NUMBER SYSTEM ~ Importance : Being a basie concept of mathematics : | Land 2 questions on number system are regularly asked in different competitive exams. lis knowledge Is also essential to solve other questions. Scope of questions : Diflerent type of questions like | based on fractions, even orld /whole/divisible/prime/ coprime/rational/irrational/numbers and related to divisibilty. order, ascending, descending, addition multiplication, inverse numbers: may be asked. Way to success : These questions different methods. Maximum practic the way to success for this chapter Natural Numbers : Set of counting 1 natural numbers. It is denoted by N. wher 1, 2, 3, eo} ‘Even Numbers : The set of all natural numbers which are divisible by 2 are called even numbers. It is denoted by E. Where, E = (2. 4, 6, 8, 10, .... Odd Numbers : The set of all natural numbers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. In other words, the natural numbers which are not even numbers, are odd numbers. i.e., O={1, 3,5, 7, Whole Numbers : When zero is included in the set of natural numbers, then it forms set of whole numbers. It is denoted by W. where, W=10, 1, 2, 3, .....09) Integers : When in the set of whole numbers, natural numbers with negative sign are included, then it becomes set of integers. It is denoted by I or Z. con Ae 8,-2.1, 0. 1, 2, are solved by and rechecking Is Wbers is callled T= b =, a4, Integers can further be classified into negative or positive Integers. Negative Integers are denoted by Zand Positive Integers are denoted by Z* Zz 11,2. 3, Further 0 is neither negative nor positive integer. Prime Numbers: ‘The natural numbers which have no factors other than | and itself are called prime numbers. Note that, (i) In other words they can be divided only by themselves or 1 only. As, 2. 3, 5, 7, 11 ete (i) AU prime numbers other than 2 are odd numbers but all odd numbers are not prime numbers 2s the only one even Prime number Co-Prime Numbers : Two numbers which have no common factor except 1, are called Co-Prime numbers. Such as, 9 and 16, 4 and 17, 40 and 81 ete IUs not necessary that two co-prime n Prime always. They may or may not be prime numbers, -1) and Divisible numbers/composite numbers : The whole numbers which are divisible by numbers other than itself and 1 are called divisible numbers or we can say the numbers which are not prime numbers are composite or divisible numbers. As. 4. 6, 9. 15. Note : 1 Is neither Prime number nor composite number. Composite numbers may be even or odd Rational Numbers : The numbers which can be expressed in the form of 7 where p and q are integers and coprime and q 40 are called rational numbers. It is denoted by Q. These may be positive, or negative ete are rational numbers. Irrational Numbers : The numbers which are not rational numbers, are called irrational numbers. Such as JB = 1414213562 1 = 314159265 ... Real Numbers: Set of all rational numbers as well as irrational numbers is called Real numbers. The square of all of them is positive Cyclic Numbers : Cyclic numbers are those numbers of n digits which when multiplied by any other number upto n gives same digits in a different order. They are in the same line. As 142857 2 x 142857 = 285714 : 3 x 142857 4 x 142857 = 571428 : 5 x 142857 = 714285 Perfect Numbers : ifthe sum ofall divisors of a number N (except N) is equal to the number N itself then the number is called perfect number. Such as, 6. 28. 496. 8128 etc ‘The factor of 6 are 1, 2 and 3 Since, 6:1+2+3 28: 14244474 14-28 496: 1+244+8+ 16 +31 +62 + 124 + 248 = 496 8128: 14244484 16 +32 +64 + 127 + 254 + 508 + 1016 + 2032 + 4064 = 8128. ete Note : Ina perfect number, the sum of inverse of all of ts factors including itself is 2 always, 48, Factors of 28 are 1,2.4.7,14 are Vata a 56 “1'2"4"7 "14! 28° 28 ~? Complex Numbers : Z = a + ib is called comple number, where a and b are real numbers, b #0 and | V1- Suehas, (9. FR ete a4 tb ord + Stare compley numbers, ( SME-21BT nue sysTEM ——_____ Number Tree I Ni . Real Numbers (R) Imaginary Numbers (i) | | (v-1./-2) f T v \ Rational Numbers (Q) Irrational Numbers Complex Numbers 5 (V2. Ja) (a+b) Integers (I) Fractional Numbers: i ( 2 8) [ s | 3°5 } Negative Integers (2) Positive Zero (0) (1-2) Integers LT Natural Numbers (N)_ Whole Numbers (W) (1.2.3, 0) (01.2.3...) Prime Numbers Composite Numbers Even Nuibers Odd Numbers (2.5.7, (4,615, 16...) (2,4, .) (1.3.5...) Additive Identity : Ifa +0 =, then 0 (zero) is called | (h) Whole numbers and natural numbers can never be additive identity, negative, Additive Inverse : If a + (-a) = 0, soa’ and ~a' are | () Natural (including Prime, Composite even or odd) called additive inverse to each other. As, 2 + (-2) = 0 numbers and whole numbers are never negative. Additive inverse of 2 is -2. () Fractions are rational. Multiplicative Identity : Ifa x 1 =a. then 1 jscalled | {k) All prime numbers except 2 are odd. multiplicative identity. e.g, 3x 1 = 3ete. () Otis neither negative nor positive number. ‘Multiplicative Inverse : {fa x b= 1. then we can say | (m) Ifa is any number then, if a divides zero, result will that a and b are multiplicative invverse of each other. As be zero. If0 divides a, then result will be infinite or ; not defined or undetermined i.e. 2x> el o a 2 a 72 but 5 = = linfinite) 1 where a is real number. So, multiplicative inverse of 21s. here a 1s real number o SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ON NUMBERS In) Dividing 0 by any number gives zeroeg. > = 0 f@)_2is the only even prime number. (|The place or position of a digit in a number is called (b) Number 11s neither divisible nor prime its place value such as {)_ Two consecutive odd prime numbers are called prime Place value of 2 in 5283 1s 200, pair. (p)_ The real value of any digit ina certain: ‘number is called {d) All natural numbers are whole, rational, integer and ts face value. As, face value of 2 in 5283 ts 2 real The sum and the product of two rational numbers is (6) Allwholenumbers are rational Integer and real always a rational number. () Allwhole numbers are rational and real (9 The product or the sum of a rational number and (@ All whole numbers, rational and irrational numbers rational number fs always an irrational number. are real. nisani9 a) iv © J J —__ NUMBER SYSTEM y There can be infinite number of rational or irrational numbers between two rational numbers an trradonal numbers. u {u)_ Decimal indication of an irration, coming. as -¥3, /2 \) The square of an even number ts ev OM fan odd number is odd . DECIMAL fw) The decimal representation of a rational number is lal number Is infinite fen and the square either finite or infinite recurring e.g. = 2 4 7 0.75 re (dinite). “5 = 3.666 ..... infinite re arring) (9 ifdectmal number 0, x and 0. xy are given, then they can be expressed in the form of © | x oy 19 894 Oxy = 755 W) Hfdcetmat recurring numbers 0, x and 0.34 are given, P then they can be expressed in the form of q As 0.X Xana og = 2 Jana 0m = “2 The recurring decimal numbers of type 0.x or PB 0.072 may be converted to rational form as follows. DIVISIBILITY Divisibility questions, if not asked directly, still its knowledge is very essential to solve difierent questions in simplification. ‘Scope of questions : The study of this concept is very useful to increase speed in simplification and number system. Way to success : The knowledge of divisibility rules \(of 2.3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9) and of osculaters for 7, 11, 13 ete |& mental calculations increase our (speed) time | {management and accuracy. J} Basic Formulae of Divisibility from 2 to 19: 1. Divisibility by 2 : If the last digit of a number is 0 or an even number then that number is diviisible by 2. Such as, 242, 540 ete. 2. Divisibility by 3 If the sum of all digits of a number is dvatble by 3. then thal number wil be dbitbl by 3 Such as. 432: 4 +3 + 2 = 9 which is divisible by 3. So, 432 is divisible by 3. 3. Divisibility by 4 : Ifin any number last two digits are divisible by 4, then whole number will be divisible by 4. Such as, 48424. In this number 24 Is divisible by 4. So, 48424 will be divisible by 4. 4. Divisibility by 5 : If last digit of a number is 5 or 0, then that number is divisible by 5. Such as 200, 225 ete. 5. Divisibility by 6 : Ifa number Is divisible by both 2and 3, then that number Is divisible by 6 also, such as 216, 25614 ete 6. Divisibility by 7 : Here concept of osculator should [Importance be applied. ‘The meaning of negative osculator ts ~ there | lnereases or decreases 1 from the factor of 10 of the number. .21:2%10+1=21 49:5 x 10-1 = 50- To check the divistbility of 7, we use osculator 2°, as, 11-2227 which is divisible by 7 hi 343 : 34 2 x 3 = 28 which Is divisible by 7. Then 343 all be divisible by 7 7. Divisibility by 8 : fin any number last three digits are divisible by 8, then whole number is divistble by 8, such as, 247864 since 864 1s divisible by 8. So, 247864 is divisible by 8. Similarly, 289000 is divisible by 8. 8. Divisibility by 9 : Ifthe sum of all digits ofa number 4s divisible by 9, then that whole number will be divisible by 9. As, 243243 :24+4+3+2+4+3= 181s divisible by 9. So, 243243 ts divisible by 9. 9. Divisibility by 10 : The number whose last digit is ‘0 is divisible by 10, such as, 10, 20. 200, 300 etc. 10. Divisibility by 11 : I the difference between “Sum of digits at even place” and “Sum of digits at odd place” is divisible by 11, then the whole number is divisible by 11 such as, 9174 16 2 (0+ 7)- (44 1) = 16-5 = 11 fs divisible by 11 So, 9174 will be divisible by 11 11, Diviaibility by 12 : If a number is divisible by 3 and 4 both. Then the number is divisible by 12. Such as. 19044 ete 12. Divisibility by 13 : For 13 we use osculator 4, but our osculator is not negative here. It is one-more osculatcr (4). | 43: 1443 4-26 and 26 ts divisible by 13, So, 143 1s divisible by 13 Simllarly for 325 : 32 +5 x 4 = 52 | 52 ts divisible by 13 | Hence, 325 will also be divisible by 13 13. Divislbility by 14 : I! a number Is divisible by 2 and 7 both then that number is divisible by 14 Le. number | ts even and osculator 2 Is applicable | 14. Divtatbutity by 15 : Ifa number ts divisible by 3 | and 5 both, then that rumber ts divisible by 1. | SME-23NUMBER SYSTEM 15, Divisibility by 16 :1fasi 4 digits of «number are and b = 82 - 28 = 54 1s given then divisible by 16. then whole number ts divisible by 16, Such 1110454 164 16341920 | original number = — “5 "7 = > = 82 16. Divisibility by 17: For 17. there Is a negative 2 2 ‘osculator 5° This process is same as the process of 7. As Rule 2 : If the sum of digits of two digit number is 4 1904 190-5 x 4= 170. nif the digits of the number are reveresed, stich thay 170 ts divisible by 17. So 1904 will be divisible by 17. 17. Divieibility by 18 : If a number ts divisible by 2 and 9 both, then that number is divisible by 18 18. Divisibility by 19 : For 19, there Is one-more (positive) osculator 2. which Is same processed as 13. As, 361 = 36+ 1%2=38 38 ts divisible by 19. So 361 ts also divisible by 19, Few more Important Points: 1. Out of a group of n consecutive integers one and only one number is divisible by n. 2. The product of n consecutive numbers is always divisible by n! or = 3. For any number n, (n?-h) is always divisible by P where P is a prime number, for €.8.. ifn =2and P=5 then (2°- 2) = (32 - 2) = 30 which Is divisible by 5. 4. The square of an odd number when divided by 8 always leaves a remainder 1, as I we dinide 7? = 49 or 5? =25 by 8 then remainder wall be 1 5. For any natural number n, n* or n*' is having same unit digit as n has. where k is a whole number, such 3° = 243 has 3 at its unit place. 6. Square of any natural number can be written in the form of 3n or 3n + 1 or 4n or (4n + L). eg. square of 11 = 121=3x 4041 or4x 3041 N= ar bic where a, b and c are prime numbers and p. q and r are natural numbers, then 1. Number of factors of N is given by | Fe(p+ q+ lr + 1) 2. Number of ways to express the number as a) Fei | bs ee 9 Fiseven or —3~ Fis product of two factors are odd respectively. | 3, Sum of all the factors of the number N. a) (b4*t=1) (crt) (art SIF eat queers @-) ° yen 4. The number of ways in which a number N can be | resolved into co-prime factors ts 2*-', where K 1s the number of different Prime factors of the number N. 5, The number of co-primes to number Nis given by. l cimen(t- 3 F| ‘Special Rules : Rule 1 ; If the sum of digits of two digit number ts ‘a and if the digits of the number are reversed, such that number reduces by ‘b. then Harb Original Number = For example: (For number 82) a= 8 +2= 10 umber Increases by ’b’, then, Original Number = =P Driginal Number = “= 7 2 ca (For number 47): a=4+7= 11 feb = 74-47 = 27 thus the livtt-27 orignal nummber= =" = 47 Rule 3 : Ifthe difference between a number and formes by number reversing digit Is x, then the difference between both the digits of the number is 5 eg, (for 63) x= 63 - 36 = 27 a7 = Required difference = “> Rule 4 : Ifthe sum of a number and the number formed ty reversing the digits is x. then the sum of digits of the ber is rumber is 77 - eg, (For number 76) = x = 67 + 76 = 143 Required sum of numbers = 67 + 76 = 143 Re ey | Required sum= Ty = 18 | Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder Dividend - Remainder ne Quotient Dividend - Remainder Divisor Remainder = Dividend - (Divisor x Quotient) ‘Special Rule for Remainder Calculation: Quotient = Rule 5: If = then remainder will always be | a whether n is even or odd. even aumber) Rule 6 : lf 754) then remainder wall be 1 ‘qlodd number) Rule 7: yy): then remainder will be a Rule 8 : Iin isa single digit number, then in n?, n will be at unit place. It ts valid for the number 0. 1, 4, 5. 6 oF | As, digit at unit place in (4° » Rule 9: Ifn is a single digit number then tn nv, where | pisany number (+ve), n will be at unit place. It 1s valid for | Sand 6. oo SME-24Importance : Questions based on L.C.M and H.C.F concepts (in addition involved in other questions) are independently asked in certain competitive exams, A little Practice with full ‘concentration’ will enable you to learn | how to solve these questions | Scope of questions : Most asked questions are related to finding out L.C.M. or H.C.F. for numbers special questions are based on remainder on dividing. difference Tatio of L.C.M./H.C.F. to make complete square/cube of different number ete. ‘Way to success : TRICKS in addition to formulae help in most of L.C.M. & H.C.F, questions. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS : Highest Common Factor (H.C.F) : It 1s also called Greatest common Diviser (G.C.D). When a greatest number divides perfectly the two or more given numbers then that ‘number is called the H.C.F. of two or more given numbers. eg ‘The H.C.F of 10, 20, 30 is 10 as they are perfectly divided by 10,5 and 2 and 10 is highest or greatest of them. Least common Multiple (L.C.M,) : The least number which is divisible by two or more given numbers, that least number is called L.C.M. of the numbers. L.C.M. of 3.5.6 ts 30, because all 3 numbers divide 30, 60, 90, ..... and so on perfectly and 30 ts minimum of them. Factor and Multiple : Ifa number m, divides perfectly second number n, then m is called the factor of n and nis called the multiple of m. Rule 1: Ist number x 2nd number = LCM. xH.CF, «There are two methods for calculating the H.C.F and LCM. ( Factor Method (u) Division Method «sf the ratio of two numbers is a:b, lowest form i.e. indivisible to each other) then numbers are ak and bk, where K1s_a constant and hence. H.C.F. ts K and L.C.M. ts abl LCM AND Hc; § Rule 2: 1.C.M of fractions L.C.M.of numerators = ILC. F.ofdenominators Rale 3: 11.C.F. of frac _H.C.F of numerators © IF there ts no common factor between two numbers then L.C.M. will be the product of both numbers ‘ Ithere aren’ numbers in a set and H.C.F. of any tw numbers is H.C.F. and L.C.M. of all n’ numbers is. then product of all 'n’ numbers is [IH)°! « ———EE——— Rule 4: When a number is divided by a. b or ¢ leaving ‘same remainder ‘rin each case then that number must be k +r where k is LOM of a. b and c. Rule 5 : When a number is divided by a. b or clea remainders p, q of r respectively such that the differe between divisor and remainder in each case is same i¢ (a-p)=b-q) (say) then that (least) number must be in the form of (k - t), where k is LCM of a. b an Rule 6 : The largest number which when divide the numbers a, b and c the remainders are same then that largest number is given by H.C.F. of (a - b). (b ~ o) and (c-a) Rule 7 : The largest number which when divide the numbers a, b and c give remainders as p. q, r respectively fs glven by H.C.F, of a - pl. (~ q) and (c - 1) Rule 8 : Greatest n digit n er which when divided by three numbers p.q.r leaves no remainder will be Required Number = (n - digit greatest number) -R Ris the remainder obtained on dividing greatest n dig! number by L.C.M of p.q.r Rule 9 : The n digit largest number which when divide! by p. q.r leaves remainder ‘a’ will be Required number = [n ~ digit largest number — Ri + where, Ris the remainder obtained when, ~ digit largest number is divided by the LC Mot p. 6. ooo rr”, =... sres Importance : 1 or 2 questions based on simplification are essential part of almost every competitive exams. The difficulty level varies b: sed on examinataion level Scope of questions : the» based on complex, fraction | Square roots and cuberoots. Questions are completely | numerical kind with no alongways. ‘Way to success: Note that BODMAS rule and other | simplification TRICKS & RULES are completely followed, | Your concentration and ‘Mental calculation’ will help most tn these questions ostly asked questions are Rule An expression must be simplified by folowing defined order/sequence known as VBODMAS, which is gwen by. Ist step. V -Vineculum (line brackets)/Bar B - Brackets 0-of D - Division M -Multiptication, A ~ Addition Last step, S ~Subtraction ‘There are four types of brackets given below. (i)- + Line/Bar (i) () + Simple or Small Bracket/open brackets (iu) (} + Curly Brackets/Braces (iv) | | + Square Brackets/Closed brackets: ‘These brackets must be solved in given order only. Rule 2 1 1 : Fined) tein 2) (n+2n43) er Niner decimal, squares, 1 be. | SIMPLIFICATIO} Po Rule 3: hin +2) (n+2)in +4) (n+ 4)In +6) 1 ified Rule 5 : FORMULA ~ (a -b) : a? +ab+b? (a+b)? +fa-bl? Rule 6 : FORMULA > (7,2) Rule 7 : FORMULA — a? + 2ab +b? = (a + bi! a?-p? Rule 8: Basic formulae (f+ bP = a? + 2ab +b? {i (a~ by = a? ~ 2ab +b? (i) (@? - b4) = fa +b) (ab) (WI (a+ bP + (aby = 2 (a?+ bi) (4) (a+ bP - (a—by?= 4a (vil (a + bP = a+b? + Sab (a +b) (vt) fa - b)? = a? b*- Bab (a - b) (i) a + b? = fa +b) (a? — ab + b’) (ix) a’— b’ = fa —b) fa? + ab +b?) Wha’+ bis cBabe = fa + b +0) la’ +b? 40-ab — be Warb+e=0 rela es ee aa? 5 (art) -2-[at) se { A a ) boi) {a + } abe agt3x{a+t) 4 t 1 L 1 . + + (nerd ae) ner) vay (a- 4) =a : ax(a By) (( SME-70[___ SQUARE Roots AND CUBE ROOTS ee : Questions based on square roots and cube moots are mainly asked with the questions of casfeation and number system ‘of questions : Questions may be basic (totally numeric) or applied, - to success : Learning Formulae and squares/ quare roots /cube/cube roots of different numbers ts very useful. ‘Some important Points (On Square Roots): Ifa number n fs multiplied with itself, then product n® js called the Square of n and here n is called the Square root of n?. Ifa number has x digits, then its square has (2x ~ 1) Hs Number is 12 square is 144 », Number of digit inl44 is 2x2-1=3 ifwe square any number, then 2, 3, 7and 8 will never come at unit place of square. The square root of a negative number is always imaginary. ‘Square of a two-digit number whose unit place digit is 5 can be obtained as. (25)? = 2 x 3 (Hundred) + 5? = 2 x 300 + 25 = 625 or. (35) = 3 x 4 (Hundred) + 5? = 3 x 400 + 25 = 1225 ‘There are two methods of calculating square root. (i) Factor method (4) Division method i) Factor method : Square root of 44100 44100 = 2x23x3x5x5 x77 VERIO = (2? x3?x5? x7? = 2x3x5x7 = 210 (u) Division method : Square root of 455625 6 (90 5628 (675 6 36 iar (056 _7 |-889 mas 6728 5) -6725 = = 455625 Special Rules : 00 (aby og 3 = log 1 Coie ( tog}POWER, INDICES AND SURDS im : Tor2 questions from Surds and Indices nave evcentially been asked in every exam. onder (0 Necuracy ih your calculations you will require console! practice of this chapter ee ‘Scope of questions : Asked questions are based on basic concepts, completely arithmetic and without language like to evaluate /simply. greatest /lowest number increasing/ decreasing order, square, cube, square rool, cube root and higher powers starting from easier to tougher levels ‘Way to success : Note that practice to solve these juestions with full concentration ahd accuracy is essential Oniv ‘because of small mistake or not understanding the ese basic concepts many students are unable to solve questions. INDICES In seventeenth century a French mathematician Reni Dakata’ multiplied a number several times and showed the obtained product by a special rule, which called ‘indices’ and the converse of indices is called surds. Rule 1: If any number is multiplied by the same number ‘n’ times, then, axaxaxa . xa (n times ) = a" (1) where n and a are real numbers. (including fractions) (i) ats called base. (it) nts called indices. Rule 2: axa" = mtn and a™x a" aP = gmin+p While multiplying. If base is same then powers get added Rule 3: While multiplying, if bases are different but powers are same then, a®x b¥xe* = (abe)* Rule 4 : While dividing, if base is same then powers Bet subtracted, as Rule 5 : If there is negative indices on a number, then, 1 1 am or, a Rule 6 : If there are indices on indices, then indices ‘are multiplied. as- 0) fan) an am” + ( (NOTE) ”, fonp} Rule 8 : Indices as fraction (wy a (NOTE) o(2y i w(2)"-(2)" b) om Me) “la Rule 9: If'a* =a’ then x = y and if x" = y* then x =y Rule 10 = If the indices on any number Is zero, the value of that number ts 1, as X= 1, 5°= 1, 10° = 1, (50000) = 1 Rule 11 : If-a'is a rational number and n isa positive > or Yq is an irrational integer, then, nth root of ‘a’, number, Yq is called the surd of n indices, it means Ya is a surd where, (0'a'isa rational number. (ti) is a positive integer. (ii) Yq is an irrational number. Rule 12: If Yq isasurd, then nis called surd indices and ais called ‘Radicand’. Every surd can be an irrational number, but every irrational number can not be a surd. Rule 13 : Mixed Surds- A surd having a rational co- efficient other than unity is called a mixed surd. Rule 14: Pure Surd : The surds whose one factor is 1 and other factor is an irrational number, then that type of surd ts called pure surd or the surd which is completely under radical sign. Rule 15 : Similar Surds - The surds whose irrational factor is same, that fs called similar surds. Rule 16 : Irrational numbers as - /2. J3. JS wa etc. have infinite recurring decimals, 1 Rule 17: Ya = (ayn Rule 18: (Ya) 1 {ayn x (b)" Rule 19: Yab = Yax¥o L Rule 20 : Fon y wa” wate an: ft M8 (8) SME-109a POWER, INDICES AND SURDS)2H—_ Rule 22 Wa "Va HL Ya at. (9)n | db 6 Rae 23: 4) x 4) vives = (1 | bn ' Rate 24:16 x \x-yx wie esi at 1 fa = [lan |" = 5 o. x-Juofeen eon 5 "Wa Rate 28.11. \ Be a then xe yxe = =e) bje = m4nJe. then a= mand b=n Rute 26 y ¥o.yv.mLAG Ty ind smallest or greatest out of these, we should cquate ll the indies and compare the base BASICS axaxax... numes =a" 2 a xgsamaxaxa 3 @ xx Ce laxbxgt Note ae tam gm 2 (aM, gn y (a) ayt a” yayn 7 (hb) = lal eon ss 18. For x=nin+ 1), Vette = (ne) 19. Forx=n(n¢ 1), : V+ Ye= Jinn =n The comprehensive list of Algebraic expression, which will prove to be very useful : 1. (a+ bP = a + BF + Dab 2. (a- bP =a + - 2ab Ba +h (a + bY - 2ab = (a- b}? + 2ab 4. ab = (a+ bj (a-d) 5. (a+ bP + (a- b= 2 (a? + 6. (a+ bY -(a-b) jab 7. (a- b)’ + 4ab 8 (a+ by dab 9. (a+ B= a+ B+ Bab (as b) (a- bP = a B ~ 3ab (ab) 1. a+ B= a+b) - 3ab (a+ b) (a+ D(a ab + by (a - bP + Sab (a — by 14. a b= (a~ b) (a? + ab + BF 15. lat bema+ Dees 3 lar bibedic+d 16. Wis +0-Sabesla+ b+ giat+bsc_ab be ca) 17. Was by c= 0 weget a's Ds c= Sabe 1B la+ Me d=! eclas bs ab 19. ab (a+ b) + be (tds calesal=las bibed (era 20. A lunction or expression fla is divisible by lx al fan 1} divisible by (x a5 o Vv AVERAGE Importance neept of average ts a basle concept | of arithmetic and fs important fo solve many chapters | different competitive exams, Scope of questions : Asiced! questions include Average | age, Average income, Average marks distance, arithmelle | means of numbers, increase/decrease in average. ‘minimum/maximum scope /quantity /number for certain average. Tabulation based /frequency based arithmetic ieans are also asked, |Spety meer questions are repr ante | Way to success : Complete practice, Full concentration, Accuracy, speed and Rechecking are must for Average’ formulae, Do calculations with care. Rule 1: Werage of two or more numbers /quantities Is called the mean of these numbers, which is given by Sumof observation / quantities averagelA) = No.of observation / quantities Axn oR Xt Xo Average of numbers or, Average = Rule 2 : Ifthe given observations (x) are occuring with certain frequency (A) then, + Agxy Average = x where, Ay, A, Ay A, are frequencies Rule 3 The average of n’ consecutive natural numbers nel Starting from 1 1.¢, Average of 1,2, Rule 4 : The average of squares of n’ consecutive natural numbers starting from 1 Le. instant) ‘Average of P28, 7 4... x2 6 Rule 5 : The average of cubes of first ‘n! consecutive ap natural numbers (.e, Average of 1°. 2°, 3° .....n= a Rule 6 : The average of first ‘n' consecutive even natural numbers Le. Average of 2. 4.6, .... 2n = (n+ 1) Rule 7 : The average of first ‘n! consecutive odd natural numbers Le. 1, 3, 5, .... (2n - 1) =n. Rule 8 : The average of certain consecutive numbers atn 2 abe nis Rule 9 : The average of Ist ‘n’ multiples of certain x(1+n) 2 numbers x Rule 10 : If the average of 'n,’ numbers is a, and the average of n,’ numbers is a, then average of total numbers n, and n, is Average Rule 11 : ICA goes from P to Q with speed x km/h and returns from Q to P with speed y km/h, then the average speed of total journey ts 2xy Average speed = yy = total distance total time taken Rule 12 : Ifa distance ts travelled with three ditterent speeds a km/h, b km/h and c km/h, then sabe Average speed of total journey = Sy be+ea KHER Rule 13 : Ifthe average of m numbers Is x and out of these ‘m' numbers the average of 1 numbers Is y. (oF vice versa) then the average of rematning numbers will be ‘SME-153(0) Average of remaining numbers mx-ny mn (ifm > n} (ti) Average of remaining numbers ny-mx hom fn> m) Rule 14 : In three numbers, if Ist number {s a" times of 2nd number and 'b’ times of 3rl number and the average Bab a+b+ab of all three numbers is x, then Ist number = Rule 15 : From three numbers, first number ‘a times of2nd number. 2nd number is times of 3rd number and the average of all three numbers is x, then, Bab First number = 775 yab* 3b Second number= Ty yb. ‘n numbers is F and the average of last n numbers is ‘L’. and the first number is ‘f and the last number Is ‘T then f-l=nlF-L) Rule 17: years before, the average age of N members of a family was ‘T years. If during this period ‘n’ children increased in the family but average age (present) remains same, then Present age of n children = n.T ~ Nt Rule 18 : Ifin the group of N persons, a new person comes at the place of a person of T years, so that average ‘age. increases by 't years ‘Then, the age of the new person = T+ N.t If the average age decreases by 'U years after entry of new person, then the age of the new person = T - N.t Rule 19 : The average age of a group of N students is, years. If'n’ students Join, the average age of the group Increases by '’ years, then Average age of new students, (Noah Ifthe average age ofthe group decreases by years, then N ae of new stents = T-(+1} average of last ‘mn’ observations is then ith observation = mly + 2) ~ nx (m+ 1th observation = nx ~ mly + 2) Rule 21 : If the average age theight) of 'n’ persons ic, year (ems) and from them ‘m’ persons went out whos. average age (height Is ‘y’ years (cms) and same number persons joined whose average age (height) is 7° years [my then what Is the average age (height) of n persons ? Total runs Rule 23 : If in a group, one member Is replaced by: new member. then, Age of new member = ( age of replaced member) + © where, x = Increase (+) or decrease (-) in averar n= Number of members, Rule 24: Ifa new member is added in a group then age (or income) of added member = Average (or incat 2x(n¢1) where x = increase (+) or decrease (+) in average a (or income} n = Number of members. Rule 28 ; Ifa member leaves the group, then income (or age) of left member = » Average income lt age) +x (n Where, x = increase (+) or decre (or age) n = Number of members, Rule 26 : If average of n numbers is m later of ‘was found that a number‘a was misread as b’. The corr! ase (-)in average incom (a-b) average will be = m+ n Rule 27 : Ifthe average of n numbers ts m later! “was ound that two numbers.a and b misread as pall! ‘The correct average = m4 + Rule 20 : If the average of ‘n’ observations Is x’ ayy from these the average of Ist ‘mm’ observations is y’ and iy,tere 5, 66 ah 9) io nde Very few questions are directly asked from this chapter ut (does not mean that chapter is of no use. The concepts: of raio and proportion find their applications in problems Ihased on speed & distance, linear equations. parti ship, and many more. All the concepts and important niles related to Ratio and Proportion are discussed here. So, iis advised to go through the rules carefully = Ratio. The comparative relation between two a quantities of same type is called ratio. IMPORTANT POINTS nounts/ The ratio of two amounts is equal to a fraction, It shows how much less or more time an amount fs in comparision to another Ratio always occurs between same units, as Rupees: Rupees. kg kg. Hour : Hour, Second : Second ete. Lei an amount be x and another is y. then, the ratio between them is x: y orx=y In ratio Ist number Le.. xis called “antecedent”. and ‘2nd number i.e.. is called “consequent” Watb © ed, then a and d are called extremes and b and ¢ are called means. Product of extremes = Product of means. Le, ad = be Directly Proportional : Ifx = ky, where kis a constant, then we say that x is directly proportional to y. It is written asxey k [where k is a y whi Inversely Proportional : If x constant. then we say that x is inversely proportional to y 1 Wis wntten as x 2 Proportion : When two ratios are equal to each other then they are called proportional as b= ed, then, a, b, € and d are in proportion. Fg 256 15, then we write 2:5 5 6:15 RULE 1 : | does not change the ratio, when we multiply or divide antecedent and consequent of the ratio by a same yet are b> bx cea zac: besa:b RATIO AND PROPORTION RULE 2: What should be added to all of a,b. cd (numbers) so that these become proportional respectively? Let x should be added atx ctx Men pex dex RULE 3 : Mixed ratio — [et xy and P:Q be two ratios then Px: Qy Is called mixed ratio, RULE 4 : Duplicate Ratio“The mixed ratio of two equal ratios Is called the duplicate Ratio as duplicate ratio of a:b is ab? RULE 5 : Subduplicate Ratio-The square root of a certain ratio Is called its subduplicate ‘The subduplicate ratio of a:b = Ja -vb RULE 6 : Triplicate Ratio—The cube of a certain ratio is called triplicate ratio The triplicate ratio of a:b = a:b RULE 7 : Subtriplicate Ratio“The cube root of a certain ratio is called cubtriplicate ratio as— ‘The Subtriplicate Ratio of a:b = Ya Yb RULE 8 : Inverse Ratio-The Reciprocal of quantities of ratio is called its inverse. Reciprocal or inverse ratio of ab i RULE 9 : Invertendo-The proportion in which antecedent and consequent quantities change their places, is called invertendo, as Invertendo of ab = ed Is bra = dhe a bed then > = — bad aac RULE 10: Alternendo-Ii a:b cul is a proportion then iis alternendo is aceobd. alternendo of ~ =< is © = b a RULE 11 : Componendo then componendo ts (a +b)» b Iarbrecd is a proportion, forded . arb crd then, Wameans, It = 4 eaRULE 12 : Dividendo-I( > then its dividendo is (ab). tc el bs a proporth ad Wmeans. 5 = G2 pols RULE 13 : Componendo and dividendo-Il there Is 0 Proportion a:b.cd then its componenclo and dividend is arb (a+ dia —bisle + dhie-dl or, 2-5 ord d To simplify the proportion any one method of ‘componendo, dividendo, componendo and Dividendo can directly be used RULE 14: Mean Proportion - Let x be the mean proportion between a and b. then a:x:;x:b (Real condition) tsp 2 Mea x= Vab ‘So, mean proportion of a and b = Jab Ix be the mean proportion between (x ~ a) and (xb) then what will be the value of x ? ab x= ab RULE 15 : Third proportional-Let ‘x’ be the third proportional of a and b then, a:b bx (Real condition) = ax=bF ‘Third proportional of a and b RULE 16 : Fourth Proportional- Let x be the fourth proportional of a, band ¢, then a:b :e>x (Real condition) RULE 17 : First Proportional-tt x be the , aie (Real comely proportional ofaband ¢. then. *3 bet in b E > ex=ab ab RULE 18: 1fA:B = xy and BC = pq then Wac=xp iy (Wy ABC = bx] x pen PIP Its done as follows ne BC = pa ABC = xpyPy RULE 19 :If4:B=xy, BC =pqand CD =mnthy, () A:D = xpm: yan {u) ABCD = KPY-VG) x MYA = XPMYPMyGM >, RULE 20 : WAB:C:D = wxiyiz and DE = min the, (AB.C-D-E = wm:xm:ym:zm-zn RULE 21 : [fan amount Ris to be divided betwen, and B in the ratio m:n then AR (0 Part of A= Tan wu atid n (ia Part of B= Gan *® i (it) Difference of part of A and B : where m> RULE 22 : Ifthe ratio of A and 8 is mn andl] difference in their share is’ units then, W Part of A= Part of B= 5 (i) The sum of parts of A and B= = mo where m > n RULE 23 : Ifthe ratio of Aand B is mn and the ps Als'R, then Share of B= 2 xR mmen | aa share of Aand B= 4” To MOR m mo XR m yn Difference In share of A and B where m>n RULE 24: If the amount R is divided among A, B and gan he rau F-mmin, then l (The share of A= ayy m (uy The share of B= Teen nop (ui) The share of C= Tay ™ {Difference in share of A and B = where 1> m (s) Difference in share of B and C = xR men where mon RULE 25 : Ifthe ratio of A, Band Cis |: m:nand the part of Ais'R'then, (i) Part of B= T xR tu Pant of m-n lw) Diference in parts of Band C= 2—2xR (where m >} (emen (W) Total share of A,B and C = (omen RULE 26 : If an amount is to be divided among A. B and C in the ratio Lm: n and the difference between A | and Bis'R, then Pk, where 1>m tm (0 Part of ¢ = " tH) Total share of A. B and C = _——— RATIO AND PROPORTION Where (> m 2 R. where ference in share of Band C= (uw) Dirk in shi = I> mandm>n RULE 27 : If there are notes of x’ rupees, rupees andl?’ rupees in a box in the ratio m:n:rand the total value of notes ts 'R, then Pees (0 Number of notes of x rupees = Ganeynvan) *R n w umber of notes of 'y’ rupee (ams ynszn *® (it) Number of notes of '” rupee RULE 28 : If adding/subtracting a certain quantity fives new ratio, then multiplier (Total Quantity + Changein Quantity) ‘Sumof Ratios = Then quantity ‘= Multiplier x Ratio figure of that quantity RULE 29 : Ifthe ratio of alligation of milk and water in a glass is m:n and in other glass alligation is prq, then the ratio of mill and water in third glass which contains alization. of both glasses is RULE 30 : Ifthe ratio of milk and water in the alligation of A litre is p:q then water must be addled in it so that ratio of milk and water would be r's is RULE 31 : The ratio of income of two persons A and B 4s p:q. If the ratio of thelr expenditures is r's, then the monthly income of A and B, when each one of them saves, °R rupees will be Rplr—s) Monthy sncome ota = BES (rs) Monty income ota « SE RULE 92 : Let x’ be a number which is subtracted from a, b, cand d to make them proportional, then ad-be X= fa+d)-(beo SME-199Ratio ann proportion ————————— Let x’ be a number which ts added : : ti number which is added to a,b, cand d to | RULE 34: Two numbers are in the Fallo ah ang nake them proportional, then cacly number Is increased by x. the ratio becomes 4 be-ad | x -wa xale-d) f+8)-Wed | amen the two numbers wil be “aye : | urge: Two namtersaretn thereto sth nd ihe RULE 33:1; : hen each ratio | SHbtracted from each number the ratio becomes eT, xald=e) xbld~c} atotes two numbers will be = Sy he ANd ag be ~ bedete PROBLEMS BASED ON AGES Importance : You would be knowing that such | Rule 4. questions are asked indifferent competitive exams. Scope of questions : In these questions age/ratio of ages of person ls relatives is asked for present /future co past ages, Way to success : Given rules and mental mapping in | these questions will save your time and labour. | peek: I sum of present age and ratio of the ages is ges then, present age factor, It the product of present ages is given, then, ict of ages of two persons. Product of ratio Rule 5. Ur the ratio of present age and the ratio of age after 1 years is given then present age factor is given Sum of Present ages by ‘Sur of ratio (Difference in 2nd ratio} x time | Rule 6. (Difference in cross products of ratio) | IF the ratio of ages and difference in ayes ts gen Rule 2. ‘nen, If Is the present age factor. and the difference in difference between ages ross product of ratio is zero then, | difference in ratio | Rule 7. | ‘The ratio of ages of A and B was x: y I Uie ratio of some years ago'and alter some years’ | Js given, And Before ‘t," years, the ratio of ages of A | | and B was a:b, | (i) If alter ‘m’ years, the ratio of ages will b ax +t, Present age of xtn+m_p yenem q Present age of B= bx +t, Pq then, after ‘t,' years, the ratio of their ages will be ed Rule 8. IW years betore, the ratio of ages of A, B and (Diference in 2nd ratio) (y+) as X:y 4. then the ratio oftheir present ages = [Ditlerence in exoss products ofthe ratio} Weal ien wen) Rule 9. When, the difference in ratios ts equal. then | | Water m years, the ratio of ages of A and B will © festa | x+y, then the ratio of their present ages” (Dilference n ratio) bem ym oo? io72 ALLIGATION OR MIXTURES ~~ Importance : Mixture is a specific type of ratio and proportion. but since 1 or 2 questions from this chapter are asked regularly in competitions hence it ts comfortable and useful to study this chapter separately Questions are of limited nature hence m ensured with very less efforts ‘Scope of Questions : Questions are related to getting new mixture or alloy from mixing of two liquids /metals. In final mixture you have to find ratio of elements or to access required quantity to get a certain ratio. Way to success : In these questions, itis very useful to know alligation method and other. | scan be In how much ratio mixture has been made. this ratio is called the rule of mixture. Value (Cost) Orjects Liquidity or part. (i) On the base of cost : dear /custly RULE 1 : The cost of cheap object is Rs. C/kg and he cost of dear object is Rs. D/kg. If the mixture of both ibfect costs Rs. M/kg, then Cheap object D-M Dear object. = M-C Cheap Dear o-M Mc 2 Ratio Is (D~ M)- (M-C) RULE 2: Quantity of x in mixture Ratioof xx Quanuty of Mixture not ios, RULE 3: If from x Ire of liquid A, p bre is withdrawn nd Same quantity of liquid B is added. Again from mixture litre mixture fs withdrawn and same quantity of liquid B added. Again from mixture, ritre ts withdrawn and same | Mantity of liquid B is added. then = EY and liquid B {in final mixture I In final mixture = x (liquid A tn final mixture) RULES which is drawn, and this process is repeated n- times such Ix s initial amount of liquid, p is the ammount G2) ; pots contains mixture of milk and water in the ratio m:n ere in a big pot, then what will be the final ratio of milk and water? : m oP na m+n p+q) min p+q RULE 6 : The ratio of milk and water in the mixture of X unit liquid is a:b. If'd’ unit milk is added to it then ratio xlayb-ab)} of milk and water becomes a, :b,. Then. =~ (3! yp 1D, (a+bib, unit I'd’ unit water is added to it then, x{ab-ayb)) (arbja, Unit RULE 7 : There is x% milk tn ‘a’ unit mixture of milk and water. The amount of milk that should be added to increase the percentage of milk from x% to y% is given by aly - x) Required quantity of milk = [gg yy il RULE 8 : There is x% water in a’ unit the mixture of sugar and water. The quantity ol water vapourised such that decrease in the percentage of water is from x% to y% 1s given by Required quantity of vapourised weter alx-y) ooo8 rs : : — [importance : For percentage it may be mentioned | nat sn every chapter of arithmetic, percentage based | | questions are asked, hence practice and expertise 1s | KXental. Moreover by solving percentage questions we idea of many other basic concepts, scope of questions : Perventage, hased questions are mainly arithmetic and from sale, purchase, Profit & | Toss, Discount, Interest, Number system, Ailigati | Reduction in cost, Population based chapters Way to success : Deep study of percentage Is required ‘with complete accuracy and rechecking habit. Rechecking Gfanswers 1s must for this chapter. IMPORTANT POINTS Percentage : Percentage refers to "Per hundred” Le, 8 means Sout ofhundred or 755 . Percentage is denoted ty a a represented as the per cent of b as, 5% 100 ax bioofa= ax 755 ‘To Convert a fraction/Decimal into percentage multiply At by 100. 3535 35 = = «100% = 48035 = 799 = 790% 35% To convert a per cent into fraction divide it by 100 asizwe 252 bea 100;1 8. Role 1: Ifx is reduced to x,, then, Reduce % = “<*2 100 ~ Rule 2: If x is increased to x,, then, X x Increment% =x100 Rule 3 : if an amount is increased by a% and then itis reduced by a% again, then percentage change will be a 2 decrease of 206 100 Rule 4: Ifa miber is increased by ae and then itis Aecreaseet by BM. th resultant change in percentage will (Negative for decrease, Positive for inerease) Rule 5; 1g number ts decreased by a®% and then it ts Anereaset by bi, then ret increase oF decrease per cent Is (Negative sign for decrease ab |, pe | positivesign for increase } 100, PERCENTAGE Rule 6 : Ifa number is first decreased by a% and then ab 100 by bM%, then net decrease per cent is % {ve sign for decrease) Rule 7 : Ifa number Is first increased by a% and then again increased by b%, then total increase per cent Is {asbs Be jm Rule 8 : If the cost of an article Is increased by A%, then how much to decrease the consumption of article, so that expenditure remains same is given by or Ifthe income of a man Is A% more than another man, then income of another man 1s less in comparison to the Ist man by A (100+) Rule 9 : If the cost of an article is decreased by A%, then the increase in consumption of article to maintain the ‘expenditure will be? 100 % oR If'x’ Is A% less than Y’, then y {s more than %’ by A ’ _A 100 )% tincreasel 1O0=A) “100 tincrease) | Rule 10 : If the length of a rectangle ts increased by ‘a% and breadth is increased by b%, then the area of rectangle will increase by ab, 100 Note: Ifa side is increased. take positive sign and if it is decreased, take negative sign. It is applied for two dimensional figures. Rule 11 : If the side of a square is increased by a% then, its area will increase by 2 a (2-8 -( ‘The above formula is also implemented for circle where radius fs used as side. This formula ts used for two dimensional geometrical figures having both length and breadth equal Rule 12 : If the side of a square is decreased by a%, then the area of square will decrease by . as a -2a+*— 9 100 | ‘This formula ts also applicable for circles. where decrease % of radius is given. Rule 13 : Ifthe length, breadth and height of a cuboid are increased by a%, b% and c% respectively, then, Increase in volume Required increase = (a+b tea near} a)