Engineering Mechanics Notes

Module 4
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE TRUSSES
Trusses are structures, which are fabricated by joining thin members at their ends by welding and pinning or
riveting. The trusses are capable of taking loads when used as supporting structure for sloped roofs. Trusses
are also employed in bridges, transmission towers, etc. Trusses used in roofing structures are known as
plane trusses or plane frames as they lie in a single plane. Bridge trusses and transmission towers are known
as space frames as they are three-dimensional.

Plane Truss Space Truss

Our discussion on trusses is limited to planes trusses in which members are connected to each other by
pinning or riveting. The loads are applied at the joints of the truss only, such that the members in the truss
experience tensile forces or compressive forces only. Our job in this discussion is to calculate the tensile or
compressive forces developed in all members of the truss or selected members of the truss. The tensile or
compressive forces developed can be merely calculated by applying conditions of equilibrium only.
Representation of Tensile and Compression members is done as follows.
T C
Tension member Compression member

Depending on the number of members and joints present in a truss, the trusses are classified into 3 types as
1. Perfect truss or stable truss
2. Deficient truss
3. Redundant truss
Perfect frame or truss: A truss or frame is said to be perfect if it consists of sufficient number of members
to carry the loads without undergoing change in shape.
P P P

Stable triangle Unstable rectangle Unstable trapezium

The above figures show that it is impossible for a triangle to change shape under loads, except through the
deformation of the members. Hence in a perfect truss, triangle is the only basic stable shape that suits the
requirement.
The following expression gives the relationship between the number of members and number of joints
required to form a perfect truss
m = (2j – 3)
where m → number of members in the truss
j → number of joints in the truss

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

here m =3; j = 3; (2j – 3) = 3 here m =5; j = 4; (2j – 3) = 5

hence m = (2j – 3) hence m = (2j – 3)
hence the truss is perfect hence the truss is perfect

here m =7; j = 5; (2j – 3) = 7

hence m = (2j –3)
hence the truss is perfect

here m =9; j = 6;(2j – 3) = 9

hence m = (2j – 3)
hence the truss is perfect

P
here m =9; j = 6;(2j – 3) = 9
hence m = (2j –3)
Though the condition m = (2j –3) is satisfied, the given truss is not
considered to be perfect as it loses its geometrical shape due to loading.
Hence the truss is imperfect

Deficient truss: A truss in which number of members is less than that required for a perfect frame or truss is
called deficient truss.
here m =4; j = 4; (2j – 3) = 5
hence m ˂ (2j – 3)
hence the truss is deficient

Redundant truss: A truss in which number of members are more than that required for a perfect truss is
called redundant truss.
here m =6; j = 4; (2j – 3) = 5
hence m ˃ (2j – 3)
hence the truss is redundant

Note: Our discussion on plane trusses is limited to analysis of perfect trusses or frames only.
Assumptions in the analysis of perfect trusses
(1) The ends of the members of truss are connected with frictionless pins.
(2) The loads lie in the plane of the truss and are applied only at the joints.
(3) The members are perfectly straight.
(4) Self weight of members is negligible
(5) Cross-section of members is uniform throughout the length.

Methods of analysis of Trusses

It is required that, a perfect truss should consist of number of members and joints satisfying the condition
m = (2j – 3). In the analysis for forces in each member (tension or compression), all the members cannot be
considered simultaneously. A group of members or a single joint (where members at meeting) can be
considered at time for the analysis.
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Engineering Mechanics Notes

On this basis, there are two methods of analysis of perfect trusses or frames which are followed
1. Method of joints.
2. Method of sections.

Method of joints
In this method of analysis, each joint is considered separately for determination of member forces. The
external loads acting (if any) and the member forces constitute a system of concurrent forces. To start the
analysis, a joint where there are only two unknown forces are appearing is selected (drawing the free body
diagram of the joint). Then we can then proceed to other connected joints for analysis again where there are
only two unknown forces. Following such a procedure the analysis for the entire truss is carried out. Here
only two equations or conditions of equilibrium FX = 0 and FY = 0 are sufficient as at each joint a
concurrent force will be acting. Often it is observed that in case of simply supported trusses analysis can be
done only after determining the support reactions by considering the equilibrium of entire truss. Where as
in case of Cantilever trusses analysis for member forces can be started by considering the joint where there
are two unknown forces appearing.
Procedure:
1. Make sure that given truss is perfect (determinate) truss by inspecting whether the equation m = (2j – 3)
is satisfied or not.
2. Calculate the support reactions, if necessary.
3. Select the joint where maximum number of unknown forces are two only.
4. Draw the free body diagram of the selected joint.
5. To begin with, the unknown member forces can be treated as tensile.
6. Calculate the unknown member forces at the joint by applying equations of equilibrium. If the value of
a member force comes out with negative sign, assumed nature of member force is wrong.
i.e. it is not tensile; it is compressive.
7. Proceed successively to other connected joints having two unknowns to solve the unknown member
forces till all the members are analyzed.

Method of sections
This is a method adopted to calculate forces in selected members only. Here a section line is drawn passing
through not more than three members, in which forces are to be determined. The section line is drawn such
that it divides the truss into two separate parts. Each part is in equilibrium under the action of loads (external
forces), reactions (at supports) and member forces. The force system constitutes a non-concurrent force
system and as such we can use the equations FX = 0, FY = 0 and M = 0 to calculate the member forces.

Procedure:
1. Select the position of the section line, such that it passes through (cuts) maximum three members only in
whom the forces are to be determined.
2. Compute the support reactions, if necessary, which depends on the choice of section line.
3. Draw the free body diagram of selected portion of truss.
4. Apply the conditions of equilibrium FX = 0, FY = 0 and M = 0 to calculate the member forces.

The method of sections is preferred over method of joints in two situations

a) The forces required to be determined are very few in a large truss.
b) In situations where the method of joints cannot be applied directly to determine the required unknown
forces as it may require analysis of previous connected joints.

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

Problem 3.1: Analyze the truss shown below for member forces by methods of joints and tabulate them.
100 N
A B 120 N
θ

here m =5; j = 4; (2j – 3) = 5

4m hence m = (2j – 3)
hence the truss is perfect
4
θ = tan−1 (3) = 53.13o
D θ
C
3m

100 N
Let us consider the truss as a whole.
A B 120 N
To calculate the support reactions (RDH = ?, RDV = ?, RC = ?)
Applying conditions for equilibrium
ΣFX = 0; RDH + 120 = 0 thus RDH = – 120 N
4m
ΣFY = 0; RDV – 100 + RC = 0 RDV + RC = 100 kN ---(1)
ΣMD = 0; (120 × 4) – (RC × 3) = 0 thus RC = 160 N
Substituting RC in equation (1); RDV = – 60 N
D C
RDH

RDV 3m
RC
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint A
100 N To calculate the member forces FAB and FAD
Applying conditions for equilibrium
A FAB
ΣFX = 0; FAB = 0
ΣFY = 0; – 100 – FAD = 0 or FAD = – 100 N (Compression)
FAD
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint B
B To calculate the member forces FBD and FBC
53.13o 120 N Applying conditions for equilibrium
ΣFX = 0; – FBD cos53.13o + 120 = 0 thus FBD = 200 N (Tension)
FBD
FBC ΣFY = 0; – FBD sin53.13o – FBC = 0 or FBC = – 160 N (Compression)
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint C

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

– 160 N = FCB To calculate the member force FCD

CB Applying conditions for equilibrium
C
ΣFX = 0; FCD = 0
FCD

RC = 160 N

100 N
Member Force Nature
A B 120 N AB 0 --
0
AD 100 N Compression
BD 200 N Tension
BC 160 N Compression
100 N CD 0 --
160 N
4m 200 N

D 0 C
3m

Problem 3.2: Analyze the frame and tabulate the member forces for the frame shown in figure below.
C 12 kN

here m =5; j = 4; (2j – 3) = 5

1.5 m hence m = (2j – 3)
hence the truss is perfect
A θ D θ B 1.5
θ = tan-1( 2 ) = 36.87o
2m 2m
18 kN

C 12 kN Let us consider the truss as a whole.

To calculate the support reactions
1.5 m (RAH = ?, RAV = ? and RB = ?)
Applying conditions for equilibrium
A θ D θ B
RAH ΣFX = 0; RAH + 12 = 0 or RAH = – 12 kN
2m 2m ΣFY = 0; RAV – 10 + RB = 0
RAV 18 kN RAV + RB = 10 kN ------(1)
RB
ΣMA = 0; (12 × 1.5) + (18 × 2) – (RB × 4) = 0
thus RB = 13.5 kN
Substituting RB in equation (1); RAV = 4.5 kN

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint A

FAC To calculate the member forces FAC and FAD
Applying conditions for equilibrium
A 36.57o
– 12 kN = RAH FAD ΣFX = 0; – 12 + FAC cos36.57o + FAD = 0 or 0.8 FAC + FAD =12 kN---(1)
ΣFY = 0; 4.5 + FAC sin36.57o = 0 thus FAC = – 7.5 kN (Compression)
4.5 kN = RAV Substituting FAC in equation (1)
FAD = 18 kN (Tension)

Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint D

FDC To calculate the member forces FDB and FDC
Applying conditions for equilibrium
D FDB
18 kN = FDA ΣFX = 0; – 18 + FDB = 0 thus FDB = 18 kN (Tension)
ΣFY = 0; – 18 + FDC = 0 or FDC = 18 kN (Tension)
18 kN
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint B
FBC To calculate the member force FBC
Applying conditions for equilibrium

36.87o ΣFX = 0; – 18 – FBC cos36.87o = 0 thus FBC = – 22.5 kN (Compression)

B
18 kN = FBD

RB = 13.5 kN

C 12 kN
Member Force Nature
AC 7.5 kN Compression
22.5 kN AD 18 kN Tension
1.5 m 7.5 kN 18 kN BD 18 kN Tension
DC 18 kN Tension
A D B BD 22.5 kN Compression
18 kN 18 kN

2m 2m
18 kN
Problem 3.3: Find the forces in the members of the truss shown in figure below using method of joints and
tabulate member forces.
D

here m =5; j = 4; (2j – 3) = 5

hence m = (2j – 3)
hence the truss is perfect
A 30o 60o 30o
C
B
5m 2.5 m
1000 N

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D Let us consider the truss as a whole.

To calculate the support reactions
(RAH = ?, RAV = ? and RC = ?)

A 30o 60o 30o Applying conditions for equilibrium

C
RAH B ΣFX = 0; RAH = 0
5m 2.5 m ΣFY = 0; RAV – 1000 + RC = 0
RAV 1000 N RC RAV + RC = 1000 N ------(1)
ΣMA = 0; (1000 × 5) – (RC × 7.5) = 0 thus RC = 666.67 N
Substituting RC in equation (1); RAV = 333.33 N
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint A
FAD To calculate the member forces FAD and FAB
Applying conditions for equilibrium
A 30o
ΣFX = 0; FAD cos30o + FAB = 0 or 0.866 FAD + FAB = 0 ---(2)
0 = RAH FAB
ΣFY = 0; 333.33 + FAD sin30o = 0
thus FAD = – 666.67 N (Compression)
333.33 N= RAV
Substituting FAD in equation (2)
FAB = 577.35 N (Tension)
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint B
FBD To calculate the member forces FBD and FBC
60o Applying conditions for equilibrium
B FBC
577.35 N = FBA ΣFX = 0; – 577.35 – FBD cos60o + FBC = 0
0.5 FBD – FBC = – 577.35 N ---(3)
1000 N
ΣFY = 0; – 1000 + FBD sin60o = 0 thus FBD = 1154.7 N (Tension)
Substituting FBD in equation (3); FBC = 1154.7 N (Tension)
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint C
FCD To calculate the member force FCD
Applying conditions for equilibrium

30o ΣFX = 0; – 1154.7 – FCD cos30o = 0

C
1154.7 N = FCB thus FCD = – 1333.33N (Compression)

RC = 666.67 N

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

D
Member Force Nature
AD 666.67 N Compression
666.67 N 1333.33 N AB 577.35 N Tension
1154.7 N BD 1154.7 N Tension
BC 1154.7 N Tension
A 30o 60o 30o CD 1333.33 Compression
C
577.35 N B 1154.7 N
5m 2.5 m
1000 N
Problem 3.4: Analyze the truss shown in figure below by method of joints.
5 kN

E here m =7; j = 5; (2j – 3) = 7

hence m = (2j – 3)
6 kN hence the truss is perfect
D

A 60o 60o 60o 30o C

B
5m 5m

5 kN Let us consider the truss as a whole.

E To calculate the support reactions

6 kN (RA = ? RC = ?)
Applying conditions for equilibrium
D
ΣFY = 0; RA – 5 – 6 + RC = 0
90o
RA + RC = 11 kN ------(1)
60o 60o 60o 30o
A C
D‫׀‬ ΣMA = 0; (5 × 2.5) + (6× 6.25) – (RC × 10) = 0
E‫׀‬ B
5m 5m thus RC = 5 kN
RA o o RC
BD = BC cos60 = 5 cos60 = 2.5 m Substituting RC in equation (1); RA = 6 kN
BD‫ = ׀‬BD cos60o = 2.5 cos60o = 1.25 m
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint A
FAE To calculate the member forces FAE and FAB
Applying conditions for equilibrium
o
A 60
ΣFX = 0; FAE cos60o + FAB = 0 or 0.5 FAE + FAB = 0 ---(2)
FAB
ΣFY = 0; 6 + FAE sin60o = 0
6 kN= RA thus FAE = – 6.93 kN (Compression)
Substituting FAE in equation (2)
FAB = 3.46 kN (Tension)
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint C

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FCD To calculate the member force FCD and FCB

Applying conditions for equilibrium

30o ΣFX = 0; – FCB – FCD cos30o = 0 or FCB + 0.866 FCD = 0 ---(3)

C
FCB ΣFY = 0; 5 + FCD sin30o = 0 thus FCD = – 10 kN (Compression)

RC = 5 kN Substituting FCD in equation (3); FCB = 8.66 kN (Tension)

Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint B

FBE FBD To calculate the member forces FBD and FBE
60o 60o Applying conditions for equilibrium

FBC = 8.66 kN ΣFX = 0; – 3.46 – FBE cos60 + FBD cos60 + 8.66 = 0

o o
3.46 N = FBA B
– 0.5 FBE + 0.5 FBD = – 5.2 kN ---(4)
ΣFY = 0; FBE sin60o + FBD sin60o = 0 or FBE + FBD = 0 ---(5)
Solving equations (4) and (5); FBE = 5.2 kN (Tension) and FBD = – 5.2 kN (Compression)
Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint D

6 kN To calculate the member force FDE

FDE
Applying conditions for equilibrium
30o D
ΣFX = 0; – FDE cos30o – (– 5.2 cos60o) + (– 10 cos30o) = 0
60 o 30o
thus FDE = – 7 kN (Compression)
– 5.2 kN = FDB
– 10 kN = FDC

5 kN
Member Force Nature
E AE 6.93 kN Compression
AB 3.46 kN Tension
7 kN 6 kN CD 10 kN Compression
CB 8.66 kN Tension
6.93 kN D BE 5.2 kN Compression
5.2 kN 10 kN BD 5.2 kN Tension
5.2 kN DE 7 kN Compression
A 60o 60o 60o 30o
C
3.46 kN B 8.66 kN
5m 5m

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Problem 3.5: Find the forces in all the members of the truss loaded as shown in figure below by method of
joints. Tabulate the results.
A B

3m

θ = 45o

θ θ C
E D

3m 3m
40 kN 40 kN
Note: In this case, the truss represented is a Cantilever truss. There is no necessity of calculating the
reaction developed at the support. We can first identify a joint where only two unknown forces are acting to
analyze it for member forces. We can then proceed to the other connected joints later to calculate other
member forces.

Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint C

FCB To calculate the member force FCD and FCB

Applying conditions for equilibrium
45o ΣFX = 0; – FCD – FCB cos45o = 0 or FCD + 0.707 FCB = 0 ---(1)
C
FCD ΣFY = 0; – 40 + FCB sin45o = 0 thus FCB = 56.57 kN (Tension)
Substituting FCB in equation (1); FCD = – 40 kN (Compression)
40 kN

Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint D

FDB To calculate the member forces FDA and FDE
Applying conditions for equilibrium
D FDC = – 40 kN
FDE ΣFX = 0; – FDE + (– 40) = 0 thus FDE = – 40 kN (Compression)
ΣFY = 0; – 40 + FDB = 0 or FDB = 40 kN (Tension)
40 kN

Let us consider the free body diagram of the joint B

To calculate the member force FBE and FBA
FBA B Applying conditions for equilibrium
45 o 45o
ΣFX = 0; – FBA – FBE cos45o + 56.57 cos45o= 0
or FBA + 0.707 FBE = 40 kN ---(2)

FBE FBC = 56.57 kN ΣFY = 0; – FBE sin45o – 40 – 56.57 sin45o = 0

FBD = 40 kN thus FBE = – 113.13 kN (Compression)

Substituting FBE in equation (2); FBA = 120 kN (Tension)

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A B
Member Force Nature
120 kN CB 56.57 kN Tension
CD 40 kN Compression
3m 113.13 kN 56.57 kN DE 40 kN Compression
40 kN DB 40 kN Tension
BE 113.13 kN Compression
BA 120 kN Tension

E D C
40 kN 40 kN
3m 3m
40 kN 40 kN
Problem 3.6: Determine the forces in the members FH, GH and GI of the truss shown in figure below by
method of sections. The length of each member in the truss is equal to 3 m.
10 kN 20 kN 30 kN 20 kN 30 kN

B D F H J

A K
C E G I

Let us consider the truss as a whole.

To calculate the support reactions (RA = ? RK = ?)

10 kN 20 kN 30 kN 20 kN 30 kN

D F H J
B

RAH = 0 A θ θ θ θ K
‫׀‬
B C E G I

θ = 60o (∵ AB = BC = AC) AB‫ = ׀‬1.5 m

3m RK
RAV

Applying conditions for equilibrium

ΣFY = 0; RA – 10 – 20 – 30 – 20 – 30 + RK = 0 or RA + RK = 110 kN ------(1)
ΣMA = 0; (10 × 1.5) + (20 × 4.5) + (30 × 7.5) + (20 × 10.5) + (30 × 13.5) – (RK × 15) = 0
thus RK = 63 kN Substituting RK in equation (1); RAV = 47 kN
Let us assume that all the members are experiencing tensile forces. Let us draw a section (cutting) line
passing through all the required members (FH, GH and GI) as shown, in whom the forces developed are to
be calculated. Let us draw the free body diagram of the portion of the truss lying to the right of the section
line.

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20 kN 30 kN

FHF H 3m J
o
60
1.5 tan60o = 2.59 m
FHG
60o K
FIG I

1.5 m
RK = 63 kN

The portion of the truss considered is in equilibrium due to a coplanar non-concurrent force system.
Applying conditions of equilibrium.
ΣFX = 0; – FHF – FHG cos60o – FIG = 0 ------(2)
ΣFY = 0; – FHG sin60o – 20 – 30 + 63 = 0 thus FHG = 15.01 kN (Tension)
ΣMH = 0; (30 × 3) – (63 × 4.5) + (FIG × 2.9) = 0 thus FIG = 74.71 kN (Tension)
Substituting FHG and FIG in equation (2); FHF = – 81.22 kN (Compression)

Problem 3.7: A pin joined truss is loaded and supported as shown in figure. Determine the forces in the
members BC, GF and CG and nature of the forces. Use method of sections.

4 kN 6 kN 4 kN 6 kN

D 4m C 4m B 4m D 4m C 4m B 4m
A θ A
3m 3m
6m 6m θ
G θ G
9m 9m

F F
3
θ = tan-1( ) = 36.87o
4

E E

Note: In this case, the truss represented is a Cantilever truss. There is no necessity of calculating the
reaction developed at the support.

Let us draw a section line passing through all the required members (BC, GF and CG) as shown, in whom
the forces developed are to be calculated. Let us assume that all the members are experiencing tensile
forces.

Let us draw the free body diagram of the portion of the truss lying to the right of the section line.

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4 kN 6 kN
The portion of the truss considered is in equilibrium due to a coplanar
FBC B 4m A non-concurrent force system.
Applying conditions for equilibrium
FGC 3m
ΣMG = 0; – (FBC × 3) + (6 × 4) = 0 thus FBC = 8 kN (Tension)
36.87o
ΣMA = 0; – (4 × 4) + (FGC cos36.87o × 3) + (FGC sin36.87o × 4) = 0
36.87 o G
FGF thus FGC = 3.33 kN (Tension)
ΣFY = 0; – 4 – 6 + FGC sin36.87o – FGF sin36.87o = 0
but FGC = 3.33 kN
– 4 – 6 + 3.33 × sin36.87o – FGF sin36.87o = 0
thus FGF = – 13.33 kN (Compression)
Problem 3.8: Analyze the truss shown in figure below to find the member forces in the members BC, CH
and GH by method of sections.
20 kN
A
30 kN
B
40 kN
2m C

E
I 2m H 2m G 2m F 2m

50 kN
20 kN
A
30 kN
2
B θ = tan-1(8) = 14.04o
40 kN
2m θ C DF = 0.5 m
CG = 1 m
β
θ D 1
β = tan-1(2) = 26.57o
β θ E
I 2m H 2m G 2m F 2m

50 kN
Let us draw a section line passing through all the required members (BC, CH and GH) as shown, in whom
the forces developed are to be calculated. Let us draw the free body diagram of the portion of the truss lying
to the right of the section line. Let us assume that all the members are experiencing tensile forces.

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30 kN

FCB
C 40 kN
14.04o
26.57o
D
1m
FCH
E
FGH G 2m F 2m

50 kN
The portion of the truss considered is in equilibrium due to a coplanar non-concurrent force system.
Applying conditions for equilibrium
ΣMC = 0; (40 × 2) + (50 × 4) + (FGH × 1) = 0 thus FGH = – 280 kN (Compression)
ΣME = 0; – (30 × 4) – (40 × 2) – (FCH cos26.57o × 1) – (FCH sin26.57o × 4) = 0
thus FCH = – 74.53 kN (Compression)
ΣFX = 0; – FCB cos14.04o – FCH cos26.57o – FGH = 0 but FGH = – 280 kN and FCH = – 74.58 kN
– FCB cos14.04o – (– 74.53 cos26.57o) – (– 280) = 0 thus FCB = 357.33 kN (Tension)
Problem 3.9: In the truss shown in figure below, determine the forces in the members BC, CF and EF by
method of sections.
50 kN 60 kN 40 kN 50 kN 60 kN 40 kN

A B C D A B C D

5m 5m
RA
θ
θ = 45o REH = 0
F E F
E
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
REV

Let us consider the truss as a whole. To calculate the support reactions (RA = ? REH = ? and REV = ?)
Applying conditions for equilibrium; ΣFY = 0; RA – 50 – 60 – 40 + REV = 0; RA + REV = 150 kN ----(1)
ΣMA = 0; (50 × 5) + (60 × 10) + (40 × 15) – (REV × 10) = 0; REV = 145 kN; From equation (1) RA = 5 kN
Let us draw a section line passing through all the required members (BC, CF and EF) as shown, in whom
the forces developed are to be calculated. Let us draw the free body diagram of the portion of the truss lying
to the left of the section line. Let us assume that all the members are experiencing tensile forces.
50 kN 60 kN 40 kN 50 kN
Applying conditions of
A B C D A B FBC
equilibrium

FFC ΣFY = 0;
5m 5 – 50 + FFC sin45o = 0
RA = 5 kN RA = 5 kN
45o
E
FFC = 63.64 kN
F F FFE (Tension)
5m 5m 5m 5m
ΣMF = 0; (5 × 5) + (FCB × 5) = 0; FBC = – 5 kN (Compression)
ΣFX = 0; FBC + FFC cos45o + FFE = 0; but FFC = 63.64 kN and FBC = – 5 kN
thus FFE = – 40 kN (Compression)
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Engineering Mechanics Notes

FRICTION
Whenever a body moves or tends to move over another surface or body, a force, which opposes the motion
of the body is developed tangentially at the surface (rough surface) of contact. Such an opposing force
developed is called friction or frictional resistance.
The frictional resistance is developed due to the interlocking of the surface irregularities at the contact
surface between two bodies.
Consider a body weighing W resting on a rough plane and subjected to a force P to displace the body.
W Body of P → Applied force
weight W
W → Weight of body
P Rough Nr → Normal reaction from rough plane
Surface
Fr → Frictional resistance from rough plane

Fr

Nr

Frictional resistance or Friction comes into picture when an applied force acts on the body. The body can
start to move or slide over the plane only when the force P overcomes the frictional resistance Fr.
The frictional resistance developed is proportional to the magnitude of the applied force which is
responsible for causing motion up to a certain limit.

Limiting Friction value

↑
Fr
45o
P →
From the above graph, we see that as P increases, Fr also increases. However, Fr cannot increase beyond a
certain limit. Beyond this limit (Limiting Friction value) the frictional resistance becomes constant for any
value of applied force. If the magnitude of the applied force is less than the limiting friction value, the body
remains at rest or in equilibrium. If the magnitude of the applied force is greater than the limiting friction
value the body starts moving over the surface.
The friction experienced by a body when it is at rest or in equilibrium is known as Static friction. It can
range between Zero to Limiting fraction value.
The friction experienced by a body when it is moving is called Dynamic friction. The dynamic friction
experienced by a body as it slides over a surface (as shown in figures 1 and 2) is called Sliding friction. The
dynamic friction experienced by a body as it rolls over a surface (as shown in figure 3) is called Rolling
friction.

W W W

P P

Fr Nr Fr

Nr Fr Nr
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

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Co-efficient of Friction: It has been experimentally proved that between two contacting surfaces, the
magnitude of limiting friction bears a constant ratio to normal reaction. Between the two, this ratio is called
as co-efficient of friction.
It is defined by the relationship µ = Fr
Nr
where μ → Co-efficient of Friction Fr → Frictional resistance Nr → Normal reaction.

Note: Depending upon the nature of the surface of contact (dry surface or wet surface) the frictional
resistance developed at such a surface can be called dry friction or wet friction (fluid friction) respectively.
In our discussion on friction all the surfaces we consider are dry rough surfaces.

Laws of Dry Friction (Coulomb’s Laws of Friction): The frictional resistance developed between bodies
having dry surfaces of contact obey certain laws called laws of dry friction. They are as follows.

1) The frictional resistance depends upon the roughness or smoothness of the surface.
2) Frictional resistance acts in a direction opposite to the motion of the body.
3) The frictional resistance is independent of the area of contact between the two bodies.
4) The ratio of the Limiting Friction value (F) to the Normal reaction (N) is a constant (Co-efficient of
friction)
5) The magnitude of the frictional resistance developed is exactly equal to the applied force till
Limiting Friction value is reached or when the body is about to move.

Angle of Friction:
W Body of Limiting Friction value
weight W
P
↑
Fr
Fr

θ 45o

Nr R P →
r
Consider a body weighing W placed on a horizontal plane. Let P be an applied force required to just move
the body such that, frictional resistance reaches limiting friction value. Let R be resultant of Fr and Nr. Let θ
be the angle made by the resultant with the direction of Nr. Such an angle θ is called Angle of friction.
As P increases, Fr also increases and accordingly θ increases. However, Fr cannot increase beyond the
Limiting friction value and as such θ can attain a maximum value only.
Let θmax = α Where α represents angle of Limiting friction
tan θmax = tanα = Fr But Fr = μ Therefore μ = tanα
Nr Nr
i.e. Co-efficient of friction is equal to the tangent of the angle of Limiting friction.

Angle of repose:
Body of
weight W

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

Consider a body weighing ‘W’ placed on a rough inclined plane, which makes an angle ‘θ’ with the
horizontal. When ‘θ’ value is small, the body is in equilibrium or at rest without sliding. If ‘θ’ is gradually
increased, a stage reaches when the body tends to slide down the plane.
The maximum inclination of the plane with the horizontal, on which a body free from external forces can
rest without sliding is called angle of repose.
Let θmax = ϕ where ϕ represents angle of repose
Let us draw the free body diagram of the body before it slides.
W

Nr
90o- θ θ Fr

Applying conditions of equilibrium

Fr
FX = 0: Nr cos(90o – θ) – Fr cosθ = 0 Nr sinθ = Fr cosθ ∴ tanθ =
Nr

since θmax = ϕ tanθmax = tanϕ but tanθmax = tanα = µ = Fr

Nr
∴ tanϕ = tanα or ϕ = α i.e. angle of repose is equal to angle of limiting friction

Cone of Friction:
W Body of
weight W
P

Fr

α
Nr R

Consider a body weighing W resting on a rough horizontal surface. Let P be a force required to just move
the body such that frictional resistance reaches limiting value. Let R be the resultant of F r and Nr making an
angle α with the direction of Nr.
If the direction of P is changed the direction of Fr changes and accordingly R also changes its direction. If P
is rotated through 360o, R also rotates through 360o and generates an imaginary right circular cone called
Cone of Friction with a semi-central angle α.

Note: In this discussion, all the surface that we consider are rough surfaces, such that, when the body tends
to move frictional resistance opposing the motion comes into picture tangentially at the surface of contact in
all the examples. The body considered is at the verge of moving such that frictional resistance reaches
limiting value. We can consider the body to be still at rest or in equilibrium and we can apply conditions of
equilibrium on the body to calculate unknown forces.

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

Problem 3.10: A body weighing 10 kN is resting on rough horizontal surface. If a horizontal force of 3 kN
is just sufficient to push the body, determine the coefficient of friction at the surface of contact.
Body (W = 10 kN)
P

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it moves.
W = 10 kN Applying conditions of equilibrium
Here µ = ?
P = 3 kN FX = 0: 3 – Fr = 0 ∴ Fr = 3 kN
F
But µ = r FY = 0: – 10 + Nr = 0 ∴ Nr = 10 kN
Nr
∴ F = ? and N = ? 3
Fr ∴µ= = 0.3
10
Nr

Problem 3.11: A body weighing 200 N is resting on rough horizontal surface. If the coefficient of friction at
the surface of contact is 0.4, determine the magnitude of a horizontal force just sufficient to push the body.
Body (W = 200 N)
P

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it moves.
W = 200 N Here µ = 0.4 Applying conditions of equilibrium

P=? Fr FX = 0: P – Fr = 0 ∴ P = Fr
i.e.0.4 =
Nr FY = 0: – 200 + Nr = 0 ∴ Nr = 200 N
∴ Fr = 0.4 Nr ∴ Fr = 0.4 Nr = 0.4 × 200 = 80 N
Fr

Nr
∴ Fr = P = 80 N

Problem 3.12: A pulling force of 20 N inclined at 25o to the horizontal is just sufficient to move a body on a
rough horizontal plane. If a pushing force required for moving the body with the same line action is 25 N,
determine the weight of the body and coefficient of friction at the surface of contact.
Body (W = ?) Body (W = ?)
P = 20 N P = 25 N
o o
25 25
o
60

Let us draw the FBD of the body just before it moves in the two cases.

Case 1 W Case 2 W
P = 20 N P = 25 N
o o
25 25
30o 30o

F1 F2

N1 N2

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Note: Here the force required to move the body in the two cases is different. The normal reactions and
frictional resistances in the two cases will also be different. However, the coefficient of friction for both the
surfaces is the same.
𝐹1 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹
Thus µ = = 2 hence 1 = 2 ------------ (1)
𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁1 𝑁2
Case 1: Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: 20 cos25o – F1 = 0 or F1 = 18.13 N
FY = 0: N1 + 20 sin25o – W = 0 or N1 = (W – 8.45)
Case 2: Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: F2 – 25 cos25o = 0 or F2 = 22.66 N
FY = 0: N2 – 25 sin25o – W = 0 or N2 = (W + 10.56)
Substituting F1, N1, F2 and N2 in Equation (1)
18.13 22.66
= hence W = 84.47 N N1 = (W – 8.45) = (84.47– 8.45) = 76.02 N
W – 8.45 W + 10.56
𝐹1 18.13
Thus µ = = Thus µ = 0.238
𝑁1 76.02

Problem 3.13: A force of 350 N is just sufficient to move a body weighing 500N up a rough inclined plane
as shown in figure. The force is applied parallel to the inclined plane. Determine the coefficient of friction at
the surface of contact.
Body (W = 500 N)

350 N

30o

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it moves.
Y Here µ = ? Applying conditions of equilibrium
W = 500 N
60
o
X But µ = FX = 0: 350 – Fr – 500 cos60o = 0
30o Fr
Nr ∴ Fr = 100 N
∴ F = ? and N = ?
P = 350 N Fr FY = 0: – 500 sin60o + Nr = 0
For convenience,
let us consider the ∴ Nr = 433.01 N
30o Nr X and Y-axes as
100
shown ∴µ= = 0.231
433.01

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Problem 3.14: A block weighing 50 kN is resting on rough inclined plane as shown in figure. The
coefficient of friction at the surface of contact is 0.25. Determine the magnitude of the force required to
move the block up the inclined plane when the force is applied with its line of action is i) parallel to the
inclined plane ii) horizontal
Block (W = 50 kN)

25o
Solution:
Case i) Let P1 be the magnitude of the force required to push the block
Body (W = 50 kN)

P1 = ?

35o

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it moves.
Y W = 50 kN Here µ = 0.25 Applying conditions of equilibrium
𝐹1
FX = 0: P1 – F1 – 50 cos55o = 0
o
55 X i.e. 0.25 =
𝑁1
30o
∴ F1 = 0.25 N1 or P1 = 0.25N1 + 28.68 ----(1)
P1 = ? F1 For convenience, FY = 0: – 50 sin55o + N1 = 0
let us consider the
35o X and Y-axes as ∴ N1 = 40.96 N
N1 shown
∴ P1 = 38.92 kN
Case ii) Let P2 be the magnitude of the force required to push the block
Body (W = 50 kN)

P2 = ?

25o

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it moves.
W = 50 kN Here µ = 0.25 Applying conditions of equilibrium
F2 FX = 0:
i.e. 0.25 =
N2
P2 – F2 cos35o – N2 cos55o = 0
P2 = ? F2 ∴ F2 = 0.25 N2 or P2 = 0.25 N2 cos35o + N2 cos55o
o
35 P2 = 0.778 N2 ---- (1)
o FY = 0:
35o 55
30o
N2 – 50 – F2 sin35o+ N2 sin55o = 0
– 50 – 0.25 N2 sin35o + N2 sin55o = 0
∴ N2 = 73.99 kN
∴ P2 = 57.56 kN

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

Problem 3.15: A block weighing 10 kN is resting on rough inclined plane which makes an angle of 20 o
with the horizontal. If the coefficient of friction at the surface of contact is 0.3, determine the magnitude of
the applied force shown in figure such that the block moves i) up the inclined plane ii) down the inclined
plane
Body (W = 10 kN)

20o

Solution:
Case i) Let P1 be the magnitude of the force which pushes the block up the inclined plane
Body (W = 10 kN)

P1 = ?

20o

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it moves.
Y
W = 10 kN Here µ = 0.3 Applying conditions of equilibrium
o 𝐹1
70 X i.e. 0.3 =
𝑁1
FX = 0: P1 – F1 – 10 cos70o = 0
30o
∴ F1 = 0.3 N1 or P1 = 0.3N1 + 3.42 ---- (1)
P1 = ? F1 For convenience, FY = 0: – 10 sin70o + N1 = 0 ∴ N1 = 9.397 kN
let us consider the
20o X and Y-axes as ∴ P1 = 6.239 kN
N1 shown

Case ii) Let P2 be the magnitude of the force which allows the block to slide down the inclined plane
Body (W = 10 kN)

P2 = ?

20o

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it moves.
Y
W = 10 kN Here µ = 0.3 Applying conditions of equilibrium
𝐹2
FX = 0: P2 + F2 – 10 cos70o = 0
o
70 X i.e. 0.3 =
𝑁2
30o
∴ F2 = 0.3 N2 or P2 = 3.42 – 0.3 N2 ---- (2)
P2 = ? F2 For convenience, FY = 0: – 10 sin70o + N2 = 0 ∴ N2 = 9.397 kN
let us consider the
20o X and Y-axes as ∴ P2 = 0.601 kN
N2 shown

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Problem 3.16: A crate of mass 580 kg is resting on rough inclined plane and on which a horizontal force of
6000 N is applied as shown. If the coefficient of friction at the surface of contact is 0.25, check whether the
block slides up the inclined plane or down the inclined plane. For what range of values of the applied force
will the block remain in equilibrium.
Crate (m = 580 kg) Note: It is not possible to directly say whether the block slides up
or down the plane when the force of 6000 N magnitude is applied
6000 N
on the block. We should first determine the force required to push
the block up the plane (P1) and the force that allows the block to
o
slide down the plane (P2) acting along the direction of the given
35
force and then we can do our conclusion.
Case i) Let P1 be the magnitude of the force which pushes the block up the inclined plane
Crate (m = 580 kg)
(W = 5690 N)
P1

o
35

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it slides.
W = 5690 N Here µ = 0.25 Applying conditions of equilibrium
F1
i.e. 0.25 = FX = 0: F1 cos35o + N1 cos55o – P1 = 0
N1
F1 ∴ F1 = 0.25 N1 or P1 = 0.25 N1 cos35o + N1 cos55o
P1
o P1 = 0.778 N1 ----(1)
35
N1 o FY = 0: – 5690 – F1 sin35o + N1 sin55o = 0
55 o
35 – 5690 – 0.25 N1 sin35o + N1 sin55o = 0
∴ N1 = 8420.17 N
∴ P1 = 6550.9 N
Case ii) Let P2 be the magnitude of the force that allows the block to slide down the inclined plane

Crate (m = 580 kg)

(W = 5690 N)
P2

o
35

Let us draw the free body diagram of the block just before it slides.

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

W = 5690 N Here µ = 0.25 Applying conditions of equilibrium

F2
i.e. 0.25 = FX = 0: – F2 cos35o + N2 cos55o – P2 = 0
N2
F2 ∴ F2 = 0.25 N2 or P2 = N2 cos55o – 0.25 N2 cos35o
P2
o P2 = 0.369 N2 ----(2)
35
N2 o FY = 0: – 5690 + F2 sin35o + N2 sin55o = 0
55 o
35 – 5690 + 0.25 N2 sin35o + N2 sin55o = 0
∴ N2 = 5911.4 N ∴ P2 = 2179.53 N
Hence if the applied force = 6000 N, the crate neither slides up the plane nor slides down the plane.
The crate will remain in equilibrium if the applied force value ranges between P1 and P2 (i.e. 6550.9N and
2179.53N

Problem 3.17: An effort of 200 N is just sufficient to move a certain body up an inclined plane which is
inclined at 15o with the horizontal. The force acts parallel to the inclined plane. If the inclination of the plane
with the horizontal is now made 20o, the effort now required and again parallel to the inclined plane is
230 N. Determine the weight of the body and the coefficient of friction at the surface of contact.

Problem 3.18: A body weighing 200 N resting on an inclined plane is acted upon by a force of 40 N as
shown in figure. If the coefficient of friction between the body and the plane is 0.3, check whether the body
moves up the plane or down the plane or remains stationary.
40 N
Body (W = 200 N) 20
o

35o

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Problem 3.19: A block of weight 5000 N rests on a horizontal floor and co-eff. of friction between the
contact surfaces is 0.4. The block can be moved by either pushing at A or pulling at B as shown in figures.
Through calculations show which requires less effort and explain why it is so.
P

o o
30 30

Problem 3.20: Blocks A and B weighing 800 N and 200 N respectively are connected by a cable as shown
in figure. Find the force P required to make the blocks move towards the right. Find also the tension in the
cable. The co-eff. of friction between the blocks and the plane is 0.3.
Cable P
o
A 30
B

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Problem 3.21: Two blocks weighing 750 N and 500 N are resting on two different planes and are connected
to each other by a rope and pulley arrangement. Assuming the pulley to be smooth and given that coefficient
of friction at all the surfaces of contact is 0.2, determine the force P required for just moving the blocks.
Rope P Rope P=?
Pulley Pulley
o o
750 N
30 T 30
750 N
T

500 N 500 N
µ = 0.2 Surface 2

o o Surface 1
60 60

Let us draw the free body diagrams of the two blocks just before they slide.
W = 750 N
P=?
T 30o
W = 500 N T
o
30 F2 = 0.2 N2
Y

F1 = 0.2 N1
N2

X 60
o N1

500 N Block: (T = ?) (Let us consider the X and Y axes as shown) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: – 500 cos30o + T – 0.2 N1 = 0 T = 433.01+ 0.2 N1 ------ (1)
FY = 0: – 500 sin30o + N1 = 0 N1 = 250 N ∴ T = 483.01 N
750 N Block: Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: – 483.01 – 0.2 N2 + P cos30o = 0 0.866 P – 0.2 N2 = 483.01 ------ (2)
FY = 0: – 750 + N2 + P sin30o = 0 0.5 P + N2 = 750 ------ (3)
Solving equations (2) and (3) P = 655.27 N

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Problem 3.22: Determine the least value of the force P and its direction required for just moving the blocks.
Coefficient of friction at all the surfaces of contact can be taken as 0.2.

P
Pulley Rope
α
750 N

500 N

o
60

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Problem 3.23: Two blocks weighing 200 N and 300 N are resting as shown in figure. If the angle of
limiting friction for all contact surfaces is 30o, determine the least force P required for moving the blocks.
α = 30o; tanα = µ; ∴ µ = 0.577
Rope Surface 1
Pulley T
200 N
P P=?
300 N
T Surface 2

Let us draw the free body diagrams of the two blocks just before they move.
W = 200 N
Note: When the force is applied, the 300 N
T block moves to the right and the 200 N block
moves to the left. Surface 1 represents the
F1 = 0.577 N1
common surface of contact between the two
blocks. A normal reaction acts (towards the
N1 centre) on each block in opposite direction as
shown. When motion of blocks is impending,
N1
F1 = 0.577 N1 friction also acts on each block in opposite
T P=? direction as shown.
W = 300 N

F2 = 0.577 N2

N2

200 N Block: (T = ?, N1 = ?, F1 = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium

FX = 0: –T + 0.577 N1 = 0 ------ (1)
FY = 0: – 200 + N1 = 0 N1 = 200 N ∴ T = 115.4 N
350 N Block: Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: – 115.4 – 0.577 N1 – 0.577 N2 + P = 0 But N1 = 200 N
– 115.4 – 0.577 × 200 – 0.577 N2 + P = 0
P – 0.577 N2 = 230.8 ------ (2)
FY = 0: – N1 – 300 + N2 = 0 or – 200 – 300 + N2 = 0 ∴ N2 = 500 N
Substituting N2 in equation (2) P = 519.3 N

Problem 3.24: A block weighing 4000 N is resting on a horizontal surface and supports another block of
2000 N as shown in figure. Find the least horizontal force to just move the block to the left. Take coefficient
of friction for all surfaces of contact to be 0.2.
Cable Cable
T
o o
30 Surface 1 30
2000 N 2000 N

F F Surface 2
4000 N 4000 N

Note: When the force is applied, the block B moves to the left whereas the block A remains stationery.
Civil Engineering Department, SJB Institute of Technology 130 | P a g e
Engineering Mechanics Notes

Let us draw the free body diagrams of the two blocks just before the block B moves.
2000 N
T
C
30ao
b
le
F1 = 0.2 N1

N1
N1
F1 = 0.2 N1

P
4000 N

F2 = 0.2 N2

N2

2000 N Block: (T = ?, N1 = ?, F1 = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium

FX = 0: T cos30o – 0.2 N1 = 0 – 0.2 N1 = 0 ------ (1)
FY = 0: – 2000 + T sin30o + N1 = 0 0.5 T + N1 = 2000 ------ (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) T = 414.08 N and N1 = 1792.96 N
4000 N Block: Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: – P + 0.2 N1 + 0.2 N2 = 0 – P + 0.2 × 1792.96 + 0.2 N2 = 0 P – 0.2 N2 = 358.59 ------ (3)
FY = 0: – N1 – 4000 + N2 = 0 or – 1792.96 – 4000 + N2 = 0 ∴ N2 = 5792.96 N
Substituting N2 in equation (3) P = 1517.18 N

Problem 3.25: Determine the force P required for impending motion in the blocks shown in figure. Weight
of Block A = 90 N and Weight of Block B = 45 N. Take coefficient of friction for all surfaces of contact to
be 0.25. Consider the pulley to be smooth.

Pulley
Cable

B
A

P o
30

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Problem 3.26: Determine the magnitude of the horizontal force ‘P’ to impend motion in the blocks. The
weights of the blocks ‘A’ and ‘B’ are 90 N and 50 N respectively. Coefficient of friction for all contact
surfaces is 0.3. The pulley is frictionless.

Rope Pulley Rope Pulley

T
T

P B P B
A A

30o 30o
Note: Both the blocks have the common surface of contact. When the force is applied, the block A moves
down whereas the block B moves up.
Let us draw the free body diagrams of the two blocks just before they move.

50 N
90 N Y
Y 60o T

60o T

F2 = 0.3 N2
P X

30o
F1 = 0.3 N1 N2
X
30o
N1

Let us consider the X and Y axes as shown

50 N Block: (T = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: – 0.3 N2 + T – 50 cos60o = 0 – 0.3 N2 = 25 ------ (1)
FY = 0: – 50 sin60o + N2 = 0
N2 = 43.3 N Substituting N2 in equation (1) T = 38.02 N
90 N Block: Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: – P cos30o – 90 cos60o + 0.3 N1 + T = 0 – P cos30o – 90 cos60o + 0.3 N1 + 38.02 = 0
0.866 P – 0.3 N1 = – 6.98 ------ (2)
FY = 0:
N1 + P sin30o – 90 sin60o = 0 0.5 P + N1 = 77.94 ------ (3)
Solving equations (2) and (3) P = 16.14 N
Problem 3.27: Two blocks weighing 200 N and 100 N are resting as shown in figure. Determine the
minimum angle θ of the inclined plane with horizontal required for just moving the blocks.
Coefficient of friction for all contact surfaces may be taken as 0.15.

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Rope Pulley Rope Pulley

T
Surface 1 200 N
T
Surface 2 100 N

θ θ=?
Let us draw the free body diagrams of the two blocks just before they move.
Y W = 200 N
(90o – θ) T

X F1 = 0.15 N1

For convenience, let us consider the X and Y-axes as shown

N1
W = 100 N
N1
(90o – θ)
T
0.15 N1 = F1

X F2 = 0.15 N2

θ
N2

200 N Block: (T = ?, N1 = ?, F1 = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium

FX = 0: T + 0.15 N1 – 200 cos(90o – θ) = 0 T + 0.15 N1 – 200 sinθ = 0 ------ (1)
FY = 0: – 200 sin(90o – θ) + N1 = 0 N1 = 200 cosθ
Substituting N1 = 200 cosθ in equation (1); T + (0.15 × 200 cosθ) – 200 sinθ = 0
∴ T = 200 sinθ – 30 cosθ ------ (2)
100 N Block: Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: T – 0.15 N1 – 0.15 N2 – 100 cos(90o – θ) = 0
T – 0.15 N1 – 0.15 N2 – 100 sinθ = 0; But N1 = 200 cosθ
∴ T – (0.15 × 200 cosθ) – 0.15 N2 – 100 sinθ = 0
T – 30 cosθ – 0.15 N2 – 100 sinθ = 0 ------ (3)
FY = 0: – 100 sin(90o – θ) – N1 + N2 = 0; But N1 = 200 cosθ
∴ – 100 cosθ – 200 cosθ + N2 = 0 or N2 = 300 cosθ
Substituting N2 = 300 cosθ in equation (3); T – 30 cosθ – (0.15 × 300 cosθ) – 100 sinθ = 0
or T – 30 cosθ – 45 cosθ – 100 sinθ = 0
or T –75 cosθ – 100 sinθ = 0

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or T = 75 cosθ + 100 sinθ ------ (4)

Equating equations (2) and (4)
200 sinθ – 30 cosθ = 75 cosθ + 100 sinθ or 100 sinθ = 105 cosθ or tanθ = 1.05 or θ = 46.4o

Problem 3.28: In the figure shown, the weight of the block B = 1000 N. Determine the weight of the block
‘A’, such that block ‘B’ just
a. Slides up the plane
b. Slides down the plane.
Take µ=0.3 for all contact surfaces.

String Pulley String Pulley

T
A A T

B B
30o 30o
60o 60o

Case a: (Block B slides up whereas Block A slides down) Let us draw the free body diagrams of the two
blocks just before they slide.
Y WA = ?
60o For convenience, let us consider the X and Y-axes as
T
shown
T WB = 1000 N
T 30o
X F1 = 0.3 N1 Y
0.3 N2 = F2

N1 N2
X
Note: Block B has to be first analyzed to calculate T (tension in string) which can be then used in analysis
of block A
Block B: (T = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: 0.3 N2 – T + 1000 cos30o = 0 ------ (1)
FY = 0: N2 – 1000 sin30o = 0
N2 = 500 N Substituting N2 = 500 N in equation (1); ∴ T = 1016.03 N
Block A: (WA = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: 0.3 N1 + T – WA cos60o = 0 But T = 1016.03 N
0.3 N1 + 1016.03 – 0.5 WA = 0
0.5 WA – 0.3 N1 = 1016.03 ------ (2)
FY = 0: N1 – WA sin60o = 0 0.866 WA – N1 = 0 ------ (3)
Solving equations (2) and (3); WA = 4229.93 N

Case b: (Block B slides down whereas Block A slides up) Let us draw the free body diagrams of the two
blocks just before they slide.
For convenience, let us consider the X and Y-axes as shown
Civil Engineering Department, SJB Institute of Technology 134 | P a g e
Engineering Mechanics Notes

Y WA = ?
60o T
T WB = 1000 N
30o
F1 = 0.3 N1
X Y
0.3 N2 = F2

N1 N2
X
Block B: (T = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: – 0.3 N2 – T + 1000 cos30o = 0 ------ (1)
FY = 0: N2 – 1000 sin30o = 0 N2 = 500 N
Substituting N2 = 500 N in equation (1); ∴ T = 716.03 N
Block A: (WA = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: – 0.3 N1 + T – WA cos60o = 0 But T = 716.03 N – 0.3 N1 + 716.03 – 0.5 WA = 0
0.5 WA + 0.3 N1 = 716.03 ------ (2)
FY = 0: N1 – WA sin60o = 0 0.866 WA – N1 = 0 ------ (3)
Solving equations (2) and (3); WA = 942.39 N

Problem 3.29: Two blocks A and B are connected by a rigid horizontal bar and are resting on two rough
planes as shown. The coefficient of friction for the block A and horizontal plane is 0.4. The angle of limiting
friction for block B on the inclined plane is 20o. What is the smallest weight WA of the block A for which
the equilibrium of the system can exist?
WA WB = 5 kN
Block A Block B

o
45

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Problem 3.30: Determine the least force P required for moving the block shown in figure below. The
weight of the wedge may be neglected. The weight of the block is 100 kN. The angle of limiting friction for
all contact surfaces may be taken as 15o.
P P
α = 15o; tanα = µ; ∴ µ = 0.268

Surface 2

Wedge Wedge

2.5 kN Block 2.5 kN

Block Surface 1
(W = 100 kN) Surface 3
o o
75 75

Note: When the force is applied, the wedge moves down and the block moves to the right.
Let us draw the free body diagrams of the wedge and block separately.
P
0.268 N1 = F1
F2 = 0.268 N2 W = 100 kN

N2
o
N1 15 o
30o75 N2 2.5 kN
30o

0.268 N2 = F2

F3 = 0.268 N3
N3
Block: (N2 = ?, F2 = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: N2 – 0.268 N3 – 2.5 = 0 N2 – 0.268 N3 = 2.5 ------ (1)
FY = 0: – 0.268 N2 + N3 – 100 = 0 – 0.268 N2 + N3 = 100 ------ (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2); N2 = 31.567 kN ∴ F2 = 8.46 kN
Wedge: (P = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: N1 cos15o – 0.268 N1 cos75o – N2 = 0 But N2 = 31.56 kN
N1 cos15o – 0.268 N1 cos75o – 31.56 = 0 ∴ N1 = 35.2 kN
FY = 0: N1 sin15o + 0.268 N1 sin75o – P + 0.268 N2 = 0------(3) But N1 = 35.2 kN and N2 = 31.56 kN
Substituting N1 and N2 in equation (3); P = 26.68 kN

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

Problem 3.31: A block weighing 3 kN overlying a 10o wedge on a horizontal floor and leaning against a
vertical wall is to be raised by applying a horizontal force to the wedge. Angle of friction between wall and
block is 15o and for other surfaces of contact is 18o. Determine minimum horizontal force P to be applied to
rise the block shown in figure.

Block Block

o Surface 3 o
10 (α2 = 18o) 10
(α3 = 15 )
o
Surface 2
P Wedge P
Wedge (α1 = 18 )
o

Surface 1

µ1 = tanα1 ∴ µ1 = 0.268 µ2 = tanα2 ∴ µ2 = 0.325 µ3 = tanα3 ∴ µ3 = 0.325

Note: When the force is applied, the wedge moves to the left and the block moves up.
Let us draw the free body diagrams of the wedge and block seperately
W = 3 kN

0.268 N1 = F3

N3
Block

F2 = 0.325 N2

N2 N2
o
10
0.325 N2 = F2
P
Wedge

F1 = 0.325 N1

N1
Block: (N2 = ?, F2 = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: N3 – 0.325 N2 cos10o – N2 cos80o = 0 N3 – 0.494 N2 = 0 ------ (1)
FY = 0: – 0.268 N3 + N2 sin80o – 0.325 N2 sin10o – 3 = 0 – 0.268 N3 + 0.928 N2 = 3 ------ (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) N3 = 1.863 kN and N2 = 3.77 kN ∴ F2 = 1.225 kN
Wedge: (P = ?) Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: 0.325 N2 cos10o + N2 cos80o + 0.325 N1 – P = 0 But N2 = 3.77 kN
P = 0.325×3.77 cos10o + 3.77 cos80o + 0.325 N1 P = 1.861 + 0.325 N1 ------(3)
FY = 0: 0.325 N2 sin10o – N2 sin80o + N1 = 0 But N2 = 3.77 kN
N1 = 3.77 sin80o – 0.325×3.77 sin10o N1 = 3.5 kN Substituting N1 in equation (3); P = 3 kN

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

Problem 3.32: Two blocks weighing 3000 N and 4000 N are resting against each other as shown in figure.
If the coefficient of friction for all contact surfaces is 0.25, determine the least value of P required for
maintaining equilibrium of the system.
Note: In absence of the force P, the
3000 N block has a tendency to slide
3000 N down and the 4000 N block has a
tendency to slide to the right. Hence,
P force P is applied to arrest such
4000 N
movements.
o
60

Let us draw the free body diagrams of the two blocks just before they move.
3000 N
0.25 N1 = F1
F2 = 0.25 N2 4000 N

N2
N1 o
30 o
30o60o N2 P=?
30

0.25 N2 = F2

F3 = 0.25 N3
N3

3000 N Block: Applying conditions of equilibrium

FX = 0: N1 cos30o – 0.25 N1 cos60o – N2 = 0 0.741 N1 – N2 = 0 ------(1)
FY = 0: N1 sin30o + 0.25 N1 sin60o – 3000 + 0.25 N2 = 0 0.717 N1 + 0.25 N2 = 3000 ------(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) N2 = 2463.84 N
4000 N Block: Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: N2 – 0.25 N3 – P = 0 But N2 = 2463.84 N ∴ P = 2463.84 – 0.25 N3 ------(3)
FY = 0: – 0.25 N2 + N3 – 4000 = 0 But N2 = 2463.84 N ∴ N3 = 4615.96 N
Substituting N3 in equation (3) P = 1309.85 N

Problem 3.33: Find the minimum value of the horizontal force P to be applied on the lower block to hold
the system shown in figure in equilibrium. Take coefficient of frction for all contact surface as 0.25.

500 N

P
1000 N
o
80

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Engineering Mechanics Notes

Problem 3.34: A ladder 5 m long rests on a rough horizontal floor and leans against a smooth vertical wall
such that it makes an angle of 70o with the floor. The ladder weighs 500 N. The ladder is at the verge of
slipping when a person weighing 750 N stands on the ladder at a point 1.5 m form the bottom of the ladder.
Calculate the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the floor.
FDB of Ladder
Ladder
Wall
(L= 5 m, W = 500 N)
B NW

5m
FW = 0
(Smooth wall)
750 N
2.5 m 750 N

1.5 m
C 1.5 m C

o
W=500 N
A 70 A o
Floor 70

FF FF = ?
µF = ? µF =
NF NF = ?
Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: FF – NW = 0 FF = NW ------- (1)
FY = 0: NF – 750 – 500 = 0 NF = 1250 N
MA = 0: (750 × 1.5 cos70o) + (500 × 2.5 cos70o) – (NW × 5 sin70o) = 0 ∴ NW = 172.89 N
FF = NW = 172.89 N
FF 172.89
µF = = 1250 = 0.14
NF

Problem 3.35: A ladder 6 m long is supported on a rough horizontal floor and leans against a rough vertical
wall. The coefficient of friction between ladder an floor is 0.4 and that between ladder and wall is 0.25. The
ladder weighs 200 N. The ladder also supports a person weighing 900 N at a point 1 m from the wall along
the ladder. Determine the least inclination of the ladder with the floor to be stable.

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FDB of Ladder
Wall 1m
1m
900 N B µW = 0.25 900 N B NW
6m µW = 0.25
C C FW = 0.25 NW
5m
Ladder
(L = 6 m; W = 200 N) 3m

W=200 N
A θ=? 0.4 NF = FF A θ=?
Floor
µF = 0.4 µF = 0.4
NF
Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: 0.4 NF – NW = 0 ------- (1)
FY = 0: NF – 200 – 900 + 0.25 NW = 0 NF + 0.25 NW = 1100 ------- (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2); NF = 1000 N and NW = 400 N
MA = 0: (200 × 3 cosθ) + (900 × 5 cosθ) – (0.25NW × 6 cosθ) – (NW × 6 sinθ) = 0 But NW = 400 N
600 cosθ + 4500 cosθ – (0.25 × 400 × 6 cosθ) – (400 × 6 sinθ) = 0
600 cosθ + 4500 cosθ – 600 cosθ – 2400 sinθ = 0 4500 cosθ = 2400 sinθ tanθ = 1.875 θ = 61.93o
Problem 3.36: A ladder 4 m long and weighing 200 N is placed against a vertical wall and rests on a
horizontal floor making an angle of 60o with the floor. The coefficient of friction between ladder and floor is
0.3 and that between ladder and wall is 0.2. The ladder in addition to its own weight has to support a person
weighing 600 N at a distance of 3 m from the floor along the ladder. Calculate the minimum force P to be
applied horizontally at the floor level on the ladder to keep it in equilibrium.
FDB of Ladder
Ladder
(L = 4 m; W = 200 N) Wall
B B
µW = 0.2 NW
600 N 4m 600 N
FW = 0.2 NW
C 3m
3m
2m
W = 200 N
o o
P A 60 Floor A 60
P=?
FF = 0.3 NF
µF = 0.3
NF
Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: P + 0.3 NF – NW = 0 P = NW – 0.3 NF ------ (1)
FY = 0: NF – 200 – 600 + 0.2 NW = 0 NF + 0.2 NW = 800 ------ (2)
MA = 0: (200 × 2 cos60o) + (600 × 3 cos60o) – (0.2 NW × 4 cos60o) – (NW × 4 sin60o) = 0
∴ NW = 284.97 N Substituting NW in equation (2) NF = 743.01 N

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Substituting NF and NW in equation (1) P = 62.06 N

Problem 3.37: A ladder 5 m long and weighing 250 N is placed against a vertical wall and rests on a
horizontal floor making an angle of 60o with the floor. The coefficient of friction between ladder and floor is
0.25 and that between ladder and wall is 0.2. A person weighing 500 N ascends the ladder. How high will he
be able to go up the ladder before the ladder slips?
FDB of Ladder
Ladder Wall
(L = 5 m; W = 250 N) B µW = 0.2 B NW
500 N 5m 500 N
FW = 0.2 NW
C
d=?
d=?
2.5 m
W = 250 N
o
A 60 A 60
o
Floor

µF = 0.25 FF = 0.25 NF

NF
Let C represent the point on the ladder up to which the person can climb safely. Let d be the distance of the
point C from the point A, measured long the ladder.
Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: 0.25 NF – NW = 0 ------ (1)
FY = 0: NF – 250 – 500 + 0.2 NW = 0 NF + 0.2 NW = 750 ------ (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) NF = 714.29 N and NW = 178.57 N
MA = 0: (250 × 2.5 cos60o) + (500 × d cos60o) – (0.2 NW × 5 cos60o) – (NW × 5 sin60o) = 0
But NW = 178.57 N
(250 × 2.5 cos60o) + (500 × d cos60o) – (0.2 × 178.57 × 5 cos60o) – (178.57 × 5 sin60o) = 0
∴ d = 2.2 m
Problem 3.38: A ladder 4 m long is placed against a vertical wall and rests on a horizontal floor making an
angle of 55o with the floor. The coefficient of friction between ladder and floor is 0.4 and that between
ladder and wall is 0.3. If a person whose weight is twice the weight of the ladder ascends the ladder, how
high will he be able to go up the ladder before the ladder slips?

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Ladder Wall
(L = 4 m; W = W) B µW = 0.3 B NW
2W 2W
4m
FW = 0.3 NW
C d=? C
d=?
2m
W

o o
A 55 A 55
Floor
µF = 0.4 FF = 0.4 NF

NF
Applying conditions of equilibrium
FX = 0: 0.4 NF – NW = 0 0.4 NF = NW ------ (1)
FY = 0: NF – W – 2W + 0.3 NW = 0 NF + 0.3 NW = 3W But NW = 0.4 NF
NF + 0.3 × 0.4 NF = 3 W 1.12 NF = 3 W NF = 2.68 W------ (2)
MA = 0: (W × 2 cos55o) + (2W × d cos55o) – (0.3 NW × 4 cos55o) – (NW × 4 sin55o) = 0
But NW = 0.4 NF and NF = 2.68 W ∴ NW = 1.072 W
(W × 2 cos55o) + (2W × d cos55o) – (0.3 × 1.072 W × 4 cos55o) – (1.072 W × 4 sin55o) = 0
In all the terms W can be eliminated, as such
(2 cos55o) + (2 d cos55o) – (0.3 × 1.072 × 4 cos55o) – (1.072 × 4 sin55o) = 0
1.147 + 1.147 d – 0.738 – 3.513 = 0 1.147 d = 3.104 ∴ d = 2.706 m

Problem 3.39: A ladder of length l and weight W is resting against a rough wall and resting on a rough
floor. The coefficient of friction between floor and ladder is μ1 and that between ladder and wall is μ2. The
ladder is free from external forces. Show that the minimum angle θ made by ladder with floor required for
1− 𝜇1 𝜇2
maintaining equilibrium is tan−1 [ ]
2𝜇1

Problem 3.40: A uniform bar AB 5 m long weighing 280 N is hinged at B, rests upon block at A as shown.
If the coefficient of friction is 0.4 for all contact surfaces, find the horizontal force P required to move the
400 N block.
4m
B
Bar
3m

A
P
400 N

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