‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫عزيزي الطالب ‪ /‬عزيزتي الطالبة‪:‬‬

‫الريادة أن تكون صاحب الكلمة الفصل دائما‪...‬أن تسير فيتبعك اآلخرون‪ ،‬فبعد تخرجك من‬
‫المرحلة الثانوية و الجامعية‪ ،‬ليكن شعارك في حياتك العملية "أنا ال أسير مع التيار بل أحدد‬
‫وجهته "‪ .‬شخصيتك هي التي تحسم المقام في كل مقام‪ ،‬فيجب أن تقود مسيرة اإلبتكار و اإلبداع‪،‬‬
‫رحلتك مع النجاح يجب أال تعرف الكلل أو الملل‪ .‬فالسقوط ليس دليل الفشل ‪ ،‬فالفشل يجب أن يبقى‬
‫حيث سقط‪ ،‬و هكذا تدخل عالم الكبار‪.‬‬

‫عزيزي القارئ‪:‬‬
‫إذا وجدت قصورا أو عيوبا في هذا المحتوى – فتحدث إلينا‪ .‬و إذا أعجبك هذا المحتوى – فتحدث‬
‫عنا‪.‬‬

‫عزيزي الطالب ‪ /‬عزيزتي الطالبة‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬دعاء عند بداية اإلجابة‪:‬‬
‫"رب اشرح لي صدري‪ ،‬و يسر لي أمري‪ ،‬و احلل عقدة من لساني يفقهوا قولي‪ .‬اللهم ال‬
‫سهل إال ما جعلته سهال‪ ،‬وأنت تجعل الحزن إن شئت سهال"‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬دعاء نسيان اإلجابة‪:‬‬

‫"اللهم يا جامع الناس ليوم ال ريب فيه‪ ،‬إجمع بيني و بين ضالتي"‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬دعاء عند تسليم ورقة اإلمتحان‪:‬‬

‫"الحمدهلل الذي بنعمته تتم الصالحات"‬

‫‪1‬‬
 CONTENT PAGE
Irregular verbs 4
Derivations 8
The use of the verb 10
The use of the noun 12
The use of the adjective 14
The use of the adverb 16
Unit One
Tenses - The simple present 20
The present continuous 23
The simple past – The past continuous 25
The present perfect simple 27
The present perfect continuous 28
The past perfect 29
The past perfect continuous 30
The future simple – Future with going to 31
The future continuous 32
The future perfect 32
The future perfect continuous 33
Question tags and echo questions 41
Speaking 50
Revision 56

Unit Two
Future prediction 57
Future forms for plans and hopes 58
Vocabulary 61
Compound nouns 62
Speaking 63
Revision 65

Unit Three
Past and present habits 66
Relative clauses 71
Participle clauses 78
Speaking 79
Distinguishing between facts and opinions 80
Vocabulary 81
Revision 84

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 Unit Four
Negative inversion 87
Vocabulary 90
Speaking 91
Listening and vocabulary 92
Revision 93

Unit Six
Modals and related verbs 94
Articles 100
Separable and inseparable phrasal verbs 103
Speaking 107
Revision 109

Unit Seven
Reported speech 111
Reporting verbs 119
Vocabulary 126
Speaking 128
Revision 130

Unit Eight
The passive voice 132
Impersonal passive 138
Speaking and vocabulary 141
Vocabulary 142
Listening and vocabulary 144
Revision 145

Unit Nine
Conditionals 147
Wish / If only 149
Listening and vocabulary 150
Vocabulary 152
Speaking 154
Revision 155
Composition 157

3
 Irregular Verbs
‫األفعال الشاذة‬
.‫تم ترتيب األفعال حسب نغمة الفعل و ليس حسب الترتيب األبجدي حتى يسهل على الطالب حفظ هذه األفعال‬ -
.(d, ed ied) ‫ما تبقى من أفعال تكون منتظمة فتنتهي بـ‬ -
:‫أمثلة على األفعال المنتظمة‬ -
arrive - arrived - arrived
wait - waited - waited
study - studied - studied
play - played - played

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Awake Awoke Awoken ‫أيقظ‬
Break Broke Broken ‫يكسر‬
Speak Spoke Spoken ‫يتكلم‬
Steal Stole Stolen ‫يسرق‬
Drive Drove Driven ‫يقود مركبة‬
Freeze Froze Frozen ‫يتجمد‬
Ride Rode Ridden ‫يركب‬
Rise Rose Risen ‫يرتفع‬
Beat Beat Beaten ‫يهزم‬
Write Wrote Written ‫يكتب‬
Shake Shook Shaken ‫يهز‬
Take Took Taken ‫يأخذ‬
Wake up Woke up Woken up ‫يوقظ‬
Choose Chose Chosen ‫يختار‬
Forget Forgot Forgotten ‫ينسى‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Be (is, am) Was Been ‫يكون‬
Be (are) Were Been ‫يكون‬
See Saw Seen ‫يرى‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Bite Bit Bitten ‫يعض‬
Hide Hid Hidden ‫يخفي‬
Eat Ate Eaten ‫يأكل‬
Fall Fell Fallen ‫يسقط‬
Forbid Forbade Forbidden ‫يمنع \ يحرم‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Forgive Forgave Forgiven ‫يسامح‬
Give Gave Given ‫يعطي‬

4
 V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING
Prove Proved Proven / proved ‫ يبرهن‬/ ‫يثبت‬
Show Showed Shown / showed ‫يظهر‬/ ‫يعرض‬
Shine Shone Shone ‫ تشرق‬/ ‫يشع‬
Tear Tore Torn ‫يمزق‬
Wear Wore Worn ‫يلبس‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Blow Blew Blown ‫ينفخ‬/ ‫تهب‬
Draw Drew Drawn ‫يسحب‬/ ‫يرسم‬
Fly Flew Flown ‫يطير‬
Grow Grew Grown ‫ يزداد‬/ ‫ينمو‬
Know Knew Known ‫يعرف‬
Throw Threw Thrown ‫يرمي‬
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn ‫ينسحب‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Build Built Built ‫يبني‬
Burn Burnt Burnt ‫يحترق‬/ ‫يحرق‬
Creep Crept Crept ‫يزحف‬
Deal Dealt Dealt ‫يتعامل‬
Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed ‫يحلم‬
Feel Felt Felt ‫يشعر‬
Keep Kept Kept ‫يحفظ‬
Leave Left Left ‫يغادر‬/ ‫يترك‬
Lend Lent Lent ‫يقرض‬
Lean Leant / Leaned Leant / Leaned ‫يتكأ‬
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned ‫يتعلم‬
Mean Meant Meant ‫يعني‬
Meet Met Met ‫يقابل‬
Send Sent Sent ‫يرسل‬
Sleep Slept Slept ‫ينام‬
Smell Smelt Smelt ‫ يصدر رائحة‬/ ‫يشم‬
Spend Spent Spent ‫ينفق‬/ ‫يقضي‬
Spell Spelt Spelt ‫يتهجأ‬
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled ‫يسكب‬
Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled ‫يتلف \ يفسد‬
Sweep Swept Swept ‫يكنس‬
Light Lit / Lighted Lit / Lighted ‫يضيء \ يشعل‬
Lose Lost Lost ‫ يفقد‬/ ‫يخسر‬

5
 V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING
Become Became Become ‫يصبح‬
Come Came Come ‫يأتي‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Find Found Found ‫يجد‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Bring Brought Brought ‫يجلب‬
Buy Bought Bought ‫يشتري‬
Catch Caught Caught ‫يمسك‬
Fight Fought Fought ‫يحارب‬
Seek Sought Sought ‫يبحث‬
Teach Taught Taught ‫يعلم‬
Think Thought Thought ‫ يعتقد‬/ ‫يفكر‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Burst Burst Burst ‫ينفجر‬
Cost Cost Cost ‫يكلف‬
Cut Cut Cut ‫يجرح‬/ ‫يقطع‬
Hit Hit Hit ‫يضرب‬
Hurt Hurt Hurt ‫يجرح‬/ ‫يؤذي‬
Let Let Let ‫يسمح‬/ ‫يدع‬
Put Put Put ‫يضع‬
Read Read Read ‫يقرأ‬
Set Set Set ‫ينعقد \ يعد \ تغرب‬
Shut Shut Shut ‫يغلق‬
Split Split Split ‫ينقسم‬
Spread Spread Spread ‫ينتشر‬
Upset Upset Upset ‫يزعج‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Dig Dug Dug ‫يحفر‬
Get Got Got ‫يحصل على‬
Hang Hung Hung ‫يعلق‬
Stick Stuck Stuck ‫يلصق‬
Strike Struck Struck ‫يضرب‬
Swing Swung Swung ‫يتأرجح‬

6
 V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING
Drink Drank Drunk ‫يشرب‬
Ring Rang Rung ‫يقرع‬
Shrink Shrank Shrunk ‫ينكمش‬
Sink Sank Sunk ‫يغرق‬
Sing Sang Sung ‫يغني‬
Swim Swam Swum ‫يسبح‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Begin Began Begun ‫يبدأ‬
Do Did Done ‫ ينجز‬/ ‫يعمل‬
Go Went Gone ‫يذهب‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Feed Fed Fed ‫ يغذي‬/ ‫يتغذى‬
Hold Held Held ‫ يعقد‬/ ‫يمسك‬
Lead Led Led ‫يقود‬
Have Had Had ‫يملك‬
Hear Heard Heard ‫يسمع‬
Pay Paid Paid ‫يدفع‬
Say Said Said ‫يقول‬
Speed Sped / Speeded Sped / Speeded ‫يسرع‬
Make Made Made ‫ يؤدي‬/ ‫ يصنع‬/ ‫يعمل‬

V.1 V.2 V.3 MEANING

Lie Lay Lain ‫يستلقي‬
Run Ran Run ‫ يدير‬/ ‫يركض‬
Sell Sold Sold ‫يبيع‬
Stand Stood Stood ‫يقف‬
Tell Told Told ‫يخبر‬
Understand Understood Understood ‫يفهم‬
Sit Sat Sat ‫يجلس‬
Shoot Shot Shot ‫يطلق النار‬
Win Won Won ‫يفوز‬
Wind Wound Wound ‫يلف‬

7
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ DERIVATIONS ‫شادي الرمحي‬

The use of the verb, noun, adjective and adverb.

.‫الجدول التالي ليس للحفظ و إنما للفهم و التطبيق‬ -

Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

Help Help Helpful Helpfully
Disorganise Disorganisation Disorganised ***********
Intensify Intensity Intensive Intensively
Enlarge Enlargement Large Largely
Strengthen Strength Strong Strongly
Succeed Success Successful Successfully
Repeat Repetition Repeated repeatedly
Educate Education Educational Educationally

.‫ تكون حال‬ly ‫ أي كلمة تنتهي بــ‬.1

.‫ من الحال ينتج صفة‬ly ‫ عند ازالة‬.2
.‫( تكون فعل‬en) ‫( أو قد تبدأ أو تنتهي بـ‬ise, ize, fy, eed, ate) ‫ أي كلمة تنتهي بـ‬.3
.‫ أي انه بدون اي اضافات‬,‫ الفعل هو جذر الكلمة‬.4
.‫ يجب على الطالب أن يحدد نوع الكلمة من المالحظات السابقة‬.5
differ difference different differently

differ different differently

difference different differently

differ difference differently

differ difference different

8
 .‫ يتم الرجوع الى الجدول في األسفل‬،‫ عند عدم وجود حال من ضمن الخيارات‬.6

noun suffixes adjective suffixes

-tion information -ful beautiful

-sion television -less careless
-ness fitness -able remarkable
-ment government -ous serious
-ance importance -y lucky
-ence difference -ent different
-se expense -ant important
-cy fluency -ive expensive
-ty possibility -ic scientific
-ure future -al governmental
-th health -en golden
-sm criticism -ish childish
-dom kingdom -ate accurate
-age marriage -ite favourite
-hood childhood -ing boring
-ship relationship -ed injured

• science - scientific - scientifical - scientifically

• irony - ironic - ironical - ironically
• chaos - chaotic - chaotical - chaotically

• educate - education - educational - educationally

• govern - government - governmental - governmentally

• accurate - accuracy - accurately

• translate - translation - translated

9
 I. THE USE OF THE VERB
1. In the middle of a sentence after the subject. ‫في وسط الجملة بعد الفاعل‬
.‫قد يكون الفاعل ضمير أو اسم أو شبه جملة اسمية‬
Subject + verb

Pronoun: ‫ضمير‬ (I, He, She, They, We, You, It)

Noun: ‫إسم‬ (Ahmad, Maha, The doctor, The students ….etc)

Noun Phrase: ‫( جملة إسمية‬The workers of that factory ….)

- If I that they are coming, I'll invite some friends.

……………………………………………………

(know, knowledge, knowledgeable, knowledgably)

- Most doctors …………………………………………………… in English when they talk with each other
about medical cases.
(speak, speech, speechless, speechlessly)
- The students of that class in our school …………………………………………………… dictionaries in the class.
(use, useful, usefully, usefulness)
- I think the students of that class in our school …………………………………… dictionaries in the class.
(use, useful, usefully, usefulness)

2. After (to) as an infinitive. (to) ‫بعد‬

- The teacher is going to us in this question.
……………………………………………………

(help, helpful, helpfully, helpless)

3. After the modals. ‫بعد األفعال الشكلية‬

(will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must)
- The institution should the farmers for their loss.
……………………………………………………

(compensated, compensate, compensation, compensating)

4. After verb to do. ‫بعد أفعال العمل‬

(do, does, did)
- They are identical. Do they ……………………………………………………from each other?
(differ , difference, different, differently)

10
5. At the beginning of a sentence as an imperative. ‫في بداية الجملة كفعل أمر‬
.‫يأتي فعل األمر في بداية الجملة حيث أن الجملة التي تأتي بعد الفراغ ال تحتوي على فعل‬
- …………………………………………………… yourself in this matter.
(Helpfully, Helpless, Helpful, Help)
.‫عند وجود أداة ربط أو عالمة ترقيم يصبح لدينا جملتين منفصلتين‬
- …………………………………………………… up so that I can hear you.
(Speak, Speech, Speechless, Speechlessly)

6. After (had better, would rather) ‫بعد المصطلحين‬

- You had better …………………………………………………… your time.
(organization, organizing, organized, organize)

7. After (make, let, help) ‫بعد األفعال التالية‬

make
let + object + base
help

- Our teacher lets us ……………………………………………………the dictionary in the class.

(usefully, useful, use)
8. After (Let's)
- Let's …………………………………………………… our roles again for the party.
(arrange, arrangement, arranged)

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 II. THE USE OF THE NOUN
1. After (a, an, the) ‫بعد أدوات التعريف‬

- The …………………………………………………… of our plan, depends on all of us.

(success, successful, successfully)

‫ فعل أمر‬+ ‫جملة ال تحتوي على فعل‬

‫ فاعل‬+ ‫جملة تحتوي على فعل‬

- …………………………………………………… has prevented him from continuing his higher studies.

(Poor, Poverty, Poorly Impoverish)
- Unless something is done, will increase in the future.
……………………………………………………

(pollute, pollution, polluted, polluting)

2. After the adjective ‫بعد الصفة‬

- He made a remarkable in his research.

……………………………………………………

(improved, improvement, improve, improving)

3. After ( ’s ) or the adjective pronouns (my, his, her, their, our, your, its)
‫( الملكية أو بعد ضمائر الصفة‬s) ‫بعد‬

.‫‘( الملكية مع األسماء فقط وال يجوز استخدامها مع الضمائر‬s) ‫تأتي‬ •

.‫‘( مع االسم فانها تدل على الملكية أما وجودها مع الضمائر فيدل على االختصار‬s) •
He's : He is / He has She's : She is/ She has
it's : it is/ it has its + noun

The teacher's book : ‫ملكية مفرد‬ The teachers' room: ‫ملكية جمع‬

- My brother's …………………………………………………… in three languages enabled him to find a job.

(fluency, fluent, fluently)
- My …………………………………………………… in three languages enabled me to find a job.
(fluency, fluent, fluently)
4. After the prepositions (in, on, of, at, into, for, from, under, with, without,
about, against, between ..etc ) ‫بعد حروف الجر‬

- Farmers should take weather conditions into ……………………………………………………

(consider, consideration, considerably, considerable)

12
5. After phrases of quantity (much, many, any, little, some, no, enough, a few
several, each …etc ) ‫بعد محددات الكمية‬
- Is there any …………………………………………………… between them?
(differ, difference, different, differently)

6. After the verb as an object. ‫بعد الفعل كمفعول به‬

- Subject + verb + (object = noun) ‫المفعول به هو نفسه اإلسم‬

Governments encourage ……………………………………………………

(industry, industrially, industrial, industrialise)

7. After the determiners (this, that, these, those ) ‫بعد أسماء اإلشارة‬
- This …………………………………………………… has been made by an earthquake.
(destroy, destructive, destruction, destructively)

8. After the gerund (v-ing) ‫بعد المصدر‬

:‫ ياتي المصدر في الجملة كما يلي‬: ‫مالحظة‬

She is fond of reading stories .‫ بعد حروف الجر‬.1
Driving buses is difficult. .‫ في بداية الجملة كفاعل‬.2
:‫ بعد أفعال معينة مثل‬.3

enjoy ‫يستمتع‬ hate ‫يكره‬ dislike ‫ال يحب‬ finish ‫ينهي‬, deny ‫ينكر‬
admit ‫يعترف‬ smell ‫يصدر رائحة‬ find ‫يجد‬ avoid ‫ يتجنب‬stop ‫يتوقف‬
mind ‫يمانع‬ practice ‫يمارس‬ suggest ‫يقترح‬ like ‫يحب‬ begin ‫يبدأ‬
start ‫يبدأ‬ intend ‫ينوي‬ continue ‫يستمر‬ remember ‫يتذكر‬
try ‫يحاول‬ refer ‫يفضل‬
- He enjoys giving to the poor.
……………………………………………………

(help, helpful, helpfully, helplessly)

‫( اذا ارتبطت مع احدى‬to) ‫ اال انه يتم استخدام اسم بعد‬,‫( في جميع الحاالت‬to) ‫يتم استخدام فعل مجرد بعد‬
:‫المصطلحات التالية‬
be used to ‫يعتاد على‬ get used to ‫يعتاد على‬ be accustomed to ‫يعتاد على‬
be sentenced to ‫يُحكم عليه‬ be committed to ‫يلتزم بـ‬ due to ‫بسبب‬
look forward to ‫يتطلع إلى‬ according to ‫بالرجوع إلى‬ regarding to ‫بخصوص‬
concerning to ‫فيما يتعلق‬ object to ‫يعترض على‬ lead to ‫يؤدي إلى‬
adapt to ‫يتكيف مع‬ contributors to ‫مساهمة لـ‬

a. He had worked hard and was looking forward to …………………………………………………… .

(retire, retirement, retired, retiring)
b. The negative image of immigrants is largely due to …………………………………………………… .
(ignore, ignorantly, ignorant, ignorance)

13
 III. THE USE OF THE ADJECTIVE
1. Before the noun. ‫قبل اإلسم‬

to …………………………………………………… information (use, useful, usefully)

the …………………………………………………… information (use, useful, usefully)

- Sami earns his living by giving …………………………………………………… lessons in music.
(private, privately, privacy)

2. After (make), (find) and (become) ‫بعد األفعال التالية‬

become + adjective become + (a, an, the) + noun

- Education has become ……………………………………………………for both boys and girls.

(necessity, necessary, necessarily)
- Education has become a …………………………………………………… for both boys and girls.
(necessity, necessary, necessarily)

make + object + adjective make + object + verb

- His encouragement made me ……………………………………………………

(succeed, success, successfully)

- His encouragement made me ……………………………………………………

(successful, success, successfully)

find + object + adjective be + found + adjective

- She found the film ……………………………………………………

(boredom, boring, boringly, bore)

- Our neighbour was found in the forest.
……………………………………………………

(death, die, dead)

14
3. After (verb to be) (be) ‫بعد أفعال‬

be + adjective be + (a, an, the) + noun

it's + adjective its + noun

- Life in the future will be ……………………………………………………from life today.

(differ, difference, different, differently)
- There will be a …………………………………………………… in life in the future.
(difference, different, differently, differ)

there + be + noun subject + be + adjective

- There was …………………………………………………… in the city after the match.

(chaos, chaotic, chaotically)
- It was …………………………………………………… in the city after the match.
(chaos, chaotic, chaotically)

4. After the following verbs (look, seem, feel, smell, taste, sound) ‫بعد أفعال الشعور‬
- She looks ……………………………………………………

(sad, sadness, sadly)

: ) V.3 ( ‫ ) و اسم المفعول‬V-ing ( ‫ اسم الفاعل‬

‫ ) للفعل و يستخدم اسم الفاعل كصفة و ذلك اذا كان االسم الموصوف‬-ing( ‫• يتم تكوين اسم الفاعل باضافة‬
.‫هو الذي قام بالفعل أو كان سبب حدوثه‬
‫• يتم تكوين اسم المفعول من التصريف الثالث للفعل و يستخدم اسم المفعول كصفة و ذلك اذا وقع الفعل على‬
.‫االسم الموصوف‬
a. My grandma told us an …………………………………………………… story last night.
(amazing, amazed, amaze, amazement )
b. There are some …………………………………………………… vegetables in the fridge.
(cooked, cooking, cook, cookery )

interest - interesting - interested - interestingly

amaze - amazing - amazed - amazingly
excite - exciting - excited - excitedly
boredom - boring - bored - boringly

15
 IV. THE USE OF THE ADVERB
:‫ و إنما تكون صفة مثل‬،‫) وال تكون حال‬ly( ‫يوجد بعض الكلمات التي تنتهي بـ‬

likely, unlikely, lovely, lively, friendly, costly, ugly, sly, oily, manly, silly, deadly

fast, well, hard, late :‫ مثل‬،‫) و تكون حال‬ly( ‫يوجد بعض الكلمات ال تنتهي بـ‬

1. To describe the verb. ‫لوصف الفعل‬

Subject + verb + object + adverb .‫ في نهاية جملة مكتملة‬.1

Subject + adverb + verb + compliment .‫ قبل الفعل الرئيسي‬.2
Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb .‫ بين الفعل المساعد والفعل الرئيسي‬.3
- I thanked him ……………………………………………………

(politely, politeness, polite)

- She …………………………………………………… drove along the narrow road.
(carefully, care, careful)
- We will ……………………………………………………help her.
(willing, will, willingly)

Subject + transitive verb + object (noun) ‫بعد الفعل المتعدي يأتي مفعول به‬
Subject + intransitive verb + adverb ‫بعد الفعل الالزم يأتي حال‬

- Tom swam …………………………………………………… in the river.

(skill, skilful, skilfully)
- Tamara needs …………………………………………………… in this matter.
(help, helpful, helpless, helpfully)

2. Before the adjective. ‫قبل الصفة‬

- The meeting was …………………………………………………… successful.

(complete, completion, completely)

.‫يجوز إستخدام صفة قبل صفة أخرى و ذلك عند وجود إسم بعد الصفة‬ -

Subject + verb + adjective + adjective + noun.

- It's an cheap restaurant.

……………………………………………………

(amazement, amazed, amazing, amazingly)

3. Before (p.p) ‫قبل التصريف الثالث للفعل‬

- The meeting was …………………………………………………… organised.

(carefully, careful, care, careless)

16
4. After (very, too, so, quite, a bit, really) and between (as ……………… as) ‫بعد المشددات‬

(look, feel, seem, taste, smell, sound) ‫يتم إستخدام صفة بعد المشددات و ذلك إذا سبقها أحد أفعال الشعور‬
.‫( أما غير ذلك فنستخدم حال‬find, make, become) ‫( أو أحد األفعال التالية‬be) ‫أو أحد أفعال‬
- His ideas are too ……………………………………………………

(theoretically, theorise, theory, theoretical)

- Laila walks very ……………………………………………………

(caution, cautious, cautiously)

- Ali is as …………………………………………………… as Nabeel.
(careful, care, carelessly, carefully)
- Jalal drives as …………………………………………………… as his brother.
(careless, careful, care, carefully)

5. At the beginning before the comma. ‫قبل الفاصلة في بداية الجملة‬

- ……………………………………………………. , people get married at the weekends.

(Tradition, Traditional, Traditionally)

Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫ فعل أمر‬+ ‫جملة ال تحتوي على فعل‬

‫ جملة‬. Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫إسم‬ + ‫جملة تحتوي على فعل‬
‫ جملة‬, Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫صفة‬ + ‫ إسم‬+ ‫جملة‬
‫ ; جملة‬Adverb, ‫جملة‬ Adverb, ‫جملة‬

- Salama has passed all her exams successfully, , she will get the job.
……………………………………………………

(accordance, according, accordingly)

.‫( و الفعل المجرد‬to) ‫يتم إستخدام حال بين‬

- She wanted to …………………………………………………… emphasize on the matter.
(deepen, deep, depth, deeply)
.‫ أي أننا نعتبر الحال غير موجود‬.‫ نعتمد على ما قبل الحال لتكملة الفراغ‬، ‫عند وجود حال قبل الفراغ‬
- She will definitely …………………………………………………… in her exams.
(succeed, success, successful, successful)
- She is completely …………………………………………………… from her sister.
(differ, different, difference, differently)

17
 :‫مالحظات هامة‬
and ‫ عند وجود حرف العطف‬.1
1. He needs enthusiasm and to fulfil his dream.
……………………………………………………

(encouragingly, encourage, encouragement, encouraging)

2. Artists usually meet to discuss ideas and ……………………………………………………each other's work.
(criticise, criticism, critical, critcally)

.‫ عند وجود فاصلة بعد الفراغ الذي يأتي في بداية الجملة‬.2

1. …………………………………………………… , he is not still ready.
(Educational, Education, Educate, Educationally)
2. …………………………………………………… , health and transport should be available to any citizen.
(Education, Educate, Educational, Educationally)

.‫ يتم إستخدام حال بعد الفعل مباشرة إذا كان في صيغة المبني للمجهول و يجوز إستخدام الحال بين الفعلين‬.3
1. The conference was held ……………………………………………………

(successful, success, succeed, successfully)

2. The conference was held.
……………………………………………………

(successfully, success, succeed, successful)

Choose the correct item from those given in brackets to complete the following sentences.
1. The Ministry of plays an important role in Jordan.
…………………………………………………….

a. Health b. Healthy c. Healthily

2. You can this tool to help you.
…………………………………………………….

a. use b. useful c. usefully

3. His speech made me for some time.
…………………………………………………….

a. happiness b. happy c. happily

4. , nobody was hurt during the storm.
…………………………………………………….

a. Fortune b. Fortunate c. Fortunately

5. This game needs encouragement and .
…………………………………………………….

a. enthuse b. enthusiastic c. enthusiasm

6. Laila speaks English as as Manar.
…………………………………………………….

a. fluency b. fluent c. fluently

7. He looks after the death of his wife.
…………………………………………………….

a. sad b. sadness c. sadly

8. I need some about your experience.
…………………………………………………….

a. inform b. information c. informal

9. You have to loud and clear.
…………………………………………………….

a. speak b. speech c. speechless

10. She became when I told her the truth.
…………………………………………………….

a. anger b. angry c. angrily

11. Ibn Sina wrote textbooks.
……………………………………………………

a. medicine b. medicate c. medical

18
 12. My father bought our house with an from his grandfather.
……………………………………………………

a. inheritance b. inherited c. inherit

13. Scholars have discovered an document from the twelfth century.
……………………………………………………

a. original b. originate c. origin

14. I will be going to university to continue my .
……………………………………………………………………………

a. education b. educate c. educational

15. In our exam, we had to a text from Arabic into English.
………………………………………………………………

a. translate b. translated c. translation

16. They are going to a new air conditioning unit in our flat.
……………………………………………………………………………

a. installation b. install c. installed

17. Thank you for your help, I really it.
……………………………………………………………………………

a. appreciated b. appreciation c. appreciate

18. Have you seen Nasser's of postcards? He's got hundreds.
……………................……………………………………

a. collection b. collective c. collect

19. There are many ways to keep our children engaged when stuck at home.
…………………………………………

a. academically b. academy c. academic

20. I think the rich industrial nations the global economy.
……………................……………………………………

a. domination b. dominance c. dominate

21. Our country’s fields fine crops.
……………................……………………………………

a. produce b. production c. productive

22. Why are you so of his achievements? He’s working day and night.
……………................…………………………………

a. critical b. critically c. criticism

23. Ahmad’s very ; he composes music and sings his own songs.
……………................……………………………………

a. creativity b. create c. creative

24. In democratic countries, the majority of politicians their political
……………................……………………………………

decisions in the parliament.

a. dominant b. dominance c. dominate
25. Many doctors believe that supports brain development.
……………................……………………………………

a. repeat b. repetition c. repeated

Answers:

1. a 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c
6. c 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. b
11. c 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. a
16. b 17. c 18. a 19. a 20. c
21. a 22. a 23. c 24. a 25. b

19
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT ONE ‫شادي الرمحي‬

TENSES ‫أزمنـ ـ ـ ــة الفعـ ـ ـ ــل‬

I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT
• THE FORM OF THE VERB
a. base : I, They, We, You, ‫اسم جمع‬: clean , do , study.
b. base + s, es, ies : He, She It, ‫اسم مفرد‬: cleans, does, studies.
: ‫مالحظات‬
‫ ) أو أي اسم مفرد و ينتهي هذا الفعل‬He, She, It ( ‫ ) و ذلك اذا كان الفاعل‬es ( ‫ نضيف للفعل المضارع‬.1
: ‫بأحد الحروف التالية‬
O : goes , does X : mixes , fixes SS: passes , assesses
Ch: watches , catches Sh: washes , pushes
‫ ) أو أي اسم مفرد و ينتهي هذا الفعل بحرف‬He, She, It ( ‫ ) و ذلك اذا كان الفاعل‬ies ( ‫ نضيف للفعل المضارع‬.2
)s( ‫ ) فنضيف‬y ( ‫ أما اذا جاء حرف علة قبل حرف‬، ) a, e, i, o, u ( ‫) على شرط أن ال يسبقه أحد حروف العلة‬y(
study : studies carry: carries
stay: stays enjoy: enjoys
‫ ) أو أي اسم مفرد و ينتهي هذا الفعل بباقي‬He, She, It ( ‫ ) و ذلك اذا كان الفاعل‬s ( ‫ نضيف للفعل المضارع‬.3
: )2( ‫) و‬1( ‫الحروف التي لم تذكر سابقا في النقطتين‬
works paints looks types meets sees

 USES:
1. We use the Present Simple for habits and routines ‫التحدث عن عادة‬

always, usually, often, normally, generally, frequently, repeatedly, sometimes, hardly,

scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, hardly ever, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, annually,
every so often, nowadays, once in a while, occasionally, at weekends, from time to time,

(on + ‫)اسم األيام جمع‬, (every + ‫)زمن‬.

once
twice day, week, fortnight,
three times + a + month, season, year
several times decade, century
many times

20
 ‫ ( و‬do, does ) ‫يتكون المضارع البسيط من كلمة واحدة فقط في حالة الجمل المثبتة و يتكون من كلمتين احداهما‬
.‫األخرى الفعل المجرد في حالتي النفي و السؤال‬

1. John ……………………………………………………… bread and butter before going to school every morning.
(eat, eats, ate, is eating)
2. John ……………………………………………………… bread and butter before going to school every morning.
(don’t eat, doesn’t eat, didn’t eat, isn’t eating)
3. -…………………….…… John ………………………….………………… bread and butter before going to school every morning?
(Did … eat, Do … eat, Does … eat, Is … eating)
4. He often ……………………………………………………… touch with his colleagues.
(lose, loses, lost, is losing)

2. We use the Present Simple for facts and things that are generally true. ‫التحدث عن حقيقة‬
.‫جملة الحقيقة ال تحتوي على دالئل زمنية و تتحدث عن فكرة عامة معروفة لمعظم الناس‬

1. The human body ……………………………………………………… 206 bones.

(contain, contained, is containing, contains)
2. Light ……………………………………………………… at almost 300,000 kilometres per second.
(travel, travels, is travelling, travelled)
3. We use the Present Simple for permanent situations around the present time.
He now ……………………………………………………… a flat with his friend.
(share, shared, is sharing, shares)
4. We use the Present Simple for timetabled events.
.‫الخ‬... ‫عند التحدث عن حركة المواصالت و دوام الدوائر الرسمية و البنوك و المدارس و الجامعات والسينما‬
1. The plane ……………………………………………………… tomorrow at 6:30.
(arrives, arrive, arrived, will arrive)
2. The bank ……………………………………………… next Sunday at 3:00.
(close, closes, closed, will close)
3. The conference ……………………………………………… tomorrow at 9:00am.
(starts, start, started, will start)
5. States (verbs not usually used in the continuous form).
6. Some state verbs change their meaning and can be used in continuous form.
• States are verbs not usually used in the continuous form.
Examples:
love, like, believe, know, prefer

1. He loves getting traditional letters.

2. She likes watching documentary programmes.
3. They believe they will win the competition.
4. She knows how to use stative verbs.
5. I prefer burger over pizza.

21
• Some state verbs change their meaning and can be used in the continuous form
Examples:
think, see, look at, appear, have, look, smell

1. think of/about
a. What do you think of this message? (opinion)
b. What are you thinking about? (consider, have in mind)
c. I think the exam would be difficult. (opinion, believe)
d. I am thinking about going to Aqaba. (have in mind)

2. see (go out with)

a. I don’t see why you want to stay in touch with him. (understand)
b. I am seeing Ammar these days. (meet/ go out with)
c. I see the mountains from here. (see using your eyes)
d. I don’t see any problem in that. (understand, know, realise)
e. She sees places from a distant. (use eyes)
f. They are seeing each other these days. (meet)

3. look at:
a. I’d like to establish contact with that company, but my boss doesn’t look at it that
way. (think in a particular way)
b. Why are you looking at me that way? (use eyes)

4. appear:
a. She appears to be unhappy. (seem)
b. She is appearing in a concert at the Royal Hall. (come into sight)

5. have
a. She has a new Mercedes Benz. (own)
b. They have a beautiful house. (own)
c. They have two sons and a daughter. (own)
d. We are having a party these days. (talk about event)
e. She is having her breakfast at office. (eat)
f. I am having a bad day today. (experience)

6. look:
a. She looks very sad. (seem)
b. She is looking at him in a strange way. (use eyes)

7. smell:
a. The stew smells delicious. (have a smell)
b. She is smelling the flowers now. (use nose)

22
 Examples:
1. I ……………………………………………………………… that coffee is great (think/ am thinking)
2. I ……………………………………………………………… about my next holiday. (think/ am thinking)
3. I ……………………………………………………………… too much about my future career. (think/ am thinking)
4. I ……………………………………………………………… what you mean. (see/ am seeing)
5. I ……………………………………………………………… your new car now, it is parked next to my car. (see/ am seeing)
6. I ……………………………………………………………… my cousins tomorrow. (see/ am seeing)
7. My father …………………………………… at the matter in a different way. (looks/ is looking)
8. Samer ……………………………………………… like his father. (looks/ is looking)
9. Jameela ………………………………………… at them through the window. (looks/ is looking)

II. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ is, are, am + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:

1. We use the Present Continuous for actions in progress at the time of speaking.
now, currently, at the moment, at this minute, at the present, right now, these days
1. What ……………………… you …………………………………………… at the moment?
(is …doing, are…doing, were…doing, will…do)
2. What ………………………………… you ………………………………………… right now?
(is …read, will….read, were…reading, are…reading)
3. He …………………………………………………………… on his mobile at the moment.
(talk, will talk, was talking, is talking)
4. He ……………………………………………………… of getting a new phone at the present.
(are thinking, is thinking, were thinking, will think)
:‫انتبه يا ابالولوس‬
a. Ahmad now lives with his brother in a small flat.
b. Ahmad is living with his brother in a small flat now.

2. We use the Present Continuous for temporary actions in progress around now.

for the time being, temporarily, currently, this (week, month, year, …etc)

1. He of getting a new phone this week.

…………………………………

(are thinking, will think, is thinking, was thinking)

2. John his father’s car because his own car is in the workshop.
…………………………………

(was driving, is driving, will be driving, drives)

3. They temporarily
………………………………… with his uncle. They’ll stay there until they
…………………………………

find an apartment.
(is…living, are…living, were…living, was…living)
4. Julia in Chicago this month; she will be back in her office next month.
…………………………………

(works, worked, was working, is working)

23
 5. I in Berlin this year; I will return to my language studies at the end of the year.
…………………………………

(is studying, are studying, am studying, was studying)

6. Aisha currently
………………………………… her English.
…………………………………

(has…improved, have…improved, is…improving, will…improve)

7. She the train to university for the time being but she will go in the car with
…………………………………

classmate as soon as she can.

(takes, was taking, will take, is taking)

3. We use the Present Continuous for changes and developments.

We often use these verbs in this way:

getting, becoming, changing, improving, starting, beginning, increasing, rising,

falling, growing.

1. I feel that things better.

…………………………………

(get, is getting, are getting, will get)

2. More and more people up smoking.
…………………………………

(give, is giving, were giving, are giving)

3. The news quickly.
…………………………………

(are spreading, is spreading, spreads, spread)

4. Young people by hand less often these days.
……………………………………………………….

(is writing, was writing, are writing, were writing)

5. …………………. your English better?
………………………………….

(Is / getting, Was / getting, Are / getting, Were / getting)

6. The population of the world very fast.
……………………………………………………….

(was increasing, were increasing, are increasing, is increasing)

7. It colder and colder.
……………………………………………………….

(was getting, is getting, are getting, were getting)

4. We use the Present Continuous for a future arrangement with another person.

1. We my brother’s graduation next Friday.

……………………………………………………….

(is celebrating, was celebrating, will celebrate, are celebrating)

2. I the dentist tomorrow.
……………………………………………………….

(will visit, am visiting, was writing, am going to visit)

24
 III. THE SIMPLE PAST
• THE FORM OF THE VERB ‫التصريف الثاني من الفعل‬
We use the Past Simple to talk about actions or events completed at a specific time in
the past:

• KEY WORDS:
yesterday, (last +‫)زمن‬, (‫ زمن‬+ ago), (in + ‫)سنة في الماضي‬, in the past, (the previous +‫)زمن‬
at the time, earlier today, the day before yesterday, a little while back, in ancient times,
at the turn of the 20th century, (‫ زمن‬+ later), soon after, when

‫ ( و األخرى‬did ) ‫يتكون الماضي البسيط من كلمة واحدة فقط في حالة الجمل المثبتة و يتكون من كلمتين احداهما‬
.‫الفعل المجرد في حالتي النفي و السؤال‬
1. They home very late last night.
……………………………………………………

(get, got, gets, will get)

2. They home very late last night.
……………………………………………………

(doesn't get, don't get, didn't get, won’t get)

3. they
……………………… home very late last night?
………..………………………

(Did …get, Does …get, Do…get, Will…get)

4. Neil Papworth the first text message in 1992.
……………………………………………………

(send, sent, sends, will send)

IV. THE PAST CONTINUOUS

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ was, were + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:
1. We use the Past Continuous for a long activity interrupted by a shorter action.

V.2 while , as (was, were ) + V-ing

(was, were) + V-ing when V.2
1. While we the film, someone broke the window.
……………..............…………………………………

(will watch, watched, are watching, were watching)

2. I when the alarm clock rang.
……………..............…………………………………

(slept, was sleeping, are sleeping, sleep)

3. She when suddenly somebody tossed a brick through the window.
……………..............…………………………………

(studied, was studying, is studying, studies)

25
 2. We use Past continuous to talk about actions that were in progress at a specific
time in the past. (this often provides background to other past events)
(was, were) +V-ing while , as (was, were ) + V-ing
1. While Hani for us, his mum was texting.
……………..............…………………………………

(waited, had waited, was waiting, were waiting)

2. I my homework while my brother was watching a football match.
……………..............……………………………

(do, did, had done, was doing)

3. We use the Past Continuous for actions in progress at a specific time in the past.

This time + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ ( was , were ) + V-ing

‫ أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬+ ‫تحديد الزمن‬ ( was , were ) + V-ing
‫ جملة في زمن الماضي البسيط‬+ at the time ( was , were ) + V-ing

1. This time last year, we for the first semester exams.

………………………………………………………………

(had prepared, prepared, were preparing, was preparing)

2. Ahmad ……………………………………………………….…… his computer last night at 8:00pm.

(was fixing, were fixing, is fixing, fixed)

3. My father arrived home last night, we the football match at the time.
……………………………………………………

(had watched, watched, were watching, was watching)

.‫ للتحدث عن فعل مستمر الحدوث في وقت محدد في الماضي‬back then ‫و تستخدم‬

- We ……………………………… each other regularly back then.
(was meeting, were writing, has been writing, will have written)

26
 V. THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ have, has + V.3 ]
• KEY WORDS:
1. We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about the duration of states that began in
the past and continue up to now. (experiences during a present period of time)
since, for, ever since, never, recently, lately, finally, lastly, at last, before, up to now,
up to present, yet, so far, already, just, ‫ عدد‬+ ‫ زمن‬/‫ اسم‬+today, in recent years, always.
1. He stuck here for five years.
………………………………………………………..…………

(have been, has been, had been, will be)

2. I five thousand text messages so far.
………………………………………………………

(have sent, has sent, had sent, sent)

3. I three complaint letters today.
………………………………………………………

(have written, has written, had written, wrote)

4. I in such a nice place before.
………………………………………………………

(haven't been, hasn't been, hadn't been, wasn’t)

2. We use the Present Perfect Simple for finished actions in the past when we don’t
say exactly when they happened.
.‫يتم استخدام المضارع التام عند التحدث عن ماضي غير محدد‬
1. The earth around the sun.
………………………………………………………

(moves, is moving, has moved, has moved)

2. My brother to another flat.
………………………………………………………

(moves, have moved, is moving, has moved)

3. We use the Present Perfect Simple for completed past actions with a present
relevance / result.
.ً‫يدل المضارع التام على فعل بدأ في الماضي وانتهى قبل وقت قريب جدا‬
1. She the kitchen. It is clean now.
……………………………………………….……………….

(cleans, have cleaned, is cleaning, has cleaned)

2. You look very nice today. You ………………………………………………………a nice haircut.
(have, has, are having, have had)
3. The light ……………………………………………….……………….out. And now it’s pitch dark here.
(goes, has gone, is going, has gone)
4. He dramatically. He looks very different now.
………………………………………………………

(have changed, changes, is changing, has changed)

.‫ ( تدل على تكرار منفي فنستخدم مضارع بسيط‬never ) ‫اذا كانت‬

.‫ ( تدل على فعل منتهي فنستخدم مضارع تام‬never ) ‫اذا كانت‬
1. She never ……………………………………………………… coffee in the morning.
(drinks, is drinking, has drunk, had drunk)
2. She ………………………………… never ……………………………………………………… coffee in the morning.
(has…drunk, have…drunk, had…drunk, will…drink)

27
 VI. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ have, has + been + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:

1. We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about the duration of actions that
began in the past and continue up to the present

(for, since) + ‫أحد مؤشرات المضارع المستمر‬, (for, since) +‫ دليل من الجملة على عدم انتهاء زمن حدوث الفعل‬,
all + ( ‫ ) زمن‬, every + ( ‫ ) زمن‬+ this + ( ‫ ) زمن‬, over the past ‫ عدد‬+ (‫)زمن جمع‬

1. It ………………………………………………………..………… for three hours without stopping.

(has been raining, had been raining, have been raining)
2. Randa …………………………………………………………..…………………… letters all day.
(has been writing, have been writing, had been writing)
3. They ………………………………………………………………………………… tennis since two o'clock till now.
(has been playing, have been playing, had been playing)
4. She ………………………………………………………………………………… math every day this week.
(has been studying, have been studying, had been studying)
5. I ………………………………………………………..………… here since 9 a.m.
(have been waiting, had been waiting, has been waiting)

2. We use the Present Perfect Continuous for past processes with a present relevance /
result:
:‫ الكلمات التالية تدل على أثر الفعل‬، )ً‫يتم استخدام مضارع تام مستمر وذلك اذا كان أثر الفعل واضحا ً (باقيا‬
‫ عيون حمر‬،‫ عيون مدمعة‬،‫ تعبان‬،‫مرهق‬ ،‫يلهث‬ ،‫ ينزف‬،‫ متأخر‬، ‫ متسخ‬، ‫مبلل‬, ‫ مغطى بـ‬, ‫مشغول‬
red eyes, watery eyes, tired, exhausted, out of breath, bleeding, late, dirty, wet, covered with, busy

1. Your eyes are red and watery. you

…………………………. ?
…………………………………….……………….

(Has …been crying, Have …been crying, Had…been crying)

2. Saeed is out of breath. He for the bus.
……………………………………………….……………….

(has been running, have been running, had been running)

3. I’ve got better grades because I a lot lately.
………………………….………………………………….……………….

(has been studying, have been studying, had been studying)

.‫ يفضل استخدام مضارع تام مستمر‬,‫( و ال يوجد فيها مؤشرات‬since, for) ‫أي جملة يوجد فيها‬
1. She ……………………………………….………………. in this company since she graduated from the university.
(is working, worked, has worked)
2. She ………………………………………….………………. in this company since she graduated from the university.
(has been working, have been working, works)

:‫مالحظة هامة‬
1. Salem wants to relax because he has been working all day.
2. Salem wanted to relax because he had been working all day.
28
 VII. THE PAST PERFECT

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ had + V.3 ]

• KEY WORDS:
We use the Past Perfect for an action in the past that was completed before another
action or time in the past. (the duration of states before a specific point in the past)
(completed earlier actions with a relevance to the time of the story)

V.2 after, because, as , that had + V.3

had +V.3 before, when V.2
1. Sami went to bed after he his homework.
……………………………………………………………..…………….

(has done, had done, did, will do)

2. He a teacher before he became a businessman.
……………………………………………………………..…………….

(has been, had been, was, were)

3. After I my supper, I went to bed.
……………………………………………………….………………………

(have had, was having, had, had had)

4. Before Hassan met his wife, he ……………………………………………………….……………………… single for a decade.
(have been, were, has been, had been)
5. He missed that event because he ………………………………….……………………… in hospital for two weeks.
(has been, had been, was, were)
6. She ………………………………….……………………… blind for 12 years when she started her journey.
(has been, have been, had been, was)
7. He wrote about a spot that he on the surface of Venus.
………………………………….………………………

(had discovered, discovered, has discovered, discovered)

We use the Past Perfect to talk about experiences that happened before a specific
point in the past
by + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ had + p.p
by the time + sub + V.2 had +p.p

1. They everything by the time I arrived office.

……………………………………………………………….

(arranged, will arrange, have arranged, had arranged)

2. She ………………………………………………….……………………….the university by 1999.
(has joined, joined, have joined, had joined)
3. By the age of 15, he his system.
………………………………………………….……………………….

(had completed, will complete, have completed, completed)

4. By the time he died, he a lot of letters.

………………………………….………………………

(was writing, had been writing, wrote, had written)

29
 IIX. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ had + been + V-ing ]

V.2 after, because, as, that had + been + v-ing
had +been+ v-ing before, when V.2
by + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ had + been + v-ing
by the time + Sub. + V.2 had + been + v-ing

since, for, every ‫حيث يوجد في الجملة‬

1. By 2003, Ahmad in London for 10 years.
…….............................................................................………………………………..…

(have been living, had been living, lived, had lived)

2. Suha as a secretary for 20 years when she retired.
…….............................................................................………………………………..…

(worked, was working, has been working, had been working)

3. The streets were wet after it since last night.
…….............................................................................………………………………..…

(had rained, rained, has been raining, had been raining)

4. Before they reached the top of the mountain, they …….............................................................................………………………………..…

down every few minutes.

(has been falling, had been falling, fell, had fallen)

1. We use the Past Perfect Continuous to talk about the duration of actions that began
earlier in the past and continued to the time of the story:
a. He ……………………………………………… bird migration for years.
(have been studying, had studied, studied, had been studying)
b. He ……………………………………………… bird migration for years.
(has been studying, have been studying, had studied, studied)
c. He ……………………………………………… bird migration for years.
(has been studying, have been studying, had been studying, studied)

2. We use the past perfect continuous to talk about earlier past processes with a relevance to
the main events in the story:
- He had an accident with a pair of scissors that he with. ………………………………………………

(have been playing, had been playing, were playing, has been playing)

3. We use the Past Perfect Continuous when we want to focus on the duration of an activity
or when we are explaining a past result:
- She was tired because she for hours. ………………………………………………

(flew, were flying, has been flying, had been flying)

4. We do not use the Past Perfect Continuous with repeated actions when we say how many
(frequently) times something happened:
She had been visiting him regularly.
NOT She had been visiting him three times. (She had visited him three times)
30
 IX. THE FUTURE SIMPLE:
 THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will + base ]
 USES:
1. Predictions based on our opinions or expectations: ‫تنبؤات بدون دليل‬
(I think, I’m sure, I expect) (possibly, probably, definitely)
1. I think it
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… tomorrow.
(rains, is going to rain, will rain)
2. I expect he…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… in London.
(study, will study, have studied)
3. I’m sure you …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… any problem with it.
(don’t have, won’t have, haven’t had)
4. Definitely, she ………………………………………………………tonight.
(will arrive, arrive, has arrived)
5. He ……………………………… probably ………………………………………… late, as usual.
(will … be, is going to … be , is ... being)

2. Decisions made at the moment of speaking: ‫قرارات عفوية‬

1. On seconds thoughts, I think I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… it till the weekend.
(leave, will leave, am going to leave)
2. I am tired so I to bed.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(go, will go, am going)

3. Someone is knocking the door so I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… it.
(will open, have opened, am going to open)

X. FUTURE WITH GOING TO

 THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ is, are, am + going to + base ]
1. Existing plans or intentions for the future (Future plans): ‫مستقبل مخطط له‬
1. I cake for my friend tomorrow because it is his birthday.
………………………………………………………

(am going to buy, will have bought, will be buying)

2. I……………………………………………………Architecture at college..
(will have studied, will be studying, am going to study)
a future arrangement with another person ‫يجوز استخدام مضارع مستمر للتحدث عن مستقبل مخطط له‬
3. Next Monday, we my brother’s graduation.
……………………………………………………

(will celebrate, celebrate, are celebrating)

4. She her uncle in Paris next month.
……………………………………………………

(will have visited, will be visiting, is visiting)

2. Predictions based on evidence you have now: ‫تنبؤ مع دليل‬

1. Look at the black sky. It soon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(is snowing, will snow, is going to snow)

2. You a busy weekend. I know all the things my friend has to do at the weekend.
…………….………

(are going to have, will have, is having)

31
 XI. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will + be + V-ing ]
an activity in progress at a specific time in the future
1. Actions that will be in progress at a particular time in the future:
by the end of the + ‫زمن‬ will be + V-ing
‫ أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬+ ‫تحديد الزمن‬ will be + V-ing
in + (‫ )عدد‬+ (‫ )زمن‬+ time will be + V-ing
1. By the end of the century, more people in the country than in the city.
…………………………………………………

(will have live, will live, will be living)

2. …………………………… you on it tomorrow at 5:30?
…………………………………..……………………

(will …have worked, will…work, will…be working)

3. We …………………………………..…………………… the football match tomorrow at 6:00 pm.
(will be watching, will have watched, will watch)
4. I …………………………………..…………………… for my physics exam in three days’ time.
(will be studying, am going to study, will study)
2. Events that will happen as part of the normal course or events, or routine:
- She her family at the weekend. (She does it every weekend)
………………………………………….……………………

(will have visited, will visit, will be visiting)

3. We don’t use stative verbs with the future continuous:
(be, believe, forget, like, want, etc…)
- She ………………………………………….…………………… late tomorrow night. (She does it every weekend)
(will have been, will be, will be being)

XII. THE FUTURE PERFECT

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will + have + V.3 ]
an activity which will be completed by a specific time
- Actions that will be completed before a particular time in the future:
by + ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬ will have + P.P
by the time + sub + V.1 will have + P.P
in + ( ‫ )عدد‬+ (‫ ) زمن‬+ time will have + P.P
by + then will have + P.P
1. They to the U.S.A by next month.
……………………………………………………………..…………….

(had moved, will have moved, will move)

2. I all my homework by the time they arrive.
………………………………………………….……………………….

(had done, will have done, will do)

3. In 100 years' time half the world’s languages .
………………………………………………….………………………

(had disappear, will have disappeared, will disappear)

4. you
…………………………… it by then?
…………………………….……………………

(will …have finished, will…finish, have….finished)

32
 XIII. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will + have been + V-ing]
an activity which continues up to a specific point in the future
- To focus on a duration of action which is still ongoing at some point in the future:

for + ( ‫ )عدد‬+ (‫ )زمن‬+ time + ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬ will have been + V-ing
- I in Berlin for three years in July.
………………………………………………….……………………

(had have lived, will have been living, will live)

The Future Continuous, the Future Perfect and the Future Perfect Continuous
are often used with:
by (2050, next year, then, the time, etc.) and in (ten years, two months, a few months)
(five years from now)
Other modal verbs can be used instead of will with Future Continuous and Future Perfect
forms to show different degrees of certainty (might, may, could)

:‫مالحظات هامة‬
:‫ و هذه األسماء هي‬، ‫ اذا دخلت األسماء التالية على االسم الجمع فيعامل معاملة المفرد‬.1
every one of, no one of, one of, each one of
- No one of the volunteers the hall room yet.
……………………………………………………

(has left, have left, are leaving)

‫ ( تعامل معاملة المفرد حتى لو جاء بعدها اسم جمع‬V-ing ) ‫ اذا بدأت الجملة بمصدر‬.2
- Reading English stories strengthened my language.
……………………………………………………

(has, have, are)

‫ تدخل على االسم الجمع فيعامل معاملة المفرد‬The number of .3
‫ تدخل على االسم الجمع فيبقى جمع‬A number of
- The number of workers in this factory increased rapidly.
……………………………………………………

(has, have, are)

- A number of workers waiting outside the factory.
……………………………………………………

(has, is, are)

Auxiliaries:
Modals + base Do + base
Have + V.3 Be + V-ing
1. This time next year, she will be …………………………………………………… at Al-Yarmouk university.
(study, studied, studying)
2. He has …………………………………………………… sleeping since he arrived.
(be, being, been)
33
 have +V.3 since V.2
have + been + V-ing since V.2
1. She has been working here since she from the university.
……………………………………………

(graduates, has graduated, graduated)

2. I have done all the housework since I home.
……………………………………………

(arrived, have arrived, arrive)

# FOR:
1. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(have done, has done, will have done, has been doing)
2. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(will be doing, have been doing, will have done, has done)
3. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(have been doing, will have done, will be doing, had been doing)
4. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(have been doing, will have done, will do, is going to do)
5. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours.
(have been doing, will be doing, will do, is going to do)
6. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours when I arrived.
(have been doing, has been doing, has done, had been doing)
7. Toleen ………………….………………..………her homework for three hours tomorrow.
(have been doing, has been doing, has done, will have been doing)
# SINCE:
1. Ameer computer games since he arrived home.
………………….………………..………

(have played, has played, had been playing, played)

2. Ameer computer games since he arrived home.
………………….………………..………

(has been playing, have been playing, has played, had played)
3. Ameer computer games since he arrived home.
………………….………………..………

(have played, have been playing, were playing, had been playing)
# WHEN:
1. Aws ………………….………………..………his room when I arrived home.
(have painted, has painted, had been painting, was painting)
2. Aws ………………….………………..………hard for three hours when I arrived home.
(has been training, had been training, was training, had trained)
# ‫تحديد الزمن‬:
1. The match ………………….………………..………tomorrow at 6:00pm.
(start, started, will start, starts)
2. We ………………….………………..………the match tomorrow at 6:00pm.
(have been watching, had been watching, will be watching, will watch)
# ‫أثر الفعل‬:
1. My mother is very tired; she all afternoon for a special family dinner.
………………….………………..………

(has cooked, had been cooking, was cooking, has been cooking)
2. My mother was very tired; she all afternoon for a special family dinner.
………………….………………..………

(had cooked, had been cooking, was cooking, has been cooking)
34
 ‫‪ #‬كيفية دراسة األزمنة‪:‬‬

‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Simple:‬‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫‪Fact‬‬ ‫جدول زمني ثابت‬ ‫موقف دائم حول الوقت‬
‫في المستقبل‬ ‫الحالي‬
‫‪always‬‬ ‫بدون مؤشرات‬ ‫مواصالت ‪/‬‬
‫كلمة عامة‬ ‫دوام رسمي‬ ‫‪now‬‬

‫‪Continuous:‬‬ ‫فعل وقت الكالم‬ ‫موقف مؤقت‬ ‫مستقبل مخطط له‬ ‫تغييرات و تطورات‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫‪for the time‬‬ ‫مع شخص اخر‬ ‫مع المقارنة و افعال تدل‬
‫‪at the moment‬‬ ‫‪being, currently‬‬ ‫رحالت ‪ /‬سفر‪/‬‬ ‫على التغيير‬
‫مناسبات ‪ /‬حفالت‬ ‫‪getting, becoming‬‬
‫‪Perfect:‬‬ ‫فعل بدأ في الماضي و انتهى قبل وقت قريب‬ ‫ماضي غير محدد‬
‫جدا و تجربة في زمن غير محدد‬
‫)‪(since, for) (recently) (yet‬‬ ‫بدون مؤشرات و و ليست حقيقة‬
‫)‪(already) (before) (today‬‬

‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫فعل بدأ في الماضي و ما زال مستمر‬ ‫أثر فعل‬

‫‪continuous:‬‬ ‫مضارع مستمر ‪(since, for) +‬‬
‫‪(since, for) + without stopping‬‬ ‫الوجه ‪ /‬الجسم ‪ /‬المالبس‬
‫‪(since, for) + still‬‬
‫زمن ‪all +‬‬
‫‪Be going to:‬‬ ‫مستقبل مخطط له مع نفسك‬ ‫تنبؤ مع دليل‬
‫رحالت ‪ /‬سفر‪ /‬مناسبات ‪ /‬حفالت‬ ‫أحوال الطقس‬

‫‪Past‬‬ ‫‪Simple:‬‬ ‫حدث في الماضي‪:‬‬

‫‪yesterday‬‬
‫‪Continuous:‬‬ ‫زمن طويل ‪ ،‬زمن قصير‬ ‫زمن ماضي ‪this time +‬‬
‫‪when / while / as‬‬ ‫تحديد الزمن ‪ +‬زمن ماضي‬
‫جملة ماضي ‪at the time +‬‬
‫‪back then‬‬
‫‪Perfect:‬‬ ‫حدث أول ‪ ،‬حدث ثاني‬ ‫زمن ماضي ‪by +‬‬
‫‪after / before / because / that / as‬‬ ‫‪by the time + sub + V.2‬‬
‫‪when‬‬
‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫حدث أول ‪ ،‬حدث ثاني‬ ‫زمن ماضي ‪by +‬‬
‫‪continuous:‬‬ ‫‪after / before / because / that / as‬‬ ‫‪by the time + sub + V.2‬‬
‫‪when‬‬

‫‪Future‬‬ ‫‪Simple:‬‬ ‫حدث في المستقبل‬ ‫قرار عفوي‬ ‫تنبؤ بدون دليل‬

‫‪tomorrow‬‬ ‫‪present + so + will‬‬ ‫…‪I think‬‬
‫)‪(base‬‬ ‫‪I hope….‬‬
‫‪Continuous:‬‬ ‫زمن مستقبل ‪this time +‬‬ ‫‪routine‬‬
‫تحديد الزمن ‪ +‬زمن مستقبل‬
‫‪Perfect:‬‬ ‫زمن في المستقبل ‪by +‬‬ ‫‪ + time‬زمن ‪ +‬عدد ‪in +‬‬
‫‪by the time + sub + V.1‬‬

‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‪ + time +‬زمن ‪ +‬عدد ‪for +‬‬
‫‪continuous‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
Complete the following by putting the verb between brackets into its correct form.
1. The government hardly to raise the citizen’s awareness of human rights.
………………………………

a. has be work b. has be working c. has been worked d. has been working
2. Ali about his friend when he received an email from him.
………………………………

a. was thought b. were thought c. was thinking d. were thinking

3. The children ……………………………… in the yard for two hours.
a. is playing b. has been playing c. have been playing d. were playing
4. I my car. That’s why my hands are dirty.
………………………………

a. am cleaned b. has been cleaning c. had been cleaning d. have been cleaning
5. Nadia ……………………………… her homework for two hours.
a. have done b. have been doing c. has been doing d. had been doing
6. Salam ……………………………… her report when the light in her room switched itself off.
a. was typing b. is typing c. types d. was typed
7. The phone ……………………………… and I can’t find where I’ve put it.
a. was ringing b. is ringing c. rings d. will ring
8. The phone ……………………………… all the time now that we run a business.
a. was ringing b. had rung c. rings d. will ring
9. I Mike all day today.
………………………………

a. have called b. had called c. had been calling d. have been calling
10. I ………………………………Mike a couple of times today.
a. have called b. had called c. had been calling d. have been calling
11. It……………………………… easier and easier to stay in touch with people.
a. got b. will have got c. was getting d. is getting
12. I a film when the lights suddenly went out.
………………………………

a. have watched b. will be watching c. watch d. was watching

13. What you
……………………………… of my phone?
………………………………

a. had / thought b. are / thinking c. do / think d. did / think

14. What ……………………………… you ……………………………… about?
a. had / thought b. are / thinking c. do / think d. did / think
15. He thank-you letters all morning.
………………………………

a. had written b. has been writing c. had been writing d. has written
16. I ………………………………an English essay last night.
a. had written b. wrote c. will be writing d. will have written
17. She ……………………………… a text message right now.
a. is writing b. has been writing c. is going to write d. has written

36
18. Young people ……………………………… by hand less often these days.
a. have written b. are writing c. were writing d. will have written
19. I ……………………………… to Jad when he called.
a. wrote b. had been writing c. was writing d. will write
20. We to each other regularly back then.
………………………………

a. was writing b. were writing c. has been writing d. will have written
21. Fawzi ……………………………… at least ten texts every day.
a. is writing b. has been writing c. is going to write d. writes
22. Teenagers rarely ……………………………… emails.
a. writes b. write c. are writing d. have written
23. Most teenagers ……………………………… texting to calling.
a. prefer b. prefers c. are preferring d. is preferring
24. My friends and I usually
……………………………… ………………………………emails.
a. don’t / send b. didn’t / send c. doesn’t / send d. won’t / send
25. Once in a while, Salma ……………………………… a letter.
a. wrote b. write c. writes d. have written
26. ………………………………you your laptop right now? I’d like to borrow it.
………………………………

a. Have / used b. Were / using c. Do / use d. Are / using

27. Can I call you back? I ……………………………… to someone else at the moment.
a. talk b. talked c. is going to talk d. am talking
28. Landline telephones less and less common these days.
………………………………

a. become b. are becoming c. is becoming d. will have become

29. ……………… you ……………… how much credit you’ve got left on your phone?
a. Do / know b. Did / you c. Are / knowing d. Is / knowing
30. I ……………………….…………… touch with a few of my friends in recent years.
a. lost b. had lost c. have lost d. will have lost
31. Dad ……………………….…………… contact with his cousin from time to time so they're not close.
a. make b. made c. makes d. has made
32. She ……………………….…………… on her mobile for ages. Can’t they see each other in person?
a. chatted b. had chatted c. has been chatting d. have chatted
33. I ……………………….…………… contact with Mr. Farley earlier today but he hasn't responded yet.
a. establish b. has established c. have established d. established
34. the laptop right now? I need to send an email.
……………………….……………

a. Have you used b. Did you use c. Are you using d. Will you use
35. My teacher took my mobile phone off me yesterday- I ……………………… to my friend at the time!
a. talked b. was talking c. had talked d. had been talking
37
36. He ……………………….…………… with me ever since we had that argument.
a. hasn’t stayed b. don’t stay c. didn’t stay d. haven’t stayed
37. I ……………………….…………… going for a regular run once a week.
a. loves b. have loved c. love d. am loving
38. Jaber ……………………….…………… to stay in on Saturday nights these days.
a. is preferring b. prefer c. preferred d. prefers
39. Muneer wanted to sit down because he all day at work.
……………………….……………

a. was standing b. has been standing c. had been standing d. stood

40. Do you know that man? He ……………………….…………… at you all evening.
a. has looked b. has been looking c. is looking d. will have looked
41. Why the milk? Do you think it has gone bad?
……………………….……………

a. does you smell b. did you smell c. are you smelling d. will you be smelling
42. We ……………………….…………… lunch now. Will you join us, please?
a. are having b. have c. were having d. will be having
43. Just look at his face: I bet he ……………………….…………… about something amazing!
a. thinks b. thought c. is thinking d. think
44. Apologies, but I much time at the moment. I'll get back to you soon, I promise.
……………………

a. don’t have b. didn’t have c. am not having d. wasn’t having

45. Monther Rayahneh at awarded-winning TV show, The Invasion.
……………………….……………

a. appears b. was appearing c. is appearing d. appear

46. She ……………………….…………… to be highly intelligent, but she's awfully lazy too. What a waste!
a. appears b. was appearing c. is appearing d. appear
47. I ……………………….…………… what you mean, but I can't agree with you.
a. am seeing b. see c. had seen d. have been seeing
48. My mum ……………………….…………… it’s the best idea.
a. thinks b. is thinking c. thought d. think
49. Malek ……………………….…………… much better with his hair cut.
a. is looking b. looks c. looked d. look
50. When I got home, the flat ……………………….…………… of smoke.
a. was smelling b. smelled c. has smelled d. smells
51. anybody these days, Faisal?
……………………….……………

a. Are you seeing b. Were you seeing c. Will you see d. Do you see
52. I ……………………….…………… the website twice before I went to school.
a. checked b. was checking c. had been checking d. had checked
38
53. Had Amelia Earhart Bangkok when she disappeared? ……………………….……………

a. be visiting b. been visited c. been visiting d. visit

54. Elvis ……………………….…………… 24 studio albums before he died.
a. had recorded b. had been recording c. had be recording d. recorded
55. Paul McCartney to play the trumpet before he was given a guitar.
……………………….……………

a. have learnt b. was learning c. had be learning d. had been learning

56. She was tired because she ……………………….…………… the news for hours.
a. was watching b. watched c. had been watching d. had watched
57. When Nasser arrived at the party, the other boys .............................................………… the food.
a. already ate b. had already eaten c. has already eaten d. is already eating
58. There was a strong smell because someone fish. .............................................…………

a. had cooked b. were cooking c. had been cooking d. was cooking

59. Loud music and the guests were dancing or chatting to each other.
.............................................…………

a. were playing b. had been playing c. had played d. was playing

60. Rakan all week for the chance to play football with his friends.
.............................................…………

a. had waited b. had been waiting c. were waiting d. have been waiting
61. Rakan all week for the chance to play football with his friends.
.............................................…………

a. had waited b. was waiting c. had been waiting d. has been waiting
62. While they , there was a power cut and the music stopped.
.............................................…………

a. was dancing b. have been dancing c. were dancing d. has been dancing
63. My grandfather is 89 years old, but he's in great shape, so I'm sure he's .................………… to be 100.
a. lives b. will have living c. will be lived d. will live
64. My grandfather is 89 years old, but he's in great shape, so I'm sure he's to be 100. .........................…

a. lives b. will have living c. will be lived d. is going to live

65. I.............................................………… English literature at Al-Yarmouk University for four years next year.
a. study b. will have studied c. will be studying d. will have been studying
66. I this essay in time to hand it in by next Friday.
.............................................…………

a. won’t finish b. won’t be finishing c. won’t have finished d. won’t be finished

67. They their ideas tomorrow at 5 p.m.
.............................................…………

a. will present b. will have presented c. will be presented d. will be presenting

68. It’s probable that I my first driverless car by 2050.
.............................................…………

a. will buy b. will have bought c. will be buying d. will have buying
69. l usually take a break from my screen …………………………………………………….…………… to rest my eyes.
a. right now b. from time to time c. ever since d. at the time

39
 70. According to my phone, I've spent 67 minutes online …………………………………………………….…………… .
a. earlier today b. since nine o’clock c. ever since now d. yesterday
71. We've been learning about ancient methods of communication at school ……………………….…………… .
a. last week b. once in a while c. recently d. at the moment
72. I forgot my password and blocked my email account …………………………………………………….…………… .
a. usually b. in recent weeks c. recently d. the day before yesterday
73. We were walking on the beach earlier today ……………………………… we found a message in a bottle.
a. when b. once a while c. recently d. right now
74. I’ve been texting Heba .
……………………….……………

a. all morning b. three times today c. yesterday night d. right now

75. I’ve texted Heba .
……………………….……………

a. all morning b. three times today c. yesterday night d. right now

Answers:

1. d 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. c
6. a 7. b 8. c 9. d 10. a
11. d 12. d 13. c 14. b 15. b
16. b 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. b
21. d 22. b 23. a 24. a 25. c
26. d 27. d 28. b 29. a 30. c
31. c 32. c 33. d 34. c 35. b
36. a 37. c 38. d 39. c 40. b
41. c 42. a 43. c 44. a 45. c
46. c 47. b 48. a 49. b 50. b
51. a 52. d 53. c 54. a 55. d
56. c 57. b 58. c 59. d 60. b
61. d 62. c 63. d 64. d 65. d
66. c 67. d 68. b 69. b 70. b
71. c 72. d 73. a 74. a 75. b

40
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ Question tags and echo questions ‫شادي الرمحي‬

Auxiliaries:
1. verb to be: is, are, am, was, were
2. verb to do: do, does, did
3. verb to have: have, has, had
4. modals: will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to.

:‫ عند وجود فعل مساعد‬.1

Positive statement………………….., negative auxiliary + subject pronoun?
Negative statement…………….……, positive auxiliary + subject pronoun?
- You’ve read this book, ……………............................................................................……… ?
- You haven’t read this book, ……………........................................................……… ?
- She does speak English, ……………........................................................................……… ?
- She doesn’t speak English, …………….............................................................……… ?
- You’re tired, ?
……………........................................................................................................................………

- You’re not tired, …………….........................................................................................................……… ?

:‫ عند عدم وجود فعل مساعد‬.2

)do( ‫يتم إستخدام أحد أفعال‬
a. V.1 ......., don't + subject pronoun?
b. V.1s......, doesn't + subject pronoun?
c. V.2 ......, didn't + subject pronoun?
- You work in that hospital, ……………..............................................................……… ?
- She gets up very early, ……………............................................................................……… ?
- We told them the latest news, ..……..........................................................……… ?

:‫مالحظات‬
:‫) تدل على النفي‬never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom( ‫ الكلمات التالية‬.1
- She has never been late, ? ……………..............................................................………

- She rarely wakes up late, ? ……......................................................................………

)will you, won’t you( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬،‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بفعل أمر مثبت‬.2
- Open that window, ?
……………..............................................................………

)will you( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬،‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بفعل أمر منفي‬.3
- Don't open that window, ?
…….......................................................………

)am( ‫) بدالً من‬aren't( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬.4

- I am late,……………..............................................................……… ?
- I am not late, ……...........................................................……… ?
)Let's( ‫) إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬shall we( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬.5
- Let's leave now, ?
……………..............................................................………

41
 )I'll( ‫) إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬shall I( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬.6
- I'll help you in your homework, ?
……………..............................................................………

- I will help you in your homework, ?

……………....................................................………

)they( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬، )someone, somebody, no one, nobody( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.7
- Someone left his book here, ? ....................................................................................………

- Somebody is waiting outside, ? ……......................................................................………

- No one has told us the news, ? ……………..............................................................………

- Nobody was here, ?

……......................................................................................................................………

)they( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬،)these, those( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.8

- These were left here, ?
…………….................................................................................................………

- Those will leave soon, ? ……………..............................................................………

- These computers are old fashions, ? ……......................................................................………

- Those people are foreigners, ? ……………..............................................................………

)it( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬، )something, nothing( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.9

- Something has occurred, ? ……………..............................………

- Nothing is wrong, ?
……......................................................................………

)it( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬،‫) كفاعل‬that, this( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.10

- That is right, ?
…………….................................................................................................………

- This is an expensive car, ? ……………..............................................................………

- That girl is my cousin, ? ……......................................................................………

- This book is very precious, ? ……………..............................................................………

)there( ‫ يتم إستخدام‬، )there( ‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بـ‬.11

- There is something wrong, ? …………….................................................................................................………

- There aren’t any spiders in my room, ? ……………..............................................................………

:‫ إنتبه‬.12
- She's left school late, …………….........................................................................……… ?
- She's leaving school late, ……......................................................................……… ?
- She's late, …………….........................................................................................................................……… ?
- He'd wait for us, ……......................................................................……… ?
- He'd waited for us, …………….................................................……… ?
:‫ إنتبه‬.13
• requests:
Buy me the newspaper, will you? OR won’t you? OR could you?
• invitations:
Come to visit us next summer, will you? OR won’t you? OR could you?
• commands:
Write it down, will you? OR won’t you? OR could you?
Don’t make a mess, will you?

42
 :‫ إنتبه‬.14
- She has been late twice this week, …………….........................................................................……… ?
- She has breakfast at office, ? ……......................................................................………

- They have bought a large house in the country, …………….........................................................……… ?

- They have a large house in the country, …………….........................................................……… ?
- He had taken lunch at the restaurant, ……......................................................................……… ?
- He had lunch at restaurant yesterday, …………….................................................……… ?

:‫ إنتبه‬.15
- He needn’t stay, …………….........................................................................……… ?
- He needs to go, ……......................................................................……… ?

Complete the following sentences by using Question Tags.

1. You don’t understand, ?
……......................................................................………

a. do you b. don't you c. will you d. can you

2. She usually comes in late, ?
……......................................................................………

a. does she b. do she c. don’t she d. doesn’t she

3. You are coming to the party, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. are you b. aren’t you c. do you d. didn’t you
4. They haven’t been to London yet, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. have they b. haven’t they c. do they d. don’t they
5. They went to school, ?
……......................................................................………

a. do they b. did they c. didn’t they d. don’t they

6. She had a break, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. had she b. hadn’t she c. did she d. didn’t she
7. We had met them before, ?
……......................................................................………

a. had we b. hadn’t we c. did we d. didn’t we

8. This is an amazing house, ?
……......................................................................………

a. isn’t it b. is it c. isn’t this d. is this

9. Nothing has happened so far, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. have they b. haven’t they c. has it d. hasn’t it
10. Those are Majeda’s guests, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. are those b. aren’t those c. are they d. aren’t they
11. It's such a great city, ?
……......................................................................………

a. is it b. isn’t it c. does it d. doesn’t it

12. Wow, so you'd never been there before, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. would you b. wouldn’t you c. had you d. hadn’t you
13. I shouldn't be so fussy, ?
……......................................................................………

a. should I b. shouldn’t I c. shall I d. won’t I

43
14. Nothing ever changes, ?
……......................................................................………

a. doesn’t it b. does it c. don’t they d. do they

15. Come and look at this, ?
……......................................................................………

a. can you b. will you c. don’t you d. can’t you

16. Everyone was there, ?
……......................................................................………

a. were they b. was he c. wasn’t he d. weren’t they

17. Don't be late, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. do you b. don’t you c. will you d. won’t you
18. No one likes him, ?
……......................................................................………

a. does he b. do they c. doesn’t he d. don’t they

19. I'm having a great time, ?
……......................................................................………

a. aren’t I b. am I c. am not I d. weren’t I

20. Majeda and Malak have arrived, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. has she b. hasn’t she c. have they d. haven’t they
21. Jawad didn’t want to play tennis, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. did he b. didn’t he c. does he d. doesn’t he
22. Reem was wearing some beautiful shoes, ?
……......................................................................………

a. was she b. wasn’t she c. did she d. didn’t she

23. I can't understand what he's saying, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. can you b. can’t you c. can’t I d. can I
24. Let's go to the party, ?
……......................................................................………

a. shall we b. can we c. will we d. could we

25. Sorry, I'm putting you on the spot, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. are we b. were we c. aren’t I d. am I
26. Somebody told you, ?
……......................................................................………

a. did you b. didn’t you c. did they d. didn’t they

27. Nobody gave you the message, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. did you b. didn’t you c. did they d. didn’t they
28. He'll turn the laptop off, ?
……......................................................................………

a. will he b. does he c. won’t he d. wouldn’t he

29. You couldn't help me, ?
……......................................................................………

a. can you b. could you c. can’t you d. couldn’t you

30. Come to the party, ?
……......................................................................………

a. do you b. do they c. will you d. may you

31. He doesn't come across very well, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. does he b. doesn’t he c. is he d. isn’t he
44
 32. You can't let it drop, ?
……......................................................................………

a. can’t it b. can it c. can you d. can’t you

33. You're going to Paris, ?
……......................................................................………

a. are you b. aren’t you c. will you d. won’t you

34. You haven't seen my mobile, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. haven’t they b. have they c. have you d. haven’t you
35. I should pay her a compliment when we first meet, ?
……......................................................................………

a. should I b. should we c. shouldn’t we d. shouldn’t I

36. He's not going to take to you if you insist on having the last word, …….......................................................……… ?
a. is he b. isn’t he c. will he d. won’t he
37. The room looks different. Someone has moved the couch, ……......................................................................……… ?
a. does it b. has he c. have they d. haven’t they
38. Parents need to teach children not to drop litter, ?
……......................................................................………

a. need they b. needn’t they c. do they d. don’t they

39. Nobody helped her, ?
……......................................................................………

a. did he b. did they c. didn’t he d. didn’t they

40. Don't go out tonight, ?
……......................................................................………

a. will you b. won’t you c. can you d. can’t you

41. …….......................................................……… a good question, isn’t it?
a. It isn’t b. It was c. That’s d. There’s
42. lovely beaches in this country, aren’t there?
……......................................................................………

a. There is b. There are c. These are d. These aren’t

43. be hot here, can’t it?
……......................................................................………

a. Can it b. Can’t it c. It can’t d. It can

44. too hot there last summer, was it?
……......................................................................………

a. It wasn’t b. It was c. Was it d. Wasn’t it

45. talking too much, aren’t I?
……......................................................................………

a. I’m b. We are c. I were d Am I

Answers:
1. a 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c
6. d 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. d
11. b 12. c 13. a 14. b 15. b
16. d 17. c 18. b 19. a 20. d
21. a 22. b 23. d 24. a 25. c
26. d 27. c 28. c 29. b 30. c
31. a 32. c 33. b 34. c 35. d
36. a 37. d 38. d 39. b 40. a
41. c 42. b 43. d 44. a 45. a

45
Echo questions

:‫ عند وجود فعل مساعد‬.1

A: Positive statement…………………..
B: Positive auxiliary + subject pronoun?

- A: She will leave tomorrow.

B: Will she?

A: Negative statement…………………..
B: Negative auxiliary + subject pronoun?

- A: My father won’t go with us to Aqaba.

B: Won’t he?

:‫ عند عدم وجود فعل مساعد‬.2

)do( ‫يتم إستخدام أحد أفعال‬
A: Subject + V.1 .......
B: Do + subject pronoun?

- A: My friends work hard to win the prize.

B: Do they?

A: Subject + V.1s .......

B: Does + subject pronoun?

- A: She works in a café to pay her university fees.

B: Does she?

A: Subject + V.2 .......

B: Did + subject pronoun?

- A: Salem won the golden medal last summer.

B: Did he?

:‫مالحظة هامة‬
.‫) و العكس صحيح‬you( ‫) يتم تحويل الضكير إلى‬I, We( ‫ إذا كان الفاعل‬-

- A: I can’t do such a thing.

B: Can’t you?

- A: We would arrange something for her graduation party.

B: Would you?

46
Complete the following sentences by using Echo Questions.

1. Ahmad: I used to live in Aqaba.

Basem: ? I bet it was amazing!
……......................................................................………

a. Did I b. Did you c. Didn’t I d. Didn’t you

2. Habib: Actually, it's my birthday tomorrow.

Faisal: Is it? Do you have anything special planned?
a. Isn’t it b. It isn’t c. Is it d. Isn’t it

3. Omar: I get nervous in new situations.

Nader: ? I hadn’t noticed. You seem quite self-confident to me.
……......................................................................………

a. Don’t I b. Do I c. Don’t you d. Do you

4. Alia: I'm planning to make a chocolate cake for the party.

Hanan: ? Well, I certainly do, so please go ahead!
……......................................................................………

a. Am I b. Aren’t I c. Are we d. Are you

5. Rashed: He moved in next door recently.

Amer: ? Hi, Adel. Welcome to the neighbourhood. I'm Amer.
……......................................................................………

a. Does he b. Did he c. Doesn’t he d. Didn’t he

6. Fadia: My tablet is on the table.

Halima: ? Oh, yeah. Right, let's listen to something fun.
……......................................................................………

a. Is it b. It is c. Isn’t it d. It isn’t

7. Ramzi: The old club wasn’t fun.

Hani: ? I liked it.
……......................................................................………

a. Wasn’t it b. Was it c. It was d. It wasn’t

8. Jameela: I don’t know what to do.

Amal: ? Well, perhaps I can help.
……......................................................................………

a. Don’t I b. Don’t we c. Don’t you d. Do you

9. Jameela: You are always late.

Amal: ? Well, perhaps because of the traffic.
……......................................................................………

a. Am not I b. Am I c. Aren’t I d. Are you

10. Jameela: You are always late.

Amal and Muna: ……......................................................................……… ? Well, perhaps because of the traffic.
a. Are we b. Aren’t we c. Am I d. Are you

Answers:
1. b 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b
6. a 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. a

47
Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs from the article, in the correct form.

come across ‫يصادف‬ pick up ‫يلتقط‬ figure out ‫ يعرف‬/ ‫يفهم‬ point out ‫يشير‬
bring about ‫يقوم بـ‬ get across ‫يوصل فكرة‬ make out ‫يرى‬ spell out ‫يشرح‬

1. I was embarrassed when he ………….…………………………… that I had made some basic spelling mistakes.
a. got across b. brought about c. came across d. pointed out

2. It was cloudy, but he could still …………………………………… the distant star.

a. make out b. pick up c. spell out d. come across

3. I…………………………………… an interesting article about space exploration the other day.

a. made out b. got across c. spelled out d. came across

4. Technology has …………………………………………………….…………… many changes in the way we live.

a. picked up b. brought about c. figured out d. spelled out

5. My science teacher is very good at ……………………………………… difficult ideas so that we always

understand them.
a. coming across b. making out c. bringing about d. getting across

6. It took me ages to ……………………………………………exactly how to use the telescope.

a. point out b. figure out c. come across d. spell out

7. You don't understand? Do I have to …………………………………………………….…………… what I mean?

a. come across b. bring about c. spell out d. make out

8. We couldn’t use our mobile phones in the desert, but started to ……………………………………………….……………

signals when we went into the mountains.

a. point out b. come across c. make out d. pick up

Answers:

1. d 2. a 3. d 4. b
5. d 6. b 7. c 8. d

48
Study the following meanings:
1. jump down somebody's throat: To react angrily to something someone said. ‫ ينتقد بشدة‬/ ‫يوبخ‬
2. put somebody on the spot: To embarrass someone by forcing them to answer a difficult
question. ‫يحرج‬
3. fire questions at someone: To ask someone a lot of questions quickly. ‫يطلق وابل من األسئلة‬
4. refuse to let something drop: To not stop talking about a particular
subject. ‫ال يوقف الحديث بموضوع معين‬
5. insist on having the last word: To have to make the final point in a discussion or
argument. ‫يقول الكلمة األخيرة في النقاش‬
6. not get a word in edgeways: To be unable to say anything because someone else is talking all
the time. ‫ال يستطيع التحدث بسبب شحص آخر‬
7. strike up a conversation: start talking. ‫يبدأ الكالم‬
8. come across as: give the impression. ‫يعطي انطباع‬
9. pay (someone) a compliment: comment on how nice. ‫يمدح‬
10. take to (someone): like immediately. ‫يتقبل شخص‬
11. have a laugh: find it funny. ‫مضحك‬
12. hit it off with (someone): like. ‫يتوافق مع‬
13. create a bond: ‫ينشئ رابط‬
14. make small talk: ‫يستهل الحديث‬
15. make a favourable impression: ‫يعطي انطباع إيجابي‬
16. exasperated: annoyed. ‫منزعج‬
17. bewildered: totally confused. ‫مرتبك‬
18. terrified: frightened. ‫خائف‬
19. livid: furious. ‫غاضب‬
20. tense: nervous. ‫متوتر‬
21. devastated: sad, extremely upset. ‫حزين‬
22. astonished: surprised. ‫متفاجئ‬
23. ecstatic: thrilled. ً‫فرح جدا‬
24. speed up (your plans): ‫يٌسرع‬
25. sophisticated: intelligent or made in a complicated way ‫معقد‬
26. rely on: ‫يعتمد على‬
27. control on: ‫يسيطر‬
28. refer to: ‫يعود الى‬
29. direct to: ‫ مباشرة‬/ ‫يوجه الى‬
30. learn about: ‫يتعلم‬
31. establish contact: ‫إقامة اتصال‬ lose contact: ‫فقدان االتصال‬
maintain contact: ‫الحفاظ على االتصال‬ make contact: ‫إجراء اتصال‬
32. deliver a message: ‫توصيل رسالة‬ pass on a message: ‫يمرر رسالة‬
carry a message: ‫حمل رسالة‬ convey a message: ‫نقل رسالة‬
spread a message: ‫نشر رسالة‬
33. lose touch: ‫فقدان االتصال‬ stay in touch: ‫يبقى على تواصل‬

49
 SPEAKING
Expressing anxiety:
It’s been keeping me up at night.
I’m worried sick about….
I’m extremely concerned
I’ve been worrying about it a lot.

Expressing relief:
I can breathe a sigh of relief now.
That’s weight off my mind.
that must be a relief for you

Expressing annoyance and frustration:

… is driving me up the wall!
… really gets on my nerves.
I’ve had it up to here with ……
I’m completely fed up

Expressing surprise or disbelief:

You’ve got to be kidding me!
Get out of here!
Who would have thought it?
I don’t believe you!

Expressing sadness
I’m feeling a bit down in the dumps.
I’m feeling a bit blue.
I’m heartbroken.

Expressing enjoyment or happiness

I’m walking on air!
I can’t stop smiling!

50
Choose the correct answer.
1. He started talking to the new neighbour.
a. He struck up a conversation with the new neighbour.
b. He paid a compliment with the new neighbour
c. He had a laugh with the new neighbour.
2. She gave the impression of being very self-confident.
a. She took to being self-confident.
b. She hit off being self-confident.
c. She came across as being very self-confident.
3. Abeer commented on how nice her shoes were.
a. Abeer had a laugh about her shoes.
b. Abeer struck up a conversation about her shoes.
c. Abeer paid her a compliment about her shoes.
4. I immediately liked him
a. I had a laugh with him.
b. I took to him immediately.
c. I struck up a conversation with him immediately.
5. We found it really funny.
a. We really hit it off.
b. We really paid a compliment about it.
c. We really had a laugh about it.
6. I didn’t really like her friends when I met them.
a. I didn’t really have a laugh with her friends when I met them.
b. I didn’t really come across as with her friends when I met them.
c. I didn’t really hit it off with her friends when I met them.
7. Sharing a house creates a strong between young people at university.
……………………………………

a. impression b. conversation c. bond

8. My tutor and I really hit it …………………………………… , so I’m looking forward to our lessons together.
a. off b. up c. down
9. My friend and I always have a …………………………………… when we get together.
a. conversation b. bond c. laugh
10. I met our new neighbours and I took …………………………………… them immediately.
a. off b. up c. to
11. I am not good at making and I often end up saying silly things.
……………………………………

a. small talk b. conversation c. bond

12. Although I may …………………………………… across as a confident person, I’m actually quite shy.
a. make b. come c. strike

51
13. Thankfully, Fadia made a favourable …………………………………… On her new tutor.
a. conversation b. bond c. impression
14. I always try to …………………………………… up a conversation when I meet someone new.
a. make b. strike c. pay
15. If someone pays you a …………………………………… , smile and say thank you.
a. compliment b. conversation c. bond
16. He continued to …………………………………… questions at me. He just kept asking me one after another.
a. throw b. fire c. take
17. You insisted on have the last , you always have to be the last one to speak.
……………………………………

a. say b. speech c. word

18. I didn’t like being put the spot. It was embarrassing.
……………………………………

a. on b. in c. up
19. She didn’t have to jump down my …………………………………… , she got really angry.
a. neck b. mouth c. throat
20. I could not get a word in …………………………………… , she talked so much that I couldn’t say anything.
a. edgeways b. sideways c. subways
21. He refused to let something …………………………………… , he wouldn’t stop talking.
a. drop b. stop c. fall
22. Get …………………………………… of here!
a. out b. off c. into
23. I’m worried …………………………………… .
a. ill b. patient c. sick
24. That’s a weight off my …………………………………… .
a. brain b. mind c. heart
25. Now I can …………………………………… a sight of a relief.
a. blow b. sneeze c. breathe
26. You’ve got to be …………………………………… me!
a. kidding b. joking c. playing
27. It’s been keeping me …………………………………… at night.
a. out b. up c. on
28. Who would have …………………………………… it?
a. thought b. understood c. believed
29. I’m feeling a bit …………………………………… in the dump.
a. up b. down c. in
30. I'm completely …………………………………… about my exam results - I never thought I'd do so well!
a. livid b. tense c. ecstatic

52
31. He has no idea how he got home last night. He feels completely . ……………………………………

a. bewildered b. ecstatic c. terrified

32. Randa’s mother was absolutely …………………………………… when she found out that her daughter had
cheated in the exam again.
a. terrified b. livid c. exasperated
33. She felt very …………………………………… as she waited for her job interview.
a. tense b. bewildered c. livid
34. He's…………………………………… that someone will find out his secret.
a. exasperated b. bewildered c. terrified
35. Nothing is changing and he is becoming more and more about the situation. ……………………………………

a. tense b. terrified c. exasperated

36. I can see my grandparents struggle to learn the latest developments in computing.
……….................………

a. to b. about c. on
37. Parents should have control their children’s internet use.
……………................………

a. to b. about c. on
38. We know that social media directs advertisements its users.
……………...............................................………

a. to b. about c. on
39. Too many children probably rely ……………...............................................……… social media to make friends
a. to b. about c. on
40. We …………………………………… right from the start. We talked all day!
a. took to b. hit it off c. real bond
41. We created a …………………………………… . I felt I’d known her for a year, not an hour.
a. laugh b. real bond c. conversation
42. I don’t usually like someone immediately but I really …………………………………… him.
a. struck up b. hit it c. took to
43. My grandparents are really funny. We always have a good …………………………………… .
a. laugh b. real bond c. conversation
44. It’s something difficult to ………………………………… a conversation at parties with people you don’t know.
a. hit b. have c. strike up
45. I found it hard to understand what the physics teacher was talking about.
a. l found it hard to figure out what the physics teacher was talking about.
b. I found it hard to figure in what the physics teacher was talking about.
c. I found it hard to figure up what the physics teacher was talking about.
46. You must explain your idea very clearly so he understands.
a. You must come across your idea so he understands
b. You must take to your idea so he understands.
c. You must spell out your idea so he understands.

53
47. Rana has drawn my attention to a problem.
a. Rana has figured out a problem to me.
b. Rana has pointed out a problem to me.
c. Rana has made out a problem to me.
48. I couldn’t process so much information.
a. I couldn’t take in all the information.
b. I couldn’t point out all the information
c. I couldn’t pick up all the information
49. I offered a coffee to ………………………………… the ice.
a. destroy b. break c. hit
50. Why are you ………………………………… down my throat? Calm down.
a. jumping b. running c. walking
51. He said that he had made many efforts to ……………………. with Mr. Rasheed, without success.
a. lose contact b. lose touch c. establish contact
52. A telephone link enabled the miners to ……………………………….………. with those above ground.
a. maintain contact b. lose contact c. lose touch
53. She ……………………………….………. with her college roommate after graduation.
a. lost touch b. passed on a message c. established contact
54. Could you please ……………………………….………. that I won’t be able to make it to the meeting today?
a. deliver a message b. pass on a messagec. c. maintain contact
55. He with the organisation and offered to do a first piece of work for free.
…………………….

a. made contact b. lost touch c. lost contact

56. I’m sorry I can’t ……………………………….……….to your daughter.
a. lose contact b. stay in touch c. carry a message
57. Despite their busy schedules, they managed to ……………………………….………. .
a. lost touch b. stay in touch c. establish contact

Answers:

1. a 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. c 8. a 9. c 10. c
11. a 12. b 13. c 14. b 15. a 16. b 17. c 18. a 19. c 20. a
21. a 22. a 23. c 24. b 25. c 26. a 27. b 28. a 29. b 30. c
31. a 32. b 33. a 34. c 35. c 36. b 37. c 38. a 39. c 40. b
41. b 42. c 43. a 44. c 45. a 46. c 47. b 48. a 49. b 50. a
51. c 52. a 53. a 54. b 55. a 56. c 57. b

54
1. What do these phrases express?
A = annoyance, S = sadness, H = happiness:
1) I’m heartbroken A/S/H
2) He is driving me up the wall! A/S/H
3) I’m walking on air! A/S/H
4) I’m feeling a bit down in the dumps. A/S/H
5) I’m feeling a bit blue. A/S/H
6) I can’t stop smiling! A/S/H
7) I’ve had it up to here with you A/S/H
8) That’s music gets on my nerves. A/S/H

2. Choose the correct phrases to complete the mini-conversations. Then complete gaps
with the phrases from the box.
Faten: What's the matter with you?
Eman: The neighbours are playing loud music again. 1. (It's driving me up the wall,
I'm walking on air, that must be a relief for you)
Faten: What a pain!
Eman: Maybe I should go and talk to them again.
Faten: I think you should. I mean – what’s the worst that could happen?

Mazen: The farmer’s horse died. 2. (He’s heartbroken, It really gets on her nerves,
I can’t stop smiling)
Adel: Oh no! Poor thing. I’m so sorry to hear that.

Aisha How did the interview go?

Ghada: I got the job! 3. (I'm feeling a bit blue, I can't stop smiling, I’m completely
fed up)
Aisha That's awesome! I’m really pleased for you.

Fadi: Just calm down!

Hassan: But my phone is broken again! 4. (I'm feeling a bit down in the dumps, I've
had it up to here with it, get out of here) I want my money back!
Fadi: I don’t blame you. That's the third time this month.
Hassan: I know, right.

Adel: 5. (I am walking on air, I am feeling a bit blue, That’s get on my nerves).

I passed my driving test.
Bassam: Really! Congratulations.

Answers:
1. It’s driving me up the wall 2. He’s heartbroken
3. I can’t stop smiling 4. I’ve had it up to herewith it
5. I am walking on air

55
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ REVISION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

1. Complete the sentence with the words from the box. There are four extra words.

carry get across hit it off laugh pass on real bond strike up took to

1) We right from the start. We talked all day!

……………………………….……….

2) We created a . I felt I’d known her for a year, not an hour.

……………………………….……….

3) I don’t usually like someone immediately but I really him.

……………………………….……….

4) My grandparents are really funny. We always have a good .

……………………………….……….

5) It’s something difficult to a conversation at parties with people you

……………………………….……….

don’t know.

Answers:
1. hit it off 2. real bond 3. took to 4. laugh 5. strike up

2. Choose the correct answer.

1) I found it hard to understand what the physics teacher was taking about.
a. l found it hard to figure out what the physics teacher was talking about.
b. l found it hard to spell out what the physics teacher was talking about.
c. l found it hard to point out what the physics teacher was talking about.
2) You must explain your idea very clearly so he understands.
a. You must figure out your idea so he understands.
b. You must take in your idea so he understands.
c. You must spell out your idea so he understands.
3) Rana has drawn my attention to a problem.
a. Rana has figured out a problem to me.
b. Rana has pointed out a problem to me.
c. Rana has taken in a problem to me.
4) I couldn’t process so much information.
a. I couldn’t figure out in all the information.
b. I couldn’t take in all the information.
c. I couldn’t spell out all the information.

Answers:
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. b

56
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT TWO ‫شادي الرمحي‬

FUTURE PREDICTION
‫ للتحدث عن إحتمالية حدوث فعل في المستقبل‬be + adjective + infinitive ‫يتم استخدام‬
1. be bound/ be certain/ be sure to (this is almost definite) ‫فعل أكيد الحدوث‬
- When someone has lot of work, mistakes are bound to happen.
- I feel certain that you're doing the right thing.
- Her latest novel is sure to become a bestseller.

2. be likely to (this is probable) ‫فعل محتمل الحدوث‬

- If I don’t write it down, I am likely to forget.

3. be unlikely to (this is improbable) ‫فعل غير محتمل الحدوث‬

- Nevertheless, the results are unlikely to be too far from the truth.

Choose the correct answer:

1. You've done so much revision you're ……………………………….………. to pass your exams.

a. bound b. unlikely c. likely

2. With such strong winds, the airport is ……………………………….………. to be open.

a. sure b. likely c. unlikely

3. Although we can't be certain, we think the pool is ……………………………….………. to be busy today.

a. likely b. bound c. certain

4. After her injury, it's that Laila will reach the finals.
……………………………….……….

a. likely b. unlikely c. bound

5. Driverless cars will almost certainly reduce the number of road accidents.
a. Driverless cars are sure to reduce the number of road accidents.
b. Driverless cars are likely to reduce the number of road accidents.
c. Driverless cars are unlikely to reduce the number of road accidents.

6. Powerful computers will almost definitely become smaller, faster and cheaper.
a. Powerful computers are almost likely to become smaller, faster and cheaper.
b. Powerful computers are almost unlikely to become smaller, faster and cheaper.
c. Powerful computers are almost certain to become smaller, faster and cheaper.

57
 7. The human race probably won't go and live on another planet.
a. The human race is certain to go and live on another planet.
b. The human race is bound to go and live on another planet.
c. The human race is unlikely to go and live on another planet.

8. We're sure that we will find a cure for cancer in the future.
a. We are unlikely to find a cure for cancer in the future.
b. We are likely to find a cure for cancer in the future.
c. We are bound to find a cure for cancer in the future.

9. I don't think he will stop eating meat.

a. He is bound to stop eating meat.
b. He is unlikely to stop eating meat.
c. He is sure to stop eating meat.

10. Oil prices will definitely rise next year.

a. Oil prices are unlikely to rise next year.
b. Oil prices are likely to rise next year.
c. Oil prices are certain to rise next year.

11. Violence and crime in our town will probably drop.

a. Violence and crime in our town are likely to drop.
b. Violence and crime in our town are sure to drop.
c. Violence and crime in our town are bound to drop.

12. We'll have to change our eating habits in the future without a doubt.
a. We will definitely have to change our eating habits in the future.
b. We will probably have too change our eating habits in the future.
c. We will improbably have to change our eating habits in the future.

Answers:

1. a 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. c
7. c 8. c 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. a

58
 FUTURE FORMS FOR PLANS AND HOPES
:‫يتم إستخدام المصطلحات التالية للتعبير عن المستقبل‬
A. For plans: ‫التخطيط‬
1. be planning to + infinitive: I am planning to get someone to fix my car.
2. be hoping to + infinitive: They are hoping to do it soon.
3. be thinking of + gerund: I am thinking of creating a website.
4. be going to + infinitive: I am going to buy a new car soon.
(something that has already been decided)
5. be V-ing: We have a party. I am seeing my friends tomorrow.
(a future arrangement with another person)
B. When something is happening very soon: ‫فعل سوف يحدث قريبا جدا‬
1. be about to + infinitive: They are about to announce a new competition.
2. will + infinitive: I am very hungry. I will prepare some food.
(a future action decided now)
C. For timetabled events: ‫للتحدث عن جدول زمني ثابت‬
(a timetabled or scheduled future event)
1. be due to + infinitive: It is due to go on display next week.
2. V.1 or V.1s: The conference starts next Monday at 9:00am.
D. For formal or official arrangements, instructions or commands: ‫ترتيبات رسمية‬
be to + infinitive: The prince is to visit the new hospital and talk to
the patients.
E. For an action that is expected to happen in the normal course of events:
‫حدث متوقع الحدوث في زمن محدد في المستقبل‬
will be + V-ing: They will be studying for their final exams this
time next month.
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1) I'm ……………………………….……….of doing my presentation on endangered species.
a. hoping b. about c. thinking
2) We're hoping a wind turbine installed this year.
……………………………….……….

a. of having b. to have c. have

3) Talal walking to school instead of getting the bus.
……………………………….……….

a. is going to start b. will be starting c. is to start

4) The programme on global warming to go on at 6.30.
……………………………….……….

a. will start b. starts c. is due

5) Dad's ……………………………….……….his new electric car tonight at 7 p.m.
a. picking up b. about to pick c. will pick
6) The professor the research next week.
……………………………….……….

a. is due to b. about to start c. will be starting

7) My sister to paint her room.
……………………………….……….

a. is b. is about c. is thinking of

59
 8) They're thinking most of their clothes to charity.
……………………………….……….

a. to donate b. donate c. of donating

9) The King ……………………………….………. to open the new bridge in Zarqa.
a. is about b. is planning c. is
10) Sorry about breaking your favourite mug. I you a new one, I promise.
……………………………….……….

a. will buy b. am buying c. am about to buy

11) The shopping center ……………………………….……….at 10 a.m.
a. will open b. is going to open c. opens
12) I
……………………………….………. give these old blankets to the charity shop.
a. am thinking of b. will be c. am going to
13) I
……………………………….………. take a packet of the paper straws, thanks.
a. will b. am due to c. am to
14) As usual on the show, we you how to reuse everyday items.
……………………………….……….

a. are going to show b. will be showing c. am about to show

15) We ……………………………….………. early to go to the car boot sale.
a. are meeting b. are to meet c. are going to meet
16) The monthly sale ……………………………….……….at 10 a.m.
a. starts b. is starting c. is going to start
17) I
……………………………….………. and sell all my old sports equipment.
a. am to try b. am trying c. am going to try
18) As usual, they ……………………………….……….tickets at the gate.
a. are selling b. will be selling c. are going to sell
19) I
……………………………….………. my cousin there at 9 a.m. to set up our stall.
a. am meeting b. will meet c. meet
20) It sounds fun - maybe we along too.
……………………………….……….

a. are going to come b. are planning to come c. will come

21) The annual charity day at 9 a.m.
……………………………….……….

a. is about to begin b. will begin c. begins

22) 29 July? Yes, I think I ……………………………….……….

a. will be coming b. will come c. am going to come

23) It's been decided that we ……………………………….……….money for a children’s charity.
a. are going to raise b. will be raising c. will raise
24) As in previous years, the head teacher how much money we have raised at
……………………………….……….

the end of the day.

a. is planning to announce b. is going to announce c. will be announcing
25) On 28 July, my classmates and I cakes to sell.
……………………………….……….

a. are baking b. are to bake c. will bake

Answers:
1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. a
6. a 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. a
11. c 12. c 13. a 14. b 15. a
16. a 17. c 18. b 19. a 20. c
21. c 22. b 23. a 24. c 25. a

60
 1) acid rain: ‫مطر حمضي‬ 17) greenhouse effect: ‫تأثير االحتباس الحراري‬
2) endangered species: ‫أصناف معرضة للخطر‬ 18) habitat loss: ‫فقدان الموطن‬
3) exhaust fumes: ‫بخار العادم‬ 19) ozone layer: ‫طبقة األوزون‬
4) fossil fuels: ‫وقود المستحثات‬ 20) renewable energy: ‫طاقة متجددة‬
5) global warming: ‫االحتباس الحراري‬ 21) soil erosion: ‫انجراف التربة‬
6) water scarcity: ‫شح المياه‬ 22) toxic waste: ‫النفايات السامة‬
7) wind turbine: ‫توريينات الرياح‬ 23) vehicle emissions: ‫انبعاثات المركبات‬
8) climate change: ‫تغيير مناخي‬ 24) industrial waste: ‫نفايات صناعية‬
9) blistering heat: ‫حرارة شديدة‬ 25) heavy snow: ‫ثلوج غزيرة‬
10) blistering temperature: ‫درجة حرارة شديدة‬ 26) high temperature: ‫درجة حرارة عالية‬
11) freak weather: ‫طقس غريب‬ 27) high humidity: ‫رطوبة عالية‬
12) freak temperature: ‫درجة حرارة غريبة‬ 28) scorching heat: ‫حرارة شديدة‬
13) scorching temperature: ‫ درجة حرارة شديدة الحرارة‬29) freak winds: ‫الرياح العاتية‬
14) gale-force winds: ‫رياح عاتية‬ 30) scorching weather: ‫الطقس الحار‬
15) heavy rain: ‫أمطار غزيرة‬ 31) soaring temperature: ‫ارتفاع درجة الحرارة‬
16) sub-zero temperature: ‫ درجة حرارة تحت الصفر‬32) torrential rain: ‫أمطار غزيرة‬

1. Complete the sentences with compound nouns from Exercise 1.

1) 80 percent of the energy we consume is provided by which pollute
……………………………….……….

the atmosphere.
a. soil erosion b. toxic waste c. fossil fuels
2) Deforestation causes ……………………………….………. because tree roots are no longer in place to
bind the earth together.
a. acid rain b. soil erosion c. wind turbine
3) It is claimed that ……………………………….……….from cars kill twice as many people as accidents
caused by vehicles.
a. global warming b. acid rain c. exhaust fumes
4) Up to 300 homes can be powered by one , using renewable energy.
……………………………….……….

a. habitat loss b. renewable energy c. wind turbines

5) Up to 300 homes can be powered by one wind turbines, using ……………………………….……….

a. habitat loss b. renewable energy c. wind turbines

6) …………………….……….is the greatest threat to endangered species which are close to extinction.
a. Habitat loss b. Climate change c. Vehicle emissions
7) Habitat loss is the greatest threat to which are close to extinction.
……………………………….……….

a. soil erosion b. endangered species c. vehicle emissions

8) For safety reasons, ……………………………….………. must be stored in sealed containers underground.
a. Acid rain b. toxic waste c. wind turbines
9) ……………………………….………. damages buildings, forests, and kills fish.
a. Acid rain b. Soil erosion c. Wind turbines
10) Save our trees. Stop ……………………………….………. rain!
a. toxic b. loss c. acid
61
 11) Burning fossil fuels = a hole in the ozone Stop the cycle of destruction.
……………………………….……….

a. layer b. loss c. scarcity

12) Make public transport free to reduce vehicle ……………………………….……….

a. emissions b. fumes c. loss

13) Close factories that produce waste now!
……………………………….……….

a. wind b. toxic c. loss

14) The planet belongs to all living things: protect species and stop habitat loss
…………………….……….

a. scarcity b. loss c. endangered

15) The planet belongs to all living things: protect endangered species and stop habitat ……………….

a. scarcity b. loss c. endangered

16) Water will lead to war! We are thirsty for change!
……………………………….……….

a. scarcity b. acid c. toxic

Answers:
1. c 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b
9. a 10. c 11. a 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. b 16. a

Compound nouns
.‫يتكون االسم المركب من كلمتين و تكون الكلمة األولى اما اسم أو صفة أو فعل أما الكلمة الثانية فتكون اسم‬

• climate change (N + N) industrial waste (A + N) swimming pool (V + N)

‫( على االسم األول‬stress) ‫اذا كان االسم المركب مكون من اسمين فتكون الشدة‬
‫( على االسم الثاني‬stress) ‫اذا كان االسم االول فعل أو صفة فتكون الشدة‬

‫انفرادي‬ ‫ليلي‬ ‫الالفقاريات بحري مكسوبالفراء لزج‬

solitary, nocturnal, slimy, furry, marines, invertebrates
Insects are because they do not have a backbone.
……………………………….……….

1) Goldfish are creatures that many people keep as pets.

……………………………….……….

2) I don't like holding fish because they are cold and .

……………………………….……….

3) Tortoises are creatures and are usually seen alone.

……………………………….……….

4) Children love small animals like rabbits and guinea pigs.

……………………………….……….

5) Owls are ……………………………….……….animals that can see very well at night.

Answers:
1. invertebrates 2. marine 3. slimy 4. solitary 5. furry 6. nocturnal

Complete the collocations from the article with the correct words from the box.
becoming extinct natural predators critically endangered solitary animals
1) Animals that are classified as ‘endangered’ are at risk of becoming extinct.
2) Tigers – the largest living cats on Earth – are at the top of their food chain so they
have no natural predators.
3) The orangutan and black rhino are critically endangered which means they are
facing a very high risk of extinction.

62
 SPEAKING
Problem-solving
EXPRESSING INDECISION
I'm torn between a new drinking fountain and a plastic recycling bin.
I'm on the fence about the advertising campaign.
I'm having second thoughts.
I can't make up my mind.
On the one hand, this is a fun idea, but on the other hand, not everybody can afford it.
I can’t put my finger on it, but something's not right with it.
EXPRESSING AGREEMENT
You're spot on! / Absolutely!
That's what I was going to say!
EXPRESSING DISAGREEMENT
It doesn't grab me.
I think we're on the wrong track.
That's a good point, but I don't know if everybody will agree.
OK, but another option might be to reduce plastic use within the town.
Seriously?!
REACHING A DECISION
So, let's make a decision on this.
OK, so will we go with the first one?
It looks as if we agree that the first poster is more suitable.

1. Complete the discussion with phrases from the Speaking box.

Aisha: Which poster do you prefer?
Faten: I don’t know. I’m 1. (torn between, on the fence, having second thoughts) this
one with the water bottle, and that one with the bright colours.
Nadia: I can’t put 2. (grab on me, my finger on it, up my mind) but the one with the water
bottle doesn’t 3. (look as if we agree, put my finger on it, grab me)
Faten: Maybe it’s just not original?
Aisha: I don’t think this idea will really inspire people to take part. It takes a lot of
effort to remember to bring in a reusable bottle. We need to think about how to
motivate people to do it.
Faten: That’s a 4. (good point, but another option might be, on the other hand), but
maybe that depends on how we present the concept.
Nadia: Yes, you’re 5. (a good point, absolutely, spot on), Faten! That’s why we need a
poster that really makes an impact.
Aisha: OK, let’s make a decision on which poster then. Will 6. (we go with, grab me,
put my finger on it) the one with the bright colours?
Nadia: Yes, it looks 7. (as if we agree, a good point but, absolutely) that one is the best
idea.
Answers:
1. torn between 2. my finger on it 3. grab me 4. good point 5. spot on 6. we go with 7. as if we agree

63
2. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
1) It looks as (if, like, so) we agree that we need a recycling bin in each classroom.
2) I'm (over, on, up) the fence about it to be honest.
3) OK, but another (decision, option, choice) might be to wait a bit longer.
4) So, let's (do, have, make) a decision on this, shall we?
Answers:
1. if 2. on 3. option 4. make

3. Complete the conversation with the correct words from the Speaking box.
Fadi: So we have to choose one of these posters to promote our environmental
campaign - the school clothes swap day. What do you think? I'm 1. (torn,
apart, with) between these two.
Talal: that’s what I was going to 2. (tell, talk, say) I can’t make up my 3. (brain,
mind, thought) which one though. I mean-on the one 4. (arm, finger, hand) the
poster with the wave of clothes is visually striking, but on the other hand, the
one with the two guys is quite funny.
Fadi: It is, but something about it doesn’t 5. (grab, catch, get) me. I can't quite put
My 6. (finger, hand, arm) on it.
Maybe it needs a better caption or something?
Talal: That's a good 7. (option, idea, point), but I’m not sure! can think of anything better.
Fadi: Maybe something like ‘Clothes swap day - not just for girls!’
Talal: Hmm. I think we're on the wrong 8. (path, track, place) with the gender thing.
How about ‘You never know what you'll find at clothes swap day’. Sort of like
these two guys found each other among the clothes, if you know what I mean.
Fadi: I think you're 9. (not, right, spot) on! I like it!
Talal: OK, so will we 10. (go, get, do) with this one then?
Fadi: Definitely. I'll change the caption and print a few off.
Answers:
1. torn 2. say 3. mind 4. hand 5. grab
6. finger 7. point 8. track 9. spot 10. go

4. Rewrite the sentences below using the phrases from the box.
due to = resulted from = caused by
1) This may be due to better education.
This may have been resulted from better education.
This may have caused by better education.
As a result of = As a consequence of
2) As a result of better medicine, people are likely to live until the age of 100.
As a consequence of better medicine, people are likely to live until the age of 100.
lead to = cause = given rise to = result in
3) Global warming is certain to lead to water shortages.
Global warming is certain to cause water shortage.
Global warming is certain to give risen to water shortage.
Global warming is certain to result in water shortage.
64
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ REVISION ‫شادي الرمحي‬
1) The weather is really weird. It’s (greenhouse, freezing, layer) cold one minute and then
(acid, erosion, boiling) hot the next.
2) Pollution in the atmosphere results in (ozone, freak, acid) rain.
3) Soil (scarcity, erosion, greenhouse) happens when the plants and trees that keep it in
place are destroyed by the elements or man.
4) The (blistering, fumes, turbines) heat caused the pavement to melt!
5) Powerful wind (vehicles, freak, turbines) use wind power to create energy.
6) A good way of reducing (vehicle, layer, fumes) emissions is to promote the production
of electric cars, which don’t produce harmful exhaust (emissions, fumes, layer)
7) Because of global warming, (acid, greenhouse, freak) weather conditions are more
common with periods of drought followed by (torrential, scarcity, boiling) rain.
8) Below average rainfall can result in water (blistering, boiling, scarcity).
Answers:
1. freezing / boiling 2. acid 3. erosion 4. blistering
5. turbines 6. vehicle / fumes 7. freak / torrential 8. scarcity

1. Choose the correct answer.

1) The lecture is going to start soon.
a. The lecture is about to start soon.
b. The lecture is bound to start soon.
c. The lecture is likely to start soon.
2) It's been so hot today that it’s very probable there will be a storm here.
a. It’s been so hot today that a storm is bound to happen here.
b. It’s been so hot today that a storm is due to happen here.
c. It’s been so hot today that a storm is sure to happen here.
3) The bridge was closed because of gale force winds.
a. The bridge was closed is likely to gale force winds.
b. The bridge was closed is bound to gale force winds.
c. The bridge was closed is due to gale force winds.
4) It is probable global warming will be worse in 50 years.
a. Global warming in is due to be worse in 50 years.
b. Global warming in is likely to be worse in 50 years.
c. Global warming in is about to be worse in 50 years.
5) We have arranged to meet on Thursday morning.
a. We are about to meet on Thursday morning.
b. We are planning to meet on Thursday morning.
c. We are due to meet on Thursday morning.
6) Global warming has caused freak weather in many parts of the world.
a. Global warming has given risen to freak weather in many parts of the world.
b. Global warming has planned to freak weather in many parts of the world.
c. Global warming has been likely to freak weather in many parts of the world.
65
Answers:
1. a 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. a

2. Choose the correct answer.

1) It’s a lot colder in England in winter than in the south of France.
a. It is significantly colder in the south of France in winter than it is in England.
b. It is importantly colder in the south of France in winter than it is in England.
c. It is directly colder in the south of France in winter than it is in England.
2) I managed to find somewhere to study German as soon as I arrived.
a. I was likely to find somewhere to study German as soon as I arrived.
b. I was due to find somewhere to study German as soon as I arrived.
c. I was able to find somewhere to study German as soon as I arrived.
3) You’re allowed to ride a bike on local roads.
a. Bike riders are permitted to ride on local roads.
b. Bike riders are forbidden to ride on local roads.
c. Bike riders are about to ride on local roads.
4) In Spain you should eat an orange with a knife and a fork.
a. In Spain you are due to eat an orange with a knife and a fork.
b. In Spain you are likely to eat an orange with a knife and a fork.
c. In Spain you are supposed to eat an orange with a knife and a fork.
5) I think Maths is slightly more difficult than Physics.
a. I think Physics is significantly easier than Maths.
b. I think Physics is a lot easier than Maths.
c. I think Physics is marginally easier than Maths.
6) How many bags can I take on the plane?
a. How many bags am I allowed to take on the plane?
b. How many bags am I forbidden to take on the plane?
c. How many bags am I banned to take on the plane?
7) I was able to pick up the language quickly.
a. I am likely to pick up the language quickly.
b. I am forbidden to pick up the language quickly.
c. I succeeded in picking up the language quickly.
8) In the UK, it isn’t necessary to carry an ID card.
a. You are not required to carry an ID card in the UK.
b. You are not forbidden to carry an ID card in the UK.
c. You are not likely to carry an ID card in the UK.

Answers:
1. a 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. c 8. a

66
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT THREE ‫شادي الرمحي‬
‫أزمنـ ـ ـ ــة الفعـ ـ ـ ــل‬
Past and present habits
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ is, are, am + always / constantly / forever + V-ing ]
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ was, were + always / constantly / forever + V-ing ]

‫( للتحدث عن عادة متكررة و خاصة‬always, constantly, forever) ‫يتم استخدام مضارع مستمر أو ماضي مستمر مع‬
.‫عندما يكون حدث غير متوقع او مزعج‬
1. She is always complaining about the weather. (present)
2. She was forever arguing with her parents when she was younger. (past)

.‫( للتحدث عن سلوك محبب أو مزعج في المضارع‬will + infinitive) ‫يتم استخدام‬

‫( للتحدث عن سلوك محبب أو مزعج في الماضي و غالبا ما نحدد الزمن وال يجوز‬would + infinitive) ‫يتم استخدام‬
.‫استخدامها عن عادة في الماضي و انتهت‬
1. She will turn up at 11 o'clock and act as if nothing’s wrong. (present)
2. We would spend the afternoons reading. (past)
3. My dad would come home at six in the morning and we would have breakfast together.

.‫( للتحدث عن عادة في الماضي و انتهت وال نحدد الزمن في الماضي‬used to + infinitive) ‫يتم استخدام‬
1. I used to feel very negative about my job.
2. At our old house I used to spend a lot of time with my friends.
3. I used to eat a lot of chips and burgers, but now I eat healthy food. (NOT I’d eat …)

.‫( و العكس صحيح‬would + infinitive) ‫( بدال من‬used to + infinitive) ‫في بعض الحاالت يجوز استخدام‬
A. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
1. We ……………………………………………………………to Aqaba every year.
a. is always b. will c. used to go
2. Halima ……………………………………………………………showing off!
a. didn’t use to b. is always c. will
3. He ……………………………………………………………in Amman when he was young.
a. would b. used to live c. will
4. I argue with my sister every day when we were young.
……………………………………………………………

a. would b. will c. is always

5. He ……………………………………………………………mess about and then blame it on me.
a. will b. didn’t use to c. would
6. I like getting a compliment.
……………………………………………………………

a. didn’t use to b. will c. is always

Answers:
1. c 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. a

67
 B. Complete the second sentence that it means the same as the first one.
1. She winds me up all the time.
a. She always winds me up.
b. She was always winding me up.
c. She is always winding me up.
2. He talks behind my back and then denies it.
a. He would talk behind my back and then deny it.
b. He will talk behind my back and then deny it.
c. He used to talk behind my back and then deny it.
3. She used to burst into tears just to get attention.
a. She would burst into tears just to get attention.
b. She is always bursting into tears just to get attention.
c. She will burst into tears just to get attention.
4. I made fun of my sister about her hair.
a. I used to make fun of my sister about her hair.
b. I am always making fun of my sister about her hair.
c. I will make fun of my sister about her hair.
5. You let me down all the time.
a. You’re constantly letting me down.
b. You used to let me down.
c. You would let me down.
6. He always blew things out of proportion.
a. He was forever blowing things out of proportion.
b. He is forever blowing things out of proportion.
c. He is constantly blowing things of proportion.
Answers:
1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. a

C. Look at sentences a–d and complete rules 1–3 with used to or would.
1. As a child, I my weekends playing with my friends. We
……………………………………………………………

all day together.

……………………………………………………………

a. use to spend b. used to spend c. is always spending

a. would play b. are always playing c. use to paly
2. I was an only child and I …………………………………………………………… bored at home on my own.
a. would feel b. is always feeling c. used to feel
3. On Saturdays, I …………………………………………………………… swimming with my dad.
a. used to go b. would go c. am to go
4. I ………………………………………………… early when I was younger, but I nearly always have a lie-in now.
a. used to get up b. would get up c. am always getting up
Answers:
1. b , a 2. c 3. b 4. a

68
D. Choose the correct answer.
1) Imad was forever bursting into tears.
a. A repeated action in the present
b. an annoying repeated habit in the past
c. a past state or action which no longer exists
2) Asma is constantly showing off.
a. a past state or action which no longer exists
b. a habit or repeated action in the past, but not a state
c. an annoying repeated habit in the present
3) Lubna will forget to take her contact lenses out.
a. a typical characteristic of a person
b. a repeated action in the past
c. an annoying repeated habit in the past
4) My uncle would always take me swimming.
a. a past state or action which no longer exists
b. a habit or repeated action in the past
c. an annoying repeated habit in the present
5) I used to love winding my brother up.
a. a past state or action which no longer exists
b. a habit or repeated action in the past, but not a state
c. an annoying repeated habit in the present
6) We watched that show every week.
a. a repeated past action or state; it might still happen in the present
b. a typical characteristic of a person
c. a repeated action in the present
7) You always mess about in class.
a. a typical characteristic of a person
b. a repeated action in the present
c. an annoying repeated habit in the past
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. a 7. b

E. Complete the mini-conversations with the correct Present or Past Continuous forms.
Hamed: Have you fallen out with your sister?
Ali: To be honest, my sister and I and it really upsets me.
……………………………………………………………

(are always falling out, were always falling out)

Hala: Why did Amani lose her job?
Fatima: She late and didn't seem interested in her work.
……………………………………………………………

(is constantly being, was constantly being)

Husam: Why don’t you like the twins?
Osama: they ……………………………………………………………behind people’s backs.
(are forever talking, were forever talking)
Mazen: why did they stop playing rugby?
Salah: because they themselves.
……………………………………………………………

(are constantly injuring, were constantly injuring)

69
F. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of used to or would and the verbs in
brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
1. When we were younger, my sister and I a bedroom.
……………………………………………………………

a. use to share b. used to share c. am always sharing

2. How ………………………………………………………… in touch with your friends before you got your first phone?
a. did you use to stay b. do you use to stay c. are used to staying
3. My brother was the baby of the family and everybody …………………………………………………………… a big
fuss of him.
a. use to make b. used to make c. would make
4. When I was young, …………………………………………………………… I would ever become an adult.
a. wouldn't think b. didn’t use to think c. use to think
5. When Rola was younger, she crying for no reason.
……………………………………………………………

a. used to suddenly start b. would suddenly start c. will suddenly start

Answers:
1. b 2. a 3. b , c 4. b 5. a , b

G. Complete the mini-conversations with one word or a contraction in each gap.

1. Adnan: Did you to walk to school when you were little?
……………………………………………………………

a. use b. used c. would

2. Hani: No, my mum always give me a lift.
……………………………………………………………

a. use b. used c. would

3. Dalia: My sisters use to argue, but these days they are

……………………………………………………………

forever/constantly/always falling out.

a. wouldn't b. didn’t c. don’t
4. Heba: It's the same for me. I always the peacemaker in our household.
…………………………………………

a. am c. was c. used

5. Amer: Why you always shouting at me?!

……………………………………………………………

a. were b. used c. are

Jameel: Because you annoy me!
6. Amer: You didn’t to lose your temper so often.
……………………………………………………………

a. use b. used c. would

7. Jameel: That's because you constantly winding me up!
……………………………………………………………

a. aren't b. weren’t c. wouldn’t

Answers:
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. b

70
 Relative Clauses
‫اسم عاقل فاعل‬ : Who : verb
‫اسم عاقل مفعول به‬ : Whom : Sub + verb
‫اسم غير عاقل‬ : Which : Verb / Sub +Verb
‫اسم مكان‬ : Where : Sub + verb
‫اسم زمان‬ : When : Sub + verb
Reason / cause : Why : Sub + verb
‫اسم‬ : Whose : ‫اسم‬

1. We know a lot of people live in London.

……………………………………………………

( who, whom, which )

2. The man I wanted to see was away on a holiday.
……………………………………………………

( where, which, whom )

3. The clothes you left behind, are there.
……………………………………………………

( who, whom, which )

4. Where are the eggs were in the fridge?
……………………………………………………

( where, when, which )

5. I went back to the town I was born.
……………………………………………………

( which, where, when )

6. I still remember the year we met.
……………………………………………………

( where, when, why )

7. I don't know the reason she has left in a hurry.
……………………………………………………

( why, whose, whom )

8. What's the name of the girl car you borrowed.
……………………………………………………

( who, whom, whose )

**************************************************************

.‫( على شرط عدم وجود فواصل في الجملة‬who, which) ‫( بدالً من‬that) ‫يجوز إستخدام‬ -

1. The person designed the house is a world-famous architect.

……………………………………………………

( which, whose, that )

2. Have you found the keys you lost?
……………………………………………………

( where, when, that )

**************************************************************

71
 : ‫يجب اإلنتباه‬ -
who's = who is (OR) who has

1. The man ……………………………………………………taken that book, is my teacher.

( who's, who, that )
2. The girl sitting there has won the first prize.
……………………………………………………

( whose, who, who's )

3. The nurse ……………………………………………………after my grandpa is very kind to him,
( who's looked, whom looked, looks )

**************************************************************

: ‫يجب اإلنتباه‬ -
Prepositions in relative clauses: ‫حروف الجر مع األسماء الموصولة‬
‫ و يجوز استخدام حروف الجر قبل االسم‬.‫غالبا ما يتم استخدام حروف الجر في نهاية الجملة وذلك في حالة المحادثة‬
which (for things) or whom (for people) .‫الموصول في حالة الكتابة الرسمية و السياق‬

This house is more modern than the last house (which/that) they lived in.
This house is more modern than the last house in which they lived.

The architect knew the couple (who/that) he had designed the house for.
The architect knew the couple for whom he had designed the house.

1. I haven't seen them since the year they got married in.
……………………………………………………

( when, that, which )

2. The hotel in we stayed wasn't very clean.
……………………………………………………

( where, which, whose )

:‫ركز يا أبالولوس‬ -

1. That is the girl to I gave my books.

……………………………………………………

( who, which, whom )

2. The man about you talk, is my uncle.
……………………………………………………

( whose, whom, that )

3. She's sincere friend you can depend every now and then.
…………………………………………………

( on who, on whom, whom on )

4. The man at car you're pointing, is my uncle.
……………………………………………………

( whose, whom, that )

72
 :‫كيفية ربط الجمل‬
1. I respect parents. They give their children the opportunity to make decisions.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The doctor died yesterday. The doctor treated me last month.

The doctor ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. We visited the old man. We all respect the old man.

We visited ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………

4. The girl left to London. Sami loves her very much.

The girl …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. My uncle bought a house. It stands near the mosque.

My uncle …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. The books are very useful. They were written by Al-Razi.

The books ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. I visited the village. I was born in it. ( in the village) (there)

I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. I visited the village. I was born in it. ( in the village)

I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. I visited the village. I was born in it. ( in the village)

I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. I will never forget the day. I won the first prize on it. (on that day) (then)
I will ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. I will never forget the day. I won the first prize on it. (on that day)
I will ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. I will never forget the day. I won the first prize on it. (on that day)
I will ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. The factory is far from here. Rana works in it.

The factory in ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

73
14. The people are very kind. I live with the people.
The people with ..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

15. Mohammad married the girl. The girl's father is an engineer.

Mohammad …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

16. The doctor left to the U.S.A. His clinic is next to our house.
The doctor ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. That man's apartment is next to our house. He is a teacher.

That man …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

DEFINING / NON-DEFINING
A. 1. The students who wanted to play football cleaned the yard.
- This sentence:
(has essential information)
(is defining)
(means some students cleaned the yard)
2. The students, who wanted to play football, cleaned the yard.
- This sentence:
(has extra information)
(is non-defining)
(means all students cleaned the yard)

B. 1. My brother who works in a bank is married.

- This sentence:
(has essential information)
(is defining)
(means the speaker has more than one brother)
2. My brother, who works in a bank, is married.
- This sentence:
(has extra information)
(is non-defining)
(means the speaker has only one brother)

 It's people, not cars, make accidents.

……………………………………………………

( who, which, whose )

 The machines, not the workers, wash the clothes.
……………………………………………………

( who, which, whose )

74
There are two kinds of non-defining clauses:
1. to give extra, non-essential information about the person or thing being talked
about in the sentence:
a. He had just arrived home with his wife, who had been working that afternoon.
a. The building, which many considered ugly at first, is today a UNESCO World
Heritage site.
2. to add a comment about the first part of the sentence. We always use which in these
clauses:
- People from all over the world visit the museum, which shows how deeply they
are interested in learning about science.

(non-defining) ‫( مع‬that) ‫ال يجوز استخدام‬

: ‫يجب اإلنتباه‬ -
(who, which, that) ‫ يجوز حذف‬،‫اذا كان االسم الموصول هو المفعول به‬
- The house (which/that) the family has built is unique.

(who, which, that) ‫ ال يجوز حذف‬،‫اذا كان االسم الموصول هو الفاعل به‬
- It was the woman who/that had arrived earlier that day.

1. I liked the book. You gave me the book.

I liked …………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

I liked …………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. I met the girl. You had invited her to the party.

I met …………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

I met …………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• The car is brand new. She bought it two days ago.

The car she …………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………

• The woman bought the house next door. My sister knows her very well.
The woman my sister …….………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………

 All the poetry was destroyed in a fire.

……………………………………………………

(who wrote, he wrote, which wrote)

 The old woman very often, is his father's aunt.
……………………………………………………

(whose Ahmad visits, which Ahmad visits, Ahmad visits)

75
A. Rewrite the pairs of sentences as one sentence using a relative clause.
1. Televisions used to have a dial. The dial was used to change channel.
a. Televisions used to have a dial where was used to change the channel.
b. Televisions used to have a dial when was used to change the channel.
c. Televisions used to have a dial which was used to change the channel.
2. Technology is always changing. I find this exciting.
a. Technology is always changing, that I find interesting.
b. Technology is always changing, which I find interesting.
c. Technology is always changing, whose I find interesting.
3. Technology is always changing. I find this exciting.
a. Technology, that is always changing, I find interesting.
b. Technology, which I find this interesting, is always changing,
c. Technology, which I find interesting, is always changing.
4. Husam has lost his phone. He is very absent-minded.
a. Husam, who is very absent-minded, has lost his phone.
b. Husam, that is very absent-minded, has lost his phone.
c. Husam, who is very absent-minded, he has lost his phone.
5. I was talking about an app. It’s really cool.
a. The app which I was talking about is really cool.
b. The app, that I was talking about, is really cool.
c. The app where I was talking about is really cool.

6. Sami lives round the corner. I play football with him.

a. Sami, that I play football with, lives round the corner
b. Sami, with who I play football, lives round the corner
c. Sami, with whom I play football, lives round the corner

7. These headphones stopped working after two days. I paid a fortune for them.
a. These headphones, which I paid fortune, stopped working after two days.
b. These headphones, that I paid fortune for, stopped working after two days.
c. These headphones, for which I paid fortune, stopped working after two days.

8. I bought my computer at a shop. It has closed down.

a. The shop where I bought a computer from has closed.
b. The shop which I bought a computer has closed.
c. The shop which I bought a computer from has closed.

Answers:
1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. c 7. c 8. c

76
B. Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun or a relative pronoun + preposition.
1. The town we relocated to was in the south.
……………………………………………………

a. where b. which (that) c. whose

2. Her fiancée, she split up with last month, wasn’t very trustworthy.
……………………………………………………

a. that b. whose c. who

3. The man I used to work was always complaining.
……………………………………………………

a. with whom b. with whose c. whom with

4. The house, I live, is charming.
……………………………………………………

a. where b. which c. that

5. She’s the lady I had the row with.
……………………………………………………

a. who (that) b. whose c. when

6. That’s the programme they compete for money.
……………………………………………………

a. where b. who c. which

Answers:
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. c

C. Look at the pairs of sentences and decide which one matches with the meaning given.
1. a. His cousin who was born in Argentina is a teacher.
b. His cousin, who was born in Argentina, is a teacher.
He’s got only one cousin.
1. a. The windows, which overlooked the garden, were open.
b. The windows which overlooked the garden were open.
All of the windows were open.
2. a. The students who took a test had a hard time.
b. The students, who took a test, had a hard time.
All the students had a hard time.
3. a. The fans who came to the concert were wearing the official band t-shirts.
b. The fans, who came to the concert, were wearing the official band t-shirts.
Only some of the fans were wearing the official band t-shirts.

Answers:
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a

77
 Participle Clauses
V-ing or V.3
.‫( لربط فعلين في نفس الوقت أو فعل حدث بعد فعل آخر‬V-ing) ‫يتم استخدام اسم الفاعل‬
His system transformed their lives because it enabled them to read and write.
His system transformed their lives, enabling them to read and write.
.‫يجب أن يكون الفاعل في كال الجملتين هو نفس الفاعل‬
.‫يتم استخدام اسم الفاعل و اسم المفعول بدال من االسم الموصول‬
.‫( بدال من االسم الموصول في حالة المبني للمعلوم‬V-ing) ‫يتم استخدام اسم الفاعل‬
There was a wire which attached the phone to the wall.
There was a wire attaching the phone to the wall.
.‫( بدال من االسم الموصول في حالة المبني للمجهول‬V.3) ‫يتم استخدام اسم المفعول‬
The copy which was made by the carbon paper was called the carbon copy.
The copy made by the carbon paper was called the carbon copy.
A. Rewrite the sentences using a present or past participle clause.
1. Who’s the girl who is crying over there?
a. Who’s the girl crying over there?
b. Who’s the girl cried over there?
2. Most of my friends who were invited to the party arrived on time.
a. Most of my friends inviting to the party arrived on time.
b. Most of my friends invited to the party arrived on time.
3. I live in a house which was built in 1910.
a. I live in a house building in 1910.
b. I live in a house built in 1910.
4. Anyone who wants to go online should enter a password.
a. Anyone wanting to go online should enter a password.
a. Anyone wanted to go online should enter a password.
5. Those students who have flunked the exam will need to retake it.
a. Those students having flunked the exam will need to replace it.
b. Those students flunked the exam will need to replace it.
6. The story which was reported in the news blew things out of proportion.
a. The story reporting in the news blew things out of proportion.
b. The story reported in the news blew things out of proportion.
7. Users who are used to the old system may find the new one confusing.
a. Users using to the old system may find the new one confusing.
b. Users used to the old system may find the new one confusing.

78
 Speaking
Talking about what is generally true
On the whole, … In general, …
In some/many/most cases, … Broadly speaking, …
By and large, … More often than not, …
Nine times out of ten, … 90 percent of the time, …
To some/a great extent, … … tend to think/say/believe …
There’s a tendency for … to …
Acknowledging that you are generalising
This is a bit of a sweeping statement, but …
I may be overgeneralising, but …
You might think this is an overgeneralisation, but …
A. Replace the underlined parts of the sentences with the correct phrases from the
Speaking box.
1. Broadly speaking, Generation Z lead healthier lifestyles than Generation X did
in the past.
a. By and Large, Generation Z lead healthier lifestyles than Generation X did in the
past.
b. Nine times out of ten, Generation Z lead healthier lifestyles than Generation X did
in the past.
2. Nine times out of ten, a person’s outlook on life becomes similar to that of their parents.
a. Ninety percent of the time, a person’s outlook on life becomes to that of their parents.
b. On the whole, a person’s outlook on life becomes to that of their parents.

B. Complete the conversation with the correct words from the Speaking box.
Teacher: On the 1(general, whole, extent), do you think life was better for your parents’
generation, Zeina?
Zeina: No, I don’t. 2 (By and large, In general, Broadly) speaking, I think our lives are
better. I mean – imagine having no phones or Internet!
Teacher: Well, yes. What about you, Amina?
Amina: There’s a 3 (tendency, extent, general) for young people to think that life must have
been worse without technology, but my dad is always saying how grateful he is to
have seen what life was like back then. To some 4 (general, extent, tend), I think
people were more able to appreciate the simple pleasures in life.
Teacher: I see. And you Khawla?
Khawla: Well, 5 (by, broadly, whole) and large, the world was a greener and less polluted
place back then. However, I suppose in 6 (general, tendency, out of nine) I believe
life is better these days.
Answers:
1. whole 2. Broadly 3. tendency 4. extent 5. by 6. general

79
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ LISTENING AND VOCABULARY ‫شادي الرمحي‬

Distinguishing between facts and opinions

‫ و يمكن االشارة لها من خالل كلمات مثل‬.‫الرأي هي وجهة نظر شخصية و ال تعتمد على دالئل‬
(If you ask me, I have the impression that) ‫( أو مصطلحات مثل‬feel, believe, think)

‫ و يمكن االشارة لها من خالل مصطلحات مثل‬.‫الحقيقة هي شيء موضوعي معتمد على دالئل يمكن التأكد منها‬
(The data shows, The research indicates)

SPEAKING: In pairs, discuss the meaning of these phrases from the recording.
1) wasn’t doing me any favours
(wasn’t helpful to me)
2) things don’t immediately go my way
(things don’t immediately happen in the way I want)
3) turn out to be positive in the long run
(happen in a positive way or have a positive result later in the future, not
immediately)
4) the value of sticking at something
(the importance of continuing to do something in a determined way in order to
achieve)
ACTIVE PRONUNCIATION: Weak vowel forms
If a word in a sentence does not carry the main message, English speakers usually make
it sound ‘weaker’ by using the neutral vowel sound /ə/. This may take place with:
1. determiners: some, this ….
2. conjunctions: than, and ….
3. pronouns: he, them ….
4. auxiliary verbs: can, have …..
5. prepositions: at, of …..
When these words are emphasised, quoted or said at the end of the sentence, they
can be pronounced with full vowels.
A. How the underlined words differ from each other. What do you notice about their
pronunciation?
1. a. Some pick up a book in order to learn something new or find out information.
b. It contains some really inspirational ideas about how to make the most of your
life.
2. a. Faisal, let's start with you.
b. Can you believe that?
Answers:
1 (a) + 2 (a) strong versions of the word, full vowel articulate.
1 (b) + 2 (b) weak version of the word, neutral, relaxed vowel.

80
 B. Which of the underlined words are strong forms?
1) At the time, I didn’t know him at all.
2) Maher's charming and trustworthy, and he's very hard-working.
3) I have checked that we have all the documents.
4) She's thinking of taking some time off.
C. Which words in these sentences have a weak form?
1) He's always put him on a pedestal.
2) Some artists tend to be hypocritical.
3) Entertainment can be seen as a distraction.
4) Millennials and baby boomers could not be more different.

Vocabulary
‫قادر على متعصب‬ ‫ساحر‬ ‫حساس‬ ‫متعجرف‬ ‫لطيف‬ ‫ جاد‬،‫مخلص‬
bigoted / capable / charming / compassionate / conceited / decent / dedicated /
‫عدائي‬ ‫منافق‬ ‫مثالي‬ ‫غير ناضج‬ ‫ انفعالي بسيط متواضع ملهم‬،‫عاطفي‬
defensive / hypocritical / idealistic / immature / inspirational / modest / passionate /
‫مخلص انتهازي‬ ‫قاسي‬ ‫جدير بالثقة‬
pushy / sincere / tough / trustworthy
Positive: capable, charming, compassionate, decent, dedicated, idealistic, inspirational, modest, passionate,
sincere, trustworthy
Negative: bigoted, conceited, defensive, hypocritical, immature, pushy
Both: tough

A. Choose the correct answer.

1. behaving in a way that is not sensible for your age
a. charming b. capable c. immature
2. very pleasing
a. idealistic b. charming c. hypocritical
3. pretending to be a good person or to believe in something you do not really believe
a. capable b. idealistic c. hypocritical
4. working very hard at something because you think it is important
a. compassionate b. dedicated c. decent
5. honest, really believing what you say
a. sincere b. immature c. charming
6. kind and sympathetic to people who have problems
a. inspirational b. compassionate c. hypocritical
7. believing in ideas that cannot be achieved in real life
a. idealistic b. dedicated c. capable
8. giving you the idea to be as good or successful as possible
a. immature b. inspirational c. dedicated
9. having the skills and ability to do something
a. idealistic b. sincere c. capable
10. honest and good
a. decent b. hypocritical c. immature
81
11. He’s really……………………………………… ; always telling everyone how great he is.
a. conceited b. pushy c. sincere
12. She’s so………………………………………; she’s determined to get what she wants.
a. compassionate b. modest c. pushy
13. He’s so………………………………………that he refuses to accept anyone who thinks differently from him.
a. decent b. dedicated c. bigoted
14. She’s really……………………………………… about animals; they’re so important to her.
a. tough b. immature c. passionate
15. He’s quite……………………………………… ; you would never know that he’s a big star.
a. modest b. hypocritical c. pushy
16. You can’t say anything to criticise her at all or she gets angry; she’s so ……………………………………… .
a. trustworthy b. defensive c. charming
17. She will look after your baby well; she’s reliable, responsible and completely ……………………………….
a. conceited b. idealistic c. trustworthy
18. She can deal with the most difficult situations; she’s very ……………………………………… .
a. tough b. charming c. conceited
19. Mrs. Bager is a very ……………………………… teacher and I’m sure you'll benefit from her lessons.
a. conceited b. capable c. immature
20. She's such a(n) ……………………………………… teacher that all her students want to be like her.
a. inspirational b. tough c. defensive
21. The doctor was always very ……………………… and knew what to say to help her patients relax.
a. charming b. bigoted c. tough
22. It's fine to be
……………………………………… , but sometimes you have to be practical too.
a. hypocritical b. idealistic c. immature
23. Truly ……………………………………… musicians are constantly practicing.
a. dedicated b. pushy c. defensive
24. Why can’t you act your age and stop being so ……………………………………… ?
a. dedicated b. trustworthy c. immature
25. Nawal proved she was …………………………………… by volunteering to help out at an animal shelter.
a. charming b. tough c. compassionate
26. He's a very ……………………………………… person and will always act in the proper way.
a. inspirational b. tough c. decent
27. Omar would always get ………………………………………if a teacher criticised his written work.
a. defensive b. trustworthy c. sincere
28. Was the politician being …………………… when he said the government would tackle climate
change?
a. modest b. sincere c. bigoted
29. Nasser says he’s worried about climate change, but he drives everywhere and goes
on holiday by plane twice a year. He's ……………………………………….
a. pushy b. modest c. hypocritical
30. Sawsan won't take ‘no’ for an answer. She'll keep asking until she gets what she
wants. She's………………………………………

a. pushy b. modest c. hypocritical

82
 31. Laith is a highly skilled pianist, but he doesn't show off about it. He's ………………………………………

a. passionate b. modest c. conceited

32. Suha hates anyone who is different from her. She's really ………………………………………

a. trustworthy b. tough c. bigoted

33. Huda is in a lot of pain from her illness, but she doesn't complain or feel sorry for
herself. She's ………………………………………

a. trustworthy b. tough c. bigoted

34. Jameela believes she's a better person than all her friends. She's so ………………………………………

a. modest b. hypocritical c. conceited

35. If you want to be sure a secret is kept, tell Randa. She's ………………………………………

a. trustworthy b. sincere c. passionate

36. Khalil’s life is completely dedicated to tackling pollution. He's ………………………………………

a. trustworthy b. sincere c. passionate

37. constantly telling people how great you are
a. conceited b. modest c. bigoted
38. determined to get what you want
a. modest b. pushy c. trustworthy
39. feeling very strongly about something
a. passionate b. tough c. hypocritical
40. not talking in a proud way about your achievements
a. tough b. pushy c. modest
41. saying one thing, but doing something different
a. passionate b. trustworthy c. hypocritical
42. can always be trusted
a. trustworthy b. conceited c. tough
43. able to deal with difficult situations
a. bigoted b. tough c. passionate
44. intolerant of other people's beliefs and practices
a. bigoted b. trustworthy c. pushy
Answers:
1. c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. a 11. a
12. c 13. c 14. c 15. a 16. b 17. c 18. a 19. b 20. a 21. a 22. b
23. a 24. c 25. c 26. c 27. a 28. b 29. c 30. a 31. b 32. c 33. b
34. a 35. a 36. c 37. a 38. b 39. a 40. c 41. c 42. a 43. b 44. a

B. PRONUNCIATION
1) . . . : bigoted, capable, passionate, trustworthy
2) . . : sincere
3) . . : charming, decent, modest, pushy
4) . . . : conceited, defensive
5) . . . : immature
6) . . . . : dedicated
7) . . . . : compassionate
8) . . . . . : hypocritical, inspirational
83
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ REVISION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

A. Choose the correct words/phrases to complete the sentences.

1. I (lost my temper / empathised) with my sister last night. I usually control myself.
2. He’s (the peacemaker / capable) and always does his best to resolve arguments.
3. A good friend should never (talk about / fall out with) you behind your back.
4. She doesn’t earn much money and finds it hard to (make ends meet / live hand-to-mouth).
3. They are both very (defensive / sincere) and always tell the truth.
4. I (admire / loathe) people who behave like that. What she did was unacceptable!
5. You can always count on her. She’s the most (trustworthy / compassionate) person
I know.
Answers:
1. lost my temper 2. the peacemaker 3. talk about 4. make ends meet 5. sincere 6. loathe 7. trustworthy

B. Complete the sentences. Use the Present Continuous or Past Continuous, will, used
to or would. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
1. My sister my clothes without asking me. It’s very irritating!
……………………………………………………

a. is forever borrowing b. was forever borrowing c. borrowed forever

2. When I was a child, we in a house by the sea, but now we live in a city.
…………………………………………

a. use to live b. used to live c. live

3. My brother can’t keep a secret. He anything you tell him on his blog
…………………………………………

immediately.
a. posts b. is to post c. will post
Answers:
1. a 2. b 3. c

C. Rewrite the sentences as one sentence using a defining or non-defining relative clause.
1. That boy’s mum is Japanese. He’s fluent in five languages.
a. That boy’s mum, who is fluent in five languages, is Japanese.
b. That boy’s mum, who is Japanese, is fluent in five languages.
c. That boy, whose mum is Japanese, is fluent in five languages.
2. My grandma’s house has no wi-fi. It’s very annoying.
a. My grandma whose house has no wi-fi, is very annoying.
b. My grandma’s house which has no wi-fi, is very annoying.
c. My grandma’s house has no wi-fi, which is very annoying.
3. They go to that beach in summer. It’s their favourite place.
a. The beach where they go in summer is their favourite place.
b. The beach where they go to in summer is their favourite place.
c. The beach to where they go in summer is their favourite place.
Answers:
1. c 2. c 3. a

84
 D. Replace the underlined phrase with a participle clause.
1. People who want to make an appointment should do so online.
a. People wanted to make an appointment should do so online.
b. People wanting to make an appointment should do so online.

2. Did you see that car which was parked next to ours?
a. Did you see that car parked next to ours?
b. Did you see that car parking next to ours?
Answers:
1. b 2. a

E. Complete the text with words from the word list.

It is not always easy to grow up in a large family. I sometimes 1. (fall, fun, passionate) out
with my brothers and sisters and my older brother often made 2. (fall, fun, up) of me. But my
mother was always a 3. (fall, fun, passionate) and we always made 4. (on, up, down) with
each other.
Answers:
1. fall 2. fun 3. passionate 4. up

F. Complete the sentences with the correct particles. Then check with the word list.
1. I look (up, against, down) to people who have achieved something (up, against, down)
all the odds.
2. When he lost his job, his life turned upside (in, to, down).
3. I’m lost (on, out, in) thought when I’m plugged (in, up, down).
4. After the accident, he tried to live day-(to, from, with)-day, one day (at, on, in) a time.

Answers:
1. up / against 2. down 3. in / in 4. to / at

G. Complete the text with one preposition in each gap.

My favourite character on TV is Nada from the TV series Help! I’d love to have a friend
like her that everyone can look 1 (up, into, on) to. She would never talk 2 (after, behind,
down) someone’s back and isn’t the type to let anyone 3 (down, off, with), or show 4 (off,
off, with) about her skills and achievements. She always empathises 5 (against, with, up) the
other characters, even if they sometimes make fun 6 (of, off, up) her. I think Nada is a really
good role model.

Answers:
1. up 2. behind 3. down 4. off 5. with 6. of

85
H. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
1. Intelligent children can get bored if they are not challenged / resolved enough.
2. If I need help, my best friend Kareem will always do / make me a favour.
3. Teachers have to touch / handle many difficult situations.
4. I thought it would be a difficult journey but it turned out / up to be an easy one.
5. It is terrible that some children are still going / having hungry around the world.
Answers:
1. challenged 2. do 3. handle 4. out 5. going
1. challenged 2. do 3. handle 4. out 5. going

I. Complete the sentences with the forms from the box.

1. Our teacher us difficult questions about English grammar!
………………………………

a. is forever asking b. is asking forever c. forever is asking

2. Fadia isn’t trustworthy – she the doors unlocked and forget to turn off the lights.
………………………………

a. will have left b. is unlikely to leave c. will leave

3. Before we started working on our fitness, we pizza every night.
………………………………

a. would order b. used to order c. are going to order

4. The neighbours when we played our music loud.
………………………………

a. didn’t use to like it b. wouldn’t like it c. won’t like it

5. I used to rely on my sister because she everyone’s birthdays.
………………………………

a. always would remember b. would remember always c. would always remember

6. The most annoying thing my sister does is that she the drums on Saturday mornings.
…………..…………

a. will play b. used to play c. won’t play

Answers:
1. is forever asking 2. will leave 3. used to order 4. didn’t use to like it 5. would always remember 6. will play the drum

J. Complete the sentences with where, which, whom, or X (no pronoun). Add commas
where necessary.
1. Who was that woman taking photographs at the party?
………………………………

2. I waited in a long queue was boring.

………………………………

3. Passengers sitting in window seats have the best views.

………………………………

4. The receptionist with I spoke was very helpful.

………………………………

5. Beirut ………………………………I grew up, is the largest city in Lebanon.

6. The boy to I was talking yesterday was my cousin.
………………………………

Answers:
1. X 2. , which 3. X 4. whom 5. , which 6. whom

86
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT FOUR ‫شادي الرمحي‬
Negative inversion
negative adverbial + auxiliary verb + subject + clause
I had never felt so afraid. → Never had I felt so afraid.
Some common adverbs and adverbial phrases are:
• hardly/barely/scarcely/ seldom/ rarely … when …
• never/at no time
• under no circumstances/in no way
• no sooner…..than
• not only … but also …
• little
• only when + sub + verb

‫ نستخدم الفعل المساعد اذا كانت الجملة منفية يتم تحويلها الى جملة مثبتة‬، ‫في حالة وجود فعل مساعد في الجملة‬
1. They had only just left when the house exploded.
Scarcely ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. .
2. You should not approach the animal, which is dangerous.
Under no circumstances …………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. .
3. He didn’t imagine that his friend was a spy!
Little …………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. .

.‫( في زمن الماضي‬did) ‫( في زمن المضارع و‬do, does) ‫ نستخدم‬، ‫في حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد في الجملة‬
‫اذا كانت الجملة منفية يتم تحويلها الى جملة مثبتة‬
1. Salma gets full marks and she wins a scholarship every year.
Scarcely ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. .
2. The criminal killed the victim; he stole her jewellery.
No sooner …………………………………..……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. .

87
 :‫انتبه يا ابالولوس‬
1. As well as winning the race, she also broke a world record.
Not only ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..

2. He definitely didn’t intend to offend anyone.

In no way …………………….…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..

In no way …………………….…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..

3. He had absolutely no intention of doing it again.

Under no circumstances …………………….…………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..

4. They had no idea who he really was.

Little
…………………….……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..

A. Choose the correct answer.

1. The story was false, but it went viral.
a. The story not only was false, but it also went viral.
b. Not only the story was false, but it also went viral.
c. Not only was the story false, but it also went viral.
2. I have never heard such a heart-warming story.
a. Seldom, have I heard such a heart-warming story.
b. Seldom, have I never heard such a heart-warming story.
c. seldom, I have heard such a heart-warming story.
3. I clicked on the headline and I knew it was fake.
a. Hardly, had I clicked on the headline when I knew it was fake.
b. Hardly, I had clicked on the headline when I knew it was fake.
c. Had I hardly clicked on the headline when I knew it was fake.
4. He didn’t realise the problems he’d caused.
a. Little didn’t he realise the problem he’d caused.
b. Little did he realise the problem he’d caused.
c. Little he didn’t realise the problem he’d caused.
5. We revealed the truth and then we uncovered more lies.
a. No sooner we revealed the truth than we uncovered more lies.
b. No sooner we had revealed the truth than we uncovered more lies.
c. No sooner had we revealed the truth than we uncovered more lies.
6. You can never expose the truth.
a. Under no circumstances you can never expose the truth.
b. Under no circumstances can you never expose the truth.
c. Under no circumstances can you expose the truth.
7. The film had only just begun when people started to walk out.
a. Barely had the film begun when people started to walk out.
b. No sooner had the film begun when people started to walk out.
c. Not only had the film begun when people started to walk out.
88
8. The film had only just begun when people started to walk out.
a. Barely the film had begun when people started to walk out.
b. No sooner had the film begun than people started to walk out.
c. Not only had the film begun when people started to walk out.
9. I have seldom seen anything more shocking.
a. Rarely I have seen anything more shocking.
b. Rarely have I seldom seen anything more shocking.
c. Rarely have I seen anything more shocking.
10. He is tall as well as attractive.
a. Not only he is tall but he is also attractive.
b. Not only is he tall but he is also attractive.
c. Not only is he is tall than he is also attractive.
11. No sooner dinner than he got up and left.
.............................................…………

a. had we eaten b. we had eaten c. we eaten had

12. Scarcely the newspaper when I saw a sensational story.
.............................................…………

a. I had opened b. I opened had c. had I opened

13. At no time we were right.
.............................................…………

a. we claimed b. did we claim c. we did claim

14. Never had seen such a weird story.
.............................................…………

a. she seen b. she saw c. she sees

15. Rarely so much attention.
.............................................…………

a. did get he b. he did get c. did he get

16. In no way to give an interview.
.............................................…………

a. he did agree b. did he agree c. he agreed

Answers:
1. c 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. b
9. c 10. b 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. b

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 VOCABULARY
The most common structures for collocations are:
1. adjective + noun, e.g. a bizarre theory 2. verb + noun, e.g. reveal the truth
3. adverb + adjective, e.g. potentially embarrassing 4. verb + adverb, e.g. discuss calmly
‫ المصطلح‬/ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫المعنى‬ ‫ المصلح‬/ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫المعنى‬
a bizarre theory ‫نظرية غريبة‬ raise awareness ‫يرفع الوعي‬
a famous person ‫شخصية مشهورة‬ release a statement ‫يصدر بيان‬
a film review ‫مراجعة الفيلم‬ shed light on something ‫يسلط الضوء‬
a sports event ‫حدث رياضي‬ seize an opportunity ‫يغتنم فرصة‬
event clues ‫دليل الحدث‬ verify sources ‫يتحقق من المصادر‬
attention span ‫مدى االنتباه‬ capture an image ‫يلتقط صورة‬
clickbait headlines ‫ عناوين مثيرة لالهتمام‬come up with something ‫يتوصل الى‬
expose corruption ‫فضح الفساد‬ subject matter ‫الموضوع‬
generate revenue ‫توليد االرادات‬ landscape photo ‫صورة منظر طبيعي‬
go viral ‫ ينتشر بشكل كبير‬spot something ‫يالحظ‬
hit the headlines ‫ يتصدر عناوين األخبار‬in the public interest ‫المصلحة العامة‬
present both sides of the ‫ عرض كال الجانبين‬report something to the ‫يبلغ الشرطة‬
story ‫من القصة‬ police

A. Complete the sentences with the words to make collocations.

1. I’m responsible for creating all those headlines that attract attention. .............................................…………

a. clickbait b. attention c. present

2. If the posts I write viral, that could mean hundreds of thousands of page
.............................................…………

views, which more advertising revenue for the news site.

.............................................…………

a. light b. verify c. go
a. public b. go c. generates
3. Articles published online need to be very brief because everyone has such a short
span these days.
.............................................…………

a. corruption b. attention c. hit

4. The articles I write rarely shed much on the key issues that have the headlines. ............………… .............................

a. light b. public c. clickbait

a. generates b. hit c. corruption
5. I’d love to cover traditional news stories which are in the interest, where I .............................................………

could expose . .............................................…………

a. light b. public c. generates

a. attention b. present c. corruption
6. I’d also prefer to have the time to my sources or the space to .............................................………… .............................................…………

both sides of the story.

a. attention b. go c. verify
a. clickbait b. present c. hit
Answers:
1. a 2. c / c 3. b 4. a / b 5. b /c 6. c / b

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 SPEAKING
Telling an anecdote
Saying that an anecdote is about to start:
1. You’ll never believe what happened to me the other day
2. That reminds me of the pop star I met in my local supermarket
3. Have I ever told you about the time we went to England?
4. A friend of a friend told me this story.

Giving background information

1. I was travelling down to Amman on the bus, when …
2. Well, I’m not sure if you know my colleague Sameer, but he’s related to a famous
actor
3. There was this guy who …

Introducing a turning point

1. Anyway, to cut a long story short, …
2. Suddenly, I heard a loud noise.
3. No sooner had I got on the bus than I noticed it was going in the wrong direction.
4. Hardly had we … when …
5. It turned out that the bus was express service to Aqaba.
6. Before we knew what was happening, the train pulled out of the station.
7. Guess what?

Showing the speaker’s attitude

1. Obviously, I was a bit taken aback.
2. I couldn’t believe what was happening.
3. Foolishly, he was trying to travel without a ticket.
4. Presumably, he had left his wallet in the taxi.
5. Unbelievably, he had spent the whole journey sleeping
6. Apparently, another passenger had bought a ticket for him.
7. And then, to top it all, I had lost my wallet.
8. I mean – I’ve done it, haven’t you?
9. No word of a lie!
10. Would you believe it?
11. Theoretically, ……
12. Disappointingly, ,..
13. Surely, ….
14. Fortunately, ……
15. Personally, …
16. Clearly, ….

Rounding off the anecdote

1. It was probably the most embarrassing moment of my life
2. I’ll never forget …
3. I’ll never do that again.

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 Choose the most suitable comment adverb to complete the sentences.
1. , you don’t need any help with this – you’re doing brilliantly!
.............................................…………

a. Obviously b. Theoretically
2. , I forgot to take an umbrella. I should have known it would rain.
.............................................…………

a. Disappointingly b. Foolishly
3. , attention spans are getting shorter – I read that somewhere.
.............................................…………

a. Presumably b. Apparently
4. , you don’t expect me to believe that.
.............................................…………

a. Surely b. Fortunately
5. , he doesn’t like vegetables; I’ve never seen him eating any.
.............................................…………

a. Presumably b. Unbelievably
6. , I like him, but a lot of people can’t stand him.
.............................................…………

a. Personally b. Surely
7. , your job is not important to you, or you wouldn’t keep turning up late.
.............................................…………

a. Theoretically b. Clearly
8. , she was rude to a customer not just once, but four times!
.............................................…………

a. Unbelievably b. Surely
Answers:
1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. a

A. Put the words in order to make sentences.

1. what / to us / couldn’t / I / believe / was happening
a. I couldn't believe what was happening to us.
b. What was happening to us I couldn’t believe
2. I / have / I / told you / about the time / a shooting star / saw / ever / ?
a. I have ever told you about the time I saw a shooting star?
b. Have I ever told you about the time I saw a shooting star?
3. knew / was running / before / towards us / the bull / was happening / we / what / !
a. What was happening before we knew, the bull was running towards us!
b. Before we knew what was happening, the bull was running towards us!
4. never / to me / the other day / what / happened / you’ll / believe
a. You’ll never believe what happened to me the other day.
b. What happened to me the other day you’ll never believe.
Answers:
1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a

LISTENING AND VOCABILARY

ACTIVE PRONUNCIATION | /ə/ sound in adjectives
/ə/ is found in unstressed syllables and it can be spelt with any vowel letter.
• -ous /əs/ (e.g. dangerous)
• -al /əl/ (e.g. intentional)
• -able/ible /əbl/ (e.g. comfortable)
• -ful /fəl/ (e.g. painful)
• -less /ləs/ (e.g. restless)

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ REVISION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

A. Choose the correct words.

1. The journalist exposed / claimed his story was true, although it is difficult to believe him.
2. Tourists love posing / peering for photos in front of famous buildings.
3. She spent four years in prison for hoax / fraud.
4. No one will ever know what really happened. It remains a clue / an enigma.
5. The men refuted the expression / allegation that they had committed the crime.
6. I love taking landscape / composed photos of the countryside.
7. This photo captures / evokes a feeling of nostalgia.
Answers:
1. claimed 2. posing 3. fraud 4. an enigma 5. allegation 6. landscape 7. evokes

B. Choose the correct words.

1. Newspapers use clickbait / hit headlines to grab readers’ attention.
2. The news story shed light / clothes on what really happened last night.
3. We think this story is in the public headlines / interest.
4. It’s a good article which presents both ends / sides of the story.
Answers:
1. clickbait 2. light 3. interest 4. sides

C. Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.

1. The writers of fake news can come (to, in for, up) with some amazing stories.
2. We reported what happened (to, in for, up) the police.
3. The journalist put (to, in for, up) a request for information.
4. The children posed (to, in for, up) a photo.
Answers:
1. up 2. to 3. in 4. for

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT SIX ‫شادي الرمحي‬
Modal and related verbs
I. Obligation and necessity
‫االلتزام والضرورة‬
(have to, have got to, need to, must): ‫يجب‬
‫( بدال من‬have to) ‫( للتحدث عن شيء ضروري بدون خيارات أخرى (إجباري) و يمكن استخدام‬must) ‫يتم استخدام‬
.‫( تستخدم كفعل رئيسي لتدل على الضرورة‬need to) ‫( مع جميع األزمنة أما‬have to) ‫( و يتم استخدام‬must)
- A good lifeguard must be an excellent swimmer.
- I must remember to pick up my aunt at the airport this Friday.
- I had to wear braces for two years.
- You will have to keep this a secret.
- He needs to be courageous.
- If I need to contact you, what’s your number?
‫( تدل على‬must) ‫( لتدل على اإلجبار من شخص اخر أو اجبار خارجي بينما‬have to / have got to) ‫يتم استخدام‬
.‫( مع هذا النوع‬really) ‫إجبار من نفس الشخص و يفضل استخدام‬
- Your friend really must study harder. (= this is my idea – I want him to do it)
- My friend has to study harder. (= there is an external reason – perhaps a teacher has
told him this)

Related verbs: (be required to, be obliged to)

(outside authority) ‫( مع جميع األزمنة لتدل على سلطة خارجية‬be required to/ be obliged to) ‫يتم استخدام‬
.‫الصدار األوامر او القوانين‬
- He was required to get proper qualifications.
- We are obliged to come to school on time.

II. No obligation / No necessity

‫ ليس ضروري‬/ ‫عدم االلتزام‬
(don’t have to, haven’t got to, don’t need to, needn’t): ‫ليس ضروري‬
- He doesn’t have to work today.
- Pupils don’t need to do this.
- Pupils needn’t do this.
Related verbs: (be not required to, be not obliged to)
- Human divers are not required to do the job.
- Actors are not obliged to be glamorous.
Obligation and necessity No obligation / No necessity
have to don’t have to
have got to haven’t got to
need to don’t need to (needn’t)
must don’t have to
be obliged to be not obliged to
be required to be not required to
94
Example:
1. You must obey your mother. The function of the underlined modal is to indicate:
a. it is not necessary to obey your mother.
b. the obligation to obey your mother is from somebody else (external authority)
c. it is my idea to obey your mother.

2. You ……………………………….………………write the notes given by your boss.

a. has to b. are obliged to c. are require to d. are obliged by

III. Permission
‫االستئذان‬
.‫( لتدل على االستئذان‬can / could / may / couldn’t) ‫يتم استخدام‬
- Can I ask you a question?
- Could I ask you a question?
- I couldn’t stay out late when I was younger.
Related verbs: (be allowed to, be permitted to)
- Why has pollution of the beach been allowed?
- We are permitted to enter the lab.

IV. Prohibition
‫المنع‬
‫ و يفضل استخدام‬.‫( لتدل على المنع أو عدم السماح بالقيام بفعل ما‬mustn’t / can’t / couldn’t) ‫يتم استخدام‬
.‫( في زمن الماضي‬couldn’t)
- People can’t park their cars here.
- You mustn’t smoke here.
Related verbs: (be not allowed to, be not permitted to, be forbidden to)
- Students are not allowed to go there.
- We were forbidden to use the Internet in the office.

Permission Prohibition
can can’t
could (couldn’t) couldn’t mustn’t
may may not
be allowed to be not allowed to
be permitted to be not permitted to
be forbidden to
Example:
1. People can’t smoke in this building. The function of the underlined modal is to indicate:
a. obligation b. no necessity c. permission d.. prohibition
2. I go out alone when I was very young.
……………………………….………………

a. can’t b. may not c. mustn’t d. couldn’t

95
 V. Duty and advice
‫الواجب والنصيحة‬
‫( لتدل على إعطاء الرأي أو النصيحة و‬should/shouldn’t, ought to/oughtn’t to, need to) ‫يتم استخدام‬
.(really) ‫بفضل استخدام‬
- Animals shouldn’t suffer like this.
- You really ought to be an expert.
Related verbs: (be supposed to)(be not supposed to)
.‫( لتدل على ما يجب فعله وفقا ً لقوانين معينة أو ما هو متوقع القيام به‬be supposed to) ‫يتم استخدام‬
- Animals are not supposed to suffer like this.
- The children are supposed to be at school by 8:00 a.m.

VI. Ability
‫القدرة‬
.‫( لتدل على عدم القدرة‬can’t / couldn’t) ‫( لتدل على القدرة و‬can / could) ‫يتم استخدام‬
- He could play chess better than anyone I knew.
- I can speak four languages.
- I could read by the time I was four.
‫( لتدل على قدرة محددة في الماضي في حالة الجمل المثبتة اما الجمل المنفية يجوز استخدام‬be able to) ‫يتم استخدام‬
(be able to/could)
- Hamzah wasn’t able to visit us last week, but he was able to (NOT could) phone.
- Hamzah couldn’t visit us last week, but he was able to (NOT could) phone.
Related verbs: (managed to, succeeded in)
- The police managed to find the child in time.
- He succeeded in persuading her to help.

:‫انتبه يا ابالولوس‬
(could) ‫( لتدل على قدرة في مناسبة محددة في الماضي و ال يجوز استخدام‬be able to / managed to) ‫يتم استخدام‬

Choose the best option to complete the sentences. Sometimes both options are correct.
1. Alia (could / was able to) pass her driving test.
2. Huda (could / was able to) speak four languages.
3. My cousin didn’t want to move to Germany at first, but his parents (could / managed
to) persuade him.
4. How (did you manage to / could you) stay so slim when living at your grandma’s?
She’s an excellent cook!
5. I somehow (managed to / could) make him believe me.

96
 VII. Possibility
‫االحتمالية‬
‫( لتدل على إحتمالية حدوث فعل بشكل عام‬can) ‫يتم استخدام‬
- It can rain heavily in winter.
- Noise can be quite a problem when you are living in a flat.
‫( لتدل على إحتمالية حدوث فعل بشكل محدد‬could / might) ‫يتم استخدام‬
- There could be life on other planets.
- There might be life on other planets.
‫( لتدل على نية مستقبلية غير مؤكدة‬might) ‫يتم استخدام‬
- We might go for a meal later.
- I might come and visit you next week if I have time.
Related verbs: (be likely to, be bound to, be sure to)
- This film is likely to win a number of Oscars.
- It’s a very difficult test. Some people are bound to (are sure to) fail this test.
The summary:
Obligation and necessity:
(have to/have got to=from outside)(must=from the speaker)(need to)(be obliged to/be required to)
No obligation and no necessity:
(don’t have to / haven’t got to / don’t need to / needn’t) (be not obliged to / be not required to)
Permission:
(can / may / could / couldn’t) (be obliged to / be required to)
Prohibition:
(can’t / may not / couldn’t / mustn’t) (be not obliged to / be not required to / be forbidden to)
Duty and advice:
(should / shouldn’t / ought to / oughtn’t to / need to) (be supposed to / be not supposed to)
Ability:
(be able to / can / can’t / could / couldn’t) (managed to / succeeded in)
Possibility:
(can / could / might) (be likely to / be bound to / be sure to)
A. Complete these extracts from the recording with the words below each sentence.
1. I’ve to settle in pretty well.
……………………………

a. likely b. succeeded c. managed

2. I’ve ……………………………in making quite a few friends.
a. permitted b. succeeded c. allowed
3. Even my younger brother, who’s only 15, is to stay out until eleven or later.
……………………………

a. allowed b. succeeded c. managed

4. Obviously, we’re …………………………… to have an adult with us.
a. required b. succeeded c. managed
5. It’s……………………………to chew gum.
a. managed b. succeeded c. forbidden
6. At home, I’m not ……………………………to stay out after 10 p.m.
a. succeeded b. required c. permitted
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B. Choose the suitable function of the underlined modal verbs.
1. You have to make your bed at a youth hostel.
a. no necessity b. prohibition c. duty
2. You must not take room keys out of the hotel.
a. prohibition b. no necessity c. ability
3. I could swim like a fish at the age of four.
a. ability b. necessity c. duty
4. If there’s a fire, you must use the stairs, not the lift.
a. necessity b. no necessity c. prohibition
5. You don’t have to switch on the light – it’s automatic.
a. duty b. ability c. no necessity
C. Choose the correct forms to complete the sentences.
1. We only moved in a week ago and we’ve already (managed / forbidden) to get to
know the neighbours.
2. Only local residents are (required / permitted) to park in the streets here.
3. You are (allowed / supposed) to sort your recycling carefully.
4. The city has (succeeded / obliged) in reducing the traffic significantly.
5. Glass is strictly (forbidden / permitted) in the swimming pool area.
D. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of be able to or have to.
1. Unfortunately, we ……………………………see the new flat because they’d lost the key.
a. weren’t able to b. don’t have to c. were able to
2. Good news! Grandma ……………………………come next weekend.
a. will not have to b. was able to c. will be able to
3. We ……………………………pay for the garage; it was for free.
a. had to b. didn’t have to c. were able to
4. Don’t worry! You ……………………………book the tickets. I’ll take care of everything.
a. have to b. were not able to c. don’t have to
E. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one.
1. You should recycle your rubbish.
a. You are supposed to recycle your rubbish.
b. You succeeded in recycling your rubbish.
c. You are allowed to recycle your rubbish.
2. I was able to pick up the language quickly.
a. I was allowed to pick up the language quickly.
b. I was supposed to pick up the language quickly.
c. I succeeded in picking up the language quickly.
3. In the UK, it isn’t necessary to carry an ID card.
a. You are not required to carry an ID card in the UK.
b. You are allowed to carry an ID card in the UK.
c. You are supposed to carry an ID card in the UK.
4. How many bags can I take on the aeroplane?
a. How many bags am I required to take on the aeroplane?
b. How many bags am I likely to take on the aeroplane?
c. How many bags am I allowed to take on the aeroplane?
98
F. Choose the opposite meaning.
1. We have to arrive exactly on time.
a. We mustn’t arrive exactly on time.
b. We couldn’t arrive exactly on time.
c. We don’t have to arrive exactly on time.
2. You mustn’t wear jeans in the restaurant.
a. You must wear jeans in the restaurant.
b. You are allowed to wear jeans in the restaurant.
c. You are forbidden to wear jeans in the restaurant.
3. Customers may park here.
a. Customers are not supposed to park here.
b. Customers are not permitted to park here.
c. Customers are not likely to park here.
4. I couldn’t find my glasses.
a. I managed to find my glasses.
b. I am bound to find my glasses.
c. I am allowed to find my glasses.

G. Replace the underlined words with words and phrases from the box. There are
several alternatives. Which sound more formal?
1. Summer in Singapore is much hotter than in England but only a bit hotter than in
Egypt.
much: a lot, considerably far, miles, significantly, way
a bit: marginally, slightly
2. Summer in England is not nearly as hot as in Singapore.
not nearly: nothing like, nowhere near
H. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. Sometimes more than one
answer is possible.
1. Singapore is very safe compared (with / to / from) other countries.
2. Dubai is expensive (in / by / on) comparison with many countries.
3. In Saudi Arabia, the temperatures are high during the day (whereas / wherever /
but) during the night they are very low.

Answers:
Exercise A 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. c
Exercise B 1. c 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. c
Exercise C 1. managed 2. permitted 3. supposed 4. succeeded 5. forbidden
Exercise D 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c
Exercise E 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. c
Exercise F 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. a
Exercise G ‫الحل في التمرين‬
Exercise H 1. with, to 2. in, by 3. whereas, but

99
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ Articles ‫شادي الرمحي‬

The indefinite article – a/an

:‫( قبل اإلسم المفرد غير المعرف في الحاالت التالية‬a / an) ‫يتم استخدام‬
a job, an apple, an hour, a unit :‫ اذا كان االسم جزء من مجموعة من نفس النوع‬.1
I’m reading a really good article. :‫ اذا تم ذكر االسم ألول مرة‬.2
He is an engineer / She is a doctor :‫ عند التحدث عن وظيفة محددة‬.3
The definite article – the
:‫( قبل جميع األسماء المفردة و الجمع و غير المعدود المحددة أو المعرفة كما يلي‬the) ‫يتم استخدام‬

1. was mentioned before:

I’m reading a really good article. The article talks about …

2. is unique: Half of the population live in the capital. (the sun, the moon, the earth,
the sky, the world, the universe).

3. is defined specifically by the words that follow:

- My grandmother is still the head of the family.
- I bought a book BUT I borrowed the book which your brother had bought.
- I like apples BUT I like the apples on that tree.

4. superlatives: The largest city in Jordan is …

5. comparatives (when identifying one of a pair):

I have two sisters. The older sister lives in Egypt.

6. ordinal numbers: The first time I went there was in 2018.

4. decades, centuries: in the 1950s; in the 18th century.

5. seasons: the autumn, the winter, the spring, the summer.

6. names of mountain ranges, oceans, seas and rivers:

the Alps, the Himalayas
the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean
the Red Sea, the Dead Sea, the Mediterranean
the Nile, the Thames, the Mississippi,

7. groups of people: the rich, the poor, the deaf, the blind, the Jordanians, the Chinese.

100
Zero article
:‫( قبل األسماء غير المعدودة و الجمع في الحاالت التالية‬X) ‫يتم استخدام‬
1. when we make general statements:
Life was very hard and over one million people emigrated.

2. We use no article with words like prison, hospital, school, college, etc. when we are
talking about their purpose as an institution, e.g.
- I go to school every day.
- He’s been in hospital for two weeks now.
:‫انتبه يا ابالولوس‬
- Ellie is ten years old. Every day she goes to school. She’s at school now. School
starts at 9 and finishes at 3.

- Today Ellie’s mother wants to speak to her daughter’s teacher. So, she has gone to
the school to see her. She’s at the school now.

3. We also use no article with the names of people and most place names.
Ahmad, Maha, Ali, Tala, Jack, Janet
Yarmouk University, Queen Alia airport

4. We use no article with regions in the world.

a. continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America.
b. countries: Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Britain, France, New Zealand.
(exceptions: the USA, the UK, the UAE, the Czech Republic, the United
Kingdom, the United States of America, the Netherlands, the
Philippines, the Yemen)
c. cities: Amman, Jerusalem, Hebron, Jerich, Cairo, Damascus, London, Paris
(exceptions: the Hague, the Vatican)
d. lakes: Lake Tiberias, Lake Geneva, Lake Victoria, Loch Ness
e. mountain peaks: Mount Everest, Mont Blanc, Mount Kenya
f. streets and roads: Downing Street, Michigan Avenue, Champs Elysees Street

A. Complete the article with a, an, the or no article (ø).

1. I live in
…………………………… flat near city centre in
…………………………… Amman.
……………………………

2. I have…………………………… dream of climbing …………………………… Jabal Umm ad Dami.

3. I prefer
…………………………… mountains to ……………………………sea.
4. I once went to ……………………………hospital for ……………………………operation.
5. I live near
…………………………… River Thames which flows through London.
……………………………

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 B. Cross out the where it is NOT correct.
1. Have you ever been to the United Arab Emirates or the Egypt?
2. You should spend less on the clothes and more on the healthy food.
3. I love the hot drinks like the tea or the coffee.
4. If I could live anywhere, I would definitely choose the Amman.
5. The moon shone down on the Wadi Rum that night.
6. The Egyptian pyramids are a very popular tourist attraction.
7. The sea in the Caribbean is the bluest sea I’ve seen since I was in the Thailand.
8. The fastest way to get to Amman is to fly directly into the Queen Alia
International Airport.

C. What do the underlined words refer to? Choose B for a building or I for an institution.
1. Spending time in hospital is especially difficult for children. B/I
2. The hospital is an important landmark in our town. B/I
3. Fadi always loved school. B/I
4. Ali walks past the school every day. B/I
5. Turn right when you see the gates of the university and the garage
is on your left. B/I
6. Ali isn’t going to university now. B/I
7. I went to the college next to the hospital. B/I
8. My sister left college last year. B/I
9. Students go to college when they leave school. B/I
10. Hala’s father works near the college. B/I

D. Complete the signs and notices with a, an, the or Ø (no article).
1. WELCOME TO BELGIUM
……………………………

2. STATUE OF LIBERTY IS CLOSED FOR MAINTENANCE TODAY.

……………………………

3. Save Pacific Ocean!

……………………………

4. Raspberries 3 JOD kilo.

……………………………

5. BELIEVE IN YOURSELF
……………………………

Answers:
Exercise A 1.a / the / X 2. a / X 3. The (X) / the 4. X / an 5. the / X
Exercise B ‫الحل في التمرين‬
Exercise C ‫الحل في التمرين‬
Exercise D 1. X 2. The 3. the 4. a 5. X

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 Separable and Inseparable Phrasal verbs
.)‫يتكون الفعل المركب من فعل و آداة (حرف جر أو ظرف‬
The freezer broke down :‫يوجد أفعال المركبة ال تحتاج الى مفعول به ألنها أفعال الزمة‬
‫ قابل للفصل و غير قابل للفصل‬:‫يوجد أفعال مركبة تحتاج الى مفعول به ألنها أفعال متعدية و تقسم الى قسمين‬
:‫األفعال القابلة للفصل‬
‫ اذا كان المفعول به اسم يجوز فصل الفعل عن األداة و يجوز عدم الفصل‬-
Switch the light on Switch on the light
‫ اذا كان المفعول به ضمير يجب فصل الفعل عن األداة و ال يجوز عدم الفصل‬-
Switch it on ‫صحيحة‬ Switch on it ‫خاطئة‬

switch on, switch off, wipe down, wipe off, mop up, do up, sweep up, clear up,
carry out, pick up.

:‫األفعال غير قابلة للفصل‬

‫ اذا كان المفعول به اسم أو ضمير اليجوز فصل الفعل عن األداة‬-
We’ve run out of toothpaste. ‫صحيحة‬ We’ve run toothpaste out of ‫خاطئة‬
We’ve run out of it. ‫صحيحة‬ We’ve run it out of ‫خاطئة‬

run out of, deal with, go with, keep up with, come across, smash into, get rid of.

Choose the correct answer.

1. a. I’ll wipe down it.
b. I’ll it wipe down.
c. I’ll wipe it down.
2. a. We’re doing it up.
b. We’re it doing up.
c. We’re doing up it.
3. a. The cushions don’t go with the sofa.
b. The cushions don’t go the sofa with.
c. The cushions don’t go it with.
4. a. It’s hard to keep it up with.
b. It’s hard to keep up it with.
c. It’s hard to keep up with it.
Answers:
1. c 2. a 3. a 4. c

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be supposed to do ‫من المفترض أن يفعل شيئا‬ (be) tied down to one ‫ مربوط بمكان واحد‬/ ‫متمسك‬
something place
flat tyre ‫عجل مبنشر‬ carry out ‫ينفذ‬
label ‫ملصق‬ clear up ‫يوضح‬
leaking pipe ‫تسريب في االنبوب‬ dishcloth ‫قطعة قماش لتنظيف األطباق‬
masking tape ‫شريط الصق‬ dustpan ‫ مجرفة‬/ ‫مجرود‬
do up ‫يزيّن‬ come across ‫يصادف‬
digital nomad ‫ البدوي الرقمي‬/ ‫الرحالة‬ mop up ‫يمسح‬
home comforts ‫وسائل الراحة المنزلية‬ pick up ‫يلتقط‬
on the move ‫مشغول‬ co-working space ‫مساحة عمل مشتركة‬
put down roots ‫ينتمي لمكان‬ run out of ‫ينفذ‬
settle down ‫يستقر‬ scratched screen ‫شاشة مخدوشة‬
work remotely ‫يعمل عن بعد‬ shattered glass ‫زجاج محطم‬
break down ‫يتعطل‬ shrink ‫ ينكمش‬/ ‫يتقلص‬
brush ‫ينظف بفرشاة‬ soak ‫ينقع‬
carpet stain ‫بقع السجاد‬ sweep up ‫يكنس‬
tangled leads ‫أسالك متشابكة‬ wipe down ‫يمسح‬

A. Choose the correct answer.

1. First sweep it up with a dustpan and brush. Then press a slice of bread onto the floor
to pick up the remaining tiny pieces.
a. tangled leads b. shattered glass c. shrunk d. scratched screen
2. Rub toothpaste on it and then wipe down with a damp dishcloth.
a. tangled leads b. shattered glass c. shrunk d. scratched screen
3. Arrange the cables and label them with folded masking tape.
a. tangled leads b. shattered glass c. shrunk d. scratched screen
4. Soak it in warm soapy water. Then gently pull it until it remains its original size and
shape.
a. tangled leads b. shattered glass c. shrunk d. scratched screen
5. The fishermen spent the morning trying to undo the tangled ropes of their nets.
a. shattered b. shrunk c. scratched d. tangled
6. During the storm, our windows shattered and left glass on the floor.
a. shattered b. shrunk c. scratched d. tangled
7. Well, of course it will shrink if you wash it at 90 degrees.
a. shatter b. shrink c. scratch d. tangle
8. Once the screen on your phone becomes as scratched as this, it’s very difficult to
make out any messages or pictures.
a. shattered b. shrunk c. scratched d. tangled

Answers:
1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. c

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B. complete the text with the correct forms of the phrasal verbs.
The other day I went into the kitchen and 1(broke down, wept up, came across) a
puddle of water on the kitchen floor. It turned out that the freezer 2 (had broken down,
wiped down, mopped up) and was leaking. So, I 3 (swept up, did up, mopped up) the
water. Shortly afterwards, my brother went into the kitchen and slipped on the wet
floor. Unfortunately, he was carrying a cup of coffee, which he dropped! The cup
smashed into pieces, and the coffee splashed all over the wall! The kitchen had only
recently been 4 (broken down, come across, done up) and the walls were freshly
painted. So, I 5 (swept up, mopped up, wiped down) the wall with a damp cloth while
my brother 6 (came across, swept up, broke down) the bits of broken coffee cup.
Answers:
1. came across 2. had broken down 3. mopped up 4. done up 5. wiped down 6. swept up

C. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. In one sentence both answers
are possible.
1. Remember to switch off the electricity before you (replace / fix) a light bulb.
2. Please don’t spill blackcurrant juice on anything as it's impossible to (mend / get rid
of) the stains.
3. You should (repair / replace) your dishcloth every week as it gets full of bacteria.
4. Why (get rid of / do up) a perfectly good lamp when you could easily mend it?
5. I managed to (fix / repair) the kettle, so we didn’t need to buy a new one.
6. Osama knows how to (mend / replace) simple electric appliances like toasters and
kettles.
7. We’ve decided to (do up / soak) my little sister’s bedroom as a surprise.
Answers:
1. replace 2. get rid of 3. replace 4. get rid of 5. fix / repair 6. mend 7. do up

D. Complete the sentences with one word in each gap.

1. We’re (doing, making, fixing) up my bedroom and we need some (painting, masking,
colouring) tape so we can paint straight lines.
2. When you’ve finished making your lunch, take the (dishcloth, sweeper, wiper) and
wipe (down, up, out) the kitchen surfaces.
3. The best way to (do, deal, make) with stains and tough patches of dirt is to (clean,
wipe, soak) the item of clothing in lots of warm water and soap.
4. I came (down, across, up) this jar in the bottom of the freezer, but I’m not sure
what’s in it because I forgot to (label, write, read) it.

Answers:
1. doing / masking 2. dishcloth / down 3. deal / soak 4. cross / label

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 E. Complete the note with one word in each gap.
1. We need to get (rid, down, up) of all the old bits of wood in the back yard.
2. The lock on the downstairs bathroom door is broken. (Replace, Break, Wipe) the
broken lock.
3. The old BBQ in the back garden is really dirty and needs to be wiped (out, up, down).
Plus, one of its legs is broken and needs to be (fixed, broken, wiped) if possible.
4. The lawn mower (fixed, broke, wiped) down last week – try to (break, wipe,
mend) it.
Answers:
1. rid 2. Replace 3. down / fixed 4. broke / mend
‫( تجوز لجميع االجابات‬fix, mend, repair) ‫االجابات‬

F. Complete the sentences with the phrases from a, b, or c.

1. Does the idea of a life appeal to you?
……………………………

a. home comforts b. tied down to one place c. on the move

2. Would you prefer to or in a company office?
……………………………

a. put down roots b. work remotely c. settle down

3. Would you prefer to work from home or in a ?
……………………………

a. co-working space b. home comforts c. on the move

4. If you became a digital nomad, which of your would you miss the most?
……………………………

a. tied down to one place b. work remotely c. home comforts

5. What do you think is a suitable age to and get a job?
……………………………

a. settle down b. co-working space c. on the move

6. If you had to move to another country, what would help you to in
……………………………

the new place?

a. work remotely b. settle down c. put down roots
7. Why do you think some people hate being ? Why do they prefer a nomadic
……………………………

lifestyle?
a. tied down to one place b. on the move c. home comforts
Answers:
1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. a

ACTIVE PRONUNCIATION:
Assimilation of /t/ + /j/ = /tʃ/ and /d/ + /j/ = /dʒ/

a. I met _ you. (/t/ becomes /tʃ/)

b. He told _ you. (/d/ becomes /dʒ/)

Listen and notice how the sounds /t/ and /d/ change.
Practise saying the words in isolation and in phrases.
1. hold hold you 4. meet meet you
2. did did you 5. hit hit you
3. would would you 6. get get you

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‫شادي الرمحي‬ SPEAKING ‫شادي الرمحي‬
Giving instructions
1. Explaining what to do
a. It’s advisable to …
b. The first thing you do is …
c. When you’ve done that, … / Once you’ve done that, …
d. What you do is …
e. All you have to do is …
f. The key thing to remember is … / The main thing to remember is …
g. It’s vital that you … / It’s essential that you …
2. Explaining what not to do
a. Make sure you don’t …
b. Try to avoid (+ -ing) …
c. I’d advise you not to …
d. There’s no need to …
e. Whatever you do, don’t …
3. Finishing the instructions
And that’s it.

WATCH OUT! ‫انتبه يا أبالولوس‬

‫( في بداية الجملة لتعطي توكيد أكثر للجملة‬What / All) ‫بمكن استخدام‬
(What / All) + sub + (do, does, did) + (be) + infinitive ………
a. Slide the door to the right.
What you do is slide the door to the right.
All you do is slide the door to the right.
b. I covered it with tape.
What I did was cover it with tape.
All I did was cover it with tape.
c. Press the button.
What you do is press the button.
All you do is press the button.
d. He touched it and it broke.
What he did was touch it and it broke.
All he did was touch it and it broke.

107
 ‫( للتأكيد على االسم‬what) ‫يمكن استخدام‬

What + sub + verb + ……………… (is / was) + ‫االسم‬

I used AI to solve this mathematical problem.

What I used to solve this mathematical problem was AI

‫( للتأكيد على كيفية عمل شيء‬the way) ‫يمكن استخدام‬

The way that you + verb + is to …
The way that you + verb + is by + -ing …
The way it + verb + is …

You turn off that machine by pressing the red button.

The way you turn off that machine is to press the red button.
The way you turn off that machine is by pressing the red button.
The way it turns off is to press the red button.
The way it turns off is by pressing the red button.

Rewrite the sentences starting with the words given.

1. You just need some scissors and masking tape.
All you need are some scissors and masking tape.

2. You turn on the oven by pressing this switch.

The way you turn on the oven is by pressing this switch.

3. I used a damp dishcloth to remove the stain.

What I did was use a damp dishcloth to remove the stain.
What I used to remove the stain was a damp dishcloth.

4. Next you soak it in water.

What you do next is soak it in water.

5. He’s really good at DIY.

What he is really good at is DIY.

108
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ REVISION ‫شادي الرمحي‬
A. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
1. Comfortable, (medium-sized / confined) room for rent in shared house with storage.
2. Can you (change / repair) this light bulb, please? This one’s stopped working.
3. You need a (dustpan and brush / dishcloth) to sweep up that shattered glass.
4. Oh no! There’s a (stain / soak) on the new carpet. I hope I can remove it.
5. All the leads behind the TV are (blocked / tangled).
Answers:
1. medium-sized 2. change 3. dustpan and brush 4. stain 5. tangled

B. Replace the object with a pronoun. Change the word order where necessary.
1. I’ll wipe down the table.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………

2. We’re doing up the kitchen.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………

3. I came across this ring when I was vacuuming.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………

4. Get rid of these empty bottles, please.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………

5. Can you pick up the fork, please?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………

6. They can’t deal with stress.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………

7. You need to mop up that water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………

Answers:
1. I’ll wipe it down 5. Can you pick it up, please?
2. We’re doing it up. 6. They can’t deal with it.
3. I came across this/it when I was vacuuming. 7. You need to mop that/it up.
4. Get rid of them/these, please.

C. Choose two correct options to complete the sentences.

1. We (have to / mustn’t / ought to) call the plumber. I can’t fix this leaking pipe myself.
2. Luckily, I (could / was able to / managed to) make new friends quickly at university.
3. You (needn’t / don’t have to / can’t) repair the flat tyre today. We can do it tomorrow.
4. The shop (isn’t obliged to / mustn’t / doesn’t have to) remove the scratches from your
smartphone screen free of charge, but you can ask.
5. You are (not allowed to / not permitted to / not obliged to) work unless you have a visa.
6. People driving a car (are required to / are able to / should) carry a driving licence.

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 Answers:
1. have to / ought to 2. was able to / managed to 3. needn’t / don’t have to
4. isn’t obliged to / doesn’t have to 5. not allowed to / not permitted to 6. are required to / should

D. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one.
1. It’s a lot colder in England in winter than in Jordan.
a. It’s significantly colder in England in winter than it is in Jordan.
b. It’s significantly colder in Jordan in winter than it is in England.
c. It’s significantly warmer in England in winter than it is in Jordan.
2. I managed to find somewhere to study German as soon as I arrived.
a. I was obliged to find somewhere to study German as soon as I arrived.
b. I was able to find somewhere to study German as soon as I arrived.
c. I might find somewhere to study German as soon as I arrived.
3. You’re allowed to ride a bike on local roads.
a. Bike riders are permitted to ride on local roads.
b. Bike riders are obliged to ride on local roads.
c. Bike riders are forbidden to ride on local roads.
4. In Spain, you should eat an orange with a knife and fork.
a. In Spain, you are forbidden to eat an orange with a knife and fork.
b. In Spain, you are obliged to eat an orange with a knife and fork.
c. In Spain, you’re supposed to eat an orange with a knife and fork.
5. I think Maths is slightly more difficult than Physics.
a. I think Maths is much more difficult than Physics.
b. I think Physics is much easier than Maths.
c. I think Physics is marginally easier than Maths
6. How many bags can I take on the plane?
a. How many bags am I allowed to take on the plane?
b. How many bags am I obliged to take on the plane?
c. How many bags am I forbidden to take on the plane?
7. I was able to pick up the language quickly.
a. I had to pick up the language quickly.
b. I succeeded in picking up the language quickly.
c. I was permitted to pick up the language quickly.
8. In the UK, it isn’t necessary to carry an ID card.
a. You are forbidden to carry an ID card in the UK.
b. You must carry an ID card in the UK
c. You are not required to carry an ID card in the UK.

Answers:
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. c

110
‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT SEVEN ‫شادي الرمحي‬

REPORTED SPEECH
1. We change the following words as follows:
‫ماضي‬ before
‫مستقبل‬ after
‫قريب‬ ‫بعيد‬
Direct Reported Speech Direct Reported Speech
Yesterday The day before This That
Last (week) The week before These Those
Ago Before Here There
Tomorrow The day after Now Then
Next (month) The month after Soon Later
At the moment At that moment Today On that day
Tonight At that night

2. We change the following pronouns:

.‫يتم تحويل ضمير المتكلم الى ضمير الغائب‬ : ‫مالحظة‬

I He, She We They

Me him, her Us them
My his, her Our their
Mine his, hers Ours theirs
Myself himself, herself Ourselves themselves

3. We change the tense of the verb as follows:

V.1 V.2
write wrote
V.2 had + V.3
wrote had written

had + V.3 had + V.3

had written had written

.‫ نحول الكلمة األولى فقط أما باقي الكلمات فتبقى كما هي‬,‫ اذا كان الفعل يتكون من كلمتين أو أكثر‬: ‫مالحظة‬

111
write: wrote will have written: would have written
wrote: had written will be writing: would be writing
is writing: was writing have been writing: had been writing
am writing: was writing has been writing: had been writing
are writing: were writing was writing: had been writing
don't write: didn’t write were writing: had been writing
doesn't write: didn’t write had written: had written
have written: had written would write: would write
has written: had written didn't write: hadn’t written
can write: could write must write: had to write

I. Statements:
1. “I hardly ever go out these days.”
She said ……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….

2. “We don’t play tennis at school.”

The students said ……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…………………………………………………….

3. “The girls did all the homework last night.”

The mother said …………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. “The children did not take their dolls.”

I said
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. “I am thinking of going to live in Canada.”

Samya said …………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….

6. “I was cleaning my car when she saw me.”

Ahmad said …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. “You have been living here for three years.”

Our neighbour told me …………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….

8. “I’ve found you a new phone.”

He told me that …………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….

9. “Maha had waited for me opposite the post office”

Sami said …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….

10. "Your father had his breakfast in his room yesterday."

Muna told Ahmad ……………………………………………………..………………………….………………………………………………………………………………..…………….

11. “All the girls will meet tomorrow to prepare for the play."

The teacher said …………………………………..………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

112
II. Yes/No questions:
‫( بفعل مساعد‬yes / no question) ‫تبدأ جملة‬
‫( في بداية الجملة‬if / whether) ‫ نضع‬.1
‫ نعكس موقع الفاعل بالفعل المساعد و نحل الجملة كأنها جملة خبرية‬.2
‫( يتم حذفه و نحول الفعل الرئيسي الى الماضي‬do / does) ‫ اذا كان الفعل المساعد‬.3
(had + V.3) ‫( يتم حذفه و نحول الفعل الرئيسي الى‬did) ‫ اذا كان الفعل المساعد‬.4
‫( حسب المفعول به حسب الجدول التالي‬you) ‫ يتم تحويل الضمير‬.5

You You Your Yours Yourself/selves

I Me My Mine Myself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves

1. “Is he at home now?”

She asked ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. “Are you going out tonight?”

He asked me …………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. “Were you late last night?”

She asked him ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. “Has he seen you?”

She asked us ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. “Could you help me?

She asked him ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. “Had he seen the latest film?”

She wanted to know ………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. “Does he write stories?

They wanted to know …………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. “Do you live in this place?”

I asked her ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

9. “Did you take my book or yours?”

She asked him ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 ❖ "Have you taken my things or yours?"
• Maha asked me ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….

• Maha asked him ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….

• Maha asked her ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….

• Maha asked them ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….

• Maha asked us ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………..…………………….

III. Wh- questions:

‫( بأداة سؤال‬wh- question) ‫تبدأ جملة‬
(yes / no questions) ‫( في بداية الجملة ثم نتبع نفس خطوات‬wh- question) ‫نضع‬

1. “Which hospital has your brother been taken to, Ahmad?” Maha Asked.

She asked ………………………………………………………………….………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………….

2. “Why did you tell me a lie?”

Samya asked Ali …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….

3. “What would you cook for supper, Mary?”

Peter asked ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. “Why must we spend Sunday with your grandfather?”

My friends asked me ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Laura to Jack: “Who does the bag belong to?”

She asked ………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. “Where were you yesterday?”

He asked her ……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. “How long have we known each other?”

She asked him …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….

114
 Imperative:
‫( اذا كانت الجملة منفية‬don’t + infinitive) ‫تبدأ جملة األمر المثبتة بفعل مجرد و تبدأ بـ‬
‫( في بداية الجملة اذا كانت مثبتة‬to) ‫ نضع‬.1
‫( في بداية الجملة اذا كانت منفية‬not to) ‫ نضع‬.2

1. “Please, bring me some crisps from the supermarket.”

She told (asked) me ……………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. “Don’t go out because it is raining outside.”

I told them …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

No change: ‫ال يتم تغيير الفعل في احدى الحاالت التالية‬

‫ اذا كان فعل نقل الكالم في ومن المضارع البسيط أو المضارع التام‬.1
He says/has said he’ll be back next week.
:‫ وبالتالي فإن الوضع ال يزال ذا صلة‬،‫ يتم اإلبالغ عن الحدث بعد وقت قصير من قوله‬.2
He said he’ll be back next week. (It’s the same week.)
.‫ اذا كان المتكلم يعتقد أن الجملة حقيقة أو رأي صحيح‬.3
Dad said he is very happy.

A. Change each of the following sentences into reported speech:

1. “I didn’t take your book.” Ahmad said.
a. Ahmad told me that he didn’t take my book.
b. Ahmad told me that I hadn’t taken his book.
c. Ahmad told me that he hadn’t taken my book.
d. Ahmad told me that he hadn’t taken his book.

2. “There’s someone in my room.” said Ali.

a. Ali told us that there is someone in my room.
b. Ali told us that there is someone in his room.
c. Ali told us that there was someone in my room.
d. Ali told us that there was someone in his room.

3. “These insects can be dangerous,” the villagers said.

a. The villagers told us that those insects could be dangerous.
b. The villagers told us that these insects could be dangerous.
c. The villagers told us that those insects can be dangerous.
d. The villagers told us that these insects can be dangerous.
4. “You’ve promised to visit us.” They said.
a. They told Mary that they had promised to visit her.
b. They told Mary that they had promised to visit them.
c. They told Mary that she had promised to visit them.
d. They told Mary that she has promised to visit them.

115
5. “Rashed went to the stadium an hour ago.”
a. Ayman told Arwa that Rashed had gone to the stadium an hour before.
b. Ayman told Arwa that Rashed went to the stadium an hour ago .
c. Ayman told Arwa that Rashed has gone to the stadium before an hour.
d. Ayman told Arwa that Rashed had gone to the stadium an hour later.
6. “I have been to Baghdad three times with my family.”
a. Ban told Sameera that they have been to Baghdad three times with my family.
b. Ban told Sameera that I had been to Baghdad three times with your family.
c. Ban told Sameera that we have been to Baghdad three times with her family.
d. Ban told Sameera that she had been to Baghdad three times with her family.
7. “I’d already been living in London for five years.”
a. My friend said that he has already been living in London for five years.
b. My friend said that he had already been living in London for five years.
c. My friend said that he had already lived in London for five years.
d. My friend said that he had already been lived in London for five years.
8. “We are visiting the museum today.”
a. Marwan said that they are visiting the museum that day.
b. Marwan said that we were visiting the museum that day.
c. Marwan said that they were visiting the museum that day.
d. Marwan said that we are visiting the museum today.
9. “I visit my grandparents this morning.”
a. Huda said that she visited my grandparents this morning.
b. Huda said that she had visited her grandparents this morning.
c. Huda said that she visited my grandparents that morning.
d. Huda said that she visited her grandparents that morning.
10. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d to complete the following sentences.
“I am studying English a lot now.”
- Rami said that he ……………………………………………………………English a lot then.
a. studies b. studied
c. was studying d. had studied
11. “Meet me here today.”
a. He told me to meet him there today.
b. He told me to meet him there that day.
c. He told me to meet him here that day.
d. He told me not to meet him here that day.
12. “Does Muna work in this factory?”
a. My friend asked if Muna does work in that factory.
b. My friend asked if Muna did work in that factory.
c. My friend asked if Muna worked in that factory?
d. My friend asked if Muna worked in that factory.

116
 13. “When will you leave to the UK?”
a. My cousin asked me when I will leave to the UK.
b. My cousin asked me when I would leave to the UK.
c. My cousin asked me when would I leave to the UK.
d. My cousin asked me when will I leave to the UK.

14. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d to complete the following sentences.
“Help me with my homework.”
- Rami to help him with his homework.
……………………………………………………………

a. said that b. told me that

c. asked me d. told me not

15. ‘Why are you leaving early?’

a. He asked us why were you leaving early.
b. He asked us why you were leaving early.
c. He asked us why were we leaving early.
d. He asked us why we were leaving early.

16. ‘Were you at the meeting yesterday?’

a. She wanted to know if I was at the meeting the day before.
b. She wanted to know if I had been at the meeting yesterday.
c. She wanted to know if I were at the meeting the day before.
d. She wanted to know if I had been at the meeting the day before.

17. ‘Could I ask you a few questions here and now?’

a. He asked me if he could ask me a few questions there and then.
b. He asked me if he can ask me a few questions there and then.
c. He asked me if he could ask him a few questions there and then.
d. He asked me if he could ask me a few questions here and now.

18. ‘Stop what you are doing right now!’

a. She ordered us to stopped what we were doing right then.
b. She ordered us to stop what were we doing right then.
c. She ordered us to stop what we were doing right now.
d. She ordered us to stop what we were doing right then.

Answers:
1. c 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. d
10. c 11. b 12. d 13. b 14. c 15. d 16. d 17. a 18. d

B. Complete the sentences with asked, said or told.

1. The police officers me whether I was 18 years old.
………………………………………

2. The security guard us not to enter the building.

………………………………………

3. The fire fighters we had to stay behind the barriers.

………………………………………

4. The conductor if he could see our tickets.

………………………………………

5. The driving instructor you that you needed to slow down.

………………………………………

Answers:
1. asked 2. told 3. said 4. asked 5. told

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 :‫التحويل من الكالم المنقول الى الكالم المباشر‬
‫نقوم بعكس الخطوات السابقة‬
.‫ نقوم بتحويل الزمن بالتقدم خطوة لألمام‬.1
‫ نعكس الضمائر‬.2
‫ نغير الظروف المكانية و الزمانية‬.3
C. Look at these sentences reporting what people said. Write what they said originally
in direct speech.
1. The reporter said that in today’s programme, they would look at some of the
amazing things that different charities were doing.
‘In today’s programme, we ………………………………………………………………….........................................………...................................................................................

…………………………………………………………………......................................................................……….................................................................................................……………………………….………… .’
2. The professor said that others had to wash in rivers because they didn’t have clean
water in their houses to have a bath or shower.
‘Others …………………………………………………………………....................................................................………...........................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………………………......................................................................……….................................................................................................……………………………….………… .’
3. The reporter asked how the charity could help these people.
‘So how ………………………………………………………………….....................................................................................................................………................................................................................... ?’
4. The professor said that dirty water had mixed with clean water and that had made
people ill.
‘Dirty water …………………………………………………………………............................................………........................................................................................................................................... .’
5. The reporter said that he could see the charity really should make a difference to
people’s lives.
'I ……………………………………………………………………....................................................................………........................................................................................................................................... .’
6. The professor told us to remember 90% of the world’s natural disasters were
related to water.
‘ …………………………………………………………………............................................................................………........................................................................................................................................... .’
D. Read the reported statements and choose the correct forms to complete the sentences
in direct speech.
1. She asked what I had been thinking about at the meeting.
‘What (were you thinking / have you been thinking) about at the meeting?’
2. He said we should only talk about important things.
‘We should (only have talked / only talk) about important things.’
3. He asked us whether we believed the weather was getting hotter.
‘(Did you / Do you) believe the weather is getting hotter?’
4. She said people had talked about the effects of global warming.
‘People (have talked / talk) about the effects of global warming.’
5. He said that their recycling efforts would help.
‘Our recycling effort (will / would) help.’
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 REPORTING VERBS
1. Verb + (that)
(explain, admit, agree, complain, deny, insist, promise, recommend, regret, suggest,
propose, demand)
a. He explained (that) tickets were expensive.
b. She admitted (that) she was wrong.
2. Verb + object + (that)
(advise, persuade, promise, remind, warn)
a. He warned him (that) he was in danger.
b. She advised me (that) I should see a doctor.
3. Verb + (not) infinitive
(offer, promise, regret, agree, decide, refuse, threaten, offer)
a. He offered to pay them $10 an hour.
b. The publishers promised to look at her book.
4. Verb + object + (not) infinitive
(encourage, ask, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn, advise)
a. They encouraged him to try again.
b. The teacher warned us not to be late.
5. Verb + (not) gerund
(admit, advise, deny, recommend, suggest, regret)
a. She suggested getting a job as a secretary.
b. She denied stealing my wallet.
6. Verb + preposition + (not) gerund
(apologise for, insist on, object to)
a. They apologised for not listening to her.
b. My mom objected to giving us another chance.
7. Verb + preposition + (object) + gerund
(insist on)
a. They insisted on us staying with them.
b. She insisted on me telling a joke.
8. Verb + object + preposition + (not) gerund
(criticise somebody/something for), (accuse somebody of), (congratulate somebody on),
(blame somebody/something for), (praise somebody for), (warn somebody against/about)
a. He criticised her answer for being too short.
b. He criticised us for being late.
c. He accused me of stealing money from his wallet.
d. I congratulated him on winning the race.
e. He blamed his wife for not preparing the food early.
f. The manager praised the team for completing the project.
g. She warned her friend about walking alone at night.
h. His parents warned him against staying out too late.
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 ‫( لتقديم معلومة‬that + sub + should) ‫( يأتي بعدها‬demand, recommend, suggest, propose) ‫األفعال‬
.‫ و يجوز أن يأتي بعد هذه األفعال مضارع بسيط أو ماضي بسيط‬.‫عن الموضوع حيث أن فكرة الحدث ضرورية‬
a. His boss suggested that he should take a holiday.
b. They recommended that she should drive.
a. He insisted that they take/took the money.
b. She proposed that he take/took a computer.
:‫ركز يا أبالولوس‬
1. admit, deny, regret, recommend, suggest (that + sub + verb) (V-ing)
“I broke the window of the class”
a. Salem admitted that he had broken the window of the class.
b. Salem admitted breaking the window of the class.
“I did not steal the necklace.”
a. Muna denied that she had stolen the necklace.
b. Muna denied stealing the necklace.
“I bought these pairs of shoes.”
a. Ahmad regretted that he had bought those pairs of shoes.
b. Ahmad regretted buying those pairs of shoes.
“You should visit the Pyramids while you are in Cairo.”
a. I recommend that you (should) visit the Pyramids while you are in Cairo.
b. I recommend visiting the Pyramids while you are in Cairo.
“Why don’t we visit the museum?”
a. Our teacher suggested that we (should) visit the museum.
b. Our teacher suggested visiting the museum.

2. agree, promise: (that + sub + verb) (to + infinitive)

“I will meet the employees tomorrow”
a. The manger agreed that he would meet the employees the day after.
b. The manager agreed to meet the employees the day after.
“I will arrive on time”
a. Ammar promised that he would arrive on time.
b. Ammar promised to arrive on time.
c. Ammar promised us that he would arrive on time. (object + that + sub)

4. persuade, remind, advise, warn: (object + that + sub + verb) (object + to + infinitive)
“You should buy this book.”
a. Jumana persuaded me that I should buy that book.
b. Jumana persuaded me to buy that book.
“Don't forget your uncle is coming tonight”, my mother told me.
a. My mother reminded me that my uncle was coming that night.
“Do not forget to bring some coffee with you”, my mother told me.
b. My mother reminded me to bring some coffee with me.
120
 “You should see a doctor.”
a. My friend advised me that I should see a doctor.
b. My friend advised me to see a doctor.
c. My friend advised seeing a doctor. (advise + V-ing)
“You are in danger.”
My friend warned me that I was in danger.
“Don’t swim in the river.”
a. The coach warned us not to swim in the river.
b. The coach warned us about swimming in the river. (object + about / against + V-ing)

A. Rewrite each of the following sentences so that it gives a similar meaning to the one
before it.
1. “Why don't you play with us?”
a. My friend suggested that we should play with them.
b. My friend suggested playing with them.
2. "If I were you, I would accept the job"
a. Hassan advised Fuad that he should accept the job.
b. Hassan advised Fuad to accept the job.
c. Hassan advised accepting the job.
3. "Would you like to see my album?"
Nawal invited Sarah to see her album.
4. "It isn't true! I have never been arrested", Firas said.
Firas denied that he had been arrested.
Firas denied being arrested / Firas denied having been arrested.
5. "No, I did not steal the necklace", John said.
John denied that he had stolen the necklace.
John denied stealing the necklace.
6. "Type up this report", the manager ordered the secretary.
The manager ordered the secretary to type up that report.
7. "Don't touch the hot pan", my sister warned me.
My sister warned me to touch the hot pan.
8. "Don't forget your will uncle arrive here at 9:00am", my mother told me.
My mother reminded me that my uncle would arrive there at 9:00am.
9. "Do not forget to buy some milk with you", my mother told me.
My mother reminded me to buy some milk with me.

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B. Choose the suitable items from those given between brackets to complete each of the
following sentences.
1. Ali that he hadn’t taken the money.
……………………………………………………….

a. denied b. explained c. promised d. ordered

2. Sameer his friend to carry his bag.
……………………………………………………….

a. asked b. suggested c. recommended d. denied

3. Our teacher that we should perform a play for Shakespeare.
…………………………………………………….

a. suggested b. advised c. warned d. persuaded

4. My father me to attend intensive English classes.
……………………………………………………….

a. suggested b. encouraged c. accused d. insisted

5. Lama that she had lost her money.
……………………………………………………….

a. suggested b. recommended c. denied d. congratulated

6. The agent tour employee staying in a five-star hotel.
……………………………………………………….

a. recommended b. ordered c. explained d. praised

7. The doctor ……………………………………………………….that it was a disease of blood.
a. offered b. criticised c. encouraged d. explained
8. The man behaving in a suspicious way.
…………………………………………………….

a. promised b. explained c. advised d. denied

9. She advised me heavy things.
……………………………………………………….

a. not to carry b. to not carry c. to carrying d. carry

10. Parents should their children to behave properly.
……………………………………………………….

a. explain b. suggest c. advise d. apologise

11. Our teacher us to take part in the competition.
………………………………………………………

a. explained b. denied c. suggested d. encouraged

12. The researcher that the young must spend their time wisely.
…………………………………………………….

a. ordered b. reminded c. recommended d. persuaded

13. Please me that I have a dentist's appointment next week.
……………………………………………………….

a. insist b. invite c. agree d. remind

14. My friend …………………………………………………… me to visit the national museum.
a. denied b. complained c. agreed d. told

Answers:
1. b 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. d
8. d 9. a 10. c 11. d 12. c 13. d 14. d

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C. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1. Abeer: ‘It was that man who stole the money!’
a. Abeer accused a man of stealing the money.
b. Abeer congratulated a man of stealing the money.
c. Abeer accused a man to steal the money.
d. Abeer praised a man for stealing the money.
2. Adel: ‘I didn’t break Jamal’s phone!’
a. Adel denied to break Jamal’s phone.
b. Adel denied that to break Jamal’s phone.
c. Adel denied to breaking Jamal’s phone.
d. Adel denied breaking Jamal’s phone.
3. Habib: ‘I’ll help you with the boxes.’
a. Habib offered me to help with the boxes.
b. Habib offered to help with the boxes.
c. Habib offered helping with the boxes.
d. Habib offered me that he would help with the boxes.
4. Laith: ‘You should get more exercise, Omar.’
a. Laith encouraged Omar to getting more exercise.
b. Laith encouraged Omar to get more exercise.
c. Laith encouraged Omar that he had got more exercise.
d. Laith encouraged Omar that he got more exercise.
5. Hamed: ‘I’ll always remember you!’
a. Hamed promised that he will always remember me.
b. Hamed promised that he always remembered me.
c. Hamed promised to always remembering me.
d. Hamed promised that he would always remember me.
6. Nour: ‘I hear you’ve graduated, Samia. Congratulations!’
a. Nour congratulated Samia for her graduation.
b. Nour congratulated Samia in her graduation.
c. Nour congratulated Samia on her graduation.
d. Nour congratulated Samia against her graduation.
7. Reem: ‘I’m really sorry I forgot your birthday, Suha.’
a. Reem apologised for forgetting Suha’s birthday.
b. Reem apologised in forgetting Suha’s birthday.
c. Reem apologised on forgetting Suha’s birthday.
d. Reem apologised about forgetting Suha’s birthday.
Answers:
1. a 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. a

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A. Put the words in order to make sentences.
1. promised / the police officer / she / would / that / investigate the matter
a. The police officer promised that she would investigate the matter.
b. The police officer would investigate that she promised the matter.
c. The police officer promised the matter that she would investigate.
2. was due next lesson / the teacher / the students / reminded / their homework / that
a. The teacher was due to the students reminded that their homework next lesson.
b. The teacher reminded the students that their homework was due to next lesson.
c. The teacher was due to next lesson reminded the students that their homework.
3. to collect / Salwa / agreed / from school / her sister
a. Salwa to collect her sister from school agreed.
b. Salwa from school agreed to collect her sister.
c. Salwa agreed to collect her sister from school.
4. the doctor / us / much more exercise / to get / advised
a. The doctor advised to get us much more exercise.
b. The doctor advised us to get much more exercise.
c. The doctor advised us much more exercise to get.
5. for / apologised / waking / Noura / the baby
a. Noura apologised for waking the baby.
b. Noura apologised waking for the baby.
c. Noura apologised for the baby waking.
6. insisted on / his original birth certificate / Rakan / bringing / the secretary
a. The secretary insisted on Rakan bringing his original birth certificate.
b. The secretary insisted Rakan on bringing his original birth certificate.
c. The secretary insisted on bringing Rakan his original birth certificate.
Answers:
1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. a

B. Choose the correct words a–c to complete the sentences.

1. Mazen agreed the old man was discriminated against.
……………………………………………………

a. that b. to c. she
2. The man at the information desk advised to leave our phone number.
………………………………………………

a. that b. we c. us
3. Nader offered lend Maher his car for the weekend.
……………………………………………………

a. to b. for c. he would
4. The musician objected playing only his hits at the concert.
……………………………………………………

a. that b. to c. for
5 The police praised Imad saving the man’s life.
……………………………………………………

a. on b. of c. for
Answers:
1. a 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. c

124
C. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1. ‘I wish I hadn’t bought white trainers.’
Osama regretted ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….………….……… .

2. ‘I will cook for you on Saturday.’

Nadia promised ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….…………………… .

3. ‘I was wrong.’
Muna admitted ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….……………………… .

4. ‘Why don’t we have a picking-up-litter day?’

Rashed suggested ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………….………….…………… .

5. ‘Ali is so negative.’
Tareq accused ……………….…………………………………………….…………………………………………………..…………………………………………….…………… .

Answers:
1. Osama (regrets) regretted buying trainers.
2. Nadia promised to cook for me on Saturday.
3. Muna admitted that she had been wrong.
4. Rashed suggested having a picking-up-litter day.
5. Tareq accused Ali of being negative.

125
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ VOCABULARY ‫شادي الرمحي‬
A. Complete with the correct words.

environment facilities homes opportunities poverty

Social issues helped by the Jordanian Royal Family

The Jordanian Royal Family
1. helps to move people out of ………………………………………

2. aims to give better work to women and young people

………………………………………

3. helps to improve health………………………………………

4. helps refugees to find as well as with their education, finance and work
………………………………………

opportunities
5. promotes sustainable development that does not harm the ………………………………………

B. Match the social issues with the facts.

environmental problems gender equality health homelessness

immigration poverty racism unemployment

The Jordanian Royal Family

1. helps to move people out of poverty:
2. aims to give better work opportunities to women and young people:
3. helps to improve health facilities:
4. helps refugees to find homes as well as with their education, finance and work
opportunities:
5. promotes sustainable development that does not harm the environment:
C. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
1. This is a good law, but I am not sure it is (enforce / enforceable).
2. The factory has grown recently, and has been more successful since the
(expanse / expansion).
3. The university in our city is an important (institution / institutionalise).
4. How can the factory (justify / justifiable) polluting the river like that?
5. It is good that men and women get (equal / equality) pay in this business.
6. Keep your argument simple and try not to (complicate / complicated) it.
D. Choose the correct answer.
At this university, we reject any and all 1. (discrimination / discriminate) based on
race, gender, religion or age. We believe in 2. (free / freedom) of speech and will
never accept any 3. (persecution / persecute) of individuals based on their 4. (person /
personal) beliefs. Should anybody feel they have suffered 5. (victim / victimisation),
an 6. (investigate / investigation) will be carried out and suitable disciplinary action
will be taken.
126
E. In pairs, compare sentences a with sentences b. Work out the differences in meaning
of the highlighted words.
1) a. They set out to discover why and reveal the mysteries of the underwater world.
b. The cameras were set up in different locations.
set out: begin a task with a particular aim or goal.
set up: put in position
2) a. Every day, over 10,000 acres of trees are lost.
b. You can see storms in clouds passing over different countries, ... all filmed from 400
kilometres above our planet.
above: is used to mean higher than.
over: is used with certain numbers (ages, speed, amounts) to mean more than
3) a. Doctors tested her and discovered she would be permanently deaf and blind.
b. The documentary proves that having a disability does not always stop people from
doing amazing things.
test: take measures to check something
prove: use evidence to show the truth
4) a. The fact that she could not see or hear did not stop her from enjoying the same
Things as all of us.
b. In fact she also helped many other people with disabilities.
The fact: refers forward to what is being discussed
in fact: refers to the truth of a situation, especially if we didn’t expect this to be the case.
F. Complete the collocations in bold with the correct forms of the words from the box.
1. His parents said he wasn’t working hard enough and his terrible exam results have
……………………………………… them right.
a. angle b. bright c. proven d. share
2. Does anyone have any ideas for Maha’s surprise family party?
………………………………………

a. angle b. bright c. prove d. share

3. To find a solution I think we need to look at the problem from a different ……………………………………… .
a. angle b. bright c. prove d. share
4. Please ………………………………………your thoughts on what you think went wrong.
a. angle b. bright c. prove d. share

ACTIVE PRONUNCIATION: Aspiration

‫ وذلك اذا كان هذا الصوت في بداية المقطع المشدد‬/p/, /t/ and /k/ ‫يتم اضافة صوت نفخة خفيفة مع األصوات‬
.‫ أو اذا جاء بعده صوت علة‬.)‫(أو الوحيد‬
4. Listen and repeat the words. The aspirated sounds have been underlined.
/ph/ /th/ /kh/
poor talent current
Polish time capital
unpopular return occur
important potential uncommon

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ SPEAKING ‫شادي الرمحي‬
Expressing opinions
1. Strong opinion
a. It goes without saying that …
b. Without a shadow of a doubt, …
c. Frankly, I think it’s obvious that …
d. I find it really annoying so…

2. Less strong opinion

As far as I’m concerned, …

3. Counter opinion
a. It’s a good idea in principle, but …
b. I can see where they’re/you’re coming from, but …

4. Tentative opinion
a. I’m no expert, but …
b. I tend to think (that) …
c. I’m inclined to think (that) …
d. May be the best thing is to …

5. Challenging somebody else’s opinion

a. That’s debatable, isn’t it?
b. You’re entitled to your opinion, but …
c. Are you saying that …?

Choose the correct answer and decide if they are strong or tentative opinion.
1. Speaker1: I find it really so I agree it shouldn’t be allowed.
………………………………………

a. annoying b. principle c. debatable

Speaker2: Well, I’m no , but I do think it would be difficult to do anything about it.
…………………………

a. concerned b. shadow c. expert

2. Speaker1: Maybe thing is to talk to the person and find out why they’re
………………………………………

behaving like that.

a. the best b. inclined c. entitled
Speaker2: I see what you mean, but it can be really .
………………………………………

a. saying b. annoying c. concerned

3. Speaker1: Without a ……………………………………… of a doubt hunting for sport is cruel.

a. shadow b. expert c. principle
Speaker2: Well, that’s ……………………………………… , isn’t it?
a. entitled b. inclined c. debatable

128
Many verbs are often followed by a specific preposition.
1. protect against 2. (eat, take, learn) from 3. (participate, live) in
4. (survive, live) on 5. (call out, danger, help) to 6. deal with

1. deal with: take action to solve a problem

2. survive on: stay alive by using the object of the sentence
3. eat from: eat out of
4. call out to: say something loudly
5. protect against: take care of someone or something
6. participate in: take part in something

Complete the sentences with a correct preposition in each gap.

1. Monkeys live fruit and nuts.
………………………………………………

a. on b. in c. from d. with
2. Monkeys live trees.
………………………………………………

a. on b. in c. from d. with
3. We eat soup of a bowl.
………………………………………………

a. on b. in c. from d. out
4. We need to deal the climate crisis.
………………………………………………

a. with b. against c. from d. with

129
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ REVISION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

A. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words from the box.
1. He ……………………………………………… how many sandwiches he would need for the family party and
didn’t make enough.
a. discriminated b. employed c. misjudged
2. We think some of the boss’s attitudes are as he tends to give men
………………………………………………

more opportunities than women.

a. discriminate b. discriminatory c. discrimination
3. The school called the boy’s parents because his behaviour in class was completely . ………………

a. accept b. acceptation c. unacceptable

4. ……………………………………………… means that everyone has exactly the same rights.
a. Equality b. Equal c. Equally
5 Some countries have very high and it is difficult for young people to find
………………………………………………

a job.
a. employ b. unemployment c. unemployed

Answers:
1. misjudged 2. discriminatory 3. unacceptable 4. Equality 5. unemployment

B. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech, making any necessary changes.

1. ‘The report the newspaper published yesterday has caused a lot of discussion’.
Mr Bager said ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………….….……………………… .
2. ‘Don’t block the doors of the building!’
We ordered them ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….……………………… .
3 ‘Why can’t you listen to what we are saying?’
He asked us ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….……………………… .
4. ‘Everyone who has taken part in the beach clean-up today will come back next week.’
We told the journalists that ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………… .
5 ‘We are going to be at the meeting this afternoon.’
They said that ……………….…………………………………………….………………………………………………..…………………………………………….……………………… .
Answers:
1. Mr Bager said (that) the report the newspaper had published the day before had caused a lot of
discussion
2. we ordered them not to block the doors of the building
3. He asked us why we couldn’t listen to what they were saying
4. We told the journalists that everyone who had taken part in the beach clean-up that day would
come/go back the following week
5. They said that they were going to be at the meeting that afternoon

130
C. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech, using the reporting verbs from the box.
1. Rana: ‘I didn’t take a photo of her!’
Rana denied ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….…….……………………… .
2. Nasser: ‘I’ll work hard at university, honestly!’
Nasser promised ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….……………………… .
3. ‘I’m really sorry I criticised your idea,’ Rola said to me.
Rola apologised for ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………….……………………… .
4. Khalil: ‘You really must come to the talk next week!’
Khalil insisted on ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….……………………… .
5. The teacher: ‘I think you copied the essay from the Internet.’
The teacher accused me of ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………… .
6. Majeda: ‘It’s a good idea to arrive early.
Majeda advised me ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….……………………… .

Answers:
1. Rana denied taking a photo of her.
2. Nasser promised to work hard at university.
3. Rola apologised for criticising my idea.
4. Khalil insisted on me coming to the talk the following week.
5. The teacher accused me of copying the essay from the Internet.
6. Majeda advised me to arrive early.

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT EIGHT ‫شادي الرمحي‬

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Sub + Verb + Obj
Obj + verb to be + p.p
.‫ يتم تحويله الى ضمير فاعل في بداية جملة المبني للمجهول‬، ‫إ ذا كان المفعول به في جملة المبني للمعلوم ضمير‬
(me: I) , (him: He) , (her: She) , (them: They) , (us: We) , (you: You) , (it: It)

Verb to be:
1. V.1: is, are, am
2. V.2: was, were
3. V-ing: being
4. V.3: been
5. Base: be

……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

Modal Verbs:
(will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, used to,
have to, has to, had to, am to, are to, is to, was to, were to, be going to)

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A. Examples:
1. Salma always takes the children to the zoo.
The children ……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

2. Ahmad does not drink coffee in the morning.

Coffee ………………………….……………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

3. I took your notebook last night.

Your notebook ………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..……………………………………………….…………………………………………….

4. The teacher did not give us a difficult exam last week.

We ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

5. The black dog is chasing our cat.

Our cat …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….

6. Khaled was not fixing my computer when I arrived.

My computer …………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

7. Somebody has found my missing laptop.

My missing laptop ……………..………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………..……………………………….

8. The doctor had saved the life of the injured people.

The life of the injured people …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………….…………………………….

9. Samya might purchase a new car next week.

A new car ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………..…………………………………….

10. The engineers will have built the largest tower by next year.
The largest tower ……………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………..…………….

11. She is going to take my blue bag.

My blue bag …………………………………………………..………………………..…………………………………………………….…………………………………………..…………………………….

12. No one has told me the latest news.

I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….….

13. She has not found anybody in the classroom.

Nobody ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….….

14. Cake every Thursday by my mother.

.......................…………………………….…...............................................……………

(makes, is made, was made)

15. This book in 1970 by Taha Hussein.
.......................…………………………….…...............................................……………

(writes, is written, was written)

16. Last month, many students as members in the English club.
.......................…………………............................……………

(is elected, were elected, are elected)

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The agent
Active: A British coffee company created ‘Fresh Brew’. (attention on Fresh Brew)
Passive: ‘Fresh Brew’ was created by a British coffee company. (attention on the company)
In the above example, we mention the agent (a British company) because it is new and
important information.

(by) ‫ و يتم عدم استخدام‬.‫( مع الفاعل في نهاية الجملة‬by) ‫عند تحويل اي جملة الى المبني للمجهول يفضل استخدام‬
:‫مع الفاعل اذا كان الفاعل في جملة المبني للمعلوم‬
1. obvious: )ً‫واضح (مفهوم ضمنيا‬
A transmitter is worn on the body. (We know it is worn by a person.)
2. unknown: ‫مجهول‬
Maher realised he had been followed. (We do not know who followed him.)
3. unimportant: ‫غير مهم‬
It will be shown at the ‘New Inventors’ show. (Who will show it is not important.)

:‫ركز يا أبالولوس‬
A. Passive Infinitive: (require, expect, need, appear, ask, arrange)
Some verbs are usually followed by the infinitive form:

1. I require you to be on time.

You are required to be on time.
2. The company expects to launch their invention next year.
The company expects their invention to be launched next year.
3. There’s one drawback: You need to fill it with coffee and water first.
There’s one drawback: It needs to be filled with coffee and water first.

B. Passive Gerund: (fancy, worried about, like, risk, enjoy)

Some verbs are usually followed by a gerund form:
1. I don’t really fancy being monitored at all!
2. It’s a ‘must have’ if you are worried about being attacked.
3. Nobody likes being told about their bad habits, especially by a computer!

C. The passive with two objects: (show, give, hand, offer, pay, promise, send, teach)
1. It will show people the consequences of an unhealthy lifestyle.
a. People will be shown the consequences of an unhealthy lifestyle.
b. The consequences of an unhealthy lifestyle will be shown to people.
2. It gives anyone who touches it an electric shock.
a. Anyone who touches it is given an electric shock.
b. An electric shock is given to anyone who touches it.

134
Contexts for the passive
We usually avoid the passive in informal language. We can use you or they to refer to
people in general:
a. Look! You can switch it on by text message.
b. They expect to launch the invention next year.
A. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one, using
infinitive or gerund passive forms.
1. It appears that a digital mirror is now available.
A digital mirror now appears (to be available, being available)
2. You can ask it to check the weather.
The mirror can (be asked to check, being asked to check) the weather.
3. You can arrange for the mirror to turn the water on.
You can arrange for the water (to be turned on, being turned on)
4. You won’t risk a flood in the bathroom because the taps stop automatically.
Because the taps stop automatically, there is no risk of the bathroom (flooded, flooding)
5. The mirror knows that if nobody is in the bathroom, it needs to turn the lights off.
The mirror knows that if nobody is in the bathroom, the lights (need to be turned off,
need being turned off)
6. I believe most people would enjoy this kind of ‘virtual servant’ looking after them.
I believe most people would enjoy (to be looked after by, being looked after by) this
kind of ‘virtual servant’.

Answers:
1. to be available 2. be asked to check 3. to be turned on
4. flooding 5. need to be turned off 6. being looked after by

B. Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

1. This German company manufactures hybrid engines.
a. Hybrid engines are manufactured by this German company.
b. Hybrid engines were manufactured by this German company.
c. Hybrid engines are to be manufactured by this German company.
2. By 2035, you could embed a chip like this in your wrist.
a. By 2035, a chip like this could been embed in your rest.
b. By 2035, a chip like this could have been embed in your rest.
c. By 2035, a chip like this could be embed in your rest.
3. Over two million people have downloaded this ‘body tracking’ app.
a. This ‘body tracking’ app has be downloaded by over two million people.
b. This ‘body tracking’ app has been downloaded by over two million people.
c. This ‘body tracking’ app has being downloaded by over two million people.
4. An insect caused the malfunction.
a. The malfunction was caused by an insect.
b. The malfunction was to be caused by an insect.
c. The malfunction is caused by an insect.

135
 5. Somebody was regularly hacking into celebrities’ smartphones.
a. Celebrities’ smartphones was regularly being hacked into.
b. Celebrities’ smartphones were regularly being hacked into.
c. Celebrities’ smartphones is regularly being hacked into.
6. Most people are going to use wearables in the near future.
a. Wearables are going to be used in the future by most people.
b. Wearables are going to being used in the future by most people.
c. Wearables are going to been used in the future by most people.
Answers:
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. a

C. Complete the sentences with by or with.

1. The first real smartphone was created (by, with) a famous company.
2. Our household appliances are made (by, with) only the highest quality materials.
3. The original smartwatch was designed (by, with) the inventor, Steve Mann.
4. A device this simple can be operated (by, with) a young child.
5. The sculpture was made (by, with) electronic waste.
Answers:
1. by 2. with 3. by 4. by 5. with

D. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of be.

1. The burnt appliance could smelled in every room of the house.
……………………

2. The facial recognition software is going updated for the new model.
……………………

3. This device shouldn’t used by anyone under the age of 16.

……………………

4. I……………………asked for my password every single time I wanted to log in.

Answers:
1. be 2. to be 3. be 4. was

E. Complete the sentences with the correct passive forms of the verbs.
1. I regret (being persuaded, to be persuaded, been persuaded) to buy this phone.
2. I would really like (being employed, be employed, to be employed) by one of the
giant tech companies.
3. Young people don’t need (to be told, being told, been told) how to use new devices,
they just know instinctively.
4. The new phone implants are going to (being sold, been sold, be sold) in all kinds of
shops.
5 The teacher congratulated them on (be invited, being invited, to be invited) to take part
in the science fair next week.
Answers:
1. being persuaded 2. to be employed 3. to be told 4. be sold 5. being invited

136
F. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one.
1. I expect that they will deliver the parcel by four o’clock.
a. I expect the parcel to be delivered by four o’clock.
b. I expect the parcel been delivered by four o’clock.
c. I expect the parcel being delivered by four o’clock.

2. The teacher said we mustn’t use our phones during the exam.
a. We are told not to use our phones during the exam.
b. We are being told not to use phones during the exams.
c. We were told not to use phones during the exam.

3. The fridge will automatically order more milk before you run out.
a. More milk would be ordered by the fridge automatically before you run out.
b. More milk is ordered by the fridge automatically before you run out.
c. More milk will be ordered by the fridge automatically before you run out.

4. We ought to recycle old devices to avoid waste.

a. Old devices should be recycled to avoid waste.
b. Old devices are recycled to avoid waste.
c. Old devices will be recycled to avoid waste.

5. The main material in this device is plastic.

a. This device was made mainly of plastic.
b. This device is made mainly of plastic.
c. This device were made mainly of plastic.

Answers:
1. a 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. b

137
 IMPERSONAL PASSIVE
.‫ المعتقدات و اآلراء‬،‫ األقوال‬،‫المبني للمجهول غير الشخصي يعبر عن األفكار‬
● The impersonal passive is a formal way of reporting thoughts, sayings, beliefs
and opinions.

‫يتم إستخدام األفعال التالية قي المبني للمجهول غير الشخصي‬

● We can use the impersonal passive with say, think, believe, know, claim, estimate,
expect, report, suggest and reveal.

● Verb to be:

V.1 : is, are, am + V.3

V.2 : was, were + V.3
(have, has) + V.3 : (have, has) + been + V.3
had + V.3 : had + been + V.3
modal + base : modal + be + V.3

 Sub + verb + that ...........………………..................................................……………...........................………………………………………………………………….……

It + be + V.3 + that ...........……………….................................................................…………..............…………………………………………………………….……

1. People believe that this businessman would now be the richest man in the world
It is believed that this businessman would now be the richest man in the world.
2. The police revealed that hackers had interfered…..
It was revealed that hackers had interfered…..

 Sub1 + verb + that + sub2 + verb ...........………………...............................................……………………..........………………………….……

Sub2 + be + V.3 + to ...........………………........................................................................................…………………………………………………………….……

❖ Scientists say that dolphins are highly intelligent.

It ...........………………...................................................................................................................................................………………………………………………………………….…… .

Dolphins ...........………………..................................................................................................................………………………………………………………………….…… .

❖ People used to think that the Earth is flat.

It ...........………………...............................................................................................................................................………………………………………………………………….…… .

The Earth ...........………………............................................................................................................………………………………………………………………….…… .

1. They say that fish is good for the brain.

It ………..................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
Fish ………............................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
138
2. People thought that we only use a small percentage of our brain power.

It ………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
We ………....................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

3. They have claimed that we remember things we hear in our sleep.

It ………..................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
We ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

4. People had believed that solving puzzles keeps the brain active.

It ………..................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
Solving puzzles ......................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

5. Experts might prove that exercise is good for concentration.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
Exercise ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

6. Experts have proved that bats aren’t birds.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
Bats ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

 Sub + verb + that + sub2 + verb.2 ...........………………..................................................……………………………………………………….……

It + be + V.3 + that + sub2 + verb.2 .......................................…………..............…………………………………………………………….……

 Sub1 + verb + that + sub2 + verb.2 ...........………………...............................................……………………..........………………………….……

Sub2 + be + V.3 + to have + V.3 .....................................................................................…………………………………………………………….……

7. People believe that the Earth was flat.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
The Earth ........................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

8. People know that dinosaurs did not fly.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
Dinosaurs ........................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

9. The government believe that more than 700,000 people were affected by the virus.
It ………..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
More than 700,000 people ...........................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .
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A. Rewrite the sentences using the impersonal passive
1. People say that other scientists invented the telephone.
a. It is said that other scientists invented the telephone.
b. It was said that other scientists invented the telephone.
c. It has been said that other scientists invented the telephone.
2. Experts expect that more people will own phones in the future.
a. It will be expected that more people will own phones in the future.
b. It used to be expected that more people will own phones in the future.
c. It is expected that more people will own phones in the future.
3. Some people have suggested that young people should not have mobile phones.
a. It had been suggested that young people should not have mobile phones.
b. It has been suggested that young people should not have mobile phones.
c. It will have been suggested that young people should not have mobile phones.
4. People say that a scientist called Elisha Gray invented the phone at the same time as
Alexander Graham Bell.
a. A scientist called Elisha Gray is said to invent the phone at the same time as
Alexander Graham Bell.
b. A scientist called Elisha Gray is said to have invented the phone at the same time
as Alexander Graham Bell.
c. A scientist called Elisha Gray was said to have invented the phone at the same
time as Alexander Graham Bell.
5. Initially, people thought the telephone was only for rich people.
a. Initially, the telephone is thought to be only for the rich.
b. Initially, the telephone was thought to be only for the rich.
c. Initially, the telephone was thought to have been only for the rich.
6. Experts have estimated that the majority of people in the world own a smartphone.
a. It has been estimated that the majority of people in the world own a smartphone.
b. It is estimated that the majority of people in the world own a smartphone.
c. It had been estimated that the majority of people in the world own a smartphone.
Answers:
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. a

C. Complete the sentences with the correct impersonal passive forms of the words in
brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
1. It (is often remarked, often is marked, is marked often) that too much screen time is
bad for your eyes.
2. IT graduates (are expected to been paid, is expected to be paid, are expected to be paid)
a high wage as soon as they graduate.
3. Five people (are believed to have been injured, are believed to be injured, are believed
to been injured) in yesterday’s accident.
4. It (are claimed, is to claimed, is claimed) that wi-fi signals are harmless to birds and insects.
5. I (was never expected to do, never was expected to do, was expected to do never) this
in my last job.
Answers:
1. is often remarked 2. are expected to be paid 3. are believed to have been injured 4. is claimed 5. was never expected to do

140
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ SPEAKING AND VOCABULARY ‫شادي الرمحي‬

SPEAKING: Describing trends

1. Introducing data:
a. The graph illustrates …
b. In this graph, we can see …

2. Describing changes over time

a. The number of … /Sales … /Users …
… increased/rose/grew/went up …
… declined/decreased/went down/ dropped …
… slightly/sharply/steadily/gradually/dramatically …
… stayed the same/remained steady …

b. There is/has been/was/will be a …

… slight/sharp/steady/gradual/dramatic …
… increase/rise/growth (in the number of users/sales/etc.)
… decrease/fall/drop/decline (in the number of users/sales/etc.)

3. Summarising data
a. Overall, the trend in … is upwards/downwards.
b. During the period ... It is noticeable that …

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ VOCABULARY ‫شادي الرمحي‬

ACTIVE VOCABULARY: Synonyms

:‫( هي كلمات تحمل نفس المعنى مع وجود بعض االختالفات أو الدالالت الطفيفة‬synonyms) ‫المترادفات‬

1. appliance: something electrical used in the house (a fridge).

gadgets: ‫أدوات صغيرة في المطبخ‬
devices: ‫أجهزة صغيرة‬
2. dated: not modern with negative connotation ‫موضة قديمة مش حلوة‬
old-fashioned: not modern ‫على الطراز القديم‬
outdated: not modern ‫عفا عليها الزمن و ال يعمل‬
obsolete: not modern ‫عفا عليها الزمن و ال يعمل‬

A. Complete the sentences with synonyms.

1. That style of trousers looks really (dated, old-fashioned, outdated) now
2. The software isn’t working very well because it’s rather (dated, old-fashioned, outdated).
3. The telephone is very large and (dated, old-fashioned, outdated), with a wire connecting
it to the wall.
4. The kitchen drawer is full of handy (appliances, devices, gadgets) to slice onions or peel
eggs and so on.
5. The spy’s listening (appliance, device, gadget) was hidden inside a pen.
6. We will need a van to move the kitchen (appliances, devices, gadgets), such as the
freezer and cooker.
Answers:
1. dated 2. outdated 3. old-fashioned 4. gadgets 5. device 6. appliances

1. obsolete: not in use anymore because a newer invention exists. ‫عفا عليها الزمن و ال يعمل‬
2. bugs or glitches: small problems that prevent a device from working well. ‫خلل‬
3.functionality: everything a piece of software can do.‫الوظيفة‬
4. outdated: old-fashioned. ‫عفا عليها الزمن و ال يعمل‬
5. state of the art (latest): most modern. ‫حديث‬
6. state of the art (latest): using the most recent ideas and methods. ‫حديث‬
7. handle: deal with. ‫يتعامل مع‬
8. compatibility: the ability of one piece of equipment/ software to be used with another. ‫انسجام‬
9.upgrade: change for something newer or better. ‫ يحسن‬/ ‫يطور‬
10.backed up: stored on a computer/other device so it won’t be lost. ‫يخزن‬

142
B. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
1. Very few of our new laptops have CD drives as CDs are virtually (obsolete / dated).
2. This shop is full of clever little (gadgets / glitches) that make excellent presents.
3. The app is designed to work on handheld (gadgets / devices) rather than laptops.

Answers:
1. obsolete 2. gadgets 6. devices

C. Complete the mini-conversations with the words in brackets.

Alia: Are you still using those 1. (outdated, latest, upgrade, handle) old headphones, Maha?
Maha: Sure! I mean, there’s nothing wrong with them. I’m not the kind of person who has
to have the 2. (outdated, latest, upgrade, handle) model of everything.
Alia: Well, I know, but you love music so much that it seems a shame not to have headphones
that can 3. (outdated, latest, upgrade, handle) the bass better.
Maha: Well, it is my birthday next month – if you know what I mean!

Talal: Have you thought about 4. (gadgets, state-of-the-art, dated, compatibility)?

Kamal: What do you mean?
Talal: Well, if you switch brands of gaming console, none of your old games will work.
Kamal: Hmm. You’re right. But all my games are so 5. (gadgets, state-of-the-art, dated,
compatibility) now that it probably doesn’t matter. Games are my thing. I’ve saved
up the money myself, so I’m going to invest in a 6. (gadgets, state-of-the-art, dated,
compatibility) console.

Faten: This laptop is full of 7. (back up, bugs, upgrade, appliances, old-fashioned) – things
go wrong every minute!
Laila: Make sure you 8. (back up, bugs, upgrade, appliances, old-fashioned) your work
then. You really don’t want to lose your project.
Faten: Oh, I will. Don’t worry. To be honest, I think it’s time for a(n) 9. (back up, bugs,
upgrade, appliances, old-fashioned) – this one is nearly ten years old.
Laila: Well, yes, it looks kind of 10. (back up, bugs, upgrade, appliances, old-fashioned),
and it weighs a ton!

Answers:
1. outdated 2. latest 3. handle 4. compatibility 5. dated
6. state-of-the-art 7. bugs 8. back up 9. upgrade 10. old-fashioned

143
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ LISTENING AND VOCABULARY ‫شادي الرمحي‬

a. appealing: Attractive or interesting. ‫جذاب‬

b. endless: In large quantities or for a long time. ‫أبدي‬
c. envious: Wanting something that someone else has. ‫حسود‬
d. influential: Able to change what people do or think. ‫مؤثر‬
e. upbeat: Positive and cheerful. ‫متفائل‬

Complete the sentences with the adjectives

1. I find the architecture of the city .......................….….........................................
2. He’s .....................................................…………… very and so he should act responsibly.
3. I’m .....................................................…………… of people who learn Maths easily.
4. My piano teacher was very .....................................................…………… about my progress, which made me feel great.
5. I’ve done.....................................................……………revision, so I should pass my exams with good grades.

Answers:
1. appealing 2. influential 3. envious 4. upbeat 5. endless

ACTIVE PRONUNCIATION: The letter a

The letter a can be pronounced in many ways and the spelling of a word is not always a
clear guide to its pronunciation. Two common ways of pronouncing a are:
1. /æ/ like in cat, jam, app, actual, fact, aspect (with a very open mouth)
2. /ɑː/ like in start, father, star, part (at the back of the throat; this sound is also slightly longer)

Complete the sentences with words and phrases in brackets.

1. (Smart devices, Household appliance, malfunction) and other (sensors, wearables,

track) such as clothing, could be used to (alert, hack, track) your body’s fat and
water content.
2. (Smart devices, Sensors, Wearables) which can monitor your heart rate could be
(embedded, alerted, hacked) in your body and (track, alert, hack) the doctor if there
are any problems.
3. Some people are concerned that it is easy to (hack, track, alert) into a self-driving car,
Or that there might be a (household appliance, malfunction, sensor) causing an accident.
4. Increasingly, smart devices use a digital fingerprint or (facial recognition software,
household appliance, malfunction) rather than a PIN.
5. A smart fridge that keeps grocery lists is one example of a (malfunction, wearable,
household appliance)

Answers:
1. Smart devices, 2. Sensors, embedded, 3. hack, malfunction 4. facial recognition 5. household appliance
wearables, track alert software

144
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ REVISION ‫شادي الرمحي‬
A. Choose the correct words to complete the text.
Many young people spend a lot of time working on their online image. Some of them 1.
(feature / curate) their image like this for fun, others feel it is an important part of who they
are, and some just want to 2. (fit in / hold down) with a certain group of friends. Teens use
their smart 3. (gadgets_/ devices) to blog, comment and communicate their ideas and often
post photos that have been 4. (embedded_/ enhanced) with the 5. (latest / outdated) app
installed on their phones.
Answers:
1. features 2. fit in 3. devices 4. enhanced 5. latest

B. Complete the sentences with the passive form of the verbs in brackets and by/with
where necessary.
1. The number of smart devices that (are used, is used, be used) globally is going up all the
time.
2. I (am woken up by, was woken up by, were woken up by) the neighbour’s faulty
burglar alarm again last night.
3. They didn’t remember that they (has been asked, was asked, had been asked) to write a
review of the new app.
4. The factory (has just been automated, have just been automated, had just been automated)
so some people have lost their jobs.
5. I think all our houses (are controlled, were controlled, will be controlled) powerful
computers soon.
Answers:
1. are used 2. was woken up by 3. had been asked 4. has just been automated 5. will be controlled

C. Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

1. More people are buying smart household appliances these days.
More smart household appliances .......................…………………………………………………………..……….…...............................................……………

2. People claim that virtual reality experiences are exactly the same as the real thing.
It
.......................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………..……….…...............................................……………

3. People expect that self-driving cars will reduce the number of traffic accidents.
It .......................……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..……….…...............................................……………

4. We believe that at least 20 companies have lost important data due to the recent
computer virus.
Important data .......................………………………………………………………………………………………..………………..……….…...............................................……………

145
 Answers:
1 are being bought these days
2 is claimed that virtual reality experiences are exactly the same as the real thing
3 is expected that self-driving cars will reduce the number of traffic accidents
4 is believed to have been lost by at least …

D. Choose the correct sentence so that it means the same as the first one.
1. The number of users increased dramatically.
a. There was a dramatic increase in the number of users.
b. There was a slight increase in the number of users.
c. There was a sharp decrease in the number of users.
2. I met an old friend by chance yesterday.
a. By chance, I bumped into an old friend yesterday.
b. By chance, I faced an old friend.
c. By chance, I passed by an old friend.
3. There has been a slight drop in the number of sales recently.
a. The number of sales has dropped slightly recently.
b. The number of sales have dropped slightly recently.
c. The number of sales has dramatically dropped recently.
4. Some people find it difficult to keep a job.
a. Some people find it difficult to hold in a job.
b. Some people find it difficult to hold up a job.
c. Some people find it difficult to hold down a job.

Answers:
1. a 2. a 3. a 4. c

146
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT NINE ‫شادي الرمحي‬
Conditionals
Type zero: If + sub + V.1 …….., sub + V.1 (modal + base)
Type one: If + sub + V.1 …….., sub + will + base
Type two: If + sub + V.2 …….., sub + would + base
Type three: If + sub + had + V.3 …….., sub + would have + V.3
Examples:
1. If water boils, it ………………………………………………

a. evaporates b. will evaporate c. would evaporate

2. If you take an English course, you a job soon.
………………………………………………

a. would have found b. would find c. will find

3. If she got enough money, she that dress.
………………………………………………

a. will buy b. would have bought c. would buy

4. If he had written the essay, the teacher him a full mark.
………………………………………………

a. would give b. would have given c. will give

Second conditional
Type two: If + sub + V.2 …….., sub + (would, might, could) + base
To talk about an unlikely or imaginary situation in the present or future:
If I were a professional sportsman, I would probably be much richer now.
Third conditional
Type three: If + sub + had + V.3 .., sub + (would, might, could) have + V.3
To talk about an imaginary situation in the past:
If I hadn’t done all those things, I wouldn’t have done so well at university.
Mixed conditionals combine clauses from the second and third conditional types.
I. We use this to talk about the effects of an imaginary present situation on the past:
(to talk about the effects of a hypothetical present situation in the past)
If + sub + V.2 …….., sub + (would, might, could) + have + V.3
a. If I didn’t speak Spanish, I’d never have met my Spanish friend.
(I speak Spanish) (I met my friend)
b. If she wasn’t clever, she wouldn’t have had such a good job.
(She is clever) (She had that job)

II. We also use this to talk about the consequences in the present of an imaginary past
situation: (to talk about the present consequences of a hypothetical past situation)
If + sub + had + V.3 .., sub + (would, might, could) + base
a. If I’d won that competition, I’d be richer than I am now.
(I didn’t win) (I’m not rich)
b. If I’d gone to university, I would have a better job.
(I didn’t go to university) (I don’t have a better job)
147
A. Choose the correct verb forms to complete the sentences.
1. If Issa isn’t / wasn’t afraid of snakes, he would have picked it up.
2. If he learnt/ had learnt to swim, he might be in the sea now.
3. I will / would be famous if I had taken that job.
4. If he fell / had fallen in the river yesterday, he would be dead now.
5. If he looked / had looked at the map last night, he wouldn’t be lost.
Answers:
1. wasn’t 2. had learnt 3. would 4. had fallen 5. had looked

B. Read the sentences. Then choose the correct words to complete explanations a and b.
1. If video games weren’t so costly, I’d buy a new one every month.
a. Video games are / aren’t costly.
b. I buy / don’t buy a new one every month.
2. If you don’t buy the car today, it will be more expensive tomorrow.
a. You are recommended / not recommended to buy the car today.
b. The car costs more / less today than it will tomorrow.
3. If we were affluent, we would’ve bought a big flat.
a. We are / aren’t affluent.
b. We bought / didn’t buy a big flat.
Answers:
1. a. are / b. don’t buy 2. a. recommended / b. less 3. a. aren’t / b. didn’t buy

C. Complete the sentences with the phrases from the box. There is one extra phrase.
1. If we spent more on society, fewer people (would have, will have, would have had) to
live in hardship.
2. If we’d eaten breakfast, we (won’t be feeling, wouldn’t be feeling, won’t feel) so hungry
now.
3. If our house hadn’t been burgled, I (wouldn’t need, won’t need, won’t have needed) a
replacement passport now.
4. I (would have picked, will pick, would pick) you up at 6 p.m. outside the shopping centre
unless I hear differently.
5. (Cancel, Will cancel, Would cancel) your bank cards immediately if you lose your wallet.
Answers:
1. would have 2. wouldn’t be feeling 3. wouldn’t need 4. will pick 5. Cancel

D. Complete the sentences with unless, if or, where possible, when.

1. you run, you’re going to be late for the lesson.
………………………………………

2. You’ll laugh I tell you what happened to me yesterday.

………………………………………

3. you don’t feel like going, then don’t go!

………………………………………

4. Don’t bother making coffee for me you’re making one yourself.

………………………………………

5. I told you a secret, would you be able to keep it?

………………………………………

6. the clock strikes midday, the race will begin.

………………………………………

Answers:
1. Unless 2. if / when 3. If 4. unless 5. If 6. When

148
 Wish / If only
Expressing dissatisfaction and regret
• We use I wish / If only + past to talk about present regrets, or things we would like to change
I wish I had a car. (I don’t have a car.)
If only I was/were taller. (I’m not tall.)
• We use I wish / If only + Past Perfect to talk about past regrets:
I wish you’d told me what sort of house it was. (You didn’t tell me.)
If only I’d left my car at home today. (I didn’t leave my car.)
• We use I wish / If only + would to talk about how we want someone else’s behaviour to change.
I wish you’d told me what sort of house it was. (You didn’t tell me.)
If only I’d left my car at home today. (I didn’t leave my car.)

Past modals for criticising

• We use should (not) have + past participle when we criticise a past action:
You shouldn’t have read that letter.
• We use could have + past participle when something was possible, but didn’t happen, so
we are unhappy about the result:
You could have told me you were coming today!
A. Choose the correct verb forms to complete the sentences. Sometimes both answers
are correct.
1. Your room is a mess! I wish you (would pick up / picked up) your clothes from the floor!
2. I (didn’t need to wait / needn’t have waited) long for him because he arrived a couple of
minutes later.
3. You (should have had / needn’t have had) breakfast; then you wouldn’t be hungry.
4. If only he (knew / would know) the truth!
5. I wish I (had bought / bought) her a nicer present – she looked a bit disappointed when
I gave it to her.
Answers:
1. would pick up 2. didn’t need to wait 3. should have had 4. knew 5. had bought

B. Choose the correct options to explain the meaning of the sentences in bold.
1. I wish I could stop eating crisps.
The speaker (can / can’t) stop eating crisps.
2. If only Alia knew how I felt about it.
Alia (does / doesn’t) know how the speaker feels about it.
3. They shouldn’t have bought it.
The speaker is talking about someone who (did / didn’t) buy something.
4. It was sunny so we didn’t need to wear our raincoats.
The speakers (did / didn’t) wear their raincoats.
5. I should have asked if the boy needed any help.
It was a good idea to ask if the boy needed any help, so (the speaker did / but the
speaker didn’t).
6. Ali could have given Fadi a lift into town.
Fadi (did / didn’t) get a lift into town from Ali.
149
 Answers:
1. can’t 2. doesn’t 3. did 4. didn’t 5. but the speaker didn’t 6. didn’t

C. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. I wish I (know, knew, had known) what questions they plan to ask during the English
oral exam.
2. If only I (walk, walked, had walked) to school yesterday instead of going by bike.
3. You didn’t need to (buy, bought, buying) that new charging cable but I guess it’s good
we’ve got a spare one.
4. We didn’t need (bring, to bring, to bringing) our waterproof jackets after all.
5. I wish I (can be, could be, could have been) at the World Cup finals last month and
seen my country play.
6. Looking back, perhaps I (should not have said, should not say, should not be saying)
anything, but I did, so it’s too late now.

Answers:
1. knew 2. had walked 3. buy 4. to bring 5. could have been 6. shouldn’t have said

‫شادي الرمحي‬ LISTENING AND VOCABULARY ‫شادي الرمحي‬

blunder ‫ خطأ فادح‬flop ‫فشل‬ flourish ‫ازدهر‬ get nowhere ‫ال مفر‬
masterstroke ‫ ضربة معلم‬mess up ‫أفسد‬ pay off ‫سدد دين‬ setback ‫نكسة‬

Success: flourish, masterstroke, pay off

Failure: blunder, flop, get nowhere, mess up, setback

A. Now complete the extracts from the box above with the correct form of the words.
1. I was embarrassed and felt like I’d really (flourished, messed up)
2. It was a huge (masterstroke, blunder) and I didn’t get the marks I needed to go to
that university.
3. In the end, I (flourished, paid off) there and got a great degree.
4. I had what I thought was a really good idea – a (flop, masterstroke)
5. I really tried, but just (got nowhere, flourished), and in the end I gave up.
6. If I’d invested a few weeks in finding out about my business idea, it would have
really (paid off, flourished)
7. But I did learn something from the (masterstroke, setback)– do your market research
first.
8. The idea did not succeed and was a complete (pay off, flop).

A. Answers:
1. messed up 2. blunder 3. flourished 4. masterbroke 5. got nowhere 6. paid off 7. setback 8. flop

150
 B. Complete with words from the box.

acknowledge, admitting, make, offer, take

1. It’s not easy to………………………………………your mistakes and say sorry.

2. In most situations she is incapable of that she’s wrong.
………………………………………

3. Her ‘shortcut’ actually took twice as long, but did she the blame
………………………………………

or………………………………………an apology?
4. So when I saw him, I decided to try and amends.
………………………………………

Answers:
1. acknowledge 2. admitting 3. take / offer 4. make

ACTIVE PRONUNCIATION: Intonation in adverbial phrases

English intonation has a pattern which falls and rises again within one phrase. We can use
this fall-rise tone in adverbial phrases.
• in my opinion • to be honest • to tell you the truth

Practise reading the dialogue.

Abbas: Have you got any interesting plans for summer?
Fadi: Actually, we aren’t doing anything special this year. Travelling is so expensive.
Abbas: If you ask me, it’s OK to splash out from time to time.
Fadi: To tell you the truth, that’s what I told my family, but I couldn’t change their minds.
Abbas: In my opinion, it’s worth going away even if it’s just for a couple of days.

151
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ VOCABULARY ‫شادي الرمحي‬

Binomials
‫( و عادة ما تبدأ هذه الثنائيات بنفس الحرف‬and, or) ‫يتم تكوين الثنائيات من كلمتين تربطهما حرف عطف‬
(peace and quiet, highs and lows) ‫( أو تحمل نفس المعنى أو عكس المعنى‬slowly but surely)
1. pick and choose: select 2. ups and downs: good and bad times
3. sooner or later: at some point 4. take it or leave it: accept or don’t
5. more or less: about 6. safe and sound: with no problems
7. give and take: compromise 8. there and then: immediately
9. touch and go: uncertain

A. Replace the underlined words with some of the binomials

1. At some point, you will have to make a decision.
2. The best universities can select which students to accept.
3. They wanted me to sign up for the course immediately, with no time at all to consider.
4. Although she was ten years older, she looked about the same age as me.
5. After a hazardous journey, they were relieved to get home with no problems.
6. Wherever my cat has disappeared to, I just hope he’ll come home with no problems.
7. Visitors to the museum can select from over 100 arcade games from the 1980s and 1990s.
8. Don’t be too hard on yourself. After all, most people fail at something at some point.
9. Like every business we have our good and bad times but generally we are successful.
10. I can’t sell it for less than 100 JOD. That’s my lowest price – accept it or don’t.
11. We are almost finished here so I can meet you in about half an hour.
12. It was uncertain whether the rescue team would be able to save the man in the cave.
Answers:
Answers:
1. Sooner or later 2. pick and choose 3. there and then 4. more or less 5. safe and sound 6. safe and sound
7. pick and choose 8. sooner or later 9. ups and downs 10. take it or leave it 11. more or less 12. touch and go

D. Complete the mini-conversations with suitable binominals.

Habib: I was worried about you Amer! I’m so glad you are home 1 …………………………………………..…………. .
Amer: I said I’d be back by 9 o’clock and it’s ... ten past so I’m 2 …………………………………………..…………. on time.
Nadia: I’m making omelettes if you want one.
Samia: Omelettes, huh? Not very exciting. How about something else?
Nadia: It’s omelettes or nothing! 3 .
…………………………………………..………….

Samia Hmm. Omelettes would be lovely, thanks.

Jaber: You really need to wear a helmet when you’re on your bike, Nader. 4 …………………………………..………….

you’re going to injure yourself. It’s only a matter of time!

Nader: I have a helmet. I’m going to put it on now!

Answers:
1. safe and sound 2. more or less 3. Take it or leave it 4. Sooner or later

152
WATCH OUT!
The words risk, chance, opportunity and luck are easily confused.
I’d love to have the chance (opportunity) to bungee jump.
There’s a slim chance (possibility) that we might succeed, but we’d need a lucky break.
If you do sports, there’s always a chance (risk) of injury.
It was pure chance (luck) that we met.
A. Complete the sentences with risk, chance, opportunity or luck.
1. Given the , where would you most like to travel?
…………………………………………..………….

2. I’d like to take this to thank you for all your help.
…………………………………………..………….

3. As soon as I heard about the trip, I grabbed the to go on it.

…………………………………………..………….

4. This is your last ; I won’t make the offer again.

…………………………………………..………….

5. I’m sure parachuting would be exciting, but it wouldn’t be worth the …………………………..…………. .
Answers:
1. chance / opportunity 2. opportunity 3. chance / opportunity 4. chance / opportunity 5. risk

B. Complete the sentences with chance, risk, luck or opportunity.

1. The of injury or even death is very high for base-jumping
…………………………………………..………….

wing-suit flyers.
2. You’ve won three games in a row now – what ! …………………………………………..………….

3. It’s already 10 p.m. so there is very little of me staying awake

…………………………………………..………….

for a whole film.

4. Given the , I’d love to take a sports car out for a drive.
…………………………………………..………….

Answers:
1. risk 2. luck 3. chance 4. chance / opportunity

C. Complete the sentences using the words in brackets. More than one answer is possible.
1. People are always looking for new and ideas for new attractions.
………………………………………………

a. lucrative b. splash out c. well-off

2. The Marble Arch Mound was an idea to build a small hill in the centre
………………………………………………

of London.
a. well-off b. affluent c. extravagant
3. The £6 million was a lot more than the organisers thought it would be.
………………………………………………

a. costly b. well-off c. affluent

4. Perhaps more people would have wanted to climb it if they hadn’t had to on ………………………………………………

an entrance fee.
a. extravagant b. well-off c. splash out
5. They wanted to get tourists to visit an area that was not very . ………………………………………………

a. affluent b. splash out c. well-off

6. The hotels, restaurant and shop owners have become more because of ………………………………………………

the route.
a. costly b. extravagant c. well-off
Answers:
1. lucrative 2. extravagant 3. costly 4. splash out 5. affluent 6. well-off

153
‫شادي الرمحي‬ SPEAKING ‫شادي الرمحي‬
Discussing advantages and disadvantages
advantage of
argument for / against
major benefit of
A minor good point about
One obvious positive aspect of ..…..is
Another possible argument for that….
The first potential disadvantage of / to
significant downside of / to
drawback of / to
negative aspect of
minus point of

154
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ REVISION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

A. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. There were some minor setbacks / flops at the beginning of the project, but in the
end it went well.
2. His hard work paid up / of and he did really well in the final exams.
3. He took a digital presentation to the interview and they loved it. What a masterstroke /
blunder!
4. This is not worth the chance / risk. I always prefer to be safe.

Answers:
1. setbacks 2. off 3. masterstroke 4. risk

B. Complete the dialogue with the words from the box.

choice clue consider do messed up off take

A: Oh no! I’ve really 1. - I’ve lost the house key. What shall we do?
…………………………..………….

B: Well, let’s 2. our options; we could try to open that window or break it.
…………………………..………….

A: It won’t open. What now?

B: I haven’t a 3. …………………………..………….

A: It’s cold out here. Now I realise how much I 4. my house for granted.
…………………………..………….

B: Have a chocolate. It should take your mind 5. the cold. …………………………..………….

A: Thanks! That should 6. the trick.

…………………………..………….

B: Well, I think we have no 7. but to break the window.

…………………………..………….

Answers:
1. messed up 2. consider 3. clue 4. take 5. off 6. do 7. choice

C. Complete the binomial phrases in the sentences with one word.

sound there ups take less

1. You must try to be flexible. There should be some give and in any friendship. …………………………..………….

2. I think it’s more or certain you’ll get the job.

…………………………..………….

3. I had to decide if I wanted the job and then. They said they couldn’t wait.
…………………………..………….

4. The team has had its and downs but they’re doing very well now.
…………………………..………….

5. We got lost in the desert but in the end got home safe and . …………………………..………….

Answers:
1. take 2. less 3. there 4. ups 5. sound

155
D. Complete the sentences with a conditional form.
1. If she (isn’t / wasn’t) an interesting person, the journalists (wouldn’t have interviewed /
won't be interviewed) her.
2. People (won’t be / wouldn’t be) successful unless they (know / had known) what they
want.
3. If he (accept / had accepted) the job with the travel agency last year, he (will be / would
be) in Australia now.
4. If you (hadn’t given up / don’t give up) languages at school, you (would be able / will be
able) to work abroad now.

Answers:
1. wasn’t / wouldn’t have interviewed 2. won’t be / know 3. had accepted / would be 4. hadn’t given up / would be able

E. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. More than one answer is possible.
1. I wish everything these days isn’t / wasn’t / weren’t so expensive.
2. If only my sister would stop / stopped / had stopped borrowing my clothes!
3. I wish I studied / would study / had studied sciences at school, but it’s too late now.
4. He needn’t have worried / shouldn’t have worried / didn’t need to worry about the test.
He came top!

Answers:
1. wasn’t / weren’t 2. would stop 3. had studied 4. needn’t have worried / shouldn’t have worried

USE OF ENGLISH
Choose the correct answer in brackets to complete the text.

FOLLOW YOUR HEART

Working in the travel business appeals to many young people who want to work as a flight attendant.
Some of them 1. (apply, take, have) to different airlines when they leave school.
One of the benefits of this job is having access to discount airfares. Nevertheless, there are some
downsides 2. (of, up, to) the job too: air crew can work long hours, and passengers aren’t always
easy to deal with.
There are far more candidates than vacancies, so companies can 3. (pick, take, apply) and choose.
Amal, a flight attendant with a major airline, says, ‘There’s a 4. (slight, extreme, slim) chance that
you might succeed so be prepared for rejection. If I 5. (will, do, had) not followed my heart, I
could be very unhappy now. But this is the life for me!’

Answers:
1. apply 2. to 3. slight / slim 4. had

156
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ COMPOSITION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

HOW TO WRITE A LETTER

FORMAL LETTER:
P.O.Box ……………..…..

Amman-Jordan
Date: ……………..…..

• Dear (Sir) / (Madam) / (Sir or Madam)

Reason for writing I am writing to you regarding / concerning ……………………………..………………………….…..…..

……………………………………….…..….. main paragraph ……………………………………………………..………………………….…..…..

Content of the letter
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……………………………………….…..….. final paragraph

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Closing remarks Looking forward to hearing from you
• Yours faithfully
Name: ……………..…..

INFORMAL LETTER:
P.O.Box ……………..…..

Amman-Jordan
Date: ……………..…..

• Dear (friend) / (pen friend) / (dad) / (sister) …etc.

Thank you very much for your letter. It was great to hear from you
today. How are you? I hope you're doing well…..etc.
Reason for writing
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……………………………………….…..….. final paragraph

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Content of the letter
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Please write and tell me your news sometime

Closing remarks
• Yours faithfully
Name: ……………..…..

157
 A STORY
• You participated in an activity to collect money for helping the poor people in your
local community. Write a letter to your pen-friend telling him/her about this
experience. When did you start collecting the money? Where did you collect the
money from?
(Your name is Majd Ali. Your address is P.O. Box 1646, Amman, Jordan)

P.O. Box 1646

Amman, Jordan
28th. June.2021
Dear pen-friend,

Thank you very much for your letter, it was great to hear from you about your
holidays. How are you? I hope you are doing well.
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Please write and tell me your news sometime.

Yours faithfully,
Majd Ali

158
 • One snowy night, your friend who lives by himself called you because he was sick, so
you decided to visit him. Write an essay telling us how you got there? How you helped
him and the difficulties faced you during the journey there and back.

• Write a story starting or ending with the sentence: I hadn’t imagined that my day
would be a disaster.

One Snowy Night

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159
 The man in black
Hey, stop!’ he yelled. I turned round and saw the man in black. I could see that he was
running towards an old lady. She was probably about 75, walking slowly with a leather
handbag. He probably thought it would be very easy to take something from a person like
that. My heart was pounding furiously in my chest as the man raced towards her. I thought I
knew what he planned to do.

The day had started so well. I had been wandering aimlessly around the city, taking
photographs, stopping occasionally for an ice cream or a coffee, without a care in the world.
I first spotted him walking along the beach. He looked out of place among the families and
young couples. He was wearing a black suit and tie with dark glasses, and looked typical of
a bad guy in films. He was muttering into a phone.

I watched him as he sat down on a bench. He peered curiously at me as I walked past him,
but his attention was soon distracted by another call on his phone.

The old woman glanced at the man and stopped as she was walking past. ‘Stop!’ He
bellowed again. Then, he grabbed her by the arm.

At that moment, I saw something falling from the sky. A crane from a building site across
the road was toppling over some bricks. No sooner had the man pulled the woman away
than crane crashed on the ground where she had been standing! Shame flooded through me.
I had thought he was a criminal, but in fact he was a hero who had saved her!

160
 A for-and-against essay

The advantages and disadvantages of online shopping

Most people believe that online shopping is a great advantage while other people
think it has its disadvantages.

The most advantage of online shopping is that consumers find it the easiest way to
buy what they need. In addition, the prices are cheaper when you shop online.
Finally, it can save time.

On the other hand, other people do not agree with online shopping, however, for a
number of reasons. Firstly, it is always a risk because you cannot try on or see the
item you wish to buy. Moreover, the item might be faulty or does not fit. Lastly,
customers have to wait for the delivery.

It is clear, therefore, that there are arguments in favour of online shopping and
arguments against. On balance, most people believe that it is a great advantage but
some people think it has its disadvantages.

161
• Write an essay of 200 words discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet.
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162
 OUR PERSONAL DATA

These days it is extremely common for companies to track Internet users’ data in order to
target them with personalised content or advertising. Some people feel quite comfortable
with this, whereas others consider it an invasion of privacy.

It is estimated that seven in ten Internet users are happy to give away personal data while
browsing online. Although most people are careful with data such as online banking details,
many actually prefer more personalised marketing and feel that their search results are
likely to be more relevant if the search company better understands their needs. Another
positive aspect of data tracking is that people can be automatically logged onto a site, rather
than having to enter a password.

On the other hand, other people are choosing to use ad-blocking software in order to avoid
digital advertising altogether. In some cases, this is because they find the adverts annoying
but it is also because of a desire to avoid being tracked online. In most cases, this is
probably harmless.

In conclusion, it seems obvious that while people remain largely unaware and unable to
make informed choices, the ability of companies to collect data should be limited or they
should be required to specifically ask for permission.

163
 A letter of application
• Write a letter to a private school applying for the position of a science teacher, telling
Him / her about your qualifications, experience and needed skills for the job.
(Your name is Jihad Saleh. Your address is P.O. Box 1646, Amman, Jordan)

P.O. Box 1646

Amman, Jordan
3rd. August. 2025
Dear Sir / Madam,

I am writing with regard to the post of science teacher as advertised in the Jordan Times
last Thursday. I have enclosed my curriculum vitae with this letter.

I graduated last year from Yarmouk University with Chemistry degree. I worked for a
private school in Amman. I taught 8, 9 and 10 grades. As you will see from my CV, I have
attended several intensive English courses at university and I have taken computer skills
courses. I enjoy teaching and I would very much welcome the opportunity to work in your
school.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,
Jihad Saleh

164
• Write a letter to a tour agency applying for the position of a tourist guide, telling
him / her about your qualifications, experience and needed skills for the job.
(Your name is Jihad Saleh. Your address is P.O. Box 1646, Amman, Jordan)
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165
Maha Aldabbagh
To: Dream Job Competition
Re: Competition entry
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to enter the competition to win the opportunity to teach English in Cambodia for
six months.
It has also been my lifelong dream to visit the Koh Rong Island. If I won this competition, I
would take every opportunity to travel and explore the history and culture of Cambodia.
Working as a teacher would appeal to me enormously for several reasons. I would very much
value the opportunity to give something back to the people of Cambodia, rather than simply
visiting as a tourist. In addition, I believe that teaching would allow me to really get to know
local people.
I have studied English to a high level and believe that my skills in this language would enable
me to teach it successfully. Furthermore, I do have some experience of teaching English
already on a children’s summer camp in my home city. I was responsible for running sessions
in English for nine-to 12-year-olds. I would welcome the chance to further develop my teaching
skills and learn about this country.
I feel that I would be a good candidate because not only do I have the relevant skills and
experience, but I am also passionate about Cambodia and its people. I hope you will give my
entry serious consideration.
Please find my CV enclosed, for further details of my qualifications and experience.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
Maha Aldabbagh

166
 A formal letter / email
• Write a letter to convince the head teacher not to cancel modern languages.
Your name is Nawal Mohsen and your address is P.O. Box 1646, Amman, Jordan.

P.O. Box 1646

Amman, Jordan
3rd.August. 2025
Dear Mr Hammad,

I am writing to you about the recent news that all modern languages at our school will be
cancelled. Many students are extremely upset at this.

However, there are many disadvantages of this move to stop teaching modern languages.
Firstly, the school would lose many gifted students.

Most worryingly, Modern Languages is growing in popularity as job opportunities become

easier to get.

Therefore, if language teaching must be done by way of after-school, so be it, but cutting
this area of study completely would be destructive to both the school and the students.
I hope you will consider this letter when deciding the future of our school.

Yours sincerely,
Nawal Mohsen

167
You receive the news that your town council is cancelling a bus route that you, your family
and friends use regularly. Write a letter to the town council to persuade them not to cancel
it. Explain why this will have negative effects on the whole town.
(Your name is Wesam. Your address is P.O. Box 1646, Amman, Jordan).
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168
You receive the news that your city council is planning to build a new concert hall. Write a
letter to the city council to persuade them not to build it. Explain why this will have negative
effects on the whole city.
(Your name is Ramzi Guadi)

To: City Council

Subjects: Air pollution
Dear Sir/Madam

I am writing to express concern about plans to construct a new concert hall on the site of the
city park on South Road. While concert hall would certainly be. desirable facility the
current plans present a number of major problems.

Like many centre residents, my family and I live in an apartment and value the park for
green environment. On any day, people of all ages can be found walking, jogging, cycling
and rollerblading there. Outdoor exercise is vital for physical and mental well-being and I
am worried that removal of the park would have serious impact on residents’ health.

With its mature trees and good-sized lake, the park is home to many birds and wild animals.
We are told that the city’s expansion in recent years already caused a great deal of habitat
loss. I find it unacceptable that yet another part of the city’s green space would sacrificed
under the current proposals. It is essential that preservation of the area for the benefit of the
animal population is taken into consideration I urge you to seek an alternative location in an
area which would benefit from development I look forward to hearing from you

Yours faithfully
Ramzi Guadi

169
 An essay / article
Many families today feel that relationships between members of the same family are not as
close as they were a few generations ago. Write an essay discussing the effects of changes
in our working lives and technology on our relationships.

ARE FAMILIES AS CLOSE AS THEY USED TO BE?

Many people today feel that relationships between members of the same family are not as
close as they were a few generations ago. Changes in our working lives and the advent of
technology have certainly altered how families interact, but I would argue that families
generally remain as close as they ever were.

Increasingly, parents are seeking a greater work-life balance. This means that even in a
family where both parents work, they are often able to ensure that at least one parent is
available to take their children to after-school activities or to attend shows and concerts at
the school.

We cannot deny that technology has also played its greater role. It is commonly accepted
that the time needed to run a household has also decreased over the last few decades as
more and more labour-saving devices have been invented. A striking example of this is the
humble washing machine. It has given parent more time to spend with their children.

Going online can be seen as a way of bringing families together as well as a distraction.
Whereas in the past family members living apart would have to write letters and often wait
a long time for a reply, nowadays there are many more ways to keep in touch, such as social
media and video calls.

Overall, I believe that family members do communicate with each other more than in the
past, whether through technology or face-to-face.

In conclusion, I would say that while society may have changed, families remain as close as
they were, aided by technology and greater flexibility in working patterns.

170
Social media is often seen as a key reason people are interacting less face-to-face. Write an
essay discussing the effects of social media on families.

Social media and Face-to-Face Interaction

In today's world, social media has become a major part of our everyday lives. Platforms like
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat allow people to connect with friends, family,
and even strangers from all over the world. While these platforms have many benefits, they
are often seen as a key reason people are interacting less face-to-face.

Firstly, social media makes it very easy to communicate without being physically present.
People can send messages, share photos, or comment on posts in just a few seconds, no
matter where they are. For example, a teenager might spend hours texting friends instead of
meeting them in a park. While this form of communication is convenient, it can lead to a
lack of real-life interactions. When people rely heavily on social media, they may forget the
importance of seeing someone face-to-face.

Moreover, the rise of mobile devices has made it even easier to engage with social media
instead of making plans for in-person meetings. Many young people may find it more
comfortable to interact behind a screen, as they can avoid potentially embarrassing
situations. However, this avoidance can prevent the development of important social skills
that are best learned through face-to-face meetings. Interacting with people in person helps
build confidence and can strengthen relationships in ways that online communication
cannot.

In conclusion, while social media provides a valuable way to stay connected, it has also
contributed to a decline in face-to-face interactions. Finding a balance between online and
in-person interactions is essential. By making an effort to meet friends and family in real
life, we can enhance our relationships and improve our social skills. Social media should be
a tool that complements our personal connections, not a replacement for them.

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