DEPARTMENT OF Course: Introduction to civil engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Credits: 3:0:0

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL
ENGINEERING UNIT-2
Course code:ESC 131/231
Credits:3:0:0
Topics Covered
SOCIETAL AND GLOBAL IMPACT
OF INFRASTRUCTURE
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

ENVIRONMENT-TRADITIONAL USAGE
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Distribution of water source

•Water is spread on two third of the earth but most of
the water is not useful for direct human consumption. It
is available as ice on the poles and the glaciers with a
percentage of 2.14.
•The largest store is ocean with useless saline, brackish
water (total dissolved solids more than 50000 ppm)
having 97.24 per cent of total water. The total available
fresh water (that can be used for irrigation and
drinking) is 0.62 per cent.
•This fresh water is distributed in surface sources
(rivers, lakes etc), ground water (shallow and deep),
soil moisture and vapors in atmosphere.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

•The surface water is only 1.5% of the total fresh water

and most of the fresh water is the ground water. So the
surface water is something around 0.01% of the total
water. Because of its easy availability the surface water
had been the main source of water for irrigation and
drinking purposes

Distribution of water source

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

The various sources of water, which can be harnessed

economically, can be divided into the following two
categories:-
(A) Surface sources such as
(i) Ponds and lakes
(ii) Streams and rivers
(iii) Storage resources (dams)
(B) Subsurface or underground sources such as
(i) Springs
(ii) Wells (open and tube-wells)

Water Resources
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

• Quality of water is the most important aspect. There are

international and national standards for the quality of
water to be supplied for human consumption. The state
governments may have a slight relaxation in the standards
depending upon the local conditions but in general they
are the same throughout the country.

Quality of Water
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

• The main aim of the public health engineering

departments or the environmental engineering
departments as they are called these days is to supply safe
and palatable (good in taste) water to the consumers.
Water should also be free from any odor. The temperature
of water should be reasonably good. It should neither be
corrosive nor scale forming and should be free from
minerals that can produce undesirable physiological
effects. For achieving this ideal condition the minimum
standards of quality are to be established.
• As per the Manual on Water Supply and Treatment
published by the Government of India, the main objective
is to make water absolutely free from risks of transmitting
disease, means safety is compulsory where as the other
qualities are to be maintained within a specified range.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

The following table shows the physical and chemical standards of

water as per the manual.
Sl No Charecteristics *Acceptable **Cause for rejection

1 Turbidity (units on J.T.U. Scale) 2.5 10

2 Colour (Units on platinum Cobalt Scale) 5.0 25

3 Taste and Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable

4 pH 7.0 to 8.5 6.5 to 9.2
5 Total dissolved solids(mg/l) 500 1500
6 Total hardness (mg/l)(as CaCO3) 200 600

7 Chlorides as Cl (mg/l) 200 1000

8 Sulphates (as SO4) (mg/l) 200 400
9 Fluorides (as F) (mg/l) 1.0 1.5
10 Nitrates (as NO3) (mg/l) 45 45
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

The following table shows the physical and chemical

standards of water as per the manual.

Sl No Charecteristics *Acceptable **Cause for rejection

11 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 75 200

12 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 30 150
13 13 Iron (as Fe) (mg/l) 0.1 1.0
14 Manganese as Mn (mg/l) 0.05 0.5
15 Copper (as Cu) (mg/l) 0.05 1.5
16 Zinc as Zn (mg/l) 5 15
17 Phenolic Componds (as Phenol) mg/l 0.001 0.002

18 Anionic detergents (as MBAS) (mg/l) 0.2 1.0

19 Mineral Oil (mg/l) 0.01 0.3

 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

TREATMENT OF WATER
The available raw water has to be treated to make it fit, i.e.
potable, means safe for human consumption. It should satisfy
the physical, chemical and bacteriological standards as
specified above. The various methods of purification of water
are
(i) Screening
(ii) Plain sedimentation
(iii) Sedimentation aided with coagulation
(iv) Filtration
(v) Disinfection
(vi) Aeration
(vii) Softening
(viii)Miscellaneous treatments like defluoridation, recarbonation
desalination etc.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

As per the Manual on Sewerage and Sewage treatment the
Government of India publication, in India, wastewater
disposal systems are usually managed by local bodies. This
service facility falls under the water supply and sanitation
sector. The development of the sector is assisted at
Government of India level, State Government level and
local body level. There are five basic important aspects of
the wastewater management namely,
(i) General Administration
(ii) Personnel Administration
(iii) Inventory Control
(iv) Financial Control
(v) Public Relation
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

The wastewater management system in general should

aim at the following achievement.
(a) Proper collection of wastewater discharged by the
community.
(b) Adequate treatment of wastewater to achieve the desired
effluent standards.
(c) Safe and efficient operations and as far as possible self
supporting.
(d) Sound financial management.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Waste Water Management

• The aim of wastewater management is the protection of

environment from the ill effects of the wastewater. As
stated earlier the wastewater management has the main
components as collection, conveyance, treatment and
disposal of wastewater.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Treatment of Wastewater
• The objective of sewage treatment is to make the sewage
harmless before it is disposed.
• The disposal means final laying of sewage on the land or
leaving it on land to flow and mix in some body of water
like the river or a pond.
• The sewage has many characteristics like temperature,
hydrogen ion concentration (pH), color and odor, solids,
nitrogen, phosphorous, chlorides, bio-chemical oxygen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and toxic
metals etc. Though all of them are important for
determination of disposal criteria, BOD is the most
important one.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

The following table shows the application of physical unit

operations in wastewater treatment

Sl. No Operation Application

1 Screening Removal of floating matter

2 Comminution Grinding and shredding of big objects

3 Equalization Equalization of flow and BOD loading

4 Mixing Mixing of chemical and gases in wastewater and keeping solids in

suspension
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

The following table shows the application of physical unit

operations in wastewater treatment
Sl. Operation Application
No

5 Flocculation Enlarging small particles

6 Sedimentation Removal of settle able solids

7 Floatation Thickening of biological sludge

8 Filtration Removal of fine material after biological or chemical treatment

9 Micro screening Removal of algae from stabilization ponds, oxidation ponds effluent
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

The following table shows the application of chemical unit processes

in wastewater treatment .
Sl. No Process Application

1 Chemical precipitation Removal of phosphorus and enhancement of suspended

solids removal in sedimentation

2 Gas transfer Addition and removal of gases

3 Adsorption Removal of organics

4 Disinfection Killing of disease causing organisms

5 Dechlorination Removal of chlorine residuals

6 Miscellaneous Specific wastewater treatments

 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Biological unit processes are those processes in which the

removal of objectionable matter is done by biological activity.
In this process the objectives are to coagulate and remove the
dissolved or non settleable colloidal solids.
Biological processes are differentiated by the oxygen
dependence of the microorganisms responsible for the
wastewater treatment as follows:
(a) Aerobic processes: The processes occur in presence of oxygen
by the aerobic bacteria. The aerobic processes include the
following,
(i) Trickling filter (attached growth process)
(ii) Activated sludge process with its modifications (suspended
growth process)
(iii) Aerobic stabilization ponds (oxidation ponds)
(iv) Aerated lagoons
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

(b) Anaerobic processes: The anaerobic processes occur in

absence of oxygen by the anaerobic bacteria. The
anaerobic processes include the following:
(i) Anaerobic sludge digestion
(ii) Anaerobic contact process
(iii) Anaerobic filters
(iv) Anaerobic lagoons or ponds
(v) Septic tanks and Imhoff tanks

(c) Facultative Process: The facultative bacteria can act in

presence as well as in absence of oxygen.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Hazardous Waste Treatment

 Hazardous waste can be treated by chemical, thermal,
biological, and physical methods.
 Chemical methods include ion exchange,
precipitation, oxidation and reduction, and neutralization.
 Among thermal methods is high-temperature incineration,
which not only can detoxify certain organic wastes but also
can destroy them. Special types of thermal equipment are used
for burning waste in either solid, liquid, or sludge form. These
include the fluidized-bed incinerator, multiple-hearth furnace,
rotary kiln, and liquid-injection incinerator. One problem
posed by hazardous-waste incineration is the potential for air
pollution.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Hazardous Waste Treatment

Incineration plant in Brescia, Italy.

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Hazardous Waste Treatment

• Biological treatment of certain organic wastes, such as
those from the petroleum industry, is also an option. One
method used to treat hazardous waste biologically is
called land farming. In this technique the waste is
carefully mixed with surface soil on a suitable tract of
land. Microbes that can metabolize the waste may be
added, along with nutrients. In some cases a genetically
engineered species of bacteria is used. Food or forage
crops are not grown on the same site. Microbes can also
be used for stabilizing hazardous wastes on previously
contaminated sites; in that case the process is
called bioremediation.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Hazardous Waste Treatment

• The chemical, thermal, and biological treatment methods
outlined above change the molecular form of the waste
material. Physical treatment, on the other hand,
concentrates, solidifies, or reduces the volume of the
waste. Physical processes include evaporation,
sedimentation, flotation, and filtration. Yet another
process is solidification, which is achieved by
encapsulating the waste in concrete, asphalt, or plastic.
Encapsulation produces a solid mass of material that is
resistant to leaching. Waste can also be mixed with lime,
fly ash, and water to form a solid, cement like product.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Surface storage and land disposal

Hazardous wastes that are not destroyed by incineration or other
chemical processes need to be disposed of properly. For most such
wastes, land disposal is the ultimate destination, although it is not an
attractive practice, because of the inherent environmental risks
involved. Two basic methods of land disposal include land filling and
underground injection.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Secure landfills
Land filling of hazardous solid or containerized waste is regulated
more stringently than land filling of municipal solid waste. Hazardous
wastes must be deposited in so-called secure landfills, which provide
at least 3 meters (10 feet) of separation between the bottom of the
landfill and the underlying bedrock or groundwater table. A secure
hazardous-waste landfill must have two impermeable liners and leach
ate collection systems.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Hazardous-waste landfill
Schematic diagram of a secure hazardous-waste landfill
with a double leachate collection system.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Remedial action
• One option for remediation is to completely remove all the
waste material from the site and transport it to another location
for treatment and proper disposal. This so-called off-site
solution is usually the most expensive option. An alternative
is on-site remediation, which reduces the production of
leachate and lessens the chance of groundwater contamination.
On-site remediation may include temporary removal of the
hazardous waste, construction of a secure landfill on the same
site, and proper replacement of the waste. It may also include
treatment of any contaminated soil or groundwater. Treated
soil may be replaced on-site and treated groundwater returned
to the aquifer by deep-well injection.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Remedial action
• A less costly alternative is full containment of the waste. This
is done by placing an impermeable cover over the hazardous-
waste site and by blocking the lateral flow of groundwater
with subsurface cutoff walls. It is possible to use cutoff walls
for this purpose when there is a natural layer of
impervious soil or rock below the site. The walls are
constructed around the perimeter of the site, deep enough to
penetrate to the impervious layer. They can be excavated as
trenches around the site without moving or disturbing the
waste material. The trenches are filled with a bentonite clay
slurry to prevent their collapse during construction, and they
are backfilled with a mixture of soil and cement that solidifies
to form an impermeable barrier. Cutoff walls thus serve as
vertical barriers to the flow of water, and the impervious layer
serves as a barrier at the bottom.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

WATER MANAGEMENT- TRADITIONAL AND

FUTURISTIC SYSTEMS
• Water scarcity is being driven by two converging
phenomena: growing freshwater use and depletion of
usable freshwater resources.
• At the global level, 31 countries are already short of water
and by 2025 there will be 48 countries facing serious water
shortages. Around 20 major cities in India face chronic or
interrupted water shortages. There are 100 countries that
share the waters of 13 large rivers and lakes.
• Water management, therefore, is the need of time. It is the
management of water resources for the coming
generations. It involves the activity of planning,
developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of
water resources.
31
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Water Management- Traditional and Futuristic Systems

• Water management is a process of developing, optimizing and
planning of water resources via many practices which are defined
by many policies and regulations.
• We observe that some amount of water is wasted through leakage
of pipe and many other reasons.
• Proper water management is necessary for the conservation of
water. Thus, it is important for civic authorities to take care of
these issues while supplying water to our homes.

32
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

TYPES OF WATER MANAGEMENT

Water resource management traditionally involves managing water
storage and water flows. There are different methods through which
water management and conservation can be done, some of them are
explained below.
1. Rainwater harvesting
2. Groundwater recharge
3. Artificial groundwater recharge
4. Drip irrigation
5. Greywater management
6. Sewage water treatment
7. Conjunctive use
8. Aquifer storage and recovery
33
9. Desalination
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

1. RAINWATER HARVESTING
• Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of
rain, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected
from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank.
• Rainwater harvesting differs from storm water harvesting as the
runoff is collected from roofs, rather than creeks, drains, roads,
or any other land surfaces. Its uses include watering gardens,
livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, and
domestic heating. The harvested water can also be committed to
longer-term storage or groundwater recharge.

34
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

1. RAINWATER HARVESTING

35
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

2. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Groundwater recharge is the enhancement of natural groundwater
supplies using man-made conveyances such as infiltration
basins, trenches, dams, or injection wells.
.
• Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is a specific type of
groundwater recharge practiced with the purpose of both
augmenting groundwater resources and recovering the water in
the future for various uses.

36
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

2. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE

• The use of groundwater,

especially for irrigation, may
also lower the water tables.
Groundwater recharge is an
important process for
sustainable groundwater
management
• Flooding temporarily
increases river bed
permeability by moving clay
soils downstream, and this
37
increases aquifer recharge.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER
RECHARGE

• Artificial recharge is the practice of increasing the amount of water

that enters an aquifer through human-controlled means.
• For example, groundwater can be artificially recharged by
redirecting water across the land surface through canals,
infiltration basins, or ponds; adding irrigation furrows or sprinkler
systems; or simply injecting water directly into the subsurface
through injection wells.
• Artificial groundwater recharge is becoming increasingly
important in India, where the over-pumping of groundwater by
38
farmers has led to underground resources becoming depleted.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

DRIP IRRIGATION
• Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation system that has the
potential to save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly
to the roots of plants, either from above the soil surface or buried
below the surface. The goal is to place water directly into the root zone
and minimize evaporation. Drip irrigation systems distribute water
through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. Depending on
how well designed, installed, maintained, and operated it is, a drip
irrigation system can be more efficient than other types of irrigation
systems, such as surface irrigation or sprinkler irrigation.

39
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

GREYWATER MANAGEMENT

Greywater is gently used water from our bathroom sinks,

showers, tubs, and washing machines. It is not water that has
come into contact with faeces, either from the toilet or from
washing diapers.
Greywater may contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair, and
certain household cleaning products. While greywater may
look “dirty,” it is a safe and even beneficial source of
irrigation water in a yard. 40
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

GREYWATER MANAGEMENT

The greywater is held briefly in the tank before being

discharged to an irrigation or treatment system. The
greywater can be diverted either by gravity or by using a
pump. The surge tank can be any type of container that is
suitable for holding (but not storing) the initial surge of water.
The surge tank must be emptied completely each time
greywater is dispersed to the irrigation or treatment system –
greywater must not sit for extended periods of time in the
tank. A gravity system can only be used when there is
sufficient fall from the laundry/bathroom drain to the surge
tank.
41
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Sewage water treatment

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants
from municipal wastewater, containing mainly household
sewage plus some industrial wastewater.
Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used to
remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or
treated effluent) that is safe enough for release into the
environment.
A by-product of sewage treatment is a semi-solid waste or
slurry, called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo
further treatment before being suitable for disposal or
application to land. 42
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Sewage water treatment

43
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Conjunctive use
• Conjunctive use is a catch-phrase for co-ordinated use of
surface water and groundwater— literally going with the flow
to maximize sufficient yield.
• Conjunctive use in an irrigation setting is the process of using
water from the two different sources for consumptive
purposes.

44
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Aquifer storage and recovery

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is the direct injection of

surface water supplies such as potable water, reclaimed water (i.e.
rainwater), or river water into an aquifer for later recovery and use.
The injection and extraction is often done by means of a well. In
areas where the rainwater cannot percolate the soil or where it is not
capable of percolating it fast enough (i.e. urban areas) and where the
rainwater is thus diverted to rivers, rainwater ASR could help to keep
the rainwater within an area. ASR is used for municipal, industrial and
agricultural purposes. 45
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Desalination
• Desalination is a process that takes away mineral components from
saline water.
• Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human
consumption or irrigation. The by-product of the desalination
process is brine.

46
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Desalination
• Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on the cost-
effective provision of freshwater for human use. Along with
recycled wastewater, it is one of the few rainfall-independent water
sources.
• As such, the technology is energy intensive and research is
continually evolving to improve efficiency and reduce energy
consumption.

Source:
https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-
water-management-methods/
47
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

FLOOD CONTROL
• A flood is an unusually high stage in a river, normally the level at
which the river overflows its banks and inundates the adjoining
area.
• The damages caused by floods in terms of loss of life, property
and economic loss due to disruption of economic activity are all
well known.
• Thousands of crores of rupees are spent every year in flood
control and flood forecasting.
• The country may have to look for international assistance to
supply food and materials to clean and rebuild its infrastructure.
While some countries will support voluntarily, other will charge
for their efforts, putting the assisted country in debt and at an
48
economic loss.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Causes and consequences of floods

• Flooding may be caused by many factors such as intense rainfall,
strong winds over water, unusual high tides, tsunamis or failure of
dams, elevation of retention pond levels or other structures that contain
water. Periodic flooding occurs in many rivers, forming a surrounding
region known as an alluvial plain.
• Flooding causes many impacts.
• They damage property and endanger the lives of humans and other
living things.
• Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant deposition
of sediment at various locations, as well as fish spawning sites and
other wildlife habitats, which may become polluted or completely
destroyed. Some high and prolonged floods can compromise
49
vehicle traffic in areas that do not have elevated roads.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Causes and consequences of floods

• Flooding causes many impacts.

• Flooding can interfere with drainage and economic land use, as
well as with agriculture.
• Structural damage can occur in bridge pillars, sewage systems and
other structures in the area of floods.
• Water navigation and hydroelectric power are often hampered.
• An important impact resulting from the sudden flood is the
landslide. A landslide is a geological and climatologically
phenomenon that includes a broad spectrum of soil movements,
such as rock falls, landslide in depth and surface streams of debris

50
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Causes and consequences of floods

• Flooding may be caused by many factors such as intense rainfall,
strong winds over water, unusual high tides, tsunamis or failure of
dams, elevation of retention pond levels or other structures that contain
water. Periodic flooding occurs in many rivers, forming a surrounding
region known as an alluvial plain.
• Flooding causes many impacts.
• They damage property and endanger the lives of humans and other
living things.
• Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant deposition
of sediment at various locations, as well as fish spawning sites and
other wildlife habitats, which may become polluted or completely
destroyed.
51
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Flood control and flood management

Flood control refers to all methods used to reduce or prevent the
damaging effects of flood waters. Some of the common techniques
used for flood control are the installation of rock beams, rock rip-
raps, sand bags, maintenance of normal slopes with vegetation or
application of soil cements on steeper slopes and construction or
expansion of drainage. Other methods include dykes, dams, retention
basins or detention.
The engineering works that can prevent and mitigate the effects of
floods are as follows:
1) On highways, the implantation of steel pipes should take water by
gravity away from the road from catchment basins;
2) construction of great swimming pools that are large underground
water tanks to store the waters; 52
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Flood control and flood management

3) Mandatory placement of permeable drainage floors in huge
courtyards of parking lots in malls, supermarkets and cinemas, to
allow the water infiltration in part of the ground, being the same
for monuments and spaces around buildings;
4) using drains and gutters around all houses to divert rainwater to
a reservoir or disposal area;
5) Maintenance, whenever possible, of some green areas so that
the water is reabsorbed by the soil;
6) Rectification of rivers and streams, construction of dams and
canals in large rivers that extend their containment basins.

53
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Flood control and flood management

Caring to avoid flooding in urban areas is, as follows:

1) keeping streets and sidewalks always clean; cleaning and

unclogging manhole and storm drain;

2) keeping in the houses the channels and other channels of

rainfall free of branches and leaves of trees to avoid clogging
and, consequently, return of water;

54
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Flood control and flood management

Caring to avoid flooding in urban areas is, as follows:

1) putting garbage bags on the sidewalks only near the time the
garbage collection truck will come, preventing them from
being drawn into the manhole when it rains;

2) having a drain pump on hand if flooding cannot be avoided;

and

3) using Dutch and British flood proof technology as a floating

amphibian house that allows buildings to float in the same way
as a boat.
55
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Hydrological experts recommend that, in order to avoid flooding

in urban areas, the following measures should be adopted:
1) Combating erosion by minimizing sedimentation of natural
drainage and built up through rigorous and extensive soil erosion
control and irregular disposition of urban garbage and construction
rubble , as well as the expansion of the river gutters;
2) Combating waterproofing with the creation of domestic and
business reservoirs, as well as the expansion of green areas;
3) Forbidding traffic on high traffic avenues when nearby rivers
overflow;
4) Implantation of avenues covered by vegetation that, in cases of
overflowing rivers or streams, water would be absorbed by the
pavement free soil;
56
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Hydrological experts recommend that, in order to avoid flooding

in urban areas, the following measures should be adopted:
5) Constructing great swimming pools to receive rainwater and mini
swimming pools in houses and buildings;
6) Investing in small and large streams of the urban center to support
the increase of water and act as containment barriers;
7) Review of occupied areas – continuous planning and land-use
planning; and
8) Action and planning – preparation of a plan to deal with the
occurrence of floods as well as extreme climatic variations, and
construction of reservoirs capable of storing billions of cubic meters
of water and their use for non-potable purposes

57
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Flood Management
• In order to deal with flood risks, it is essential that prevention and
precaution measures are adopted to avoid catastrophic events.
• The Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment of Floods is an
important instrument for the formulation of civil defence plans as it
is used to assess, predict and prevent further economic and social
damages resulting from floods. It should be noted that preventive
or precautionary measures should be based on risk management
policies and, above all, be present in the proposals and actions of
the Civil Defence in dealing with the floods.
• Big Data enables the analysis of a huge amount of information to
show patterns and correlations, in many cases totally unknown.
Big Data opens up a wider range of possibilities that can turn into
paths to innovation.
58
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Flood Management
It should be noted that decision-making is a process of analysis and
choice of several alternatives available, of the course of action to be
followed. The decision-making process consists of 6 steps:
1) Perception of the situation;
2) Analysis and definition of the problem;
3) Definition of objectives;
4) Search for solution alternatives;
5) Evaluation and comparison of these alternatives;
6) Choice of the most appropriate alternative.

59
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Floods in India
Floods are recurrent phenomena in India. Due to different climatic
and rainfall patterns in different regions, it has been the experience
that, while some parts are suffering devastating floods, another part is
suffering drought at the same time. With the increase in population
and development activity, there has been a tendency to occupy the
floodplains, which has resulted in damage of a more serious nature
over the years.

60
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Damage from floods

Maximum Average
Area affected 17.5 million ha (1978) 7.63 million ha
Crop area affected 10.15 million ha (1988) 3.56 million ha
Population affected 70.45 million (1978) 32.92 Million
Houses damaged 3 507 542 (1978) 1 234 616
Heads of 618 248 (1979) 91 242
cattle lost
Human lives lost 1 1316 (1977) 1 560
Damage to public US$ 705 million (1998) US$ 126 million
utilities
Total damage US$ 1 255 million (1998) US$ 307 million
61
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Heavy flood damage was inflicted during the monsoon of 1955,

1971, 1973, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1998, 2001 and
2004. Highlights of the damage are given below:

62
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Approach to flood management

Approaches to dealing with floods may be any one or a combination
of the following available options:
• Attempts to modify the flood
• Attempts to modify the susceptibility to flood damage
• Attempts to modify the loss burden
• Bearing the loss.

63
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Structural measures Non-structural

measures

• Embankments, flood • Flood forecasting and

walls, sea walls warning centres
• Dams and reservoirs • Floodplain zoning
• Natural detention • Flood fighting
basins • Flood proofing
• Channel improvement • Flood insurance
• Drainage
improvement
Diversion of flood
waters.
64
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

BEST PRACTICES
It is necessary to distinguish between different kinds of flooding and
the environmental conditions that contribute to the problem.
Therefore, the effectiveness of the best practices described depends
on among other hydrological and environmental circumstances.
• Integrated river basin approach
• Public awareness, public participation and insurance
• Research, education and exchange of knowledge
• Retention of water and non-structural measures
• Land use, zoning and risk assessment
• Structural measures and their impact
• Flood emergency
• Prevention of pollution
65
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Source:
https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/article_pdf/15/flood-control-and-
its-management.pdf
https://public.wmo.int/en/bulletin/flood-and-drought-management-
through-water-resources-development-india
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/flood_risk/pdf/flooding_best
practice.pdf

66
INFRASTRUCTURE
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Infrastructure is the set of fundamental facilities and systems that

support the sustainable functionality of households and firms.

Categories of Infrastructure
• Soft Infrastructure
• Hard Infrastructure
Soft infrastructures are the institutions that make up an economy, like
healthcare systems, law enforcement, financial institutions and educational
systems.
Hard infrastructures are the physical systems that help run a region or
nation such as roads, bridges and telecommunications.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

HARD INFRASTRUCTURES
• Aviation
• Telecommunications
• Bridges
• Power and energy
• Railways
• Roadways
• Water
• Waste management
• Recreation facilities
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
• Sustainable Energy
• Sustainable Water
• Sustainable Waste Management
• Sustainable Transportation
• Sustainable Materials
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

HABITATS
A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits") is an ecological or environmental area that
is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant or other type of organism.
Source: United Nations-Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia.

Early Human Habitats Traditional Homes

 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Present Day Housing Scenario in Urban Area

Unplanned Slums Developed Communities

 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

PRESENT DAY INFRASTRUCTURE IN URBAN AREA

 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Animal Habitats Human Habitats

HABITATS OF ANIMALS & HUMAN

 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Cities are complex systems, which include ecosystems, physical infrastructure, and diverse
social groups.

MEGA CITIES
A megacity is, according to the definition of the United Nations, a city with more than 10
million inhabitants.

A University of Bonn report held that they are "usually defined as metropolitan areas with a
total population of 10 million or more people“.

The world had 33 according to the UN (in 2018), 37 according to CityPopulation.de (in 2020), and
35 according to Demographia (in 2020).

Tokyo (Japan) is currently the largest 'megacity' in the world with 37.4 million inhabitants.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Problems arising from megacities

• Slums
• Traffic congestion
• Urban sprawl
• Air pollution
• Energy and material resources

Problems arising from megacities could be

generic, socio, socio- economic and case specific.

Innovation will be key in responding to the

problems arising from megacities
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Innovation

• Reduce the carbon footprint

• Create mechanisms aimed at listening to the inhabitants
• Create fresh urban islands-tree cover.
• Install green roofs
• Promote city agriculture, .
• Implement Internet of Things (IoT) applications
• Use of eco-efficient technologies.
• Develop an intelligent public transport system
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

• Cities are complex systems, which include ecosystems, physical infrastructure, and diverse social

groups.
• Growth in the majority of India’s cities has been inherently unsustainable.
– Most lack core infrastructure: for instance, 18 percent of households in Delhi have no drinking
water supply, 30 percent discharge wastewater into open drains or have no drainage at all, and 17
percent do not have toilets.
– India’s cities fail to integrate environment and social sustainability into their planning and resource
management .
Source: https://ecfr.eu/special/what_does_india_think/analysis/imagining_smart_cities_in_india

• Several cities are dealing with the crisis of

overpopulation, causing a dearth of resources.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

STATE OF INFRASTRUCTURE & CITIES

OUTDATED DESIGN OUTDATED

DESIGN BASED ON Need
DESIGN IN USE
Need: New urban growth which are a step ahead towards breaking this traditional paradigm
through a more bottom-up approach
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

SMART CITY
A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses different types of
electronic methods, voice activation methods and sensors to collect specific data.
Information gained from that data are used to manage assets, resources and services
efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve the operations across the city.
Source: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/1/3/htm
The journey to smart cities starts way back from the 1970s
• 1974 – Los Angeles created the first urban big data project: “A Cluster Analysis
of Los Angeles” report.
• 1994 – Amsterdam created a virtual ‘digital city’ – De Digital Stad (DDS) – to
promote Internet usage.
• 2005 – Cisco put up $25m over five years for research into smart cities.
• 2008 – IBM Smarter Planet project investigated applying sensors, networks
and analytics to urban issues.
• 2009 – IBM unveiled $50m Smarter Cities campaign to help cities run more
efficiently.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

HISTORICAL DEVLOPMENT AND FURTHER SCENARIO

2009 – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) provided funding for US
smart grid projects.

2009 – EU Electricity Directive required EU states to roll out smart meters to 80% of
consumers by 2020.

2010 – Japanese government named Yokohama as a smart city demonstrator project.

2015 – India’s Government launched “Smart Cities Mission” for 100 Indian cities.

2030 – By 2030, the number of cities in the world with a population of more than 10
million will grow to 43.

2050 – By 2050, up to 70% of the world’s population is expected to live in cities.

Source: https://www.verdict.co.uk/smart-cities-timeline/
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

ROAD MAP TO SMART CITIES

• Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition
can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps.
• Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city,
first we need to know why.
• Develop a smart city Policy: Develop a policy to drive the
initiatives, where roles, responsibilities, objective, and goals, can
be defined.
• Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens
People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three
principles of the Success of a SMART CITY INITIATIVE.

A smart grid is the foundational piece in building a smart community." –, Pat Vincent-Collawn
Pat Vincent-Collawn, chairman of the Edison Electric Institute
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

FRAMEWORKS
The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of
frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation central to smart city
projects.

Technology framework Human framework Institutional framework

• Digital • Creativity • Human/Social
• Intelligent • Learning • IT infrastructure
• Ubiquitous • Humanity
• Wired • Knowledge
• Hybrid
• Information city
Energy framework
Data Management framework

Source: Sharifi, Ayyoob (October 2019). "A critical review of selected smart city assessment
tools and indicator sets". Journal of Cleaner Production.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652619321341?via%3Dihub
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

SMART CITY CONCEPT & IMPLEMENTATION

 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

SMART CITY IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA

Cities are engines of growth for the economy of every nation, including
India. Nearly 31% of India’s current population lives in urban areas and
contributes 63% of India’s GDP (Census 2011).

What is a ‘smart city’ in regard to Indian Context

The first question is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. The answer is, there is no universally
accepted definition of a Smart City. It means different things to different people. The
conceptualization of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country,
depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and
aspirations of the city residents.

Indian Government launched “Smart Cities Mission” for 100 Indian Cities in 2015
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

VISION
The purpose of the Smart Cities Mission is to drive economic growth and improve the
quality of life of people by enabling local area development and harnessing technology,
especially technology that leads to Smart outcomes.
Source: Smart Cities Mission Statement & Guidelines Ministry of Urban Development,
Government of India
“We shape cities, and they shape us.” – Jan Gehl
Jan Gehl Hon. FAIA is a Danish architect and urban design consultant

Mission Objectives
It is a city, which is livable, sustainable and has a
thriving economy offering multiple opportunities to its
people to pursue their diverse interests.
Source: https://smartcities.gov.in/about-scm
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Core infrastructure elements in a Smart City

• Adequate water supply

• Assured electricity supply
• Sanitation, including solid waste management
• Efficient urban mobility and public transport
• Affordable housing, especially for the poor
• Robust IT connectivity and digitalization
• Good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation
• Sustainable environment
• Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the
elderly
• Health and education.
Source: Smart Cities Mission Statement & Guidelines Ministry of Urban Development,
Government of India
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Smart Solutions-Illustrative Example

*Cities are free to add more applications

 DEPARTMENT OF
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Mechanics
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SMART CITY FEATURES

• Promoting mixed land use in area-based developments
• Housing and inclusiveness
• Creating walkable localities
• Preserving and developing open spaces
• Promoting a variety of transport options
• Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective
• Giving an identity to the city
• Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services
in area-in order to make them better.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

STRATEGY FOR SMART CITY IMPLEMENTATION

• City improvement (retrofitting)

• City renewal (redevelopment)
• City extension (greenfield development)
• Additional Approach
– Pan-city initiative (larger parts of the city)
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
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CITY IMPROVEMENT (RETROFITTING)

• Retrofitting will introduce planning in an existing
built-up area to achieve Smart City objectives,
along with other objectives, to make the existing
area more efficient and liveable.
• An area consisting of more than 500 acres will be
identified by the city in consultation with citizens.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

CITY RENEWAL (REDEVELOPMENT)

• Redevelopment will effect a replacement of the
existing built-up environment and enable co-
creation of a new layout with enhanced
infrastructure using mixed land use and
increased density.
• Redevelopment envisages an area of more than
50 acres, identified by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
in consultation with citizens.
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

CITY EXTENSION (GREENFIELD DEVELOPMENT)

• Greenfield development will introduce most of the Smart

Solutions in a previously vacant area (more than 250 acres) using
innovative planning, plan financing and plan implementation
tools (e.g. land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for
affordable housing, especially for the poor.

• Greenfield developments are required around cities in order to

address the needs of the expanding population
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

CITY EXTENSION (GREENFIELD DEVELOPMENT)

• Greenfield development will introduce most of the Smart

Solutions in a previously vacant area (more than 250 acres) using
innovative planning, plan financing and plan implementation
tools (e.g. land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for
affordable housing, especially for the poor.

• Greenfield developments are required around cities in order to

address the needs of the expanding population
 DEPARTMENT OF
Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

PAN-CITY INITIATIVE(LARGER PARTS OF THE CITY)

• Pan-city development envisages application of selected Smart

Solutions to the existing city-wide infrastructure.

• Application of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology,

information and data to make infrastructure and services better.
 DEPARTMENT OF
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Mechanics
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The Smart City Strategy should encapsulate either a

retrofitting or redevelopment or greenfield development
model, or a mix thereof and a Pan-city feature with Smart
Solution(s).

It is necessary that all the city residents feel there is something in it for them also.
 DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
Mechanics
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SMART CITIES SELECTION PROCESS-Government of India(GOI)

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
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Facilities Management
Facility management is a profession that encompasses
multiple disciplines to ensure functionality of the built
environment by integrating people, place, process and
technology.
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILT ENVIRONMENTS

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

LEED RATINGS- Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design
LEED Green Building Rating System is "the nationally
accepted benchmark for the design, construction, and
operation of high-performance green buildings
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

SOUND CONTROL IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Recycling of Building Materials

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

BARRIER FREE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

SECURITY SYSTEMS
 DEPARTMENT OF Course: Basics of Civil Engineering &
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Mechanics
Credits: 3:0:0

Smart/Intelligent Buildings