n where n is a natural
decreases in proportion so that number e.g. 1 : 1 000
the product is unchanged rate – a comparison of quantities
lowest common multiple (LCM) of different units
– the common multiple that has remainder – the amount left over
the lowest value when a number is divided by a
number that is not a factor

2 Keys to Mathematics Form 2

 representative fraction – a scale sharing – dividing of a quantity
written in the form of a fraction into parts
rounding off – rounding up or significant figures – the
down to a specified level of important single digits in a
accuracy number that express its value to
scale – the ratio of a measurement a specified degree of accuracy
in a drawing to a measurement simplest form – when the top and
in real life bottom of a fraction cannot be
scale diagram (drawing) – a made any smaller (also called
diagram using the scaled lowest terms)
measurements of the real object standard (index) form (scientific
scale factor – the ratio of the notation) – a way of writing
corresponding dimensions very large or very small numbers
(measurements) of similar easily, using the form A × 10p,
shapes where 1 ≤ A < 10 and p is an
scientific notation (standard integer
form) – a way of writing large square – the result of a number
or small numbers in index form, multiplied by itself
also known as standard index square root – a number that
form multiplies by itself to create the
square value

Unit 1 Number concepts and operations

In Form 1 we learnt about different number types and
number operations. Let us revisit some of these activities.

Activity 1.1
1. The following 16 numbers are_given:
​​7 ​; π; 5; ​6,​6˙ ​​; ​​√81 ​​; 39; 51; 64; 73; 87; and
−17; −8; 1; 2; 2​1_​3​​; 22
_
91.
Classify the numbers into the following groups.
a) Prime numbers
b) Perfect squares
c) Rational numbers
d) Factors of 144
e) Integers that are whole cubes
f) Numbers divisible by 6
g) Irrational numbers
h) Multiples of 2

Topic 1 Real numbers 3

 2. Simplify the following.
a) −52 b) −3 × (−2)
c) 62 – 40 _
d) −​ 3​
18

e) _
−4 × ​(​​−3​)​​
​​ −2 ​​ f) 5,43 − 2,79
g) −14,39 − 5,87 h) 12,6 − 15,9 + 4,15

Practical activity 1.2

Work in pairs or groups.
1. Collect enough bottle tops so that each pair or group
has 24 bottle tops. You may also use pull tops from
cans, marbles, stones, pebbles, counters.
2. Work together to find different ways to arrange the
tops in rows with no tops left over e.g. 1 row of 24 or
4 rows of 6.
3. Write down the different ways that your group has
found.
4. Discuss what these groupings mean.

Factors and integers

Remember that a factor or divisor of a particular integer
divides that integer leaving no remainder. When you divide
by a factor you usually get another factor. For example, _ ​6 ​= 4,
24

meaning both 6 and 4 are factors of 24. Hence 24 = 6 × 4.

We also learnt about directed numbers, meaning ​_ − 6​​= −4
24

reminds us that 24 = −6 × (−4). Therefore, factors can be

positive or negative. All integers can be factorised, but zero is
a bit tricky.
Be careful: _30​ ​= 0 means 0 = 0 × 3 but 0_0​ ​≠ 3. You cannot
divide by 0 and hope to get an answer that is a real number!
Again, notice that 0 = 0_3​ ​ = 0_​4​= 0_​5​= … means that 0 = 3 × 0
= 4 × 0 = 5 × 0 = … This means that 0 × any number = 0.
Negative and positive integers may be factors of an
integer. The factors of 24 are +1, −1; +2, −2; +3, −3; +4, −4;
+6, −6; +8, −8; +12, −12; 24, −24. You can combine
Remember
these factors as ±1; ± 2; ± 3; ± 4; ± 6; ± 8; ± 12; ± 24
1 is not regarded where the symbol ± is read as “plus or minus”.
as a prime However, when we express a positive number as a
number!
product of its factors, we generally focus on the
positive factors.

4 Keys to Mathematics Form 2

 A prime number has only two factors: the number itself
and 1. It is interesting to note that all the natural numbers
are either prime or composed of prime numbers. Composite
numbers are multiples of prime numbers. So, we can write
any natural number as the product of prime numbers.

Note
Zero is the only integer that has 0 as a factor and an infinite number of
other factors.

Example 1
1. List all pairs of factors of 99.
2. Express:
a) 99 as a product of its prime factors
b) 112 as a product of its prime factors in index form.
Solutions
1. Pairs of (positive) factors of 99 are 1 and 99; 3 and
33; 9 and 11.
2. You may use the prime factorisation method of long
division or break down (decompose) the number into
smaller numbers. Apply the rules of divisibility.
a) 3 99
3 33
11 11
1

Using prime factorisation, we get 99 = 3 × 3 × 11.

b) You could first break down the number into
products of smaller numbers that are not
necessarily prime numbers but are easier to work
with. Choose numbers that are small enough to
break down the given number mentally.
112 = 2 × 56
=2×7×8
=2×7×2×2×2
= 24 × 7 (the required answer).
The breakdown or decomposition process can also
be shown in a factor tree.

Topic 1 Real numbers 5

 Example 1
112
2 56
2 28
2 14
2 7
Hence, 112 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7
= 24 × 7.

Activity 1.3
1. List all the pairs of integral factors of the following.
a) 72 b) 98
c) 150 d) 195
2. Using the factorisation method, express each of the
following as a product of its prime factors.
a) 52 b) 102 c) 235
d) 300 e) 147 f) 156
3. Use the decomposition method to find the product of
the prime factors of each of the following numbers.
a) 75 b) 64 c) 120
d) 168 e) 216 f) 441

Highest common factor (HCF)

The highest common factor (HCF) of given numbers or
Note expressions is the biggest possible number or expression
• Any integer can that divides the given quantities exactly without leaving
be a multiple remainders. You can find the HCF more quickly when
of some given you express the quantities in index form.
number or
expression.
• There are an Multiples
infinite number A multiple is the result we get after multiplying a given
of multiples of expression or quantity by an integer. In algebraic terms,
any quantity. you may define a multiple of a number, x, as another
• Any number is a
multiple of itself. number, y, such that y = kx, where k is any integer.
• Zero is a For example, −6 = −3 × 2 means −6 is a multiple of
multiple of any −3 or 2.
quantity. Similarly, −9; −6; −3; 0; 3; 6; 9; … are all multiples
of 3.
6 Keys to Mathematics Form 2
 Example 2
1. Find the HCF of 45, 135 and 150.
2. Write down the first three multiples of 5 in increasing
order.
3. Express −8 as a product that shows it is a multiple of:
a) 4
b) −2.
Solutions
1. 45 = 5 × 9 = 5 × 3 × 3 = 5 × 32
135 = 5 × 27 = 5 × 3 × 3 × 3 =5 × 33
150 = 10 × 15 = 2 × 5 × 3 × 5 = 2 × 3 × 52
HCF = 3 × 5 = 15
2. The multiples are 5; 10; 15.
3. a) −8 = 4 × (−2) = 4 (−2)
b) −8 = −2 × (+4) = −2 (4).

Activity 1.4
1. Find the HCF of the given numbers.
a) 39 and 91 b) 99; 121;143
c) 360; 384 d) 245; 378; 441
2. Find the HCF of the following numbers, leaving the
answers in index form where possible.
a) 23 × 33 × 52 b) 72 × 112 × 13
2 ×3×5
4 3
73 × 114 × 132
72 × 113 × 132
c) 5 × 7 × 113 d) 2 × 5 × 19
3×5 ×74 2
23 × 5 × 7
5 ×7
6 3
3×7
3. a) List the multiples of 9 that are between −20 and 17.
b) Write down the multiples of both 8 and 12 that are
more than 30 but less than 100.
4. a) Express 24 as a product that shows it is a multiple of:
i) 6 ii) 8.
b) Write down the first 3 multiples of both 4 and 6.
c) Starting from the given number, list in increasing
order the next four multiples of:
i) 7 ii) −5.

Topic 1 Real numbers 7

 Lowest common multiple (LCM)
The LCM (of two or more expressions) is that expression that can
be divided by any of the two or more expressions without leaving
remainders. We use long division or decomposition to factorise
each given expression. It is easier to identify the LCM when the
expressions are written in index form. The product of the prime
numbers, each raised to its highest power, gives the LCM.

Example 3
Find the LCM of 49; 63 and 105.
Solution
Write each number as a product of its prime factors, in
index form.
49 = 72
63 = 32 × 7
105 = 5 × 21 = 3 × 5 × 7
The prime numbers are 3; 5; and 7. Select each prime to
the highest power.
\ LCM = 32 × 5 × 72 = 2 205.

Problems involving LCM and HCF

There are many practical applications where LCM and HCF
can be used to solve problems; particularly, problems related
to packaging, sharing, tiling, etc.

Example 4
At a Food Aid distribution meeting, villagers were given
packets of seed to share. When 8 villagers shared some
packets, 3 packets were left over. When the same number
of packets was shared among 12 villagers, still 3 packets
remained. What must have been the smallest number of
packets available for sharing?

8 Keys to Mathematics Form 2

 Example 4
Solution
If there are no packets to be left over, the LCM of 8 and
12 gives the answer.
8 = 23
12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3
\ LCM = 23 × 3 = 24
However, for 3 packets to be left over, the smallest number
of packets must be 24 + 3 = 27.

Activity 1.5
1. Find the LCM of:
a) 48 and 108 b) 180; 200; 240
c) 28; 72; 90 d) 40 min; 1h 20 min; 2h.
2. Find the HCF of each set of quantities in Question 1.
3. The LCM of three different numbers is 120. Two of the
numbers are 12 and 15.
a) Find the least possible value of the third number.
b) What is the largest possible value of the third number?
4. Mufaro wants to plant
equal numbers of
vegetable seedlings in
rows in her garden. She
has 112 spinach and 70
covo seedlings and the
two types of vegetables
should not be planted
in the same row.
a) What is the greatest number of seedlings that she
should plant in each row?
b) How many rows of each type of vegetable does she plant?
5. Two young brothers, Ngaa and Kudi, want to enter a
walking competition. There are a number of events over
different distances. Ngaa walks at a steady pace of 100
metres in 1 minute and Kudi covers 80 metres in the same
time. Walking times are only measured in whole minutes.
a) What is the shortest event (distance) that the boys
could both enter?
b) How long will each boy take to cover this distance?

Topic 1 Real numbers 9

 Perfect squares
A perfect square is any natural number that can be written as
x2, where x is an integer but not equal to 0. A perfect square is
always positive.
Examples of perfect squares are:
1 (= 12); 4 (= 22); 9 (= 32); 16 (= 42); …
Note that negative integers, when squared, also give
perfect squares.
(−1)2 = 1; (−2)2 = 4; (−3)2 = 9; (−4)2 = 16; …
When we express a perfect square as the product of factors
in index form, the powers are always even numbers.

Example 5
1 Show that 1 225 is a perfect square.
2. What is the smallest number that must multiply 150
so that the product is a perfect square?
Solutions
1. 5 1 225
5 245
7 49
7 7
1
1 225 = 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
=5×7×5×7
= (5 × 7)2
= 352
Since the answer can be expressed as 35 to the power
of 2 (an even number), it means that 1 225 is a
perfect square.
2. 150 = 10 × 15 = 2 × 5 × 3 × 5 = 2 × 3 × 52
Only 5 is raised to an even power. If we multiply by
one more 2 and one more 3, it will make the smallest
possible perfect square.
\ The number needed is 2 × 3 = 6.
We can check as follows:
6 × 150 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 52 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 52 =
22 × 32 × 52 = (2 × 3 × 5)2 which is clearly a perfect
square.

10 Keys to Mathematics Form 2

 Unlock your potential to a bright future!

Orders

Order from your nearest bookseller, or our Harare stockist:

Schoolbooks 4 Africa
Harare, Zimbabwe

Tel +263 8677 189 607

Cell +263 787 975 804
Email: [email protected]
www.schoolbooks4africa.com