Journal of Materials Science & Technology 66 (2021) 74–81

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology

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Research Article

Scalable, fluorine free and hot water repelling superhydrophobic and

superoleophobic coating based on functionalized Al2 O3 nanoparticles
Binbin Zhang a,b,c,∗ , Weichen Xu a,b,c , Qingjun Zhu a,b,c , Baorong Hou a,b,c
a
CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
b
Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
c
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Hot water droplet and oils induced air cushion failure, intensively used fluorine-containing chemicals,
Received 11 June 2020 tedious preparation process, etc. are the main bottlenecks of the current artificially fabricated superhy-
Received in revised form 23 June 2020 drophobic materials, restricting their large-scale production and real-world applications. Herein, a facile,
Accepted 24 June 2020
scalable, fluorine-free spray-coating strategy was employed to achieve superhydrophobic and superoleo-
Available online 24 July 2020
phobic polymerized organosilanes/Al2 O3 nanoparticles (POS/Al2 O3 NPs) coatings. The POS/Al2 O3 NPs
coating was achieved through hydrolytic condensation of tetraethyl orthoilicate (TEOS) and hexade-
Keywords:
cyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) in the presence of Al2 O3 NPs. A variety of analytical techniques including
Al2 O3
Self-cleaning
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray
Surface coating photoelectron spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate the fabricated coatings. The POS/Al2 O3 NPs
Thermal stability coating features high contact angle (>158◦ ) and low sliding angle (<5◦ ) for water, glycerol, and ethylene
Supehydrophobicity glycol droplets with different surface tensions, verifying both superhydrophobic and superoleophobic
Wettability properties. Moreover, the coatings present extremely low surface adhesion force, excellent liquid-driven
self-cleaning ability, and hot water repellency. The superamphiphobic POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating exhibits
promising applications in various fields including self-cleaning, corrosion resistance, and preventing scald
as this strategy is applicable on various substrates.
© 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science &
Technology.

1. Introduction superhydrophobic materials at the stage in the laboratory have

been reported. The fundamental mechanism proposes that super-
Surface coatings with hydrophobic properties provide a high hydrophobic materials can be created through the combination of
efficient protective layer avoiding solid pollutant deposition, atmo- hierarchical micro/nanostructure and low surface energy [19–21].
spheric corrosion, materials degradation [1–5], etc. As a special, Commonly, to achieve low surface energy, fluorocarbon func-
water-repellent non-wetting surfaces with a high water contact tionalities are usually employed as one kind of significant candidate
angle (>150◦ ) and a low sliding angle (<10◦ ) are defined as a for the majority of representative superhydrophobic materials
superhydrophobic phenomenon [6,7]. During the past two decades, [22–25]. Unfortunately, a series of high-cost and environmental
superhydrophobic materials have received tremendous attention problems may be caused due to the bioaccumulation, toxicity,
in academia and various industries owing to their promising appli- and persistence of the long-chained fluorocarbon functionali-
cations such as self-cleaning [8], anti-icing [9], drag reduction ties [26–29]. Therefore, it is highly desirable and necessary to
[10], oil-water separation [11], anti-corrosion [12], anti-bacteria achieve superhydrophobic coatings by employing cost-effective
adhesion [13], etc. A large number of attempts about the fab- and fluorine-free chemical reagents. In recent years, organosilanes
rication [14,15] and functional applications [16–18] of artificial featuring low cost, unique polyhedral molecular structure, and low
surface energy properties have attracted considerable attention
for the construction of fluorine-free superhydrophobic materi-
als [30–33]. Li et al. [34] developed a superhydrophobic surface
∗ Corresponding author at: CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corro- containing cerium salt and organosilane over galvanized steel for
sion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao corrosion protection. Novak et al. [35] fabricated superhydrophobic
266071, China. polyester/cotton fabrics modified by barrier discharge plasma and
E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Zhang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.06.035
1005-0302/© 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.
B. Zhang et al. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 66 (2021) 74–81

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the preparation process of POS/Al2 O3 NPs coatings.

Fig. 2. SEM images of the fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coatings under different reaction time of hydrolytic condensation. (a) 2 h, (b) 4 h, (c) 6 h, (d) 8 h, (e) 10 h and (f) 12 h.

sol-gel organofunctional silanes. Besides, for large scale commer- [51] investigated the CA of the fabricated super wetting surface
cially available, facile fabrication methods need to be developed as a function of temperature range from 8 ◦ C to 50 ◦ C, reveal-
but are rarely considered. Among various methods mentioned in ing a sharp angle change at a specific temperature. Liu et al. [52]
literature including laser treatment [36], chemical etching [37], fabricated superhydrophobic silicon wafers employing materials
hydrothermal [38], spin-coating [39], sol-gel [40], spray-coating including lotus leaves, Teflon, silica-fluoropolymer composites, etc.
[41], electrospinning [42], layer-by-layer assembly [43] and so and investigated the repellent characteristics to hot water (50−80
forth, the spray coating technique is thought to be one of the most ◦ C), demonstrating a markedly decrease of water CA. Cao et al.

promising methods [44–46] result from its advantages of conve- [53] prepared superhydrophobic copper mesh based on modified
nience, reparability, and industrialization. polyurethane and hydrophobic silica nanoparticles, which can keep
In addition, most of the current superhydrophobic surfaces, superhydrophobicity for hot water droplets below 60 ◦ C. How-
both natural and artificial, exhibit excellent repellency for water ever, when the temperature of the water reaches over 60 ◦ C, the
at room temperature (25 ◦ C) but remarkably decreased repellency coated mesh loses its superhydrophobicity result from the rapidly
for hot water and oils (glycerol, ethylene glycol, etc.). This can be evaporation-condensation effect. Therefore, it remains a great chal-
attributed to oils and water droplets with higher temperature fea- lenge to obtain hot water and oil repelling superhydrophobic
ture lower surface tension, which means hot water and oils wet the materials, which can greatly expand their potential application
surface more easily than cold water. For instance, the temperature- fields.
dependent surface tension for water droplets can be expressed as In this paper, environmentally friendly chemicals including
the following equation [47,48]: Al2 O3 NPs and organosilanes (TEOS and HDTMS) were employed
 = 75.14−0.1414 t - 0.25399 × 10−3 t2 to achieve an anti-wetting surface with both superhydrophobic
where  is the surface tension of water at temperature t (◦ C). and superoleophobic properties. The modified stöber method was
The evaporation-condensation effect of high temperature water used to obtain the milky spray coating suspensions. The effect
drops results in the transition of gas-liquid-solid contact from of hydrolytic condensation time on morphology and wettability
Cassie-Baxter state [49] to Wenzel state [50]. To the best of properties were studied. Moreover, the chemical compositions,
our knowledge, only limited research works of superhydrophobic self-cleaning ability, and hot water repelling properties were inves-
materials report the repelling properties to hot water. Xia et al. tigated in turn to reveal the surface performance.

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Fig. 3. Variation of the (a) CA values and (b) SA values of water, glycerol and ethylene glycol drops on the fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coatings with different hydrolytic
condensation time.

2. Experimental section

2.1. Materials and reagents

Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2 O3 NPs, 30 nm) were

supplied by Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Tetraethyl
orthoilicate (TEOS) was brought from Sigma-Aldrich. Hexade-
cyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) was purchased from Shanghai J&K
Scientific Ltd. Ethanol absolute, ammonia solution, glycerol, ethy-
lene glycol, and methylene blue trihydrate were received from
Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Aluminum alloy plates were
obtained from Shandong Shengxin Technology Co., Ltd. Sand parti-
cles was obtained from the first bathing beach in Qingdao Huiquan
bay. All reagents mentioned above were employed as received
without any further purification.

2.2. Organosilanes functionalized Al2 O3 nanoparticles suspension

The organosilanes functionalized Al2 O3 nanoparticles suspen-

sion was prepared through a modified Stöber method [54]. 0.1
g Al2 O3 NPs were firstly ultrasonic dissolved in 50 mL ethanol
absolute for 20 min. TEOS and HDTMS with a volume ratio of 1:2
were added into the Al2 O3 NPs/ethanol absolute solution simul-
taneously. 2 g deionized water and 4.5 g ammonia solution were
injected into the above Al2 O3 NPs/TEOS/HDTMS ethanol absolute
solution quickly. The mixed solution then reacted for a different
time under 800 rpm stirring. The different homogeneous milky
suspensions were obtained for coating preparation. The prepared
coatings based on polymerized organosilanes functionalized Al2 O3
nanoparticles were abbreviated to be POS/Al2 O3 NPs coatings. The
schematic illustration of the preparation process of POS/Al2 O3 NPs
coatings is presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 4. XPS spectra of POS/Al2 O3 NPs coatings with different reaction time.
2.3. Spray-coating fabrication of superhydrophobic and
superoleophobic surface
2.4. Characterization
The pristine aluminum alloy plate with 0.3 mm thickness was
cut into 60 mm × 25 mm and ultrasonically cleaned using ethanol Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, FEI Nova
absolute and acetone in turn for three times to remove the ini- Nano SEM450, USA) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray pho-
tial surface grease. The specimens were dried using an air-blower toelectron spectroscopy (EDS, Oxford X-MaxN50, USA) and X-ray
before usage. 6 mL milky suspension after different hydrolytic con- photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific Escalab 250Xi,
densation reaction time was poured into an airbrush (Anest Iwata, USA) were used to record the micro-nano structures and chemi-
Japan) for spray coating at 0.2 MPa pressure which supplied by an cal compositions of different specimens. A monochromated Al K␣
air compressor. The spray coating process was carried out on a heat- irradiation, 3 × 10−8 Torr chamber pressure, and basic reference
ing plate at a temperature above 120 ◦ C. After the spray coating C1s peak (284.8 eV) were utilized to ensure the XPS tests. A contact
process, the superhydrophobic and superoleophobic surface was angle system (Dataphysics OCA25, Germany) was used to carry out
obtained. the contact angle (CA) and sliding angle (SA) measurements. The

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Fig. 5. (a) EDS spectra and (b-d) EDS mapping images of the superhydrophobic and superoleophobic POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating through 10 h hydrolytic condensation time.

Fig. 6. Photographs of the non-wetting properties of the superhydrophobic and superoleophobic POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating in (a) water with the surface tension of 72.8 mN
m−1 , (b) glycerol with surface tension of 64.0 mN m−1 , and (c) ethylene glycol with the surface tension of 47.7 mN m−1 .

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Fig. 7. Photographs of the POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating (a) with spherical liquid droplets, and the roll-off process of (a) water with the surface tension of 72.8 mN m−1 , (b) glycerol
with the surface tension of 64.0 mN m−1 , and (c) ethylene glycol droplets with the surface tension of 47.7 mN m−1.

CA and SA values of five readings were recorded using 5 ␮L liquid CA of ethylene glycol drops remains in the range of 125◦ -150◦ dur-
droplets for each specimen to obtain an average value. ing 2−8 h hydrolytic condensation reaction. When the reaction
time prolonged to 10 h and 12 h, the CA value of ethylene glycerol
3. Results and discussion droplet reaches higher than 158◦ , indicating both superhydropho-
bicity and superoleophobicity. For SA values, as shown in Fig. 3(b),
3.1. Effect of hydrolytic condensation time water and glycerol drops were all below 5◦ under different reaction
time. But for ethylene glycol droplets, they can spread and adhere
The reaction time for hydrolytic condensation of TEOS and to the surface within 6 h reaction. After reaction for 10 h, the SA
HDTMS in the presence of Al2 O3 NPs is of great influence on sur- value for all water and oil droplets were all below 5◦ , demonstrat-
face morphologies and wettability. The SEM images presented in ing an extremely low adhesion force and excellent water and oil
Fig. 2 show that the topography of the POS/Al2 O3 NPs coatings repellency. The high CA and low SA indicate that the water, glyc-
was affected by the hydrolytic condensation time. From Fig. 2(a–d), erol, and ethylene glycerol droplets are all in Cassie-Baxter state,
it can be observed that the introduction of Al2 O3 NPs improves which can easily roll off the surface. The variation of CA and SA
the surface roughness, which is a key factor for super-liquid- with different hydrolytic condensation time can be attributed to
repellency achievement. The surface micro morphologies were the hydrolysis and condensation of more silanes as the reaction
all relatively loose and incompact. However, when the reaction time prolonged, remarkably improving the superhydrophobicity
time for hydrolytic condensation increased to 10 h and 12 h, and superoleophobicity of the fabricated coatings.
as shown in Fig. 2(e) and (f), closely compact, and cross-linked
POS modified Al2 O3 NPs were distributed on the surface. The 3.2. Chemical composition analysis
abundant POS/Al2 O3 NPs construct an advantageous hierarchical
micro-/nano-structures, which effectively enhance the formation The successful fabrication of superhydrophobic and super-
of trapped air cushion in the air-liquid-solid three-phase interface. oleophobic POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating was confirmed by X-ray
The aggregation of POS induced Al2 O3 NPs could be responsible for photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, as shown in Fig. 4. The
the roughness improvement and surface energy decreasing, which peaks of Si2s at 154.1 eV, Si2p at 102.7 eV, C1s at 284.8 eV and
eventually contributes to the superhydrophobic and superoleopho- O1s at 532.4 eV are ascribed to POS. These characteristic peaks all
bic properties. appeared in the XPS spectra under different hydrolytic condensa-
Fig. 3 shows the hydrolytic condensation time dependency with tion reaction time. The POS in the POS/Al2 O3 NPs coatings tends to
CA and SA values of water, glycerol and ethylene glycol drops. present on the top layer of the coatings to decrease surface energy.
According to Fig. 3(a), it can be observed that the CA values of Very small peaks of Al2 O3 NPs were detected because the XPS mea-
water and glycerol drops were all higher than 150◦ . However, the surement gives element information with a detection thickness of

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Fig. 8. Photographs of different liquid-driven self-cleaning ability. (a) water-driven, (b) glycerol-driven, and (c) ethylene glycol-driven.

Fig. 9. (a) Variation of CA and SA values of the fabricated superhydrophobic and superoleophobic POS/ Al2 O3 NPs coating, and (b) hot water sliding process.

less than 10 nm. The appearance of these element peaks on the coating. These EDS findings are in accordance with the XPS spectra
spray-coated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coatings, especially strong C1s and results, which indicate that Al2 O3 NPs was successfully modified
O1s peaks, indicates the successful condensation and graft of POS with POS.
with Al2 O3 NPs on the top layer of the prepared coatings.
The corresponding EDS spectra of the fabricated superhy-
drophobic and superoleophobic POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating are shown 3.3. Water and oil repellent properties
in Fig. 5(a). The atomic ratio of C/O/Si/Al/Mg was 65.5 %/12.99 %/3.89
%/17.08 %/0.54 %. The distribution of C, O, and Si elements was To investigate whether the fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating
presented in Fig. 5(b–d), indicating homogeneous distribution of can be used in practical applications. The antifouling properties
these characteristic elements. The intense C, O, and Si elements of the prepared coatings were performed. Fig. 6(a–c) and Movie
verify the hydrolytic condensation of POS and contribute to the S1 in Supporting Information present the photographs of the
non-wetting Cassie-Baxter contact of the fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs antifouling properties of the superhydrophobic and superoleopho-
bic POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating. After dipping the fabricated POS/Al2 O3

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NPs coating into several typical liquids such as water, glycerol, and and sliding away from the surface of the coating after a fast impact
ethylene glycol, the surface of POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating remained process. The dynamic sliding of hot water drops demonstrates that
clean and dry without any liquid residue. The non-wetting and the fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating is thermally stable under a
low adhesion force properties of the POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating further hot water environment, which will broaden its applications in high
verified the stability of the air cushion trapped in the three-phase temperature environments. We believe that this reported superhy-
interface and excellent superhydrophobic and superoleophobic drophobic and superoleophobic POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating is expected
performance. to be a promising non-wetting material for preventing scald.
Fig. 7(a) shows the photograph of the POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating
with spherical liquid droplets including water, glycerol, and ethy- 4. Conclusion
lene glycol drops. It can be seen that the POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating
exhibits typical Cassie-Baxter contact for the three liquids, present- In summary, the modified Stöber method and spray-coating
ing a typical superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties. technique were employed to achieve environmentally friendly,
Fig. 7(b–d) and Movie S2 present the sliding process of differ- cost-effective superhydrophobic and superoleophobic POS/Al2 O3
ent liquids. The water, glycerol, and ethylene glycol liquids were NPs coating in the presence of Al2 O3 NPs, TEOS, and HDTMS. The
dropped from the top of the surface using a disposable dropper. prepared POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating exhibits superior water and oil
Then, the contact, impacting, bouncing, and rolling-off of different repellency, extremely low surface adhesion force, and liquid-driven
liquid drops happened successively. The easily sliding of different self-cleaning ability. The POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating features high con-
liquid drops demonstrate the extremely low surface energy of the tact angle (>158◦ ) and low sliding angle (<5◦ ) for water, glycerol,
spray fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating. The superior water and oil and ethylene glycol droplets with different surface tensions. Fur-
repellent properties of the POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating can be ascribed thermore, the POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating remains its super-repellency
to hierarchical micro-/nano-structures and low surface energy sup- toward hot water, indicating a thermal stability. The fabricated
plied by Al2 O3 NPs and POS grafting. superhydrophobic and superoleophobic POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating
applies to various substrates which will significantly broaden its
3.4. Liquids-driven self-cleaning large scale manufacture and potential multifunctional application
fields.
For real world applications, coating materials are often suf-
fered from surface contaminations. Some air pollutants tend to Data availability
sediment and accumulate upon the solid surface, which affects
the protective performance of the coating surface. Solid surface The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings
endowed with super-liquid-repellent properties provides an effi- cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an
cient self-cleaning strategy for surface contaminations. To evaluate ongoing study.
the self-cleaning ability of the fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating,
different liquids were used in turn to investigate the liquid-driven CRediT authorship contribution statement
self-cleaning performance. During the test, sand particles were
employed as contaminants. Binbin Zhang: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acqui-
Fig. 8(a–c) shows the water-driven, glycerol-driven, and ethy- sition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing - original draft. Weichen
lene glycol-driven self-cleaning process of the coating. Given the Xu: Software, Writing - review & editing. Qingjun Zhu: Writing
extremely low adhesion force and superior water/oil non-wetting - review & editing. Baorong Hou: Funding acquisition, Writing -
properties of the fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating, the three kinds review & editing.
of liquids can roll off the surface easily. The sliding process of liq-
uids takes away the sand particles on the surface. The roll-off path
Declaration of Competing Interest
area of the liquid droplet is cleaned rapidly, which is similar to
the natural “lotus effect”. The water and oil repellent property of
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
the fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating contributes to the excellent
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
liquid-driven self-cleaning performance.
influence the work reported in this paper.

3.5. Hot water repellency

Acknowledgements
Owing to the small size of water vapor molecules and the fast
This work was financially supported by the National Natural
condensation process between solid surface and hot water, most of
Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41806089 and 41827805).
the natural and artificial superhydrophobic surfaces lose superhy-
drophobicity once exposed to a hot water environment. Thermal
stability of the spray fabricated POS/Al2 O3 NPs coating is signifi- Appendix A. Supplementary data
cant for widening its application fields, especially high temperature
environments. Fig. 9(a) shows the variation of CA and SA values of Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in
the fabricated superhydrophobic and superoleophobic POS/ Al2 O3 the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.06.
NPs coating. The CA and SA values remain larger than 160◦ and less 035.
than 4◦ in the temperature range from 30 ◦ C to 90 ◦ C, suggesting a
hot water anti-wetting and repellency property. References
Fig. 9(b) and Movie S3 show the sliding process of hot water
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