HUMAN ANATOMY TOPICS (2nd YEAR)

TERM 1
Principles of Anatomy: Anatomical nomenclature
1. Gross anatomy of upper and lower limb.
Upper limb
- Introduction to the upper limb
- Osteology of the upper limb
- Pectoral region
- Breast
- Axilla
- Scapular region
- Arm and cubital fossa
- Fore arm and hand
- Joints
- Muscles, nerves, dermatomes and nerve injuries
- Applied anatomy
Lower limb
- Introduction to the lower limb
- Osteology of the lower limb
- Gluteal region
- Thigh/femoral region
- Popliteal fossa
- Leg region
- Foot
- Arches of the foot
- Blood supply and lymhatic grainage of the lower limb
- Joints
- Applied anatomy

2. Histology
- Introduction to light microscopy and histological techniques
- The Cell
- Epithelia
- Connective tissues
- Muscle tissue
- Nerve tissue
- Immune system
- Integumentary system
 3. General Embryology
- Ovum. Oogenesis, ovarian follicle and ovulation
- Sperm, spermatogenesis, normal sperm count and abnormal conditions
- Fertilization
- First two weeks of development
- Third week of development
- Fourth week of development
- Fetal membranes and placenta
- Birth defect

TERM 2
1. Thoracic cage and viscera
- Introduction to the thorax
- Walls of the thorax and respiratory movement
- Thoracic cavity
- Lung and pleura
- Heart and pericardium
- Trachea, esophagus, arteries, veins, nerves, lymph nodes
- Mediastinum
- Joints of the thorax
- Applied anatomy

2. Abdominal wall and viscera

- Introduction
- Abdominal walls including fascia
- Peritoneal cavity – fossae, subphrenic spaces, peritoneal bands
- Viscera of abdominal cavity
- Diaphragm – with details of diaphragmatic hernia
- Nerves of abdomen
- Applied anatomy of the abdomen

3. Histology of the Respiratory, Cardiovascular and GIT systems

- Conducting part of the respiratory system
- Respiratory portion of the respiratory system
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Oral mucosa

4. Development of respiratory, cardiovascular and GIT systems

- Development of the larynx
- Development of the trachea
- Development of the trachea and lungs
- Maturation of lungs
- Early development of heart and blood vessels
- Later development of the heart
- Birth defects of the heart and great vessels
 - Foregut
- Development of esophagus
- Development of duodenum
- Development of liver and biliary apparatus
- Development of pancreas
- Development of spleen
- Midgut
- Hindgut

TERM 3
1. Gross anatomy of Pelvis and viscera
- Introduction
- Vessels of the pelvis
- Nerve supply of the pelvis
- Female reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Urinary system
- Perineum
- Pelvic diaphragm
- Joints of the pelvis
- Applied anatomy of the Pelvis

2. Histology of the urinary system

3. Histology of the female reproductive system

- Ovaries
- Uterus
- Vagina
- External genitalia
- Mammary glands

4. Histology of the male reproductive system

- Testes
- Seminiferous epithelium
- Genital ducts
- Accessory genital ducts
- Penis

5. Development of the reproductive system

- Development of testis
- Development of ovary
- Genital ducts
- Development of genital ducts
- Development of seminal, prostate and bulbourethral glands
- Development of genital ducts in female
- Development of uterus
- Development of vagina
- Development of male external genitalia
- Development of female external genitalia
- Development of urinary system

Gross anatomy of head and skull

Neuroanatomy
Development of nervous system, ear and eye.
PHYSIOLOGY TOPICS (2nd YEAR)
1. Cellular Physiology
- Physiology of the cell.
- Organization
- Physiological structure
- Locomotion

2. Body fluid compartments and solutes including osmolarity and

regulation of body fluid

3. Membrane Physiology
- Transport through cell membrane
- Membrane potentials and action potentials

4. Physiology of Nerve
- Ionic processes, excitation and conduction.
- Nerve fibers, types and function.

5. Synaptic and Junctional Transmission

- Transmission, synaptic transmission.
- Electrical events at synapses.
- Neuro-muscular transmission and pathophysiology.

6. Physiology of Muscle
- Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.
- Contractile processes
- Metabolism and energy sources
- Muscle disorders

7. Blood
- Development of the red blood cells.
- White blood cells.
- Immune mechanisms.
- Blood types.
- Plasma, platelets and mechanisms of hemostasis.

8. The Cardiovascular System

- Cardiac excitation and ECG.
- Cardiac arrhythmias.
- Cardiac cycle and cardiac output
- Blood vessels
- Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms
- Compensation for gravitational effects
- Shock
- Heart failure
9. The Respiratory System
- Organization of the respiratory system.
- Mechanics of ventilation.
- Acid-base physiology.
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
- Gas exchange in the lungs.
- Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs.
- Control of ventilation.
- Pulmonary abnormalities.
- Acid/base balance disorders
- Pathophysiology of respiratory failure

10. Bone physiology and calcium metabolism

- Overview of Calcium & Phosphate Regulation
- Bone and its relation to extracellular calcium and phosphate
- Vitamin D
- Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
- Pathophysiology of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and bone diseases

11. The Gastro-Intestinal System

- Organization of the gastro-intestinal system.
- Gastric function.
- Pancreatic and salivary glands.
- Intestinal fluid and electrolyte movement.
- Hepatobiliary function.
- Nutrient digestion and absorption.
- Physiology of GIT disorders.

12. Physiology of the Renal System

- Elements of renal function.
- Overview and functional anatomy of the kidneys.
- Assessment of renal function.
- Renal blood flow.
- The glomerular function.
- Control of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
- Tubular function.
- Solute and water transport along the nephron.
- Regulation of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, water and
phosphate balance.

13. The Endocrine System/Reproductive

- General principles of endocrine physiology.
- The hypothalamus.
- The pituitary gland.
- The thyroid gland.
- Endocrine regulation of metabolism of calcium and related minerals.
- Hormones of the pancreatic islets.
- The adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
- Reproductive function.

14. The Nervous System: General Principles and Sensory Physiology

- Organization of the nervous system, basic functions of synapses,
transmitter substances

15. Sensory receptors, neuronal circuits for processing information

- Types of sensory receptors and the sensory stimuli they detect.
- Transduction of sensory stimuli into nerve impulse.
- Transmission and processing of signals in neuronal pools.

16. Overview of neurotransmitters in the CNS

17. Somatic Sensations I: General organization, the tactile and position

senses
- Position Senses.
- Sensory pathways for transmitting somatic signals into the CNS
- Transmission of less critical sensory signals in the anterolateral pathways.
- Some special aspects of somatosensory function.

18. Somatic Sensations II: Pain, headache and thermal sensations

- Types of pain and their qualities – fast pain and slow pain.
- Dual pathways for transmission of pain
- Thermal sensation
- Examination of the eye.

19. Special Senses: The Eye

- Review of the anatomy and function of the structural elements of the
retina.
- Color Vision.
- Neural functions of the retina.
- Visual pathways.
- Organization and function of the visual cortex.
- Neuronal patterns of stimulation during analysis of the visual image.
- Fields of vision; perimetry.
- Eye movement and their control.
- Autonomic control of accommodation and pupillary aperture.

20. Special Senses: Hearing

- Review of anatomy of the ear.
- Tympanic membrane and the ossicular system.
- Cochlear.
- Central auditory mechanisms.
- Hearing abnormalities.
21. Special Senses: The chemical senses – taste and smell
- Sense of taste.
- Sense of smell.

22. Cortical and brain stem control of motor function

- Motor cortex and corticospinal tracts.
- Primary motor cortex.
- Premotor area.
- Role of the brain stem in controlling motor function.

23. Vestibular sensations and maintenance of equilibrium.

- Functions of brain stem nuclei in controlling subconscious, stereotyped
movements.

24. Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Nuclei to Overall Motor

Control
- Cerebellum and its motor functions
- Basal nuclei – Their motor functions
- Integration of the many parts of the total motor control system

25. Cerebral cortex, intellectual functions of the brain, learning and memory
- Functions of the cerebral cortex
- Functions of specific cortical areas
- Functions of the brain in communication – Language and function of thE
commissures.
- Thought processes-Consciousness and memory.

26. Behavioural and motivation mechanism of the brain – The limbic system
and the hypothalamus
- Activating-Driving systems of the brain
- Hypothalamus and the limbic system
- Specific function of other parts of the limbic system

27. States of the brain activity – Sleep, brain waves, epilepsy, psychoses
- Sleep.
- Brain waves.

28. The Autonomic nervous system

- General organization of the autonomic nervous system.
- Basic Characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic function.
- Cholinergic and Adrenergic Fibers – Secretion of acetylcholine or
norepinephrine.
- Receptors on the effector organs.
- Actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation.
29. Cerebral blood flow, cerebrospinal fluid and brain metabolism
- Cerebral blood flow.
- Cerebrospinal fluid system.
- Brain metabolism.
BIOCHEMISTRY (2nd YEAR TOPICS)

1. Biophysical chemistry
2. Principles of enzymology
3. Hormones
4. Signal transduction pathways
5. Bioenergetics
6. Carbohydrate metabolism
7. Third stage of metabolism (TCA cycle)
8. Lipid metabolism
9. Amino acid metabolism
10. Hemoglobin and myoglobin
11. Nucleotide metabolism
12. Nucleic acid metabolism
13. Protein metabolism
14. Integration of metabolism
15. Vitamins and Biochemical indicators of health
16. Clinical Nutrition
17. Neurochemistry
18. Summary of metabolism of biomolecules
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PUBLIC HEALTH (2nd YEAR)

A. Biostatistics
1. Statistics in health
2. Scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
3. Descriptive statistics
4. Presentation of data
5. Measures of central tendency: mean, mode, median
6. Measures of dispersion: range, variance, standard deviation

B. Epidemiology
1. History of epidemiology
2. Key concepts in epidemiology
3. Disease causation
4. Natural history of disease and levels of prevention
5. Measures of disease frequency: rates, ratios, prevalence, incidence
6. Screening tests
7. Measures of comparison
8. Risk indicators

C. Community Based Education Component

PART 2
1. The normal distribution
2. Transformation of data
3. Standardized Normal Distribution or Z-test
4. Use of statistical tests (Student’s t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi
squared test
5. Correlation Coefficient
6. Interpret results of simple linear regression
7. Interpret results of logistic regression

B. Research methods, Health promotion and Environmental health

- Research methods
- Study designs
- Sample size
- Sampling techniques
- Research Ethics
- Data collection techniques
C. Nutrition and Health
- Classification of foods
- Nutritional requirement and its problem
- Nutrition and infection cycle
- Nutritional assessment and surveillance
- Anthropometric measurements
- Food safety and hygiene

D. Environmental Health
- Overview
- Environmental determinants of disease: concepts of macro and micro-
environment
- Agencies involved in environmental health, and protection of the public
(including Non-governmental Organisations)
- Health problems associated with poor housing, inadequate water supplies
and sanitation,
- Fuel use and pollution
- Water sources and treatment
- Sewage treatment and disposal methods
- Sources of pollution
- Arthropods of medical importance

C. OCCUPTIONAL HEALTH
- Industrial Act and Safety
- Occupational hazards and diseases
- Law and sickness benefits

D. HEALTH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION

- Definition and strategies for health promotion
- Nature and scope of health promotion
 - Methods used in health promotion ie health education, social mobilization,
social marketing, mass media, communication, lobbying, mediation,
advocacy, legal & fiscal measures.
- Ethics in health promotion
- Integrating health promotion in priority health programmes
- Purpose, importance and methods for social diagnosis
- Collective and individual responsibility for health
- Interaction between social, political, economic, physical and personal
resources as determinants of health

E. COMMUNITY HEALTH
- Overview of Community Health Problems
- Problem identification/Community Diagnosis
- Problem prioritization/Choosing the research topic
- Statement of the problem; study justification; literature review
- Stating study objectives
- The study design
- Blood pressure and risk factors for high blood pressure
- Urine variables and risk factors for urine abnormalities with special reference
to high blood pressure and bilharzias
- Anthropometric measures