SQL
Q: What is SQL?
A: Structured Query Language for accessing and managing databases.
Q: What is a primary key?
A: A unique identifier for each record in a table.
Q: What is a foreign key?
A: A field that links two tables together.
Q: What does SELECT do?
A: Retrieves data from a database.
Q: What is a JOIN?
A: Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column.
Q: What is INNER JOIN?
A: Returns records with matching values in both tables.
Q: What is LEFT JOIN?
A: Returns all records from the left table, and matched records from the right.
Q: What is RIGHT JOIN?
A: Returns all records from the right table, and matched from the left.
Q: What is FULL JOIN?
A: Returns all records when there is a match in either table.
Q: What is a subquery?
A: A query nested within another SQL query.
Q: What is GROUP BY?
A: Groups rows sharing a property so aggregate functions can be applied.
Q: What are aggregate functions?
A: Functions like SUM, COUNT, AVG, MAX, MIN.
Q: What is HAVING clause?
A: Filters records after GROUP BY is applied.
Q: What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING?
A: WHERE filters before grouping, HAVING filters after.
Q: What is an index?
A: Improves speed of data retrieval operations.
Q: What is normalization?
A: Process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.
Q: What is a view?
A: A virtual table based on the result of a query.
Q: What is DELETE vs TRUNCATE?
A: DELETE removes specific rows; TRUNCATE removes all rows.
Q: What is DISTINCT?
A: Returns only distinct (different) values.
Q: What is an alias?
A: Temporary name for a table or column.
HTML
Q: What is HTML?
A: HyperText Markup Language used to create web pages.
Q: What is a tag?
A: An element in HTML used to define structure and content.
Q: What is <a> tag?
A: Defines a hyperlink.
Q: What is <img> tag?
A: Embeds an image in an HTML page.
Q: What is <form> tag?
A: Creates an HTML form for user input.
Q: What is <input> tag?
A: Used to get user input in various formats.
Q: What is <div> tag?
A: Defines a division or section in HTML.
Q: What is <span> tag?
A: Used for styling inline elements.
Q: Difference between id and class?
A: id is unique, class can be shared among elements.
Q: What is <ul> and <ol>?
A: <ul> is unordered list, <ol> is ordered list.
Q: What is semantic HTML?
A: Tags that describe the meaning of content, like <article>, <footer>.
Q: What is <table> tag?
A: Used to create a table.
Q: How do you insert a line break?
A: Using the <br> tag.
Q: What is the <head> tag?
A: Contains meta-information about the HTML document.
Q: What is the <body> tag?
A: Contains the content of the HTML document.
Q: What is <h1> to <h6>?
A: Defines HTML headings from largest to smallest.
Q: What is <button> tag?
A: Creates a clickable button.
Q: How to add a comment?
A: <!-- Comment here -->
Q: What is the <title> tag?
A: Sets the title of the document shown in the browser tab.
Q: What is the <meta> tag?
A: Provides metadata such as charset, author, viewport.
Manual Testing
Q: What is Software Testing?
A: Evaluating software to find and fix bugs.
Q: What is Manual Testing?
A: Testing manually without automation tools.
Q: What is a Test Case?
A: Steps to test a particular function or feature.
Q: What is a Test Scenario?
A: High-level documentation of what to test.
Q: What is a Bug?
A: A flaw or error in software.
Q: What is Severity?
A: Impact of the bug on application.
Q: What is Priority?
A: Urgency to fix the bug.
Q: What is Regression Testing?
A: Re-checking after changes to ensure old functions work.
Q: What is Smoke Testing?
A: Basic tests to check stability.
Q: What is Sanity Testing?
A: Focused test on one function or bug fix.
Q: What is Exploratory Testing?
A: Unscripted, experience-based testing.
Q: What is Ad-Hoc Testing?
A: Informal, unplanned testing without test cases.
Q: What is a Test Plan?
A: Document outlining the scope and approach for testing.
Q: What is a Test Strategy?
A: High-level approach for testing process.
Q: What is Verification?
A: Checking documents, code, and plans.
Q: What is Validation?
A: Checking the product against requirements.
Q: What is the Defect Life Cycle?
A: Process of a bug from discovery to closure.
Q: What is Retesting?
A: Testing a fixed defect again.
Q: What is UAT?
A: User Acceptance Testing - end-user testing.
Q: What is Compatibility Testing?
A: Testing on different browsers, OS, devices.
STLC
Q: What is STLC?
A: Software Testing Life Cycle - testing process phases.
Q: Phases of STLC?
A: Requirement, Planning, Test Case, Environment, Execution, Closure.
Q: Requirement Analysis?
A: Understand what needs to be tested.
Q: Test Planning?
A: Create a plan for resources, schedule, tools.
Q: Test Case Design?
A: Write test cases to validate features.
Q: Test Environment Setup?
A: Prepare hardware/software to execute tests.
Q: Test Execution?
A: Run the test cases.
Q: Defect Reporting?
A: Log bugs found during execution.
Q: Retesting and Regression?
A: Re-run tests after bug fix.
Q: Test Closure?
A: Document final results and lessons.
Q: Entry Criteria?
A: Conditions to start testing phase.
Q: Exit Criteria?
A: Conditions to stop a testing phase.
Q: Test Data Preparation?
A: Creating data for executing test cases.
Q: Test Case Review?
A: Peer review of test cases.
Q: Traceability Matrix?
A: Maps test cases to requirements.
Q: Test Metrics?
A: Measurements for test progress and quality.
Q: Test Summary Report?
A: Document with overall test results.
Q: Risk Analysis?
A: Identifying risks during testing.
Q: Walkthroughs and Inspections?
A: Formal document review process.
Q: Configuration Management?
A: Version control of test assets.
SDLC
Q: What is SDLC?
A: Software Development Life Cycle - process to develop software.
Q: Phases of SDLC?
A: Requirement, Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment, Maintenance.
Q: Requirement Gathering?
A: Collect business needs.
Q: Feasibility Study?
A: Analyze if the project is doable.
Q: Design Phase?
A: Create architecture and design specs.
Q: Development Phase?
A: Coding the software.
Q: Testing Phase?
A: Verify the product works as required.
Q: Deployment Phase?
A: Release product to users.
Q: Maintenance Phase?
A: Fix issues and enhance post-launch.
Q: Waterfall Model?
A: Sequential development model.
Q: Agile Model?
A: Iterative, collaborative development model.
Q: V-Model?
A: Validation and verification model.
Q: Incremental Model?
A: Builds product in steps or modules.
Q: RAD Model?
A: Rapid Application Development for fast delivery.
Q: Prototype Model?
A: Build a mock-up to understand requirements.
Q: Difference between SDLC and STLC?
A: SDLC covers entire development; STLC covers only testing.
Q: Role of Business Analyst?
A: Gather requirements from stakeholders.
Q: Role of Developer?
A: Write and maintain code.
Q: Role of Tester?
A: Verify quality of product.
Q: Documentation in SDLC?
A: Includes SRS, design docs, test plans.
