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• Study questions
• Chapter outlines
• Select SAGE journal articles for each topic and chapter with critical-thinking questions
• Video links with discussion questions
 To my wife, Marie, and our six children:
Jesse, Justin, Danielle, Nicole, Brian, and Renee
Copyright © 2015 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-1-4833-5226-8

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
FOR INFORMATION:

SAGE Publications, Inc.

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E-mail: [email protected]

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Brief Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
PART I. THE GLOBAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT
1. Management and Its History
2. The Environment: Culture, Ethics, and Social Responsibility
3. Managing Diversity in a Global Environment
PART II. PLANNING
4. Creative Problem Solving and Decision Making
5. Strategic and Operational Planning
6. Managing Change, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

PART III. ORGANIZING

7. Organizing and Delegating Work
8. Managing Team Work
9. Human Resources Management
Appendix: Career Management and Networking

PART IV. LEADING

10. Organizational Behavior: Power, Politics, Conflict, and Stress
11. Motivating for High Performance
12. Leading With Influence
13. Communication and Information Technology
PART V. CONTROLLING
14. Managing Control Systems, Finances, and People
15. Operations, Quality, and Productivity

Glossary
Endnotes
Author Index
Subject Index
Company Index
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author

PART I. THE GLOBAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT

Chapter 1. Management and Its History

Why Study Management?
What Is a Manager’s Responsibility?
What Does It Take to Be a Successful Manager?
Management Qualities
Management Skills
AACSB Competencies
Supervisory Ability
What Do Managers Do?
Management Functions
Management Roles
The Systems Relationship Among the Management Skills, Functions, and Roles
Differences Among Managers
The Three Levels of Management
Differences in Management Skills and Functions
Differences in Size and Profits
A Brief History of Management
Classical Theory
Behavioral Theory
Management Science
Integrative Perspective
Comparing Theories
Managing the Old versus New Workplace
Objectives of the Book
Management Concepts
Application of Management Concepts
Development of Management Skills
Organization of the Book
Chapter 2. The Environment: Culture, Ethics, and Social Responsibility
The Internal Environment
Mission, Management, and Culture
Resources and Structure
Systems Process
Organizational Culture
Organizational Culture Artifacts, Levels, and Strengths
Managing, Changing, and Merging Cultures
Learning Organizations
The External Environment
External Environmental Factors
Dynamic Environments and Interactive Management
Business Ethics
Does Ethical Behavior Pay?
How Personality Traits and Attitudes, Moral Development, and the Situation Affect Ethical
Behavior
How People Justify Unethical Behavior
Simple Guides to Ethical Behavior
Managing Ethics
Social Responsibility and Sustainability
Social Responsibility to Stakeholders
Does It Pay to Be Socially Responsible?
Sustainability

Chapter 3. Managing Diversity in a Global Environment

The Global Environment
Classifying Businesses in the Global Village
Ethnocentrism Is Out and “Made in America” Is Blurred
Foreign Trade
Trade Barriers
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Trade Agreements
Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments
Standard of Living and the Effects of Foreign Trade
 Taking a Business Global
Global Sourcing
Importing and Exporting
Licensing and Franchising
Contracting
Strategic Alliances and Joint Ventures
Direct Investment
Global Business Practices
Workplace Diversity
What Is Diversity?
Is Diversity Really Important?
Types of Diversity and Managing Diversity
Age Diversity and Management
Sex Diversity and Management
Race and Ethnicity Diversity and Management
Disability Diversity and Management
Other Types of Diversity and Management
Managing Diversity
Global Diversity
Hofstede National Cultural Diversity
GLOBE
International Assignments

PART II. PLANNING

Chapter 4. Creative Problem Solving and Decision Making

Problem Solving and Decision Making: An Overview
Problem Solving and Decision Making Interrelationships
Decision-Making Styles
Decision Making in the Global Village
The Decision-Making Model
Classify and Define the Problem or Opportunity
Classify the Problem
Decision Making Types
Select the Appropriate Level of Participation
Define the Problem
Set Objectives and Criteria
Generate Creative and Innovative Alternatives
Creativity and Innovation
 Using Groups to Generate Creative Alternatives
Decision Trees
Analyze Alternatives and Select the Most Feasible
Quantitative Techniques
The Kepner-Tregoe Method
Cost-Benefit, Pros and Cons, and Intuition
Ethics and Social Responsibility in Decision Making
Plan, Implement the Decision, and Control
Vroom’s Participative Decision-Making Model
Using the Participative Decision-Making Model
Participation Decision Styles

Chapter 5. Strategic and Operational Planning

Strategic and Operational Planning
Planning Dimensions
Strategic versus Operational Planning and Strategies
The Strategic Planning Process
Developing the Mission
Analyzing the Environment
Situation Analysis
Competitive Advantage
Setting Objectives
Writing Effective Objectives
Criteria for Objectives
Management by Objectives (MBO)
Corporate Strategies
Grand Strategy
Growth Strategies
Portfolio Analysis
Business Strategies
Adaptive Strategies
Competitive Strategies
Operational Planning
Functional Strategies
Standing Plans versus Single-Use and Contingency Plans
Time Management
Multitasking
Implementing and Controlling Strategies
Chapter 6. Managing Change, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship
Innovation and Change
The Innovation and Change Interrelationship and Risk
Forces for Change
Types of Change
Forms of Change
Managing Innovation
Innovative Organizational Structures and Cultures
Managing Innovation During Incremental and Discontinuous Change
Managing Change
Stages in the Change Process
Resistance to Change
How to Overcome Resistance to Change
A Model for Identifying and Overcoming Resistance to Change
Organizational Development
Change Models
Organizational Development Interventions
Entrepreneurship
New Venture Entrepreneurs and Intrapreneurs
Selecting the New Venture and Business Planning

PART III. ORGANIZING

Chapter 7. Organizing and Delegating Work

Organization Considerations and Principles
Organizational Considerations
Principles of Organization
Authority
Formal and Informal Authority and Scope and Levels of Authority
Centralized and Decentralized Authority
Line and Staff Authority
Organizational Design
Organization Chart
Departmentalization
Multiple Departmentalization
 Reengineering Contemporary Organizational Designs
Job Design
Job Simplification
Job Expansion
Work Teams
The Job Characteristics Model
Organizing Yourself and Delegating
Setting Priorities
Delegating

Chapter 8. Managing Team Work

Teams and the Lessons of the Geese
Groups and Teams and Performance
Groups and Teams
The Group Performance Model
Group Structure
Group Types
Group Size
Group Composition
Group Leadership and Objectives
Group Process
Group Roles
Group Norms
Group Cohesiveness
Status Within the Group
Decision Making and Conflict Resolution
Stages of Group Development and Management Styles
Stage 1. Forming—Autocratic Management Style
Stage 2. Storming—Consultative Management Style
Stage 3. Norming—Participative Management Style
Stage 4. Performing—Empowerment Management Style
Stage 5. Termination
Changes in Group Development and Management Style
Developing Groups Into Teams
Training and Team Leadership
Team Rewards and Recognition
Managing Meetings
Planning Meetings
 Conducting Meetings
Handling Problem Members

Chapter 9. Human Resources Management

The Human Resources Management Process
The Human Resources Department
The Legal Environment
Harassment and Sexual Harassment
Human Resources Planning
Strategic Human Resources Planning
Job Analysis
Attracting Employees
Recruiting
The Selection Process
Selection Interviewing
Developing Employees
Orientation
Training and Development
Performance Appraisal
Retaining and Terminating Employees
Compensation
Health and Safety
Unions and Labor Relations
Terminating Employees
Appendix: Career Management and Networking
Career Management
Career Planning and Development
Getting a Job
Networking
The Importance of Networking
The Networking Process

PART 4. LEADING

Chapter 10 Organizational Behavior: Power, Politics, Conflict, and Stress

 Organizational Behavior (OB) Foundations
Personality
Perception
Attitudes
Changing OB Foundations
Power
Sources of Power
Types of Power and How to Increase Your Power
Organizational Politics
Political Behavior
Guidelines for Developing Political Skills
Negotiation
Negotiating
The Negotiation Process
Managing Conflict
The Psychological Contract and Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict
Conflict Management Styles
Conflict Resolution
Initiating Conflict Resolution
Responding to and Mediating Conflict Resolution
Stress
Job Stress Causes and Management
The Stress Tug-of-War

Chapter 11 Motivating for High Performance

Motivation and Performance
What Is Motivation, and How Does It Affect Performance?
An Overview of Three Major Classes of Motivation Theories
Content Motivation Theories
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
ERG Theory
Two-Factor Theory
Acquired Needs Theory
Process Motivation Theories
Equity Theory
Goal-Setting Theory
Expectancy Theory
Reinforcement Theory
 Types of Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Combining the Motivation Process and Motivation Theories
Motivating Employees With Rewards and Recognition
How Each of the Motivation Theories Uses Rewards and Recognition
Reward and Recognition Programs
Giving Praise
Do Motivation Theories Apply Globally?
Individualistic versus Collective Cultures and Motivation

Chapter 12 Leading With Influence

Leadership and Trait Theory
Leadership and Trust
Leaders versus Managers
An Overview of Four Major Classes of Leadership Theories
Leadership Trait Theory
Behavioral Leadership Theories
Basic Leadership Styles
Two-Dimensional Leadership Styles
The Leadership Grid®
Situational Leadership Theories
Contingency Leadership Model
Leadership Continuum Model
Path-Goal Model
Normative Leadership Model
Situational Leadership® Model
Comparing Leadership Models
Leadership Substitutes Theory
Contemporary Leadership Theories
Visionary Leaders
Charismatic Leaders
Transformational Leaders
Handling Complaints
Handling Employee Complaints
Handling Customer Complaints
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Ch. 5.] BsiHAT Sakhita. 89 tras or japas ought nofc to be
recited or performed wliile the eclipse progresses but only when the
eclipse begins to decline and terminate, though, during the former
period new mantras may be learnt. As regards the ablutions above
referred to, we quote from Matsyapurana : That person, in the lagna
of whose nativity an eclipse occurs, ought to bathe in the water
purified by m antras and by drugs as prescribed below. On the
occasioa of the eclipse he shall adorn four Brahmins with garlands of
white flowers and with white sandal paste ; he shall fix four pots in
four places near each other and he shall bring earth from places
frequented by elephants, by horses, by chariots and by cows and
from ant-hills and from before the entrance to the palaces of kings
as well as from deep waters, and throw the earth into the water
pots; he shall also put into the water panchanga" vya^^ pearls,
yellow pigment, lotus, the conch shell, a piece of crystal, white
sandal paste, mustard seed, an'conuts, the fragrant root of the plant
Andropogon Muricatus and the resin bdeHum (exudation of the
Amyris Agallowchum); he shall then invoke the devas into the pots.
The Brahmins shall then say aloud, ^^ May all the seas, rivers, and
other waters come into these pots for the purification of our
Master^'. The Brahmins shall then invoke, by their respective
mantras, the devas presiding over the eight points of the compass.
They shall also invoke into the pots the deities presiding over all
creatures and things, with or withoat motion, in the three worlds as
well as Brahma, Vishnu and the Sun. They shall also chant verses
from the Rik, Yajus and Sama Vedas. The pots also shall have
threads tied round their necks and adorned with white flowers and
white pasta* The master shall then be bathed with the charmed
waters PanchagaTya i a miztnre of the co'w's milk, curd, butter, nrice
and doog.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.90%
accurate

40 Bbihat Sambita. [Cs. 6. after bathing the master Bhall

present cloths and oaws to Brahmins and worship his favourite gods.
Aft the commencement of the eclipsa the Brahmins shall tie^ over
the master's head, a cloth containing bits of the fire prrocioms gems
and a gold plate with mantras inscrib&d in it. The gold plate shall
then be presented to the Brahmins. He who bathes as prescribed
above will not only be purified from the evil effects of an eclipse but
will gain the higher worlds. CHAPTER VI. 1 . The retrograde motion
of Mars is of five kinds known technically as 1. uaJma, 2.
asrumuhha^ 3. vyala, 4. lohUanana and 5. niatrimaa mttaala. * 2. If
Mars should begin to retrograde from the 7th^ 8ib or 9th
constellation from ^hat in which he reappears t after his conjunction
with the Sun^ such retrograde motion is tedhnically known as tishna
: when Mars should reappear after his next conjunction with the
Suuj persons who live by fire will be afflicted with disease. 8. If Mars
should begin to retrograde from the lOthi llib, or 12th constellation
from that of his re-appearaaoei such retrograde motion is known as
asrumuJeha : when Mars should re-appear after his next conjunction
with the SnUj juice will be injured and there will be dif ease and
drought. 4. If he should begin to retrograde from the 13th or 14th
constellation from that of his reappearancoj such retro' ■ - _ — - — -
~~' * Those termt are explained in the Bubsequent stanzai. t Ifare is
said to disappear when within 17 degrees from the San and to re«
ai^^esv when beyond it.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.67%
accurate

€h. 6.] BsiHAT Sahhita. 41 Srade motion is known as vyala :

when he should disappear before his next conjanction with the Sun,
wild boars and fierce animals will be afflicted with distress. 5. If Mars
should begin to retrograde from the J 5th or the 1 6th constellation
from that of his reappearance, such retrograde motion is known as
rudhiranana; at the time of 8uch reappearance mankind will be
afflicted with disease in the face and with various fears, but there
will be prosperity in the land. 6. If he should begin to retrograde
from the 17th or the ISth constellatioL from that of his reappearance
such retrograde motion is known as Asimusala ; when Mars is in his
re-retrograde motion, bands of robbers will be afflicted with distress
and there will be drought and wars in the laud. 7. If Mars should re -
appear in the constellation of Poorvaphalguni [sacred to Bbaga] or in
that of Uttaraphalguni [sacred to Aryanin] , retrograde in the
constellation of Uttarashadha [sacred to Visvedeva], and disappear
in the constellation of Rohini [sacred to Brahma], he will afflict the
three worlds with miseries. 8. If Mars, after his re-appearance in the
constellation of Sravana, should retrograde in that of Pushya,
anointed monarchs will be afflicted with miseries ; those countries
and those persons will suffer in whose Nakshatra, Mars should begin
to reappear.* 9. If Mars shcnll pass through the middle of the cons,
tellation of Malclm and retrograde back through the same, the ruler
of the P.uidia country will perish and mankind will suffer from wars
and drought. 10. If Mars should, after cutting through the
constellation of Makha, npproach the middle of Visakha, there will bo
* For the Nakshtra of a country vide. Chap, on Koorma Yibhaga.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 19.47%
accurate

42 BuHAT Sakhita. iCu, 6. famine in the land ; if he should

cat through the conBtoUation of Bohini^ th«re will be fearful deaths
ia the land. 11. If Mars f hould pass to the south of the conatellation
of Bohini^ rulers will sufier^ prices will rise and there will be little
ruin ; if Mars should appear enveloped in imoke or with a pointed
flame^ the people of Pariyatra * will perish, 12. If Mars should pass
through the constellations of Bohinij Srayana^ Moola^ Uttara
Phalguni^ Uttarashadha^ XJttarabhadrapada and Jyeshta^ he will
destroy clouds charged with rain. IS. If Mars should pass through
the constellations o£ Srarana^ Makha^ PunarrasUj Hasta^ Moola^
Poorvabhadrapada Asvinij Yisakba and Bohini there will be prosperity
in the land« 14. If Mars should appear with a large and clear disc or
red like the flower of Kimsuka (Butea Frondosa) or of Asoka (Jonesia
Asoka Boxb) or of clear and fine rays or like molten gold or if he
should pass through the northMni pathj t rulers will be happy and
there will bo prosperity ia the land. CHAPTER Vn. On Mebcubt. 1.
Mercury neyor reappears t after his ocmjuncdon with the sun
without upsetting the existing order of things • lie causes fear from
floods from fire and from storms and para, limes trade by
abnormally enhancing or lowering Iho priot of food grains. * Fteijam
: Urn cmatnX or Iho wMtem pQftkm of the Tindhaja ohaia wtidi
skiite tiM pitmnoe of MahnL t Konbem path tacoordiBg to Giiga, th»
nine oonstellitiQnB ficom Bhaiani to Mmkha OQDBtitBte the Koitibera
peth; the nine from Foorve|die:|giiBi to Mooln ooDStitiita the middle
peth end the nine from Foomdiedhe lo Atmbd COBflkinite the
Soothom peth. } Manarj dimpfpeen when within 14 degteea tan the
6«n end le-sppout JSfQBd thai diitaBOpi hiU iriien r«tit«nide^ the
Umfifc is ob]|j U
 Ch. 7.] Bbihit Saxhiat. 48^ 2. If Mercury slionlcl cat throngli
the constellations of Sravanft^ Dhanishata^ Bohini^ M rigaseershaj
and TTttarashadhay fiacred^ respectively to Yishna^ Ashtavasu^
Brahama^ the Moon and Visyedea^ bis disc appearing to rub
against those of the Btars^ he causes drought and disease in the
land. 3. If Mercury should cut through the five constellationB from
Ardra to Makha^ mankind will suffer from wars^ from hunger^ from
disease and from drought. 4. If he should cut through the six
constellations from Easta^ his disc appearing to rub against those of
the starsi cows will suffer^ the price of liquid substances and of
juice will rise^ but there will be abundance of food grains in the
land. . 5. If he should cut through the constellations of
ITttaraphalaguni (sacred to Ariyama^ the Sun)^ of Kritika (sacred to
Agni^ the fire}^ of Uttarabhadra and of BharaDi(sacred to Yama)^
all living creatures will be afflicted with disease in blood, in flesb, in
bones and the like. 6. If be should cut through the constellations of
Aswini (sacred to the Aswini Devas),of Sataya (Sacred to Varuna), of
Sl^oola and Revati^ tradesmen, physiciansj boatsten, creatures of
water and horses will suffer. 7. If he should cut through one of the
constellations of Furvaphalguni and PurvashadhaandPurvabhadra
mankind will suffer from hunger, from wars and thieves and from
disease. 8. In Parasara^s work on Astronomy, Mercury has seven
courses assigned to him; they are technically known as 1. Prakrita,
2. Yimisra, 3. Sumkshipta 4 Teekkshna 5. Yoganta 6. Ghoia, and 7.
Papakhya. 9. if Mercury should pass through the constellations of
Svati, Bharani, Bohini, and Krittika, sacred respectively to Vayu, to
Yama, to Pitamaha and to Agni, his course is technically known as
Prakrita. If he should pass through the constel lations of
Mrigaseersha, Ardra, Makha, Aslesha^ iacred^
 44 Brihat Samhita. [Oh. 7.. respeotiyely, to the Moon, to
Siva, to tlie Pritris and to the ierpent, his course is known as
Misragati. 10.. I£ Mercury should pass through the constellations of
Pushya, Punarvasu and the two Phalganis, his course is known as
Sankshipta.. If he should pass tbroagh the constellations of the two
Bhadrapadas, of Visakha, of Aswini and of Kevati, his course is
known as Teekshna. ] ] . If Mercury should pass through the
constellations oi Moola and the two Ashadhas^bis course is known
as Yogantika. If such course should lie through the constellations o£
Sravana, Chittra, Dhanishta and Satabhishak, it is known as Ghora.
12. If Mercury should pass through the constellations of Hasta^
Anuradha, Jyeshta, sacred respectively to the Sun, to Mittra and to
Indra his course is known as Papa. We now proceed to state the
periods, in days, of the effects of Mercury's reappearance in, and
course through, particular lunar mansions. 13. The effects of the
Prakrita, and other courses of Mercury described above, will last
respectively for 40, 30, 22, 18, 9, 15 and 11 days. 14. When Mercury
is in his Prakrita course, there will be increase of htalth, of rain and
of crops, aud there will be prosperity in the land. If he should be
either in his Samkshiptaor Misra course mankind will be partly happy
and partly miserable. When in his remaining four courses. Mercury
brings on adversity. 15. According to Devalsya, the effects of the
rw/w (direct) the Aiivakra (over retrograde;, the vakra (retrograde)
and the viJcala (of irregular rate), motions of Mercury will last
respectively for 30, 24, 12 and 6 days. 16. When Mercury is in his
rvju course, mankind will be happy; when in his ativahra course he
will destroy wealth ; when he is in bis valra coarse there will be wars
in the land;
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.39%
accurate

I. 7.] Bbihat Samhita. 45 id when he is ia his vikala course

mankiod will be afflicted Lfch fear and disease. 17. If Mercury
should, after his conjunction with the un, reappear fn the month of
Ashadha or Sravana or Vysakha, ' Magha, there will be fear in the
land ; but if he should bo his course in those months there will be
happiness in the nd. 18. If Mercury should so reappear in the month
of artika or Aswajuja, there will be wars in the land, and mannd will
suffer from robbers, from fire, from disease, from lod and from
hunger. 19. When Mercury should disappear, the chief towns the
land will be besieged by enemies, but when he reappears B siege
will be raised. According to some writers, the latter curs only when
Mercury reappears as an evening star; and irned writers also say
that the chief rulers will also get an cession of territories. 20. If
Mercury should be of the color of gold or of a .rrot or if it should
resem ble the hue of the Sasyaka* gem, if his disc should appear
glossy or big in size, mankind will happy; but if otherwise, they will
be afflicted with miseries. CHAPTER VIII. On Jupiter. 1. The years of
Jupiter take their names from the ireral Nakshatras in which he
reappearsf after his conjuncn with the Sun; and these names are
identical with the kmes of the lunar months. ^ Baeyaka : a species
of precious stone colored like the inner fruit of a co• not ; perhaps
an opal. ^ Jupiter disappears when within 11 degrees from the Sun
and reappeara end that Hmit 
The text on this page is estimated to be only 21.00%
accurate

46 BsiHiT Sahhita. [Ch« 8. 2. These years beginning from

Elartika follo^^ each two stars beginning from Krittika ; but the
fifth, the eleventh and the twelfth years follow, eachj three
Nakshatras.t 3. In the Karttika year of Jupiter, oart drivers, persons
that live by fire, and cows will be a£Biicted with miseries ; there will
be disease and wars in the land ; flowers of blood and of yellow
color will thrive. 4. In the Margasira year of Jupiter there will be
drought, and crops will be injured by animals, by rats, by grass
hoppers and by birds ; there will be disease in the land and rulers
will be at strife even with their friends, 5. In the Pousha year of
Jupiter mankind will be happy; princes will cease their enmity to one
another; the price of food crops will become cheap doubly or tribly
and there wilj be an increase of ceremonies to secure special
benefits. ^ 6 • lubthe Magha year of Jupiter there will be an
increase, of respect to fathers : all creatures will be happy, health
and rain will ].revail over the land; the price of food grains will fall ;
and mankind will be more friendly than ever. 7. In the Phalguna year
of Jupiter there will be prosperity , rain, and crops, here and there;
women will safEer mipcrirs ; thieves will become powerful and rulers
tyrannic. 8. In the Chaitra year of Jupiter there will be slight f Thus,
when Jupiter reappeMV, 1. In Kriihikaor Rdhini bit year is known as
Kariiikiy S. In llrigasirtbaor Ardra Margaaira 4t ♦ ♦ 4e « 6 In
PoorTnphalgnni or Uttaraphalgnni or Hasia ... PhalgaBa « ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ XI.
In Satabishak or Ti^orTaproshtapada or nttaraproabtepad*-
*«P^K)ihtapada 11. In Retati or Aswnti or Bbarani ... ... AewaTiiJa ^
finch (^rcmcnifMi nrc known as Ponsbtika Eanna, the oor-x«latiFO el
Uik licUitt Suniiku Kavn^a, trbich aims at the removal of ezistmg
evils — ^tbe two tf)|rrincr RO by ibrnamo of Naimittika (purposive)
Karma, whose oor-relatxve Mfain is Nitjra Karma i.e. corvmonies, tbe
daily obserTanoe of wbicb is emjo* hi«i4 by ibt Ibasiras.
 Ch. 8.] Bbihat Sahhita. 47 rain, good food, and happmes3 ;
rulers will become mild ; Ifgaminoas grains will increase and fair
men will suffer miseries. 9. In the Yysaldia month of Jupiter prin cas
with their subjects will be virtuous, fearless, and happy ; men will
engage in sacrificial rites and there will also be growth of crops. 1 0.
In the Jyeshta year of Jupiter the chief men of svery caste, of every
family, of every opulent class and of every village as well as princes
and learned men will suffer miseries; and grains excepting Kangu *
and pad grains will suffer. 11. In the Ashadha year of Jupiter there
will be crops here and there and drought in other places, mankind
will not be very happy; and rulers will bo affiicted with cares. 12. In
the Sravana year of Jupiter m^inkind will be happy and crops will
thrive and ripen well; wicked men and impostors will suffer with
their followers . 13. In the Bhadrapada year of Jupiter the produce
of creepers will thrive as well as the first crops ; but the second
crops will fail and there will be prosperity in some places and fear
here and there. 14. In the Aswaynja year of Jupiter the rainfall will
be incessant ; mankind will be happy and prosperoas ; all living
creatures will grow strong and food supply will be abundant • 15.
When Jupiter passes through the northern path * there will be
health and happiness in the land; when he passes through the
southern path the reverse of these will be the case ; and when he
passes through the middle path there will be neither much of the
former nor much of the latter. 16. li, in one year, Jupiter should pass
through a space of two stellar divisions, there will be prosperity in
the land; * KADgn : a kind of Panic seed, Panionm Italioam, several
yarieties of rrhich are cnltiyated and form articles of food for the
poor. ^ These paths have already been explained.
 48 Bbihat Samhita. [Ch. 8. if he should pass through two
and a half of such divisions there will not be much of it; and if at any
time, he should pass through over tw ) and a half of these divisions
crops will be injured. 17. If the disc of Jupiter should appear of the
color of fire, there will be fear from fire ; if yellow, there will be
disease in the land; if dark-blue, there will be wars; if green,
suffering from thieves, and if of blood color, suffering from weapons.
1 8. If the disc of Jupiter should appear of the color of smoke there
will be drought ; if it should be visible during day, rulers will perish
and if it should appear large and clear at night, mankind will be
happy. 19. The Nakshatras, Rohini and Krittika, form the body of the
Vataara Purusha,* the two Ashadhas form his navelj Ayalya forms
tho heart and Makha, the heart-bladder ; when beuefic planets pass
through these, there will be happiness in the laud ; if malefic planets
should pass through the body, there will be suSering from fire and
winds ; if they should pass through the n ivel, there will be suffering
from starvation; if they should pass through the heart-bladder, roots
and fruits will suffer, and if they should pass through the heart,
crops will perish. 20. Multiply by 11 the number of past solar years
from the time of the SaVa prince (Salivahana), and take 4 times the
product ; to it add 8589, and divide the sum by 8750. 21. Add the
quotient to the said number of solar years from the time of the Saka
pmice, and divide the sum by 60; the I emainder represents the
number of years by which Jupiter has advanced in his cycle of 60
years ; (call it J.); divide this remainder by 5, the quotient wUl give
the number of yagas preceding the currents yuga of Jupiter
calculated from Vishnu * Vathsara Pnrasha : the 12 years cycle of
Jupiter personifiocl.
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Ch. 8.] Bbihat Samhita, 49 (the name of the first of

Jupiter's 12 Yugas, each consisting of 5 years); and the remainder
will gi^e the years by which Jupiter has advanced in his current
Yuga. 22. Divide J . (Jupiter^s years) by 12 and multiply the
remainder by 9 and divide the product by 4 ; the quotient will
represent the number of Nakshatras, calculated from Dhaniahta^
passed over by Mean Jupiter and the remainder the number of
Navamsas passed over by him in the next Nak' ihatra. Note: — ^We
will now explain the principles involved in the calculations contained
in the three preceding stanzai : A kalpa contains 1000^ Chatur
Yugas ; in a kalpa, according to Ariyabhatta the number of giderial
revolutions or years of the Sun is 4,32^ 0,00,000; and the aumber
of biderial revolu. tions of Jupiter is 364224000; but as each
revolution contains 12 years, the number of Jupiter's years in the
same period is 4 37,06 88,000, in other ward?, in a Chatur yuga. No,
of Solar I . No. ot J^^piter's^. .43 20,000:43,70688 years J years J
::1875: 1897 or ::3750 : 3794, to suit ourselves to the figures in tho
text. So that for every 3,750 solar years we get 3,750+ 44 years oE
Jupiter ; therefore a solar year=l-i-^-f|T7 years of Jupiter. We will
now find out the number of years by which Jupiter had advanced in
the Kaliyug at the commencement of the Saka era, it being known
that the number of solar years during the said period is 3179. We
have the following proporfcioUi 3750 : 3794 : : 8.179: ar, years of
Jupiter require'^. ^ ^ ^%*750^^^^ = 3-16^|f^, the number of
years of Jupiter from the commencement of the Kaliyug to the
commencemeiu of the Saka era. Mow it is known that Kaliyug.i
commwced in the year
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50 Brihat Samhita. [Ch. 8 Vijaya (the 27fch year from

Prabhava, whicli is the first year in a cycle of 60 years of Jupiter).
Therefore 3216ff|f + 26 or 3242fff§., being divided by 60, the
remaiaJer will give the particular year of Jupiter (in bis cycle of 60
years) from Prabhava at the time of the commencement of the S ika
era aad this remainder is 2^ j|g which is the 3rd year or the year
Sukla of the cycle. Nnw 01 Igg — 8626 i\OW ^3 7 50 — 3750*
Coming down to the period subsequent to the commencement of
the Saka era we have, as already stated, 1 :1 3^1^ : : No. of past
Solar years : x. No. of past Jupiter's years. .-. X = No. of past \ . 44
X No. of past Solar years Solar years J "^ '6750' Adding to this the
2^41^ ^^' frrS" y^ara which elapsed from the beginning of
Prabhava to the time of the commencement of the Saka era we get.
No. of past ") 44 x Ko. of past Solar years h626 ^'olar years J "^
375O "^ "3750 _ No. of past "J , 44 x No. of past Solar years +
8626 ~ Solar years J 375O when this is divided by 60 the remainder
will give the year of Jupiter in his cycle of 60 years commencing
from Prabhava ; call this remainder J. Now as thera are 12 yugas
(each of 5 years) in a cycle of 60 years J, being divided by 5, the
quotient will give the number of yugas that have elapsed from the
first yuga of Vishnu ar.d the remainder the number of years by which
Jupiter has advanced in the current yuga. (For the names of these
yugas viie stanza 23). This brings us to the end of Stanza 2 1 .
Stanza 22 aims at discovering the particular lunar mansion or
Nakshatra in which Jupiter might happen to be at any given time ;
Time
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Ch. 8.] Brihat Samhita. 51 ta^en by Mean Japiter to go

over a siga of Zodiac ia called a year of Jupiter. Therefore a number
of such years will represent the number of signs gone over by Mean
Jupiter daring the time. In 12 such years Mean Japiter makes a
circuit of the heavens. Now the year Prabhava commences when
Japiter eaters (or reappears according to commentator) in the
constellation of Dhanishta in the month of Magha^ and Mean Japiter
takes 12 years from Dbauishta to it again. If therefore J were divided
by 12, the remainder will show the number of years taken by Mean
Jupiter to go over the number of lunar mansions Ij^ing between
Dhanishta and the particular lunar mansion in which Jupiter might
happen to be at the given time. Call this remainder R. As stated
above, R, which represents the number of years, also represents the
number of Zodiacal signs. Now as each sign contains 2^ lanar
mansions the number of lunar mansions required (from Dhain8hta)
= 2i x R =:f R. This brings us to the end of Stanza 22. It will be
observed from the above that the figure given in stanza 20 is 8589
and not 8626. The fact is that in our process we adopted
Aryabhatta's figure, there being a difiEerence of opinion among
Hindu Astronomers regarding the number of thesiderial revolutions
of Japiter in a kalpa. For instance: Baskaracharriar gives it as 364»
226 455 against 364 224 000 of Aryabhatta. But what we want is
Varaha Mihi. ra^s figare. As his Astronomical work,
Panchasindhaniikd, ia now lost we cannot give it exactly; but
calculating backwards from the figure 85b9 appearing in the text, we
find the number of siderial revolutions of Jupiter, according lo Varaha
Mihira to be 364 190 000. This is probably the correct figure. 23.
The twelve jugas of Jupiter's cycle are known as belonging to the
Devas 1 . Vishnu, 2. Jujpiter, 3. Indra^ 4» Agni (fire), 5. Ivashta, 6.
Ahirludhnya, 7. The Piiris, 8. Fcwm 
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52 Brihat Samhita. [Ch. 8. (leva, 9. Soma (the thood), 10.

Indragnij II. Asvinidevaf 12. Bhaga, 24. The five years of each ynga
are known as 1. Samvats'ira, 2. Parivatsara, 3. Idavatsara., 4.
Anuvatsaya, 5. Idvatsara, These are sacred respectively to 1. Agni
(fire), 2. /^rA;a (the Sun), 3. Chandra (the Moon), 4. Prajapati (the
Creator), 5. Rudra (the Destroyer). 25. Generally in every yuga,
there will be good rain in the first year * and at the beginning f of
the second year ; excessive rain in the third year; moderate rain at
the end (of the rainy season) of the fourth year ; and slight rain the
in the fifth year, 26. In the first four yugas there will be prosperity in
the land; in the next or middle four there will not be much of it ; and
in the last four mankind will suffer miseries. 27. When Jupiter
reappears at the beginning of the constellation of Dhanishta in the
month of Magba, the firtt year of the <5ycle of 60 years of Jupiter
known as Prabhuva commences. En it all creatureR will be happy«
28. In the same year there will be drought in oertain places and
suffering from storm and fire ; the crops will bo injured; phlegmatic
maladies will afflict mankind; nevertlie* less mankind will be happy.
29. The next year is known as Vibhava the third as Sithla, the fourth
as Pramoda, and the fifth as Prajapati : in each of these years
mankind will be happier than in the next preceding year. 30. In the
same four years there will be good gfrowth of the Sali J crop, of
sugar cane, of barley and other crops • Id the four months from
August to Noyember aooording to tb« commenifttor. + Of the rainy
season— AnguBt and September, aooording to th« oonta mentator.
X Sail : a speciet of rioe
 Ch.8.] Bbihat Samhiti. 53 in tie land ; mankind will be freed
from all fears and they will live at peace, in happiness and without
the vices of the Kaliynga^ 31. The five years of the second yuga are
known as 1. Angira, 2. Srimukha 3. Bhava, 4. Yuva and 5. Dhatri. Of
these, during the first three years mankind will enjoy happiness and
during the last two they will not enjoy much of it. 32. In the first
three of the above five year.^ there will be abundance of rain and
mankind will be freed from fears and anxieties; in the last two years
the rainfall will be moderate but disease and wars will afflict
mankind. 33. The five years of the third yuga sacred to Indra are
known as I Eeswara, 2. Bahvdhanya, 3. Pramadhi 4. Vihrama and 5.
Vrisha. In the first two years mankind will enjoy the happiness of
Kritayug. In the year Pramadhi they will feel miserable but in the
years Vtkrama and Vrisha they will again be happy. 35. The first year
of the fourth yuga is known as Ohi^ irahhanu; in it mankind will be
happy. The second is known as Subhanu. In it mankind will be
neither happy nor miserable; there will however be disease in^ the
Ifind but no deaths in consequence. 36. The next year is known as
Tarana; in it there will be abundance of rain. The next is known as
Parthiva; in it crops with thrive well and mankind will be happy. The
fifth year is knnwn as Yyaya; in it amorous sensations will prevail
over the land. 37. The first year of the nexb yuga sacrdd to Ttoasta
is known as Sarvajit. The next year is known as Sxrva* d^ari The
next three years are Yirolhi, Vifc/*i^a3*^nd Khara: in the second of
these, mankind will be happy and they will be afflicted with fears in
the other years. 38. The five years of the next yaga are 1 .
l^afidsknc
 54 Beihat Samhita. [Ch. 8. 2. Vijaya, 3. Jaya 4. Manmatha
5. Durmuhha: during the first three years there will be happiness in
the land ; in Man* matha mankind will feel neither happy, nor
miserable and in the year Durmukha they will feel miserable. 39. The
years of the serenth yaga B>r& I. Hemalamba, 2. Vilamhi^ 3. Vihari,
4. Sarvari and 5. Plava, 40. In the first of these years crops will
generally be injured and there will be storm and rain ; in the second
year crops will not grow in abundance and the rainfall will not be
much ; in the third year mankind will be afflicted with fears and
there will be much rain; in the fourth year there will be famine; in
Plava, the fifth year, there will be prosperity in the land and also
much rain41. The first year of the next yuga sacred to Visvedeva is
Sobhahrit; the next year is known as Suhhakrit; the third is Erodhi;
and the remaining years are known as i^isvavasu and Parabhava.
42. During the first two years mmkind will be happy; during the third
they will feel exceedingly miserable and during the last two years
they will be neither happy nor miserable; but in the year Parabhava
there will be fear from fire and suffering from weapons and from
disease; the Brahmins and cows will also suffer. 43. The first year of
the ninth yuga is Plavanga^ the next year is known as Keelaha, the
third is known as Soumya and the last two years a**e known as
Sadharana and RodhaJcrit ; of these, during the years Keelaka and
Soumya mankind will be happy. 44. In the year Plavanga mankind
will suffer much; in Sadharana there will be slight rain and crop« will
suffer; in the fifth year there will be a variety of rainfall and crops
will thrive.
 €h. 8.] Beihat Saichita. 55 45. The first year of the next
yuga sacred to Indragni is known as Paridhavij the remaining years
are Pramadi, Anan^ da, Haleshasa and Anala. 46. Iq the year
Paridhavi the Madhyadesa will suflTer the ruling princas will perish,
there will be slight rain and f ea^ irom fire; in the year Pramadi
mankind will be disposed to be inactive; villagers will ba at strife; red
flowers and red seed will be destroyed. 1 T 47. In the next year
mankind will be happy. In the jesLTB Bahshasa anl Annla there will
be deaths and decay in the land; in Bakshasa again the summer
crops wil) thrive and in Anala there will be fear from fire and much
suffering in the land. 48. The five years of the eleventh yoga are 1.
Pingala, 2. Kalayukla, 3. Sidharta, 4. Rowdra, 5. Durmati. In the first
year there will be much rain and fear from thieves and mankind will
suffer from consumption of the lungs and the like asthmatic
complaints. 49. In the year KalayuJcta mankind 'will suffer from
various evils; but in 8idha/rta they will be happy in more ways than
one. In the year Roudra mankind will suffer much and there will be
loss and ruiu in the land. In Durmati there will be moderate rain. 50
In the twelveth yuga sacred to god Bhaga> the first year is known
as Dunduhhi; the crops will thrive well. The next year is known as
Udgari; in it the ruling sovereigns will perish and there will not be
good rain. 51. The third year is known as HaJcshasa; in it there will
be fear from the attack of tusked animals, and mankind will suffer
from disease. The fourth year is known as Erodha; in it there will be
anger in the laud and countries will be ruined in consequence of
internal strife.
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56 Brihat Samhita. [Ch. 9. 62. The las6 year of the last

yuga is Kshaya ; there Will then be much rain in the land ; the
Brahmins will be afflicted with fear and farmers will prosper. The
Vysyas and Sudras will be happy as also persons that deprive others
of their property. Thus have been described briefly the effects of the
sixty years of Jupiter's cycle. 53. If the disc of Jupiter be full of pure
rays and large and appear of the color of white jasmine or white
water lily or crystal and if he does not suffer by occultation by or
conJunction with, other planets and when he is in his good course
mankind will be happy. CHAPTER IX. On Vbnxts. 1. The ecliptic is
divided into niDO divisions known as Veedhis (paths)^ According to
some each division consists of three constellations beginning from
Aswini : these divisions are technically known as 1 . Naga (serpent)^
2. Qaja (elephant) , 9, IravcUa (the divine elephant or serpent), 4.
Vrir shahha (bull), 5. Oo{cos?J, 6. Jaradgava (old ox), 7. A/Wga
(deer), 8. Aja (ram), 9. Dahana (fire). 2. According to others the
Naga Veedbi consists of the constellations of Swati, Barani and Kritik
a ; the Gaja Veedhi of the three constellations from Bohini ; the
IravataVeedhi ofthe three from Pwnarya^M ; the Vrisbabha Veedhi
of the three from if agfAa j the Go Veedhi of AaiBati, Bevat, Poort?
ahhadrapada and Uttarahhadrapada. 3. The Jaradgava Veedhi
consists of the three constella* tions from Sravana ; the Mriga
Veedhi of the three from Anuradha-j the Aja Veedhi ofHaata,
Visakha, and Chitra ; and the Dahana Veedhi consists of the two
constellations Poorvashadha and Utiarashadha.
 Ch. p.] BeIHAI SUfHITA. 57 4. Of the nine Veedhis the first
three are known as the northern Veedhis ; the next three as the
central Veedhis and the last three as the southern Veedhis. Again in
the case of each three the first is known as the northern Veedhi, the
second as the central Veedhi and the last as the Southern Veedhi. 5.
According to some the position of a Veedhi follows \ that of the Yoga
Tara (chief star) of the particular constellation; so that if the star
should be on the north of the ecliptic^ the Veedhi is known as the
northern one; if on the ecliptic, it is known as the central one and if
on the south of the ecliptic, it is known asthe southern one. ^ 6.
According to others the nine constellations from \ Bharani form the
northern Veedhi or path, the nine from Poorvaphalguni form the
central path and the nine from PoorvashadhaioTm the Southern
path. ^ 7. If writers on Jotishasastra should disagree it is not for me
to determine the correct view ; I have only to state the views here
of several authors. 8. If Venus should either disappear or reappear *
in a northern Veedhi there will be prosperity and happiness in the
land ; if in a central Veedhi there will not be much of either; and if in
a southern Veedhi mankind will be afflicted with miseries. 9. If Venus
should disappear or reappear in the several Veedhis beginning from
the northernmost one the condition of the world will respectively be
1. very excellent, 2. excellent, 3. good, 4. fair, 5. moderate, 6.
tolerable, 7. poor, 8. very poor, 9. miserable. 10. The four
constellations from Bharani are known as the first mandala (circle or
division). If Venus should reappear in it there will be prosperity in
the land ; the people of * YenQfi disappears when within 10 degrees
from the San and reappears bejond that limit.
 58 BsiHAT Samhiti. [Ch, d Tanga and of Anga, the
Mahishas^ the Balhikas, and the Kalingas will be afflicted with fears.
11 If Venus, who so reappears in the «iid circle, should be crossed
by a plant, the rulers of the Bhadras, of the Aswas, of the
Surasenakas and of the Youdheyas and oi Kotivarsha* will perish. 12
The four constellations from 4rdra form the second Mandala or circle
; if Venus should reappear in it, the rainfall will be moderate and the
growth of food crops will also be moderate ; the Brahmins will suffer,
especially those who are wicked. 13. If Venus who so reappears in
the said circle, should be crossed by a planet, the Mlejhas,
forestmen, persons that live by dogs, the hill men of Gomanta and
Gonarda, the Chan. dalas, the Sudras and the people of V ideha will
become wick* ed and lawless. 14, The five constellations from
Magha form the third mandala: if Venas should reappear in it, crops
will suffer; there will also be suffering from hunger and robbers.
Chandalas will prosper and there will be an infermingling of castes.
15. If Venus, who bo reappears in the said mandala, should be
crossed by a planet, shepherds, hunters, the Sudras, the Pundras,
the border Mlechas, the Sulikas, forestmen, the Dravidas and
persona who live close to the sea will be afflicted with miseries. 16.
The three constellations from Swati form the fourth mandala; if
Venus should reappear in it, mankind will be free from fear; the
Brahmins and Kshatryas will prosper and friends will turn into
enemies. 1 7. If Venus, who so reappears in the said mandala,
should * Eotiyarfiha ; the ciiy of Devikote in the Coromandel Coast.
 Ch. 9.] BfilHAT SiKHITA. 59 be crossed by a plaii9t, tho
chiefs of the hankers will perish; the Ikshwakas^ the border
Mlechas^ the people of Aranti and of Polinda aad the Suraseaa^ will
also perish. 18. The fi7e constellations from Jyeshta form the fifth
mandala; if Veuu« should reappear in it, the people of Cashmere,
the Asmakai, the Matsyas, those living on the banks of the
Oharndevi and in the country of Avanti will snflTer from hunger, from
thierea and from disease. 19. If Venus who so reappears in the said
mandala should be crossed by a planet, the Abhiras, the Oravidas,
the Ambastas, the Trigartas, the Sourashtras, the people of Sindh
and of Souviraka and the ruler of Benares will perish. 20. The six
constellations from Dhaniahta form the sixth mandala; if Venus
should reappear in it there will be wealth and prosperity in the land
and cows will thrive and crops will be abundant but fear in certain
places. 21. If Venus, who so reappears in the said mandala^ should
be crossed by a planet, the Sulikas, the people of Candahar and of
Avanti will be afflicted with miseries. The Videhas will perish. The
servants of the border Mlechasand of the Tavanas will prosper. 22. If
Venus should reappear or be crossed by a planet in the western
portion of the mandalas beginning from Swati and from Jyeshta or in
the eastern portion of the mandala beginning from Magha, there will
be happiness in the land; in all the other mandalas the effects will be
the same as those already described where«vei* Venus might
happen to reappear or be then crossed. 23. If Venus should be
visible before sunset th.re will be fear in the land; if visible
throughout the day, mankind will suffer from hunger and from
disease ; if visible at midday in conjunction with the moon, the king's
army and capital city will anffer.
 60 Brihai Samhita. [Oh. 9.^ 24. If Venus should pass
tlirouofh the constellation of Krittika, the Earth will be so much
enunciated with water as to make its surface even. 25. If Venus
should pass through the constellation of Echini, Earth will assume
the same appearance of death and devastation as if she was going
through the ceremony of Kapalika for the expiation oi! the sin of
murder. 26. If Venus should enter the constellation of Mrigasirsha,
juice and crops will sufEer; if she should enter the constellation of
Ardra, the people of Kosala and of Kalinga will Buffer and there will
be abundance of rain. 27. If Venus should enter the constellation of
Puoar. vasuj the people of Ashmaka and of Vidarbha will become
lawless. If Venus should enter the constellation ot Pasbya, there will
be good rain; singing and dancing parties will suffer. 28. If Venus
should enter the constellation of Aslesha, there will be much
suffering from serpents; if Venus should pass through the
constellation of Magha^ elephant keepers or ministers will suffer and
there will be abuadauce of rain. 29. If Venus should pass through
the constellationof Poorvaphalguni, hill men and the people of
Pulinda will perish and there will be abundance of rain ; if sh©
should pass through the constellation of XJttaraphalguni, the people
of Kuru, ot Jangala and of Panchala will perish^ and there will also
be rain. 30. If she should pass through the constellation of Hastsg
the Kouravas, and painters will suffer; there will be no rain ; well-
diggers and birds will suffer. If she should enter the constellation of
Chittra, there will be good rain, 31. If she should enter the
constellation of Swati there will be much rain ; servants, merchants
and boatmen will become wicked atd lawless. If she should enter the
 Ch. 9.] Beihat Samhita. 61 constellation of Visakha, there
will be good rain and tradesmen will safEer. 32. If she should enter
the constellation of Anosha, rulers will be at strife ; if she should
enter the constellation of Jjesta, the chief rulers will suffer; if she
should enter the constellation of Moola, physicians that deal in
medicinal plants will suflFer. In each of these three case-^ there will
be drought in the land. 33. If Venu3 should enter the constellation of
Poorvashadha, the creatures of water will suffer ; if she should enter
the constellation of Uttarashadha^ diseases will increase. If she
should enter the constellation of Sravana, diseases of the ear will
afflict mankind. If ihe should enter the constellation of Dhanishta,
heretics will suffer. 34. If Venus should enter the constellation of
Sata'shishak, drunkards op dealers in liquor will suffer ; if she should
enter the constellation of Poorvabhadra, gamblers will suffer as well
as the Konravas and the Panchalas, and there wiliba rain in the land.
35. If Venus should enter the constellation of Uttarabhadra^ fruits
and roots will be injured ; if she should enter the constellation of
Revati, travellers will suffer; if she should enter Aswini, horsekeepers
will suffer and if she should enter Bharani, hillmen and the Yavanas
will suffer. 36. If Venus should either reappear or disappear in the
8th, 14th, or loth lunar day of the waning moon, the Earth will be
flooded with water. 37. If Jupiter and Venus should be opposite to,
that is, 180^ apart from, each other and if they should be at the
same time due east and west of each other, mankind will suffer fyom
disease, from fears and from sorrow, and there will be no rain.
 62 BsiHAT Samhita. [Ch. 9. 38. If the course of Japiter,
Mercury, Mars and Saturn should jusfc precede that of Venus,
mankind, elephants and magicians will be at strife among
themselyes ; storms and deaths will afflict mankind. 39. Friends will
cease to be friends ; the Brahmins will cease to perform religious
ceremonies properly; there will be no rain ; and mountains will be
riven asunder by thunderbolts. 40. If the course of Saturn should
just precede that of Yenusj the Mlechas, cats^ elephants, asses,
buffaloes, black grains, hogs, barbarians, the Sudras and trarellers in
the south will suffer by diseases of the eye and by windy disorders.
41. If the course of Mars should just precede thiiit of Venus,
mankind will suffer from fire, from weapeons, from hunger, from
drought and from thieves; ail the creatures and objects of the north
will suffer and the sky will be filled with fire, lightning and dust. 42.
If the course of Jupiter should just precede that of Venus, he will
destroy objects that are white, the Brahmins, cows and temples; the
east will suffer; there will be a fall of hail from the clouds and
diseases of the neck; the crops of Sarat will thrive well. 43. If the
course of Mercury should just precede that of Venus, and if Mercury
should then have either disappeared or reappeared, there will be
rain in the land ; diseases and bili* ous jaundice will afflict mankind ;
the crops of Greeshma will flourish ; ascetics, persons who have
performed sacrificiial rites, physiciaas, dancers or wrestlers, horses,
the Vysias, cowSj rulers in their chariots and all yellow objects will
perish and the west will suffer. 44. If Venus should be of the color of
fire, there will be fear from fire; if of blood color, there will be wars
in the land
 CH. lOJ BrIHAT SlMHITA. 63 if of the color of burnished
gold, there will be disease ; if green, there will be asthmatic
complaints ; if ashy-pale or black, there will be drought in the land.
45. If Venus should be of the color of coagulated milk, of the white
water lily, or of the moon, or if her course be direct, or if she should
be the successful planet in conjunctions, mankind mil enjoy the
happiness of Kritayuga. CHAPTER X, On Saturn. 1 . If the disc of
Saturn should appear glossy and if his course should lie through the
constellations of Srayana, Swati, Hasta, A.rdra, Bharani, or
Poorvaphalguui, the Earth will be covered with water. 2. If his course
should lie through the constellations of Ayulia, Satabhishak, Jyeshtj,
there ^ill be prosperity in the land but slight rain ; if his course
should lie through Moola, mankind will suffer from hunger, from
weapons and from drought. We will now proceed to state the
eflfects of Saturn's course through each of the 27 constellations. 3.
If the course of Saturn should lie through the first constellation of
Aswini, horses^ horse-keepers, poets, physicians and ministers will
perish. If it should lie through the constellation of Bharani, dancers,
players on musical instruments, vocal singers, low people and
deceitful men will perish. 4. If his course should lie through the
constellation of Krittika, persons that live by fire and commanders of
armies will perish ; and if through Rohini, the people of Kosala, of
Mathra, of Benares and of Panchala and carriage drivers will suffer.
&. If the course of Satufn should lie through the cons 
 64 Brihat Samhita. [Ch. 10* tellation of Mrigaseersha, the
people of Vatsa, * the officiating priests in sacrificial rites as well as
the persons that perform them, reverend men and the people of
Madhyadesa will suffer miseries; if through Ardra, the people of
Faratha^ and of Eamata, oil mongers, washermen and thieves will
suffer. 6. If the course of Saturn should lie throagh the cons"
tellation of Punarvasu, the Panchalas, the border Mlechas and the
people of Surafc, of Sind and of Souviraka will suffer miseries ; if his
course should lie through the constellation of Pushya, bell ringers,
criers, the YavanaS; tradesmen, deceitful men and flowers will suffer.
7. If the course of Saturn should lie through the cons« tellation of
Ayulya, the creatures of water and serpents will suffer ; if through
the constellation of Magha, the Balhikasj the Chinese, the people of
Candahar, of Sulika and of Pamtha, the Vysias, store houses and
merchants will suffer. 8. If his course should lie through the
constellation of Poorvaphalguni, juice sellers, prostitutes, virgins and
the Maharashtras will suffer miseries ; if through Uttaraphalgcnii
kings, ascetics, jaggery, salt, water and the town of Takshasila in the
Punjab will suffer. 9. If the course of Saturn should lie through the
constellation of Hasta, barbers, mill-men, thieves, physicians,
weavers, elephant keepers, prostitutes, the Kosalakas, and garland
makers will suffer. 10. If the course oi Saturn should lie through the
constellation of Ohitra, women, writers, pain'nrs, various utensils will
suffer; if through Swati, the people of Miagada, reporter!^
messengers,' charioteers, mariners, danc- rs and the like will suffer
miseries* 11. If the course of Saturn shuuld lie through the
constellation of Visakha, the Trigartas, the Chinese and the » Vatsa :
name of a country j its chief town if Konfambha.
 {Ch. 10 BsmiT Sauhita. 65 KnIootaS; saffron, shel-lac,
crops, every thing of bright, red or crimson color will suffer. 12. If
the course of Saturn should lie through the constellation of
Anuradha, the Kulutas, the Tanganas * and the Khasas, the people
of Cashmere, ministers, drivers, and bell-ringers will suffer and
friends will turn into enemies, 13. If the course of Saturn should lie
through th9 constellation of Jyeshta, the king's chaplain, the king's
favorites, valient soldiers, and mixed crowds of men of different
castes will suffer j if through Moola, the people of Benares, of
Eosala, and of Panchala, fruits, medicinal plants and sol* diers will
suffer. 14. If his course should lie through the constellation of
Poorvashadha, the people of Anga, of Vanga, of Kosala, of Girivraja f
of Magada, of Pundra, of Mitila and of Tamralipta | will suffer
miseries. 15. If the course of Saturn should lie through the
constellation of TTttarashadha, the people of Dasarna, § the
Yavanas, the people of Oojein, barbarians, the people of Paryatra^
and the Kunty-bhojas will suffer. 16. If the course of Saturn should
lie through Sravana public officials, the chief Brahmins, physicians,
and priests and the people of Kalinga will suffer miseries. If his
course should lie through Dhanishta, the ruler of Magada will
become triumphant; and treasury officers will prosper. 17. If the
course of Saturn should lie through the constellations of Satabhishak
and Poorvabhadra, physicianSj poetSj drunkards or those that deal
in liquor, tradesmen and ministers, will be affiicted with miseries ; if
it should lie * Tanganas : name of a people in the upper parfc of the
yalle/ of SarajH. f Girivraja : name of the capifcal of Magada. X
Tamralipta : name of a people near the western mouth of the
Ganges. § Dasarna : name of a people liring south east of
Madhyadesa in the oentze of Hindustan.
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66 B&iHAT Samhita. [Ch, 11 through the constellation of

XJttarabhadraj dancerSj travellers^ women and gold will suffer. 18.
If the course of Saturn should lie through Bevati^ the servants of
the reigning sovereigns, the people of Krouchadvipa, * the crops of
Sarat, barbarians and the Yavanaa will suffer. 19. If, while Saturn is
in Kriiika, Jupiter should be in the constellation of Visakha, mankind
wj.11 then become very wicked- If both the planets should be in one
and the same constellation the chief towns will suffer. 20. If Saturn
should appear variegated in color, birds will perish ; if yellow, there
will be fear from hunger ; if of blood color, there will be wars in the
land and if of ashy color, mankind will be very much at strife. 21. If
Saturn should appear as bright as the cats'eyo gem or pure or of the
color of the bana (a black flower) or Atasi t flower, mankind will be
happy. Whatever may be the color of Saturn, the persons who or
objects which correspond to the particular, color will suffer. [J]
CHAPTER XI. On COMITSAND THl LIKE. 1. Having examined the
treatises of Garga, Parasara, Asita, Devala and many others on Ketus
§, I now proceed to give a clear account of the same. 2. 'Ihe
reappearance or disappearance of the Ketus is not subject to
astronomical calculations. The Ketus are of three kinds — celestial,
etherial and terrestrial, • Krouchadvipa or Krouncha : a mountain or
part of the Himalayan range situated in the eastern part- of the
chain on the north of Assam' t Atasi : common flax beanng a blue
flower. J e, g : if white the Brahmins, if red the Kshatriyas, if yellow
the Vysya% if black the Sudras and if blue the Chandalas will suffer.
§ KetuB:This term if defined by the Author in stanza 3, and is made
t* include Comets, metcori falling stars, solar and lunar spots and
the Uko Imminous btdiei.
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[Oh, 11 Beihat Samhita. 67 3. Ketus are lumiaous

appearances resembKng fire but without the power to consume
objects-the glow worm, certain phosphorescent appearances, gems,
precious stones and the like excepted, 4. The etherial Ketus appear
in flag staffs, implements of war, houses, trees, horses, elephants
and the like. The celestial Ketus appear in stellar regiona ar?d the
terrestrial o::es appear in pits and low grounds in the surface of the
Earth. 5. Some writers* s ly that the Kefcas are 1 01 in number;
otherst say that they are 1,00^ in number; Naradasays that there is
but one Ketu which appears in various shapes at various times. 6.
Whether there is one Ketu or many, the effects to be described are
various and these effects depend on their reappearance or
disappearance (at parLiaular times and places) their positions, the
heavenly bodies with which they might appear to be in contact and
on their colors. 7. The effects will last for as many months as the
number of days durincr which the Ketus c:>ntii3U9 to be visible; if
visible for months, the effects will last for years' J). ! he effects will
commence after three weeks from sach appearances. 8. Generally if
the luminous body or comet be small clear, glossy, straight,
transient, white and visible either immediately after their appearance
or some time afterwards there will be health and happiness in the
land. 9. If it be the opposite of these, or of the shape of the rainbow
or with two or three tails, mankind will not be happy, 10' The Kerus
or comets that resemble garlands, gems and gold are named Kirana
Ketus and are 25 in number; they have tails and c.ppfcar in the Bast
and in the West; they are the sons of the bun, and when they
appear, princes will begin to be at Btrife. * Parasitra fur instance. f
Garga for instance. X The Commuutator lays: from I to 24idAj8 of
Tisibilitj the effeotf wiU last from i to ;^4montii8. Vrom S5 io 30 dayi
of TiiibiUtj, for two yeari ; if risible for 2i montnt for intlMioe, the
efEeott wiU last for 2^ + ii or 4 yearfl.
 68 BfiiHii SilHhita. [Oh. 11 11. The Ketiis that are of the
color of the parrofc^ of fire, of Bhandhu- Jivika* flower, of Shel-lac
or of blood are the sons of Agni (fire) and appear in the South- East;
they are 25 in number; when they appear mankind will be afflicted
with fears. 12. The Ketus or comets whose tails are bent and which
are of sharp rays and black are the sons of Tama; they are 25 in
number; they appear in the South ; tvhen they appear there will be
deaths in th« land. 13. The Ketus or comets f that appear like a
mirror, are round in shape without tails bub with rays' and looking
like oil or water are the son3 of the K imh; they are 23 in number,
and appear in the North-East; when they appear mankind will be
afflicted with fear and hunger. 14« The Ketus or Comets that appear
bright like the moon, silver, snow, white jasmine and the white water
lily are the sons of the moon ; they appear in the North and are 3 in
number; when they appear mankind will be happy. 15. The single
Comet possessing three tails and three colors is named
Brahmadanda and is the son of Brahma; it appears anywhere; when
it appears the world will come to an end. 16. Thushavebeen stated
briefly 101 Ketus and we will now proceed to state clearly the 1,000
Ketua already referred to. 17« The Comets thatappear in the North
and North East are 84 in number; they are the sons of Venus; they
have large, white and shining discs and when they appear mankind
will not be happy. 18. The comets that appear glossy, with rays and
double tailed are 60 in number; they are the sons of Saturn; 'they
appear anywhere and are named Kanaka Ketus; when they^ appear
mankind will feel very misserable. » BhandhujiYika: Pencapetes
Phoenicea— a plant with a red flower ' which "opeiiB at mid-day and
withenT away the next morning at femolae^ called in tamil O^^uiU'
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