Solution
ASSIGNMENT 1
Class 12 - Chemistry
1. (a) Osmosis
Explanation:
Raw mango shrink in salt solution due to net transfer of water molecules from mango to salt solution due to phenomenon of
osmosis.
2.
(c) hypertonic solution
Explanation:
The plant cell will shrink when placed in a hypertonic solution.
Hypertonic solutions are more concentrated than the plant cell. The water from inside the cytoplasm of the cell diffuses out and
the plant cell is said to have become flaccid. The cytoplasm has also shrunk and pulled away from the cell wall. This
phenomenon is called plasmolysis.
3.
(d) Freezing point
Explanation:
Elevation in boiling point, osmotic pressure, depression in vapour pressure, and depression in freezing point are colligative
properties. Colligative properties are properties of a solution which depend on the number of particles present in the solution.
4.
(d) shows positive deviation from Raoult's law
Explanation:
shows positive deviation from Raoult's law
5.
(d) Chloroform and acetone
Explanation:
Chloroform and acetone
6.
(b) 0.0821 atm
Explanation:
since
π = cRT
R = 0.0821L atmK-1mol-1
−2
C = 0.3 × 10
T = 300K
on substituting the value we get,
= 0.3 × 10
−2
× 0.0821 × 300 = 0.0821atm
7.
(d) Temperature
Explanation: Temperature
8. (a) 0.02 × 0.0821 × 300 atm
Explanation:
Given C = 0.02
R = 0.0821 Latm / K / mol
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π=CRT
= 0.02 × 0.0821 × 300 atm
9.
(b) is always less than one
Explanation:
is always less than one
10.
(b) Acetone and chloroform
Explanation:
Acetone and chloroform will show a negative deviation due to their association after mixing.
11.
(b) 0.1 M Na3PO4
Explanation:
0.1 M Na3PO4
12.
(b) difference in solubility of carbon dioxide at different pressures.
Explanation:
Soda water, like other carbonated beverages, contains carbon dioxide that has dissolved under pressure. When the pressure is
released by opening the soda container, the liquid cannot hold as much carbon dioxide, so the excess bubbles out of the
solution. If the soda is left open, additional carbon dioxide will slowly escape into the air. Under warm conditions, the carbon
dioxide leaves the solution faster.
13.
(d) Nitric acid and Water
Explanation: Nitric acid and Water
14.
(b) Exchange of gases in lungs
Explanation:
Exchanges of gases is an example of diffusion.
15.
(d) supersaturated
Explanation:
When a small amount of solute is added to its solution and it does not dissolve and get precipitated then this solution is
supersaturated solution. The supersaturated solution usually contains more of the dissolved material .
16. (a) b.p
Explanation:
liquid starts to boil.
17.
(c) 0.92
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Explanation:
18.
(d) Psolution = P
0
solvent
⋅ X
solvent
Explanation:
0
P = P ⋅ X
solution solvent solvent
19.
(c) Vapour pressure decreases on cooling
Explanation:
The vapour pressure of ammonia at room temperature is very high and hence the ammonia will evaporate unless the vapour
pressure is decreased. Cooling decreases the vapour pressure so that the liquid remains in the same state. Hence, the bottle is
cooled before opening.
20.
(d) shows negative deviation from Raoult's law
Explanation:
shows negative deviation from Raoult's law
21. Ethyl alcohol and water are non ideal solutions which show positive deviation from Raoult's law. The forces of attraction becomes
less in ethyl alcohol and water mixture as compared to pure ethanol and pure water. Hence the vapour pressure of the mixture
increases. Due to decrease in magnitude of intermolecular forces in solutions, the molecules of ethanol and water will be loosely
held and there will be increase in volume on mixing ethanol and water.i.e.,△ V = +ve
mixing
22. Reverse osmosis occurs when a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied to the solution. So reverse osmosis is the process
of movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the solution to pure solvent by applying excess pressure greater
than osmotic pressure on the solution side.
23. Azeotropes or azeotropic mixtures (meaning in greek boiling without change).
24. Henry’s law states that the partial vapour pressure (p) of the gas is proportional to the mole fraction (x) of the gas dissolved in the
solution.
p= KHx KH is called Henry's law constant.
When a mixture of gases is brought in contact with the solvent, each constituent gas dissolves in proportion to its own partial
pressure. Therefore ,Henry's law is applied to each gas independent of presence of other gas.
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A graph of partial pressure of gas against mole fraction of the gas in solution at a given temperature is drawn, a straight line
passing through the origin is obtained. The slope of the line gives the Henry's law constant.
25. Reverse osmosis is the process of movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the solution to the pure solvent
by applying pressure greater than osmotic pressure on the solution side.
26. When the new forces of attraction between components are greater than those in the pure components. That is when two
components A and B are mixed, the interactions between A....B is greater than A...A and B...B interaction then the binary non-
ideal solution would show negative deviation from Raoult's law.
27. NaCl is a non-volatile solute, therefore, the addition of NaCl to water lowers the vapour pressure of water. As a result boiling
point of water increases. On the other hand, methyl alcohol is more volatile than water, therefore its addition increases the total
vapour pressure over the solution. As a result, the boiling point of water decreases.
28. At a given pressure the solubility of oxygen in water increases with a decrease in temperature. Therefore, the concentration of
oxygen in the sea is more in cold water and thus the presence of more oxygen at a lower temperature makes the aquatic species
more comfortable in cold water.
29. The vapour pressure of a liquid depends on the escape of solvent molecules from the surface of the liquid. On addition of a non-
volatile solute vapour pressure of solvent gets reduced because the surface contains solute molecule as well as solvent molecules.
Consequently, the number of solvent (volatile) molecules escaping from the surface correspondingly reduced, thus the vapour
pressure of solvent gets reduced.
30. i. Reverse osmosis (direction of osmosis is reversed) occurs i.e. net flow of the solvent is from solution to solvent. Hence greater
pressure is applied to the solvent molecules from the solution side would move into the pure solvent through a semipermeable
membrane.
ii. When acetone is added to the ethanol, molecules of acetone get in between the molecules of ethanol and break some of the
hydrogen bond, which weakens the intermolecular attractive forces resulting in an increase in vapor pressure of the mixture
than ethanol in a pure state.
31.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
32.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Boiling point of water inside the pressure cooker get raised when pressure is increased.
33.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Strength is the amount of the solute in grams present in one litre of the solution and normality is the number of gram
equivalents of the solute present in one litre of the solution.
Strength in grams per litre
Normality =
Equivalent mass of the solute
34.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
It is true that the isotonic solution doesn’t show the phenomenon of osmosis. Isotonic solution is that solution that has the same
osmotic pressure. Here both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation.
35.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.
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5g
36. Moles of NaOH = −1
= 0.125 mol
40gmol
450 mL
Volume of the solution in litres = −1
1000 mL L
Using equation of the molarity
−1
0.125mol×1000mLL
Molarity = 450mL
=m
= 0.278 mol L-1
= 0.278 mol dm-3
37. πGlucose = π
Unknown
CG = CU
W WU
G
=
MG MU
6 2⋅5
=
180 MU
MU = 2.5×180
6
g mol-1
= 75 g mol-1
38. T = 37 C = 310 k
0
n
π = C RT = RT
v
= 0.25 × 0.083 × 310
= 6.43 bar.
39. π = π
1 2
W1 W2
=
M1 M2
3 2⋅5
=
180 M2
2⋅5×180 −1
M2 = = 150 g mol
3
40. The elevation (ΔT ) in the boiling point = 354.11 K - 353.23 K = 0.88 K
b
Substituting these values in the following equation we get
−1 −1
= 58 g mol-1
2.53Kkgmol ×1.8g×1000gkg
M2 = 0.88K×90g
Therefore, the molar mass of the solute, M2 = 58 g mol-1.
41. It is given that vapour pressure of water, p = 23.8mm of Hg Weight of water taken, w = 850g
0
1 1
Weight of urea taken, w = 50g 2
Molecular weight of water,M = 18gmol 1
−1
Molecular weight of urea, M = 60gmol 2
−1
Now, we have to calculate vapour pressure of water in the solution. We take vapour pressure as p1.
Now, from Raoult's law, we have:
0
p − p1 n2
1
=
0 n1 + n2
p
1
w2
0
p − p1 M
1 2
⇒ = w1 w2
0
p
1 +
M M
1 2
50
23.8−p1 60
=
23.8 850 50
+
18 60
23.8−p1 0.83
=
23.8 47.22+0.83
23.8−p1
= 0.0173; p1 = 23.38mm of Hg
23.8
Hence, the vapour pressure of water in the given solution is 23.4 mm of Hg and its relative lowering is 0.0173.
42. 1 molal solution means 1 mol of the solute is present in 1000 g of the solvent (water).
Molar mass of water = 18gmol −1
Therefore, Number of moles present in 1000 g of water = 1000
18
= 55.56 mol
Therefore, mole fraction of the solute in the solution is
1
x2 = = 0.0177
1+55.56
It is given that,
Vapour pressure of water, (p 0
1
) = 12.3 kPa
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0
p − p1
Applying the relation, 1
0
= x2
p
1
12.3−p1
= 0.0177 ⇒ 12.3 − p1 = 0.2177
12.3
⇒ p1 = 12.0823
= 12.08 kPa (approximately)
Hence, the vapour pressure of the solution is 12.08 kPa.
43. i. Given: Weight of NaCl given = 5.85g
molecular mass of NaCl = 58.5g/mol
Osmatic pressure = 4.75 atm
Temperature T = 27 C
= (27 + 273) K
= 300 K
degree of dissociation of NaCl = ?
We know that,
π = iCRT, C =
5.85
M
58.5×1
4.75 = i×5.85
× 0.082 × 300
58.5/1
i= 4.75×58.5
5.85×0.082×300
i = 1.93
For dissociation, Here n 2
i = 1 + α (n - 1)
1.93 = 1 + (2 - 1)α
1 + α = 1.93
α = 1.93 - 1
Hence, degree of dissociation of NaCl = 0.93 or 93%
ii. Henry’s law: At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the
gas present above the surface of liquid or solution.
Air diluted with the helium (11% helium, 56.2% nitrogen, and 32.1% oxygen) in the tanks used by scuba divers to avoid
bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high concentrations of nitrogen in the blood because of an increase in pressure
underwater and decreasing pressure towards the water surface.
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