INTERACTIVE LEARNING PLANS ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Program: II IIT - JEE Achiever II-IIT JEE PHYSICS
Chapter: Electromagnetic Induction ILP # 47 Year 2023 - 24
Chapter/Topic Electromagnetic Induction / R –L circuit
Syllabus Growth and decay of current in an R-L circuit L – C oscillations
Concept List Growth of current in an R– L circuit – variation of back emf – Decay of current in an
R – L circuit – variation of back emf – L – C oscillations – comparison between electrical
and mechanical oscillations.
Learning 1. To show that current in a R – L circuit grows exponentially with time
Objects 2. Understanding the concept of time constant of an R-L circuit
3. To show that the back emf varies exponentially with time
4. To show that current in a R-L circuit decays exponentially with time
5. To understand oscillations setup in an L-C circuit
6. Comparison between mechanical and electrical oscillating systems
Concept map
Growth of current in an L-R circuit
Consider an electric circuit with an inductor of self-inductance L, a L R
resistor of resistance R, a cell of emf E and a tap key K. When the key is
closed the current starts growing in the circuit. Since the inductor
I
opposes the change in current, the current cannot grow to its maximum
E
value I 0 = instantaneously. To understand the nature of growth of + – K
R E
current, let us assume that the key is closed at t = 0 and the current be I at
any time t. Then applying KVL to the loop, we get
dI
E − L − RI = 0
dt
dI
i.e., E − RI = L
dt
dt dI
i.e., =
L E − RI
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t I
dt dI
Integrating, 0 L = 0 E − RI
E − RI
I
t 1 Rt
i.e., = − ln (E − RI) − = ln
L R 0 L E
E − RI − RtL R −
Rt
E −
Rt
i.e., = e 1 − I = e L
I = 1 − e L
... (1)
E E R
Thus the current grows exponentially with time
at t = 0; I = 0
E
at t = ; I = = I 0 , a maximum
R
1 1
at t = ;I = (1 − e ) = I 0 1 − = I 0 1 −
L E −1
= (0.63)I 0
R R e 2.718
L
Hence the current reaches 63% of its maximum value, in a time t = . This is called the time constant of
R
the R – L circuit.
I
I0
(0.63)I0
t
Behaviour of back emf during growth of charge
The back emf in the inductor at any instant t is given by
dI d −
Rt
R − Rt −
Rt
= L = L I 0 1 − e L = LI 0 e L = I 0 Re L
dt dt L
Rt
−
i.e., = Ee . Thus the back emf decreases exponentially with time.
L
(a) at t = 0; = E. i.e., the back emf is as great as the applied emf. Hence the current will be zero in the
circuit. We can interpret this result by saying that the inductor offers zero resistance at t = 0.
(b) at t = , = 0; I = I0. The inductor offers zero resistance. We notice that in this respect the behaviour of
the inductor is opposite to that of a capacitor in an RC circuit. The capacitor offers zero resistance at
t = 0 and infinite resistance at t = .
Decay of current in an L-R circuit
In the circuit shown if K2 is open and K1 is closed, the current starts
K2
growing in the inductor. If K1 is opened and K2 is closed, the current starts
decaying in the inductor. Let at t = 0, K1 be opened and K2 closed. Let the
L R
current in the inductor at any instant t be I. Then applying KVL, we get
dI dI dI R + – K1
− L − RI = 0 − L = RI = − dt E
dt dt I L
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I t
dI R
Integrating both sides, we get, I I = − L 0 dt
0
Rt
I
I R −
i.e., l n = − t I = I0 e L
I0 L
I0
Thus the current decays exponentially with time
at t = 0; I = I0
at t = ; I = 0
L I
at t = ,I = 0 = (0.37)I0 (0.37)I0
R e t
L – C oscillations
Consider a charged capacitor connected to an inductor with a tap key K. Let the key be closed at t = 0. Then
the capacitor starts discharging through the inductor. Let I be the current through the inductor and q the
charge on the capacitor at any instant t. Then from KVL, we get + –
+ –
q dI q d dq + –
− L = 0 − L − = 0 + –
C dt C dt dt K
C
dq 1
2
i.e., 2 + q = 0 ...(1)
dt LC L
This resembles the equation of simple harmonic motion
d2x
+ 2 x = 0 ...(2)
dt 2
Hence, we conclude that the charge on the capacitor oscillates simple harmonically with frequency
1
f= = ... (3)
2 2 LC
The solution of equation (1) is of the form, q = q0 cos t ... (4)
I, q
dq
Hence I = = −q 0 sin t = i 0 cos t + ... (5)
dt 2
q, (t)
From equations (4) and (5) we observe that I leads q by .
2
O t
At t = 0; q is maximum the capacitor is fully charged
the current through the inductor is zero, I = 0 I (t)
T
at t = ; q is zero, the capacitor is totally discharged
4
the current through the inductor is maximum
T
at t = ; q is maximum, the capacitor is again fully charged but in the reversed way
2
I is zero, i.e., the current through the inductor is zero
3T
at t = ; q is zero, the capacitor is totally charged
4
I is maximum, the current in the inductor is maximum but flows in the opposite direction
at t = T; q is maximum , the capacitor is again charged to the maximum
I is zero, the current through the inductor is again zero.
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1 q2 1 q2
The energy stored in the capacitor at any instant, is given by U E = = (q 0 cos t)2 = 0 cos2 t
2 C 2C 2C
2
1 L Li
The energy stored in the inductor at any instant, is given by U B = Li 2 = (i0 sin t) 2 = 0 sin 2 t
2 2 2
Li02 L(q 0)2 Lq 02 2 Lq 02 1 q 02
But = = = =
2 2 2 2 LC 2C
q2 q2 1
Hence, U = 0 (cos2 t + sin 2 t) = 0 (or) Li 02
2C 2C 2
The total energy U is independent of t, and remains constant. The energy is totally stored as electrical energy
T
in the capacitor at t = 0. At t = , the same energy is converted into magnetic energy in the inductor. At
4
T
0 < t < , the energy is partially electrical and partially magnetic. In the absence of any resistance in the
4
circuit, there is no dissipation of energy and the oscillations are sustained.
Analogy Between Electrical Oscillation and Mechanical Oscillation
The electrical oscillation in the L – C circuit is similar to the mechanical oscillation in the spring – mass
System. The following table illustrates the perfect analogy between the two systems
Mechanical System Electrical System
1
K L C
m
+ – K1
E
2 mass, a measure of mechanical inertia self-inductance, a measure of electrical inertia
3 K.E stored in mass = 1 mv 2 1
Magnetic energy stored in the inductor is = LI2
2 2
4 spring with spring constant k capacitor with a capacitance C
5 P.E stored in the spring = 1 kx 2 The electrical energy stored in the capacitor
2 1 1
= q2
2C
6 d2x k d 2q 1
Equation of oscillation + x = 0 Equation of oscillation 2 + q = 0
dt 2 m dt LC
7 m Period of oscillation T = 2 LC
Period of oscillation T = 2
k
8 Kinematic parameters displacement (x), velocity dI
Charge (q), current (I) rate of change of current
(v) acceleration(a) dt
9 Kinematical equations x = x0 sin wt Analogous electrical equations
q = q0 sin t
v = v0 sin sin t +
2
I = I0 sin t +
2
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Irreducible Set of Problems
1. A coil of inductance 8.4 mH and resistance 6 is connected to a 12 V battery. The current in the coil is
1A at approximately the time
(A) 500 s (B) 20 ms (C) 35 ms (D) 1 ms
Ans (D)
( ) E 12
I = I0 1 − e− Rt /L ;I0 = = = 2A
R 6
( ) 1
1 = 2 1 − e− Rt/L = 1 − e− Rt/L e − Rt/L = 1 − =
2
1 1
2 2
Rt
eRt/L = 2 = l n 2 = 2.303 log2 = 2.303 0.3010 = 0.69
L
L 8.4 10−3
t = (0.69) = 0.69 1 10−3 s
R 6
2. An inductor of self inductance L is joined to a cell of emf E through a resistance R. The current in the
inductor after a time t is
(A) E = (1 − e − t/ ) (B)
Et
(C) Ee–2t/ (D) Ee–t/
Ans (D)
di
dt
d
dt
( ) R
= L = L i0 1 − e− Rt/L = Li0 e − Rt/L = Ee − t/
L
3. In the above problem, the time after which the P.d across the coil is equal to that across the resistance is
(A) (B) (1 – ln 2) (C) ln 2 (D)
ln2
Ans (C)
E
R
( ) 1
Ee− t/ = IR Ee− t/ = 1 − e− t/ R e − t/ = e t/ = 2 t = l n 2 .
2
4. A coil containing a steady current is short-circuited. The current in the coil decreases times in a time t0
The time constant of the circuit is
t t t
(A) t0 ln (B) 0 (C) 0 (D) 0
l n −1
Ans (C)
I
I = 0 at t = t 0
I 1 t t
I = I0e− t/ 0 = I 0e− t0 / e− t0 / = e t0 / = 0 = l n = 0
l n
5. An inductor of inductance L = 400 mH and resistors of resistance R1 =
A B C
2 and R2 = 2 are connected to a battery of emf E = 12 V as shown in
the figure. S is closed at time t = 0. L
E R1
(a) What is the potential drop across L as a function of time? R2
(b) After the steady state is reached, the switch is opened. What is the
F E D
direction and magnitude of current through R1 as a function of
time?
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Solution
(a) Applying KVL to the loop ABCDEFA
di E L di 2
E − L 2 − i2 R 2 = 0 − − i2 = 0
dt R 2 R 2 dt
E L di 2 di 2 R A B
i2 − =− = − 2 dt i1
C
i2
R2 R 2 dt E L i
i2 − L
R2 E R1
i2
E
i2 t R2
di 2 R2 R
0 E
= −
L 0 dt ln i 2 −
R2 0
=− 2 t
L
i2 − F E D
R2
E
i2 −
E − L2 t
R
ln R2 R
= − 2 t i2 −
E
=− e
E L R2 R2
−
R2
i2 =
E (
− 2 t
1− e L
R
)
R2
E −
R2 R2
di t R2 − t
P.d across L is = L 2 = L e L
= Ee L
= 12e−5t
dt R2 L
(b) Applying KVL to the loop BCDEB
i
di di R + R2
−i(R1 + R 2 ) − L = 0 = − 1 dt
dt i L
L
R1 + R 2 R +R
i t
di i R1
i i = − L 0 dt ln i0 = − 1 L 2 t
0 R2
(R + R 2 )t
i = i0e − ;
L
E 12
But i 0 = = = 3A
R1 + R 2 4
R1 + R 2 2+2
= = 10
L 400 10−3
I = 3e–10t direction of current is clockwise.
6. The switch S is closed at t = 0. The current through the inductor and the capacitor is equal at t = CR
ln(2), the resistance R is equal to L
L L
(A) (B) R
2C C C
3
2L L 2 R
(C) (D)
C C
K
Ans (C) V
i L = iC
V
R
(1 − e − t/ 1 ) = e − t/ 2 e − t/ 1 + e− t/ 2 = 1
V
R
t 1 1
t = CR l n 2 = 2l n 2 = l n 2 e − t/ 2 = e − l n 2 = l n 2 =
2 e 2
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1 L L
e − t/ 1 = 1 = 2 = RC R =
2 R C
7. A loop is formed by two parallel conductors connected by a solenoid with an inductance L and a
conducting rod of mass m which can freely slide over the conductors. If at t = 0, the rod is given an
mL
initial velocity v0 directed to the right. Show that the rod performs SHM with period T = 2
Bl
Solution
di dx Bl
L = Bvl = Bl Ldi = Bldx Li = Blx i = x B
dt dt L
Bl B2 l 2
Fm = ilB = x lB = x.
L L L l
v0
This Force is in a direction opposite to v 0 m
d2 x B2 l 2 Bl
m = − x motion is SHM =
dt 2 L mL
B
d2 x B2 l 2 mL
2
=− x = −2 x T = 2
dt mL Bl
8. A wire of mass m and length l can freely slide on a pair of parallel smooth,
horizontal rails placed in a vertical magnetic field B. The rails are connected
by a capacitor of capacitance C. The electric resistance of the rails and the F
wire are negligible. If a constant force F acts on the wire as shown in the
figure, find the acceleration of the wire.
Solution
dq dv
= Bvl; q = C = CBvl; i = = CBl = CBla
dt dt
2 2
Fm = Bil = B(CBla)l = B Cal
F
But F – Fm = ma F – B2Ca = ma F = a(m + B2Cl2) a = 2
m + B 2
C l
150 V
9. A circuit containing resistors and an inductor is shown in the figure. A B
Find the value of current i1, i2 and i3
20
(A) soon after the switch is closed 40
F C
(B) long after the switch is closed
(C) immediately after the switch is opened 60
3H
(D) long after the switch is opened R
E D
Solution
150 V
(A) Soon after the switch is closed, inductor offers infinite resistance. A B
Hence i3 = 0; i1 = i2 i1
20
150 i2 40
= = 2.5A C
160 F
i3
60
3H
R
E D
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(B) long after the switch is closed, inductor offers zero resistance
150 150
i1 = = = 3.4A
40 60 44
20 +
100
60 60 3
i2 = i1 = (3.4) = (3.4) = 2.04A
60 + 40 100 5
i3 = i1 − i 2 = 3.4 − 2.04 = 1.36A
(C) immediately after the switch is open, i1 = 0 the current through the inductor remains unchanged
i2 = i3 = 1.36 A
(D) long after the switch is opened i1 = i2 = i3 = 0
10. In a L-C circuit with L = 50 mH and C = 4.0 F, the current is initially a maximum. How long will it
take before the capacitor is fully charged for the first time?
Solution
When the capacitor is fully charged, the current in the inductor is zero. The time elapsed between a
current maximum to current minimum is one quarter of a period.
T 2 LC 3.4
Hence, t = = = 50 10−3 4.0 10−6 7.0 10–4 s
4 4 2
11. In an LC circuit, L = 25.0 mH and C = 7.8 F. At time t = 0, the current is 9.2 mA and the capacitor is
charging
(a) what is the total energy in the circuit?
(b) what is the maximum charge on the capacitor?
(c) what is the maximum current through the inductor?
Solution
q 2 1 2 (3.8 10−6 )2 (25 10−3 )(9.2 10−3 ) 2
(a) U = + Li = + = 1.98 10–6 J
2C 2 2 7.8 10−6 2
q2
(b) U = max q max = 2CU = 2 7.8 10−6 1.98 10−6 = 5.56 C
2C
1 2 2U 2 1.98 10−6
(c) U = L i max i max = = = 1.26 10–2 A
2 L 25 10−3
12. A capacitor of capacitance 2 F is charged to a potential difference of 12 V. It is then connected across
an inductor of self inductance 0.6 mH. What is the current in the circuit at a time when the potential
difference across the capacitor is 6 V?
Solution
q V 6 1
Since q = CV and q0 = CV0; = = =
q 0 V0 12 2
q0
Since q = q0 cos t = cos t t =
2 3
Current in the inductor is given by
dq q CV0 3 3 C 3 2 10−6
i= = −q 0 sin t = − 0 sin = = V0 = (12) 0.6A
dt LC 3 LC 2 2 L 2 0.6 10−3
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