Synthesis of Literature Matrix
Authors Findings Relevance to Study
Cano-Agudelo, Y., Creams with 4–8% spent Demonstrates a sustainable and
Delgado-Arias, S., Osorio- coffee grounds (SCG) showed effective way to reuse spent coffee
Arias, J., Vrga-Castro, O., good exfoliation and grounds in cosmetic applications,
Zapata-Valencia, S. antioxidant activity. - pH and promoting waste valorization and
rheological (texture) natural skincare alternatives.
properties were suitable. -
Performance comparable to
commercial exfoliants. - SCG
provides both mechanical
exfoliation and antioxidant
effects.
Efendi, F., & Yuniarshi, R. HESt 20% and 25% showed Highlights the efficacy of Sansevieria
(2023) significantly faster wound trifasciata leaf extract in wound
closure from day 2–16 healing, suggesting its potential use in
compared to the negative plant-based hydrogel therapies.
control. - HESt 25% Encourages further research into
performed better than the herbal formulations.
positive control. - HESt 15%
improved closure vs. control
but not significantly. - All
formulations were physically
stable and met topical gel
standards.
Wati, G., & Mapparssa, S. All three scrub variants had Formulations balanced exfoliation and
B. (2024) acceptable pH and sensory skin conditioning. Relevance of the
properties. - V3 (highest in Study Highlights the viability of
aloe vera) provided the best natural, sustainable scrub formulations
moisturizing effect and lowest using reused ingredients like spent
skin irritation. - Good coffee grounds and aloe vera.
antimicrobial activity Demonstrates product safety,
observed in vitro. moisturizing benefits, and
antimicrobial potential.
To’bungan, N., & Ethanolic extract showed Demonstrates the antibacterial and
Dewatisari, W. F. (2024) stronger antibacterial activity antioxidant potential of Dracaena
(inhibition zone: 110 mm², trifasciata leaf extracts, supporting its
MIC: 31.25 mg/mL, MBC: application in herbal or
62.50 mg/mL) compared to pharmaceutical product development.
chloroform extract. - Highlights ethanol as a more effective
Chloroform extract had solvent for antibacterial bioactives.
slightly stronger antioxidant
activity (lower IC₅₀). - GC-
MS revealed 47–49 bioactive
compounds in extracts.
Ahmed, A. A. A., Ain, Q. U., Successfully synthesized silver Supports eco-friendly
Alkadi, M., Munir, J., & Qaid, nanoparticles (AgNPs) using nanoparticle synthesis using
S. M. H. Dracaena trifasciata extract. - plant-based materials and
Amide-based capping agents compares the biomedical
offered greater stability but potential of different capping
lower biocompatibility. - Fatty agents. Highlights the suitability
acid-based capping agents were of fatty acid-based AgNPs for
more biocompatible and eco- pharmaceutical and medical
friendly. - Green synthesis was applications due to their higher
efficient and low-cost. biocompatibility.
Desi Eka, P., Ratna, D., & Used coffee grounds are a The exfoliating, antioxidant, and
Faizatun , F. (2021). natural exfoliant that help anti-puffiness properties of used
remove dead skin cells, leaving coffee grounds support their
the skin smoother. They contain effectiveness in the study’s body
antioxidants that support healthy scrub, helping to moisturize and
skin and may slow signs of brighten the skin naturally.
aging. The caffeine in coffee can
reduce puffiness, especially
under the eyes, and may
temporarily reduce the
appearance of cellulite.
Trisyiah, T., Amanda, R., The study showed that gel with The findings support the use of
Azzahra, N. F., Nurhajawarsi, Dracaena trifasciata extract has Dracaena trifasciata extract in
N., & Thahir, M. T. (2025). antibacterial effects against topical formulations,
Staphylococcus aureus, with highlighting its potential as a
higher extract concentrations natural antibacterial ingredient,
leading to stronger bacterial which aligns with the study’s
inhibition. This suggests the goal of developing effective,
plant contains natural plant-based skin care products.
compounds suitable for use in
antibacterial skin products.
Adrinoviarini Adrinoviarini, The study found that used coffee Used coffee grounds are
Ririn Fatma Nanda, Syifa' grounds are effective as a natural effective natural exfoliants in
Robbani, Taufik Abdillah(2024) exfoliant in body scrubs, helping body scrubs, leaving skin
remove dead skin cells and smooth and refreshed, with safe
leaving the skin smooth. and user-friendly results.
Combined with sugar, honey,
and olive oil, the scrub had a
pleasant texture, good
spreadability, and was well
received by users, showing its
potential for safe, natural
skincare.
Babu K. Prabhu SDK.(2024) The study showed that Dracaena The study is relevant as it
trifasciata extract can be supports the use of Dracaena
effectively used in gel trifasciata extract in skincare
formulations without affecting products, highlighting its
their physical stability. The gels potential as a natural and stable
had skin-friendly pH levels and ingredient for topical gel
remained stable, even after formulations.
freeze-thaw testing. Although
higher extract concentrations
slightly influenced viscosity and
spreadability, all formulations
maintained good consistency
and stability. This indicates the
extract's potential as a useful
ingredient in topical gels.
