Common Derivatives and Integrals Common Derivatives and Integrals
Derivatives Integrals
Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules
d
( cf ( x ) ) = cf ¢ ( x ) , c is any constant. ( f ( x ) ± g ( x ) )¢ = f ¢ ( x ) ± g ¢ ( x ) ò cf ( x ) dx = c ò f ( x ) dx , c is a constant. ò f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx ± ò g ( x ) dx
dx b b
d n
( x ) = nxn-1 , n is any number. d
( c ) = 0 , c is any constant. ò a f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) a = F (b ) - F ( a ) where F ( x ) = ò f ( x ) dx
dx dx b b b b b
ò a cf ( x ) dx = c ò a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant. ò a f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = ò a f ( x ) dx ± òa g ( x ) dx
æ f ö¢ f ¢ g - f g ¢
( f g )¢ = f ¢ g + f g ¢ – (Product Rule) ç ÷ = – (Quotient Rule) a b a
ègø g2 ò a f ( x ) dx = 0 ò a f ( x ) dx = -òb f ( x ) dx
d
( )
f ( g ( x ) ) = f ¢ ( g ( x ) ) g ¢ ( x ) (Chain Rule)
b c b b
dx ò a f ( x ) dx = ò a f ( x ) dx + òc f ( x ) dx ò a c dx = c ( b - a )
g¢ ( x) b
dx
( )
d g ( x)
e = g ¢( x ) e ( )
g x d
dx
( ln g ( x ) ) =
g ( x)
If f ( x ) ³ 0 on a £ x £ b then ò a f ( x ) dx ³ 0
b b
If f ( x ) ³ g ( x ) on a £ x £ b then ò a f ( x ) dx ³ ò a g ( x ) dx
Common Derivatives
Polynomials Common Integrals
d d d d n d
dx
(c) = 0
dx
( x) = 1
dx
( cx ) = c
dx
( x ) = nxn-1 dx
( cxn ) = ncxn -1 Polynomials
1
ò dx = x + c ò k dx = k x + c ò x dx = n + 1 x
n+1
n
+ c, n ¹ -1
Trig Functions
ó 1 dx = ln x + c 1
òx òx
-n
d d d ô
-1
dx = ln x + c dx = x - n +1 + c , n ¹ 1
( sin x ) = cos x ( cos x ) = - sin x ( tan x ) = sec2 x õx -n + 1
dx dx dx p p p+q
ó 1 dx = 1 ln ax + b + c 1 q +1 q
d d d
òx dx = x +c= +c
q q
( sec x ) = sec x tan x ( csc x ) = - csc x cot x ( cot x ) = - csc2 x ô x
dx dx dx õ ax + b a p
q +1 p+ q
Inverse Trig Functions Trig Functions
d
( sin -1 x ) =
1 d
( cos -1 x ) = -
1 d
( tan -1 x ) =
1
ò cos u du = sin u + c ò sin u du = - cos u + c ò sec u du = tan u + c
2
dx 1 - x2 dx 1- x2 dx 1 + x2
ò sec u tan u du = sec u + c ò csc u cot udu = - csc u + c ò csc u du = - cot u + c
2
d
dx
( sec-1 x ) = 12 d
dx
( csc-1 x ) = - 12 d
dx
( cot -1 x ) = - 1 +1x2 ò tan u du = ln sec u + c ò cot u du = ln sin u + c
x x -1 x x -1
1
ò sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c ò sec u du = 2 ( sec u tan u + ln sec u + tan u ) + c
3
Exponential/Logarithm Functions
d x d x 1
( a ) = a x ln ( a ) (e ) = ex ò csc u du = ln csc u - cot u + c ò csc
3
u du =
2
( - csc u cot u + ln csc u - cot u ) + c
dx dx
d 1 d 1 d 1
dx
( ln ( x ) ) = x , x > 0 dx
( ln x ) = x , x ¹ 0 dx
( log a ( x ) ) = x ln a , x > 0 Exponential/Logarithm Functions
au
ò e du = e + c ò a du = +c ò ln u du = u ln ( u ) - u + c
u u u
Hyperbolic Trig Functions ln a
d d d e au
( sinh x ) = cosh x ( cosh x ) = sinh x ( tanh x ) = sech 2 x òe
au
sin ( bu ) du = ( a sin ( bu ) - b cos ( bu ) ) + c ò ue du = ( u - 1) e
u u
+c
dx dx dx a + b2 2
d d d
( sech x ) = - sech x tanh x ( csch x ) = - csch x coth x ( coth x ) = - csch 2 x ( )
e au
( a cos ( bu ) + b sin ( bu ) ) + c ó 1 du = ln ln u + c
ò =
au
dx dx dx e cos bu du ô
a 2 + b2 õ u ln u
Common Derivatives and Integrals Common Derivatives and Integrals
Inverse Trig Functions
ó 1 æu ö Trig Substitutions
du = sin -1 ç ÷ + c ò sin
-1
ô u du = u sin -1 u + 1 - u 2 + c If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula.
õ a -u2 2
èaø
a
ó 1 1 æuö 1 a 2 - b2 x2 Þ x = sin q and cos2 q = 1 - sin 2 q
ô 2 du = tan -1 ç ÷ + c ò tan
-1
u du = u tan -1 u - ln (1 + u 2 ) + c b
õ a +u
2
a èaø 2 a
b2x2 - a 2 Þ x = sec q and tan 2 q = sec 2 q -1
ó 1 1 æuö b
du = sec-1 ç ÷ + c ò cos
-1
ô u du = u cos - 1 u - 1 - u 2 + c
õ u u2 - a2 a èaø a
a2 + b2 x2 Þ x = tan q and sec 2 q = 1 + tan 2 q
b
Hyperbolic Trig Functions Partial Fractions
ò sinh u du = cosh u + c ò cosh u du = sinh u + c ò sech u du = tanh u + c ó P ( x)
2
If integrating ô dx where the degree (largest exponent) of P ( x ) is smaller than the
ò sech tanh u du = - sech u + c ò csch coth u du = - csch u + c ò csch
2
u du = - coth u + c õ Q (x)
degree of Q ( x ) then factor the denominator as completely as possible and find the partial
ò tanh u du = ln ( cosh u ) + c ò sech u du = tan sinh u + c
-1
fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction
decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the
Miscellaneous
decomposition according to the following table.
ó 1 du = 1 ln u + a + c ó 1 du = 1 ln u - a + c
ô 2 ô 2
õ a - u2 2a u - a õ u - a2 2a u + a Factor in Q ( x ) Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x ) Term in P.F.D
u a2
ò a + u du = a 2 + u 2 + ln u + a 2 + u 2 + c A1 A2 Ak
2 2
A + +L +
( ax + b )
k
2 2 ax + b ax + b ( ax + b ) 2 ( ax + b )
k
2 ax + b
u a
ò u 2 - a 2 du = u 2 - a 2 - ln u + u 2 - a 2 + c Ax + B A1 x + B1
+L +
Ak x + Bk
2 2
( ax + bx + c )
2 k
ax 2 + bx + c ax + bx + c ( ax2 + bx + c )
2 k
u 2 a2 æuö ax 2 + bx + c
ò a - u du = a - u + sin -1 ç ÷ + c
2 2 2
2 2 èaø
u-a Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions
a2 æ a -u ö
ò 2au - u 2 du =
2
2 au - u 2 + cos-1 ç
2 è a ø
÷+c ò sin x cos x dx
n m
1. If n is odd. Strip one sine out and convert the remaining sines to cosines using
Standard Integration Techniques sin 2 x = 1 - cos2 x , then use the substitution u = cos x
Note that all but the first one of these tend to be taught in a Calculus II class. 2. If m is odd. Strip one cosine out and convert the remaining cosines to sines
using cos 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x , then use the substitution u = sin x
u Substitution 3. If n and m are both odd. Use either 1. or 2.
ò a f ( g ( x ) ) g¢ ( x ) dx then the substitution u = g ( x ) will convert this into the
b
Given 4. If n and m are both even. Use double angle formula for sine and/or half angle
formulas to reduce the integral into a form that can be integrated.
g ( b)
integral, ò f ( g ( x ) ) g ¢ ( x ) dx = ò ò
b
f ( u ) du .
n
tan x sec m x dx
a g ( a)
1. If n is odd. Strip one tangent and one secant out and convert the remaining
Integration by Parts tangents to secants using tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution u = sec x
The standard formulas for integration by parts are, 2. If m is even. Strip two secants out and convert the remaining secants to tangents
b b b using sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then use the substitution u = tan x
ò udv = uv - ò vdu òa udv = uv a - òa vdu 3. If n is odd and m is even. Use either 1. or 2.
Choose u and dv and then compute du by differentiating u and compute v by using the 4. If n is even and m is odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently.
Convert Example : cos 6 x = ( cos 2 x ) = (1 - sin 2 x )
3 3
fact that v = ò dv .
