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UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH
MUNICIPAL, lNDUSTRJAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http:/taylorandfrancis.com
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH
KITCHENER, ONTARIO, I 1- 13 JUNE 2001

UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH

MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

Edited by
Mark Knight & Neil Thomson
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada

A.A.BALKEMA PUBLISHERS LISSE I ABINGDON I EXTON (PA) I TOKYO

 1+1 National Research
Council Canada
Conseil national
de recherches Canada

Sponsored by
Centre for Advancement ofTrenchless Technologies (CATT)
National Research Council of Canada (NRC).

Copyright© 2001 Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., Lisse, The Netherlands

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior written pennission of the publisher.
Published by: A.A.Balkema, a member of Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers
www.balkema.nl and www.szp.swets.nl

ISBN 90 2651 820 X

Printed in the Netherlands
 Underground Infrastructure Research: Municipal, Industrial and Environmental Applications
Knight & Thomson (eds), © 2001, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 2651 820 X

Table of contents

Preface IX

Organizing committee XI

Design of thermoplastic pipes

Buckling of HOPE liners under external uniform pressure 3
R.M.Bakeer, S.E.Pechon, I.E. Taylor, S.Chunduru & M.E.Barber
A critical appraisal of current practices for design of buried thermoplastics pipes 13
including recommendations for research
J.C.Boot, R.S.Sharma & A.J.Thompson
Limit states of buried thermoplastic pipes: laboratory investigations 23
A.S.Dhar & l.D.Moore
Predicting the behaviour of HOPE pipes in horizontal directional drilling 31
A.Lasheen & M.A.Polak

Design of pipe liners

The structural performance of t1exible sewer linings subject to external pressure 39
J. C. Boot, I.L. Toropova, & A. FAshour
Structural design of linings 49
B. Falter
Flexible interface materials for tunnel linings 59
A. Khan, M.Nehdi, K. Y.Lo, & G.J.E.Kramer
The structural design of non-circular linings 65
O.Thepot

Pipe material characterisation and design

Horizontal direction drilling research program- University of Waterloo 77
G.M.Duyvestyn, M.A.Knight & M.A.Polak

v
Installation loads on new pipelines during pipe bursting 89
V.Fernando & l.D.Moore
Three dimensional mapping of corrosion pits in cast iron pipe using the remote 95
field effect
J.M.Makar & R.Desnoyers
Experimental investigation of Toronto water main samples 105
M. V.Seica, J.A.Packer & B.J.Adams

Buried pipes
Full scale testing of concrete pipe bedding design 117
E.N.Allouche, S. Wong & M.E.Baumert
A statistical investigation of structurally unsound sewers 125
J.P.Davies, B.A. Clarke, J. T. Whiter & R.i. Cunningham
The considerations of risks in the analysis of urban buried pipes behavior 133
YDiab & D.Morand
Geodynamic monitoring of the geoenvironment and engineering constructions 139
interactions
G.S. Vartanyan
SIDD pipe bedding and Ontario provincial standards 143
J.Q.Zhao & L.Daigle

Soil analysis
Development of a soil classification chart for a miniature cone penetrometer 155
E.N.Allouche, M.Devaux, M.Sakr & H.El-Naggar
Tunnel face stability through tests results on reduced-scale model 161
M.Esfehani& H.Di Benedetto
Effect of grouting on soil reinforcing and tunnel deformation 167
S.A.Mazek, K. T.Law & D. T.Lau
Ground displacements caused by pipe splitting 175
C.D.FRogers, D.N.Chapman, FWan & P.C.FNg

Environmental
Physico-chemical changes in clay soils surrounding lime piles 185
J.E.Barker, C.D.FRogers & D.l.Boardman
Guidelines for selecting lead pipe rehabilitation and replacement technologies 191
G.R.Boyd, G.J.Kirmeyer & N.K. Tarbet
Evaluation of the long-term energy costs of leaks in buried pipeline systems 197
A.FColombo & B. WKarney

VI
Aquifer response to a horizontal groundwater extraction well 203
S.D.Howard, N.R. Thomson & D.L.Rudolph
HDD water well installation and analysis 211
D. D. Wilson & VRash

Installation planning and monitoring

A decision support system for site characterization in linear excavation projects 215
E.N.Allouche
Monitoring and instrumentation of trenchless technology projects 225
S. T.Ariaratnam, G.Cyre & R.Harper
A statistically-based approach for the design of HDD crossings 231
M.E.Baumert & E.N.Allouche
Developing safe proximity charts for impact moling and horizontal directional 239
drilling operations
D.N.Chapman & A.E.Hunter
Horizontal directional drilling: lessons learned in conduit installations 247
M.M.Gelinas & D.C.Mathy

Condition Assessment
Long water tunnel inspections by remotely operated vehicle 259
R.Clarke & C.Sferrazza
Laboratory investigation into the assessment of concrete pipes state of deterioration 265
using ultrasonic testing techniques
M.C.L6pez, M.A.Knight & G.Cascante
Multiple classifiers for automated classification of defects in sewers 273
O.Moselhi & T.Shehab-Eldeen
Development of an automated pipeline inspection system 279
S.K.Sinha & P WFieguth

Case histories
Construction induced movements of a diaphragm wall in loose sand 289
VA.D.de Souza, J. T.Araruna Jr. & T.M.Pde Campos
Sewerage systems in polish historic cities and their rehabilitation 297
A.Kolonko & C.Madryas
Failure modes and mechanisms in gray cast iron pipes 303
J.M.Makar, R.Desnoyers & S.E.McDonald
Elements of success: pipe bursting in a sensitive area 313
Wm.D.Sims

VII
Management systems
Structural diagnosis of sewer networks 327
J.Bengassem, ].Loiacono & S.Bennis
Sanitary sewer demand forecasting using artificial neural networks 333
S. Chung, D.Abraham & G.Hwang
Evaluation of underground pipeline construction options 343
S.Gokhale, M.Hastak & R. Vedder
The impact of market de-regulation upon the management of potable water 349
infrastructure: a UK perspective
A.Lowdon & J.Saldarriaga
Special purpose simulation for trenchless pipe replacement 355
J.S.Lueke & S.TAriaratnam
Condition assessment and rehabilitation of large sewers 361
S.E.McDonald & J.Q.Zhao
WARP- Water Mains Renewal Planner 371
B.B.Rajani & YKleiner
Development of an intelligent system for pipeline management 377
S.K.Sinha & M.A.Knight
Using trenchless technology to save costs associated with traffic delays 385
S.L. Tighe, TLee & R. C. G.Haas

Future directions
GIS- based risk analysis of ferrous water mains 395
K.Dixon, G. Blakey, J. Whiter & V.Hope
Smart pipe systems-concepts, opportunities and challenges 403
M.Pendlebury, B. WKarney & K. WTang

Determining the value of underground infrastructure assets 409

L.G.Snelgrove & R.C.G.Haas
Fiber optic distributed sensor for condition monitoring of underground concrete 417
structures
YZhao, M.Zhao & FAnsari

Author index 423

VIII
 Underground Infrastructure Research: Municipal, Industrial and Environmental Applications
Knight & Thomson (eds), © 2001, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 2651 820 X

Preface

Hidden beneath developed cities lie buried networks of pipes that convey clean drinking water, electricity,
gas, and communications cables to residences, businesses, and industries and remove wastewater through
storm and sanitary pipes. In some instances, people and goods are transported through underground net­
works of tunnels that enclose subways, railways and roads. These networks are essentially the arteries that
deliver energy and other goods and the veins that remove waste products. Like a circulatory system for the
city, the development, growth, and prosperity of cities depend on a functioning underground network.
Underground Infrastructure Research - Municipal, Industrial and Environmental Applications conference,
sponsored by the Centre for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies (CATT) and National Research
Council of Canada (NRC), was held in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, June 11 to 13, 2001. This event gath­
ered together international researchers and practitioners to explore the behaviour of new materials for buried
pipelines and pipeline rehabilitation, new pipeline construction techniques and condition assessment meth­
ods, as well as the development of underground infrastructure management systems. The conference fo­
cused on the advancement and use of new underground construction techniques by: gathering international
researchers, academics and industry leaders; providing a forum for sharing research findings and solutions to
unique industry problems; increasing manufacturer, supplier, government, and contractor awareness ofinter­
nationa1 research activities and problems; and identifYing immediate and long-term research needs. Over
three days, researchers from Russia, Poland, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Brazil, Columbia, United
States, and Canada presented over fifty research papers that covered the following themes:

-Design of thermoplastic and buried pipes

- Pipeline condition assessment
- Installation planning and monitoring
- Management systems
- Soil analysis
-Pipe liner design
- Pipe material characterization and design
- Environmental
- Future directions
- Case studies

In addition, four keynote addresses were presented at the conference. Dr. Arthur J. Carty, President of the
National Research Council of Canada, opened the conference with a presentation on research needs and
partnerships. Case studies focusing on tunneling challenges in Athens, Greece and Barbados were presented
by Dr. Michael Kavvadas, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of
Athens, and Mr. Phillip Coller, President of Why Dig Technologies Limited, respectively. Dr. Tom Iseley,
President of BlackHawk-PAS Inc, closed the conference with a look into the future of trenchless technolo­
gies.

IX
The organization committee wishes to thank the keynote speakers for their participation and support and
the authors for preparing and presenting papers on their latest research findings. We would also like to
thank the Centre for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies (CATT), National Research Council of
Canada (NRC) and supporting organizations for their support in making this event a success.

Prof. Mark Knight

Conference Chair
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Waterloo, ON Canada

X
 Underground Infrastructure Research: Municipal, Industrial and Environmental Applications
Knight & Thomson (eds), © 2001, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 2651 820 X

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Chair
Professor Mark Knight
Department ofCivil Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada

Members
Bill Garibaldi
Team Leader{or Utilities Department, City of Waterloo, ON, Canada
Marc Gelinas
StaffEngineer, DCM/Joyal Engineering, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
Professor Jean Hutchinson
Department o{Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
Stuart Mitchell
Project Manager, Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Professor Sunil Sinha
Department o{Civil Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
Lynette Snelgrove
Director, Centre for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies, University of Watcorloo, ON,
Canada
Professor Neil Thomson
Department of Civil Engineering, University a_{ Waterloo, ON, Canada

XI
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http:/taylorandfrancis.com
Design of thermoplastic pipes
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http:/taylorandfrancis.com
 Underground Infrastructure Research: Municipal, Industrial and Environmental Applications
Knight & Thomson (eds), © 2001, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 2651 820 X

Buckling of HDPE liners under external uniform pressure

R.M.Bakeer, S.E.Pechon, J.E.Taylor & S.Chunduru

Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
M.E.Barber
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses results of an experimental study of the buckling behavior of HDPE liner
pipes. None of the tested liners failed structurally by rupturing or breaking. Based on the results of the ex­
perimental tests, it was determined that end effects from the testing chamber were effectively eliminated when
a length-to-diameter ratio of about 10 was used. Results of the study showed that long-term loading condi­
tions could be evaluated from short-term behavior by employing a suitable load factor. Based on 10,000
hours long-term buckling tests, the load factor was found to be approximately 1/3 for confined, circular liners.
The effects ofSDR, thickness, and imperfections, such as ovality, eccentricity and offset, must be considered
before establishing the long-term loading conditions. A load factor of 4 is recommended for design of liners
installed in extremely deformed or deteriorated host pipes.

1 INTRODUCTION floods loads, sudden increase in groundwater or sur­

charge pressure and sudden drops in internal fluid
Trenchless technologies are relatively new tech­ pressure. Long-term loading conditions include em­
niques frequently used by municipalities to replace bankment loads and operating pressures exerted on
or renovate their underground networks (ASCE the pipeline by the transported fluid, soil and
1994; Kramer 1992; Flaxman and O'Rourke 1985; groundwater.
Pittard and Kramer 1987; Schwartz 1988; Thomson HDPE liners do not adhere or bond to host pipes
1987). They do not require ground excavation or and no continuous grout is typically used in most
removal of existing underground lines. Accord­ field installations. Accordingly, a liner should be
ingly, they are cost effective and generate less dis­ designed to sustain the applied loads by itself even
ruption to daily activities at the construction site. though a cracked host pipe would still provide addi­
Lining with plastic liners is a trenchless technique tional resistance and confmement. In the analysis
used for renovating deteriorated sewer pipelines. and design of a pipeline/liner system, the amount of
One of these techniques involves insertion of a de­ wall buckling is extremely important because exces­
formed/reformed (or fold and form) plastic liner into sive wall deformation may produce partial or com­
an existing pipeline. The liner is manufactured as a plete loss of flow capacity. Wall buckling also rep­
standard round pipe to specifically fit the dimen­ resents a worst-case scenario in the design of a liner
sions of the pipeline to be rehabilitated. The cross­ based on a flexible pipe condition. However, tradi­
sectional area of the liner is reduced in the factory tional pipe buckling equations may not apply here
by "deforming or folding" the pipe into a U-shaped since it is common for underground pipes to experi­
section to facilitate transportation and installation. ence variable degrees of deformation or deteriora­
The liner pipe is transported to the construction site tion with time. Based on some of the short-term test
on reels or as a continuous coil. Then, a special pro­ results reported in this paper, a modification of the
cess that utilizes heat and pressure is used to "re­ classical pipe buckling equation (Timoshenko 1936)
form" the liner back to closely fit the interior profile was proposed by Chunduru et al. (1996) as:
of the host pipe.
A liner should be structurally designed to with­ p = _ _2-=-E_C_a....:fJ-:-_
(I)
stand both short- and long-term loads. Short-term cr (1- v 2 ) (SDR) 3 FS
design should account for factors such as winch or
jacking forces experienced during installation, flash

3
where Per= critical buckling pressure, or equivalent crements are added until the wall of the liner col­
water head pressure; E = time-dependent modulus of lapses inwards, or when the liner itself fails by
elasticity; C = reduction factor to account for liner rupturing or breaking. For typical liners used in
ovality; a = lining factor; p = stress concentration sewer rehabilitation, which is the focus of this re­
factor; v = Poisson's ratio; SDR = Standard Dimen­ search effort, collapse during short-term tests typi­
sion Ratio; and FS = factor of safety. The Standard cally occurs within an hour though some tests may
Dimension Ratio (SDR) is an industry standard that span over several hours.
defmes the required minimum thickness of a pipe Medium-term tests are more suited for determin­
wall (t) as a function of its nominal diameter (D). ing the characteristics of the liner required for with­
Even though Equation I produces a good ap­ standing a slow increasing external pressure. The
proximation of the short-term experimental buckling extended testing period allows the liner pipe to ad­
results, supplemental data regarding the design just inside the testing chamber under a given pres­
"factors" used (e.g., C- ovality reduction factor, a­ sure increment prior to the addition of the next in­
lining factor, and FS - factor of safety) is still crement. Pressure increments are added until the
needed. Furthermore, extrapolation of these short­ liner collapses or fails, or until a specified design
term test results to medium- and long-term condi­ pressure is reached. This test requires several days
tions is required. to several weeks to complete depending on the char­
This paper discusses an experimental evaluation acteristics of the liner and the load increment.
of wall buckling of high-density polyethylene Long-term, or creep, tests are typically performed
(HDPE) deformed/reformed liners. In the study, over a relatively long time period (ASTM 1996). In
short-, medium-, and long-term buckling tests were these tests, a constant uniform pressure is applied on
performed. The tests were conducted on liners re­ the liner for at least I 0,000 hours or for a pre­
formed inside rigid steel casing pipes (chambers) determined testing period. The design pressure is
using an installation procedure similar to the one determined analytically or by applying a factor of
typically used in field installations. safety to the collapse pressure of an identical liner
found from a short- or medium-term test (Bakeer
and Barber 1997).
2 BACKGROUND

Buckling tests have been frequently used by industry 3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK

to examine the performance of different types of lin­
ers (Guice eta!. 1994, Bakeer and Barber 1997). In About 200 buckling tests were conducted on HDPE
a buckling test, a liner confmed in a rigid host pipe liners processed in steel casing pipes (chambers).
is subjected to an ail-around uniform pressure (hy­ Over 40 chambers of different diameters, lengths
drostatic or pneumatic) for a given period of time. and cross sections were built using standard sched­
Performance of the liner is typically monitored un­ ule 40 steel pipe sections. Threaded inlet holes were
der a constant pressure over an extended period of made on the casing pipes for use in the installation
time (long-term), or the pressure is increased gradu­ of the liner and later to regulate the pressure applied
ally until the liner collapses (short-term). The col­ on the outside surface of the liner pipe during the
lapse pressure of a given liner depends on its char­ tests. One circular steel ring was welded on each
acteristics including its diameter, wall thickness and end of the steel casing during manufacturing.
material. The installation and testing conditions and For each test, a chamber was fitted with a new
configuration of the testing setup also affect the HDPE deformed/reformed liner with an outside di­
measured buckling resistance of a liner. Changes in ameter (OD) as close as possible to the inside di­
the volume of the liner pipe during a buckling test, ameter (D) of the steel casing. The U-shaped liner
after collapse or rupture and after removal of pres­ was inserted in the chamber then reformed back to
sure (recovery) could also be monitored during a closely fit the inside casing pipe using a procedure
buckling test. However, volumetric measurements similar, but not exactly identical, to the process used
are not usually performed during short-term tests in actual field installations. The modifications in­
due to rapid deformation and collapse. cluded a lower horsepower steam generator, pre­
Short-term tests are typically used to examine the straightening of the test samples with free flowing
collapse pattern of the liner and to determine its steam and variable processing time to accommodate
buckling resistance under short-term loads. In a the much shorter liners compared to those installed
short-term test, a uniform external radial pressure is in the field.
applied on a liner encased in a rigid chamber. The Measurements were also made of the wall­
pressure is increased gradually in specified incre­ thickness of the liner before and after installation at
ments over a short period of time. Additional in­ several locations along its cross section to determine

4
if any stretching had occurred during installation. testing chamber. The holes were fitted with short
The excess length of liner on either side of the cas­ pipes and valves and used initially to supply water
ing chamber was then cut leaving about 25.4 mm (I and to allow air to flow out from the liner. Reduc­
in) that was flared over the end ring on the casing tion in volume of the liner pipe under the applied
chamber. A second steel ring was then bolted to the pressure was determined by monitoring the amount
welded ring on each end to hold in-place the flared of water being squeezed out ofthe setup through one
ends of the liner pipe and create a tight sealed space outlet hole at the top of one of the Plexiglas disks.
between the outside surface of the liner and the in­ Only the valve on this outlet was opened while the
side surface ofthe casing. valves on the remaining outlet holes on the disks
During the tests, compressed air was applied in were kept closed during the test. Water was col­
the continuous tight space between the outside wall lected in graduated glass containers then weighed to
ofthe liner pipe and the inside wall of the rigid steel double check the volumetric measurement. The
casing. No pressure was applied inside the liner testing chambers were perfectly sealed and checked
pipe itself in order to simulate the condition of an daily for any leaks or changes throughout the testing
empty sewer pipeline or a worst-case scenario. This period.
testing setup produced a uniform pressure on the In medium-term tests, the next increment of pres­
outside liner wall that represents a typical field con­ sure was typically added after 24 hours of the appli­
dition when groundwater seeps through the cracks cation of the previous increment, or once the defor­
and loose joints of a deteriorated underground sewer mation of the liner pipe had ceased as indicated by
line. The applied pressure was regulated to the de­ the seizer of water flow from the outlet pipe on the
sired value using a series of fme mechanical regula­ end disk. Precautions were taken to reduce the ef­
tors, non-return valves and mechanical dial gauges. fect of evaporation of collected water during long­
Several regulators and valves were used in series to term tests. The testing chambers were placed in a
prevent accidental overloading, refme the pressure temperature and humidity controlled environment.
increment and reduce the impact of pressure drops in Other precautions included daily measurement of
the main pressure line. The system was also de­ outflow, using small diameter graduated cylinders
signed to allow for performing up to 25 independent for water collection and placing a thin film of oil
tests simultaneously. over the water surface in the graduated cylinder.
Pressure measurements were taken using me­ The cylinders were replaced with new dry cylinders
chanical dial gauges installed at different locations at the time of daily measurement.
along the circumference and length of the casing
chamber. Readings of these gauges indicated that a
uniform pressure condition was achieved throughout 4 TESTING PROGRAM
the liner. A uniform pressure condition, however,
was expected since the HDPE liner does not bond to The experimental testing program was established to
the host pipe and some space, though minimal, help determine the impact of several parameters in­
would exist between the liner outside wall and host fluencing the selection of the design factors pre­
pipe. In addition, the liner was allowed to adjust for sented in Equation I. Specifically, the following
a period of time under a given pressure increment items were examined:
prior to applying the next increment. Pressure was 1. Length/diameter ratio - A convenient way
increased in small increments up to a selected value to distinguish liner length is through the use
depending on the diameter and SDR of the tested of the length/diameter ratio. Long liners
liner. The pressure increments used in short- and are necessary to mimic field conditions.
medium-term tests were essentially identical, but However, because of economics, testing
were maintained for a longer duration. using short liners is preferable. Liners that
In the course of study, deformations and volumet­ are too short are artificially prevented from
ric change measurements were made by various failing because the liners are fixed at both
methods including light projection, laser beams, ends ofthe test chamber. Therefore, a bal­
videotaping, strain gauges and water flow (Aalders ance between conflicting goals must be
et a!. 1998). Water flow measurement was found to achieved.
be the most practical method for measuring volu­ 2. Short/medium/long-term buckling pres­
metric changes of the liner pipe during a buckling sures - Once a suitable length/diameter ra­
test. This procedure consists of filling the entire tio was determined, tests were conducted to
volume of the liner pipe with water using several relate short-, medium- and long-term buck­
small diameter inlet holes drilled in two translucent ling pressures. Long-term tests are re­
Plexiglas, or lexan, disks secured tightly over rubber quired to simulate field conditions, but
gaskets between the two rings at the ends of the short- and medium-term tests are more

5
 economical. The desire is to be able to ac­ and 2.44 m (3.33, 6.66, and 8.0 ft). Accordingly,
curately scale the results from short- and these chambers had LID ratios of 5, 10 and 12,
medium-term tests to long-term perform­ respectively. The initial pressure was regulated at
ance. 41.37 kPa (6 psi) for the SDR 32.5liners. For the
3. limpeifect field conditions - Host pipe im­ SDR 26 HDPE liners, pressure was increased
perfections such as ovality, offset and gradually to 68.95 kPa (10 psi) then to 96.53 kPa
structural deterioration leading to lack of (14 psi). Consecutive pressure increments of
liner confinement all impact the acceptable 13.80 kPa (2 psi) were added thereafter until fail­
buckling pressure. Several test chambers ure. A new pressure increment was typically ap­
were developed to investigate the reduction plied after 24 hours or when the liner deformation
in buckling pressure caused by these con­ ceases as detected by no water flow from the liner
ditions. pipe.
Short-Term Tests: The objective of these tests was Long-Term Tests: Long-term hydrostatic tests
to establish the relationship between liner pipe were conducted using 20 steel chambers (Taylor
dimensions (length, thickness and diameter) and 1996). The average buckling collapse pressure
its short-term buckling (collapse) pressure. established from several short-term tests was re­
Short-term tests were conducted in a group of duced by a factor of three and used as the long­
chambers with 203.2 mm (8 in) inside diameters term pressure. The testing arrangement consisted
and different lengths, lined with SDR 32.5 or of 10 chambers with 152.4 mm (6 in) inside di­
SDR 26 HDPE liners (Pechon 1996; Bakeer and ameter and 10 chambers with 203.2 mm (8 in) in­
Barber 1997). Additional short-term tests were side diameter, all having a length-to-diameter ra­
performed on a group of liners processed in 152.4 tio of 10:1. Five of the chambers from each set
mm (6 in) and 203.2 mm (8 in) inside diameter were lined with SDR 26 and the other five with
chambers with length-to-diameter ratio of I 0 to I. SDR 32.5 HDPE liners. Four chambers repre­
The selected SDR's and diameters represent the senting the four testing conditions were filled
most common values encountered in typical with water to monitor long-term volumetric
sewer lines. However, other testing conditions changes of the liner pipe with time. The cham­
were also examined including larger diameters, bers were placed in a climate-controlled room
shorter or longer chambers and thicker liners where the temperature and relative humidity were
(smaller SDR). recorded daily. A thermocouple was installed in
At least five replicate samples were performed each of the four water-filled samples to monitor
under each testing condition, for example; five thermal changes inside the liners. The chambers
short-term tests on 152.4 mm (6 in) diameter liner were continuously monitored for a period of 417
samples with SDR 26 and length-to-diameter ra­ days (10,000 hours). On each day during the
tio of 10. Following the test, the sample was re­ testing period, the liners were examined visually
moved from the casing chamber and a new liner for changes, leaks or signs of collapse. The flow
was installed for the next test. The recovered of water from the filled chambers into the gradu­
liner was visually examined and checked for any ated cylinders was also recorded daily, as dis­
changes in shape or thickness. Samples were cut cussed earlier.
from some of the retrieved liners to evaluate the Tests in Chambers with Special Configurations:
mechanical properties of the material following Occasionally, host pipes may not be perfectly cir­
the test. cular or may exhibit a variety of imperfections.
The initial pressure was regulated at about 41.37 An offset, for example, is often found in pipelines
kPa (6 psi) for a period of 30 minutes. Consecu­ where two different sections join together, or it
tive pressure increments of 13.80 kPa (2 psi) may develop when a pipe section breaks. An
were then added thereafter until the liner inside oval cross-section may develop in a pipe due to
the testing chamber collapses (buckles). Each in­ the pressure exerted by groundwater and soil. In­
crement was typically maintained for a period of spections of many underground pipelines have
ten minutes. Accordingly, this type test required revealed that considerable lengths of some of
one to several hours to perform depending on the their sections have fully deteriorated or are in ex­
conditions of the test. tremely poor condition to provide any adequate
Medium-Term Tests: Medium-term tests were confmement for the installed liner. Under such
conducted on chambers with either SDR 32.5 or conditions, the liner must be designed to with­
SDR 26 HDPE liners (Pechon 1996). The two stand the applied loads by itself without any ad­
identical sets consisted of three rigid steel pipe ditional support from the host pipe.
casing chambers with 203.2 mm (8 in) nominal A group of short- and medium-term tests were
inside diameters (D) and lengths (L) of 1.02, 2.03 conducted to examine some of these conditions

6
 frequently encountered in the field (Alberding til the liner collapsed. The recorded pressure at col­
1995). In this series of tests, the liners were in­ lapse is referred to in this paper as the "buckling
stalled in 203.2 mm (8 in) inside diameter cham­ pressure or liner resistance" under the given testing
bers each with an overall length of2.44 m (8ft). A condition (P). Only incomplete and preliminary tests
deformity was created in the steel casing chamber were excluded from the statistical average of the
by cutting the middle third portion of the span tests reported in this paper. A summary of the ex­
then mechanically deforming it into an oval cross perimental results is given in Figure 1 and Tables 1
section. The deformed section was then welded through 3.
back between the two remaining circular ends.
Casings with a 25.4 and 50.8 mm (I or 2 in) offset
were also examined. This was achieved by split­
ting a chamber midway then welding it back to­
gether with a shift to create the desired offset. Two
crescent shaped plates were then cut and welded to
the chamber to cover the gaps created by the offset.
The casings were then fitted with HDPE liners for
testing according to the standard laboratory in­
stallation procedure.
Another partially confmed testing setup was used
to perform a series of medium-term tests. It con­
"'
sisted of a 203.2 mm (8 in) nominal inside di­ ~- -~

ameter rigid steel casing chamber lined with a S-6-32 S-8-26 S-6-26 M-8-32 M-8-26 l-a.32 L-6-32 l-&-26 L-6-26

SDR 32.5 HDPE liner. Based on this configura­

tion, a space in the shape of a uniform ring 82.5 S=SIJOIU-TERM
8=81D:h(Jll2101$
M=MmRJM-lDlM
6=6D:t.(m41111\1
L=LQIIG-DllM
J2=SDRJL"i
mm (3.25 in) wide was created between the liner
and the casing. The total unconfined span of the
Figure I. Results of the buckling tests.
liner measured 1.59 m (62.5 in).

Table l. Results of short-term tests on HOPE liners.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chamber* SDR D(mm) UD Tests P (kPa)
Generally, five samples were tested under a given Circular 32.5 203.2 5 5 294
Circular 32.5 203.2 10 20 280
condition; i.e. same diameter, SDR, length, liner
Circular 32.5 203.2 12 5 276
material, installation and testing conditions. The re­ Circular 32.5 152.4 10 20 203
sults of each set of identical samples were averaged Circular 26 203.2 5 5 482
and used in the analyses. Circular 26 203.2 10 20 441
Some variations and inconsistencies were ob­ Circular 26 203.2 12 5 442
served in some of the earlier experiments. The in­ Circular 26 152.4 10 20 320
Offset I 26 203.2 12 5 367
consistencies were attributed to some differences in Offset 2 26 203.2 12 5 204
the construction of the testing chambers. For exam­ Oval 32.5 203.2 12 5 152
ple, few chambers had chamfered end flanges where Oval 26 203.2 12 5 204
others had straight rings welded to their ends. The * Liners installed in circular, offSet or oval steel chambers.
inconstancy was resolved by manufacturing a large OffSet I = 25.4 mrn Offset 2 = 50.8 rnrn
number of identical chambers (about 30) constructed
from the same materials by the same personnel un­
der strict quality control. The newly manufactured Table 2. Results ofmedium-term tests on HOPE liners.
chambers yielded consistent results as indicated by Chamber* SDR UD Tests p Failure
the small standard deviations calculated for each set (kPa) (days)
of samples tested under similar conditions. This ob­ Circular 32.5 5 3 193 10
servation indicates the sensitivity of the experiment Circular 32.5 10 3 152 7
to the exact configuration of the testing chamber. Circular 32.5 12 3 159 8
Circular 26 10 3 269 14
Extremely high or low values were not common Oval 32.5 12 I 83 3
in the later phase of the study, but they occurred oc­ Partially 32.5 10 I 69 3
casionally due to imperfect installations, human er­ Confined
rors, or problems with the air pressure supply or
* Liners installed in 203.2 mm nominal diameter chambers.
monitoring system. Except for the long-term and
few medium-term tests, each test was continued un­

7
Table 3. Results oflong-tenn tests on HOPE liners*. shorter chambers yielded lower volumetric changes
SDR D Series A Series B due to the significant influence of the restrained ends
p Failure Ratio** p Ratio** in the shorter span. Chambers longer than 12D were
(mm) (kPa) (hrs) (kPa) not considered in the study due to the difficulty of
32.5 203.2 145 173 0.55 87 0.33 handling and testing.
32.5 152.4 104 1502 0.52 69 0.35 The results given in Table I show the average col­
26 203.2 221 2318 0.57 138 0.36 lapse pressure (buckling resistance, P) of the liners
26 152.4 173 101 0.54 104 0.33 under different conditions determined from short-term
* Five tests for each case in chambers with LID = 10. One tests. The ratio ofthe two diameters (D) ofliners used
sample in each group was filled with water and monitored for in the tests was 1.34 {200.7 mm (7.9 in)/149.9 mm
volumetric deformation. Series B performed for I 0,000 hours
without failure. (5.9 in)}. The ratio ofthe wall thickness ofthe larger
** Ratio of applied pressure to short-term collapse pressure. diameter liner to the smaller diameter liner with the
same SDR was also 1.34. The ratios of their cross­
sectional areas, moments of inertia, and section
None of the tested liners failed structurally by moduli of the two different diameter liners were 1.78,
rupturing or breaking. Measurements of the liner's 3.20, and 2.39, respectively.
wall thickness were essentially the same before and For the tested liners, the short-term collapse pres­
after installation and following the tests. This ob­ sure of the larger diameter liner to that of the smaller
servation indicates that the adopted installation and diameter liner of the same length was about 1.38,
testing procedure were effective and did not produce which is close to the ratio of the liners' thickness or
any stretching (thinning) due to over pressuring or diameter of 1.34. The average short-term collapse
over heating the liner. Stresses due to manufacturing pressure of liners processed in oval casing chambers
and installing a lining system (pipe thickness, di­ was between 46 to 55 percent of that of similar liners
ameter, ovality, confinement, etc.) should be consid­ with the same diameter and SDR but processed in cir­
ered in estimating its ultimate buckling resistance. cular chambers. The lower percentage was observed
For a tightly formed liner, the ultimate buckling re­ in the thicker liners. With a 25.4 mm offset, the pipe
sistance may be 3 to 6 times higher than that of a de­ lost a significant portion of its cross sectional area and
formed or unconfined liner. about 17 percent of its buckling resistance. However,
The results of the short- and medium-term tests doubling the offset size decreased the buckling resis­
shown in Tables l and 2 and Figure 1 indicate that a tance to about 53 percent of the original value. The
testing setup with LID of 10 is adequate for repre­ results of the oval and offset pipes tests indicate that
senting the condition of a relatively long pipeline in flexible liners could be installed in non-circular or
the laboratory (Szpak 1981; Bakeer and Barber broken pipes, but they should be designed for lower
1997). This fmding was also confirmed by inde­ buckling resistance.
pendent tests performed in Germany on other types Similar to short-term tests, the medium-term tests
of flexible liners (Lenz 1995) and by a fmite element in oval setups showed significantly lower failure pres­
study (Chunduru 1996). A flexible liner with its sures than for circular setups with the same SDR, di­
flared ends restrained in the steel chamber is similar ameter and LID ratio, as shown in Table 2.
to the case of a structural member ftxed at both ends. For the liners tested under medium-term condi­
A setup with LID of 10 eliminates the effect of the tions in confmed chambers with a 10:1 length-to­
restrained ends of the liner on the measured buckling diameter ratio, the ratio of average collapse pres­
pressure. In other words, any additional increase in sures for SDR 26 and SDR 32.5 was 1.77. The aver­
the length of sample would not significantly affect age collapse pressure of a SDR 32.5 liner was 2.2
the measured collapse pressure, but shorter setups times the average collapse pressure of the same liner
would tend to overestimate the collapse pressure. processed under partially confined conditions, and
This conclusion was reached by examining the per­ 1.9 times the average collapse pressure of the liner
formance of identical setups with LID of 5. The processed in an oval chamber. Under a confmed
tests showed that the much shorter chambers with condition, the average collapse pressure of a SDR
LID of 5 yielded much higher collapse pressures and 32.5 liner in a medium-term test was about 54 per­
accordingly would over-predict the buckling resis­ cent of the average collapse pressure of a similar
tance of the liner. On the other hand, chambers with liner in a short-term test. For the same condition,
LID ratio of 10 and 12 yielded very close values to the average collapse pressure of a SDR 26 liner in
warrant the use of the much lighter and less expen­ the medium-term test was 61 percent of the average
sive chamber with LID of 10. In addition, volumet­ collapse pressure of the liner in a short-term test.
ric changes of the liner pipes confmed in the cham­ Accordingly, it can be concluded that the short-term
bers with LID of 10 and 12 were essentially the same test over-predicts the resistance of a liner. The
during loading, failure and recovery, whereas the longer duration used in medium-term tests allows

8
the plastic liner material to creep (or adjust) under tributed to the quick failure and that a long-term test
the applied pressure increment with time, which should be performed under a much lower pressure
subsequently reduces the measured buckling resis­ than that anticipated from a relatively long medium­
tance. term test.
In medium-term buckling tests, most of the volu­ The same twenty chambers were re-fitted with
metric changes occurred in the liner pipe in the first new liners for use in a second series (B) of long­
few hours following the application of a new pres­ term tests. Table 3 shows that the new pressures
sure increment. During loading, the total volume re­ used in series B were about one-third of the short­
duction ofthe liner pipe was between 2 to 5 percent of term collapse pressure. All of the twenty liners
its original volume. The reduced volume following tested in the series B sustained the applied pressure
collapse reached about 70 to 90 percent of the original for over 10,000 hours without showing any visible
volume. Deformation patterns for both the SDR 32.5 signs of damage or collapse. Creep curves were de­
and SDR 26 liners were essentially the same veloped for the HDPE liners based on the volumetric
throughout the tests. Most liners bulged inwards at changes detected by water flow measurements taken
three different regions: near the two ends and at the daily during the testing period (Taylor 1996).
center of the setup. None of the collapsed liners, Estimation of the long-term conditions for a
however, returned back to a full U-shape after col­ polyethylene liner pipe should account for time­
lapse. In most cases, bulging at the center was on dependent material properties, such as modulus of
the opposite side of the bulges near the ends of the elasticity and Poisson's ratio. In a similar study in
chamber. Following the test and release of pressure, Germany (Lenz 1995), the researchers suggested the
the liners did not experience any cracking or rup­ use of one-fourth of the short-term test buckling
turing. Within about 48 hours of pressure release, pressure for long-term analyses. Accordingly, long­
the liner recovered between 25 and 45 percent of its term buckling resistance of a polyethylene liner
original volume, but did not return back to a full cir­ could be estimated by applying a suitable load factor
cular configuration. to the short-term collapse pressure. It is recom­
The maximum volume reduction in the oval pipe mended to use one-third to one-fourth (a factor of
prior to collapse was essentially the same as that of a three or four) of the short-term collapse pressure for
similar circular liner (2.8 versus 2.5 percent). A par­ long-term tests and design. A design factor of 3 is
tially confmed SDR 32.5 liner yielded significantly adequate for typical designs and a factor of 4 is rec­
higher volume reduction prior to collapse of 8.8 per­ ommended for liners installed in deformed and ex­
cent when compared with 2.5 percent for a similar tremely deteriorated pipes.
liner tested in a confmed chamber with 10: 1 length­
to-diameter ratio. The ultimate volume of the par­
tially confmed liner was reduced after collapse by 6 THEORETICAL BUCKLING RESISTANCE
about 36 percent of its original volume. The smaller
final volume reduction was due to the lower collapse As discussed earlier, the results of the experimental
pressure under this condition. This occurred be­ study indicate that the average buckling resistance of a
cause the buckling resistance of a conduit improves liner is significantly influenced by its diameter, thick­
greatly when no gap exists between the host pipe ness (SDR) and host pipe condition. The results of the
and the liner, or when the armular space is grouted. short- and medium-term tests given in Tables 1 and
This was true in the laboratory tests since the liners 2 were used earlier to develop the empirical pa­
were installed in rigid laboratory chambers. rameters required for Equation 1 (Chunduru 1996).
As shown in Figure 1, the results of medium-term The predictions of the buckling pressure by the clas­
tests indicated that the medium-term collapse pres­ sical equations developed by Timoshenko (1936)
sure is lower than the measured short-term collapse and others as well as Equation 1 were compared in
pressure under the same testing conditions. There­ an earlier paper by the authors (Chunduru et a!.
fore, it was decided to use the external pressures 1996). Therefore, the results of ten additional me­
shown in Table 3 for the first series (A) of long-term dium term tests, other than those included in Table
tests, which were about 52 to 57 percent of the aver­ 2, are used herein to examine the results obtained
age short-term collapse pressure. Nineteen of the from Equation 1.
twenty pipes failed within a time period of 4 to 97 Two series of medium-term tests were performed in
days following the application of pressure, as shown a set of five casing chambers with 203.2 mrn (8 in.)
in Table 3. nominal inside diameter and LID ratio of I0. The
The thicker liners with the smaller diameter failed tests were performed on SDR 32.5 HDPE liners and
first, which is probably due to their higher curvature. water measurements were used to determine the
The last liners to fuil were the large diameter thick volumetric deformation with time. The proposed
liners. The results show that large curvature has at­ equation under-predicted the buckling resistance by

9
an average value of 13.69 percent. The average error (LEQSF) and Pipe Liners, Inc. under contract No.
was 12.62 percent in the first series of tests and LEQSF (93-96)-RD-3-12. The writers would like to
14.75 percent in the second series. The predicted thank Ivan Mandich, Keith Hebert, San Hla Aung,
buckling pressure was in good agreement with the Guiqin Yang, Frank Andrade, Juan Carlos Ramirez,
experimental measurements for casings 1, 2 and 3 and Sean McClure for their assistance in performing
with average errors of only 1.83, 1.37 and 2.16 per­ the experimental research.
cent, respectively. The prediction errors in the first
and second series of tests, however, were 29.21 and
7.32 percent for casing 4 and 33.07 and 56.51 per­ REFERENCES
cent for casing 5, respectively. The large error in the
buckling pressure prediction in the second series of Aalders, A.C., Bakeer, R.M. & Barber, M.E. 1998. Deforma­
tests could be attributed to the extremely high resis­ tion measurement ofliners during buckling tests. J. No-Dig
Engineering, Trenchless Technology, 5(1): 12-15.
tance of the liner tested in one particular casing. Alberding, M. 1995. Hydrostatics tests on offset and oval
Pipes. Tech. Report, Dept. ofCiv. and Envr. Engrg., Tulane
University, New Orleans: LA.
7 CONCLUSIONS ASCE 1994. Existing sewer evaluation and rehabilitation.
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, 62, New
An experimental study on the buckling resistance York: NY.
ASTM (D 2990) 1996. Standard test method for tensile, com­
of HDPE liner pipes involving over 200 liners pressive, and flexural creep and creep-rupture of plastics.
showed that long-term loading conditions can be American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, Phila­
evaluated from short-term behavior by employing a delphia: PA.
suitable load factor of 3 to 4. The study indicated Bakeer, R.M. & Barber, M.E. 1997. Evaluation of U-Liner
that quick and economical short-term tests could be technology for trench less sewer rehabilitation system. Tech.
Report Submitted to LEQSF, Dept. of Civ. and Envr.
used to identify the long-term response. Further­ Engrg., Tulane University, New Orleans: LA.
more, medium-term tests can be used to establish the Bakeer, R.M., Barber, M.E., Pechon, S., Taylor, J. and Sury­
requirements for either both short- or long-term anaryana, C. 1999. Buckling of HOPE liners under external
tests. Based on long-term pressure tests exceeding uniform pressure. J. Materials in Civ. Eng., ASCE, 11(4),
10,000 hours in duration, the load factor was found Nov. 1999
to be approximately 3 for SDR 26 or 32.5 confmed, Chunduru, S. 1996. Material performance and numerical mod­
eling of HOPE deformed/reformed liners. Ph.D. disserta­
circular liners. A load factor of 4, however, is rec­ tion, Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., Tulane University,
ommended for design of liners installed in deformed New Orleans: LA.
or extremely deteriorated host pipes. Chunduru, S., Barber, M.E. & Bakeer, R.M. 1996. Buckling
Based on the results of the experimental tests, it behavior of polyethylene liner systems. J. of Materials in
was determined that end effects from the testing Civil Engineering, 8(4): 201-206.
Flaxman, E.W., and O'Rourke, T.D. (1985). "Pipe Laying
chamber were effectively eliminated when the Comes Out of the Trenches," Civil Engineering, val 55,
length to diameter ratio exceeded 10. The effects of December, 48-51.
SDR, thickness, and imperfections, such as ovality, Guice, L.K., Straughan, T., Norris, C.R. & Bennett, R.D. 1994.
eccentricity and offset, must be considered before Long-term structural behavior of pipeline rehabilitation
establishing the long-term loading conditions. The systems. Tech. report submitted to U.S. Army Corps of
Eng., Trenchless Tech. Center, Louisiana Tech Univ., LA.
tests indicated that the collapse pressures were re­ Kramer, R.S. (1992). An Introduction to Trenchless Technol­
duced by as much as 50 percent for non-circular ogy, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, N.Y.
configurations. A similar reduction was also found Lenz, Y. 1995. Personal communication.
for partially confmed liners. Short-term test per­ Pechon, S. 1996. Effects of installation procedure on the be­
formed in setups with offsets showed a downward havior of HOPE liner pipe. Masters thesis, Dept. of Civ.
trend in the buckling pressures, but no defmite con­ and Envir. Engrg., Tulane University, New Orleans: LA.
Pipe Liners, Inc. 1993. The U-Liner Pipe rehabilitation sys­
clusions could be made due to the limited number of tem. P.O. Box 20189, New Orleans: LA.
tests performed. Short-term tests could also be util­ Pittard, G.T., and Kramer, S.R. (1987). "Development and Ap­
ized for both flexible and composite pipe design plication of Guiding Horizontal Equipment for Utility Ap­
conditions to determine the long-term buckling re­ plications," Proc., No-Dig 87, Second Int. Con[. And Exhi­
sistance. The proposed equation for predicting the bition on Trenchless Construction for Utilities, April,
buckling resistance of a liner yields reasonable val­ London.
Schwartz, H.G. (1988). "Today and Tomorrow: Trenchless
ues within 15 percent ofthe measured value. Technology in the U.S.," Paper lA, Proc. q[ No-Dig 88
Conf, October 16-19, Washington, D.C.
Szpak, E. 1981. Polyethylene pipe subjected to external pres­
8 ACKNOWLEDGMENT sure. Proc., int. con[. on underground plastic pipe, ASCE,
New York: NY: 373-384.
This work was funded by a research grant provided by Taylor, J.E. 1996. Material performance of HOPE de­
formed/reformed liner systems. Masters thesis, Dept. of
the Louisiana Education Quality Support Fund

10
 Civ. and Envir. Engrg., ·Tulane University, New Orleans,
LA.
Thomson, J. (1987). "Trenchless Pipe Laying Applications and
Market," Paper 1.1, Proc. OfNo-Dig 87 Conf., Aprill4-16,
London.
Timoshenko, S. 1936. Theory of elastic stability, McGraw­
Hill, New York: NY.

11
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http:/taylorandfrancis.com
 Underground Infrastructure Research: Municipal, Industrial and Environmental Applications
Knight & Thomson (eds), © 2001, Swets & Zeitlinger, Usse, ISBN 90 2651 820 X

A critical appraisal of current practices for design of buried thermoplastics

pipes including recommendations for research

J.C.Boot, R.S.Sharma & A.J.Thompson

University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK

ABSTRACT: Thermoplastics pipes are used widely for the transport of gas, water and wastewater. The
pipes are generally embedded at shallow depth prior to the application of any internal pressure and
progressively loaded by backfill and traffic such that they deform in an approximately elliptical shape,
resulting in the mobilisation of passive resistance in the surrounding ground. The soil-pipe interaction in such
a system is complex and is largely determined by the properties of the pipe material and constitutive
behaviour of the soil. Determination of the deformation state of any pipe is governed by a number of factors
such as geometry of the soil-pipe system, traffic loading, soil behaviour and installation procedure. In this
paper, current practices for design of flexible pipes subject to combined loading by gravity and internal
pressure are critically examined, especially in light of the recent experience in Europe. The basis of a
programme of research with the objective of identifying an improved methodology is then outlined.

1 INTRODUCTION rounding material in general deform as elastic solids,

and the actual system behaviour is a complex time­
In 1977 only 15% of the European pipe market was dependent function of both the initial material prop­
plastics, in recent years this has risen to over 50%, erties and the subsequently applied traffic and inter­
resulting in a marked decrease in the use of pipe nal pressure loading.
materials such as ductile iron and steel (Jeyapalan et. Figure I defmes all the essential components of a
a! 1995). Whilst the use of plastics pipes is increas­ soil/pipe system and the sources of applied loading
ing, the way in which they behave once buried is (EN 1295-1 : 1998). The native soil is the undis­
still not fully understood, nor allowed for in current turbed material surrounding the trench. The bedding
design methods. Indeed many of the current design consists of the material on which the pipe is laid, and
methods were introduced before the advent of the is commonly a fmely graded granular material to
modern flexible thermoplastics pipes, and could not spread the vertical loading transferred from the pipe
anticipate their visco-elastoplastic properties and to the soil below. The sidefill is the material which is
relatively low stiffness. Janson (1999) summarises placed around the pipe, and which directly provides
the attributes of the full range of pipe grade thermo­ the reaction to the flexible pipe deformations. Back­
plastics. The most commonly used for both gravity filling then completes the trench reinstatement, and
and pressure applications are unplasticised polyvi­ includes any pavement structure. The materials
nylchloride (PVC-u) for jointed pipes and medium around the pipe which contribute directly to its
density polyethylene (MDPE) for welded systems, structural performance are collectively known as the
both to the various national specifications. embedment. The particular feature of a flexible pipe
All existing design methods for thermoplastics system is that the embedment and surrounding na­
pipes, apart from those that are purely empirical, tive soil significantly reduce the horizontal defor­
model the process of pipe-soil interaction. However, mations of the pipe. In this manner the total resis­
the relationship between the pipe and soil deforma­ tance of the system to vertical loading applied to the
tions is invariably defmed simplistically assuming top of the pipe is partly provided by the pipe, and
an unloaded undeformed system after installation, partly provided by the soil. In the case of thermo­
which then responds in a linear elastic manner to su­ plastics flexible pipes the dominant source of this re­
perimposed loading. In reality soil/pipe interaction sistance is provided by the soil (Janson, 1999).
begins to take place immediately after the pipe is In this paper we first outline the existing methods
laid and placement of the surrounding 'soil' com­ of structural design for buried thermoplastics pipes,
mences. In addition neither the pipe nor the sur­ with a particular focus on European practice. The

13
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Holbrook of Weymouth who died Dec. 6, 1824, at Weymouth, aged
23 years. He was son of
 256 LINCOLN GENEALOGY Samuel Holbrook, and his
intentions of marriage to Eliza Hyler of Boston were published at
Weymouth, March 20, 1824. They had a daughter, Eliza-Ann
Holbrook, who married Albert Manning of Boston. Mrs. Eliza Lincoln
is said to have gone West after her husband's death, and his
grandchildren know nothing of her. She did not get on well with her
step-children. The will of Frederick Lincoln, bricklayer, dated Aug. 4,
1846, probated Sept. 28, 1846, names: ''my four children George-
Handel Lincoln, Alexander-Scammell Lincoln, Elizabeth Gushing now
the wife of Samuel Gushing, and Garoline Snelling now the wife of
Enoch Snelling''; also ''beloved wife EHza Lincoln," who was made
residuary legatee and executrix. (Boston Records; Weymouth
Records; Suffolk Gounty Probate Records, vol. cxliv^, p. 109; Family
Bible with Mrs. Bernard- Whitman Lawrence, aahce bhh.) Ghildren,
by first wife, born at Boston: aabce ha. Elizabeth-Scammell, born
Jan. 23, 1803; died Nov. 1, 1876, at Boston, "aged 73 years, 4
months, 7 days," say Mass. Vital Records, but her age is incorrectly
given. She married, Jan. 30, 1823, at Boston (Boston Records),
Samuel-Nichols, son of Samuel-Nichols and Patience (Singleton)
Gushing of Boston, born July 14, 1799, at Boston (Ibid.); died Apr. 1,
1867, at Scituate (Family Records). Mr. Gushing was a shipwright, at
one time in partnership with Jairus Pratt. They went into voluntary
bankruptcy Aug. 9, 1842, by petition dated May 28, 1842. (Suffolk
Gounty Deeds, vol. cdxcii, fol. 106.) He was living, Nov. 18, 1846, at
Boston, when with his wife he gave a mortgage on an estate on
Prince street. {Ibid., vol. dlxvii, fol. 264.) He separated from his wife
and went to hve at Scituate, where he djed. He is buried at
Woodlawn cemetery, Boston. The petition for probate of the will of
Elizabeth S. Gushing, late of Boston, widow, says she died Nov. 1,
1876, leaving as next of kin: Elizabeth, wife of WilHam H. Jennison
of Gloucester; Ann M., wife of John H. Putnam of Boston; Sarah E.
Gushing of Boston; Frederick O. Gushing of Plymouth; and Martin V.
B. Gushing of Marblehead, all children. These children are all named
in her will, dated Dec. 2, 1874. (Suffolk Gounty Probate Records,
vols, cdxci, p. 396; cdxcii, p. 31.) Mr. Gushing lived on Prince street
in Boston. Ghildren, born at Boston: a. Elizabeth, born Apr. 9, 1824;
mar. William H. Jennison of Gloucester. b. Ann-Maria, born June 27,
1826; mar. John-Howard Putnam. c. Sarah, born Feb. 9, 1828; died
May 10, 1839. d. Ellen, born Aug. 27, 1830; died July 16, 1837. e.
Frederick-Oliver, born Feb. 1, 1832; mar. Frances -Elizabeth Gurrant.
/. Garoline-Hepzibah, born May 17, 1833; died Jan. 17, 1853,
unmarried.
 SIXTH GENERATION 257 g. Martin- Van Buren, h. Thomas-
Bouve, ► born Sept. 28, 1838; mar. Elizabeth Thompson, died Sept.
17, 18 6 2, unmarried; killed at the battle of Antietam. i. Sarah-Ellen,
born Feb. 28, 1841; living 1912, unmarried. j. James-Knox-Polk,
born Nov. 27, 1844; died March 26, 1874, unmarried. aabce bh.
Frederick-Oliver, born Feb. 25, 1805; died July 8, 1830, at Matanzas,
Cuba, of yellow fever, unmarried. aabce be. Alexander-Scammel,
born Apr. 14, 1807; died after 1888 in the West, unmarried. He had
a college education and became a teacher of music. It is thought by
the family that he removed to Illinois. aabee bd. Maria H., born Feb.
20, 1809; died Oct. 9, 1809. aabee be. Maria H., born Aug. 20,
1810; died May 31, 1832, at Boston, unmarried, and was buried at
Weymouth. aabce bf. Thomas-Bouve, born Feb. 25, 1814. He went
to sea as a sailor when a young man and never returned. So far as
the family know he never married, aabce bg. George-Frederick-
Handel, born Jan. 8, 1816. aabce bh. Caroline-Matilda, born Aug. 30,
1818; died June 9, 1909, at Boston; married, March 24, 1845, at
Boston (by Rev. Sebastian Streeter), Enoch-Howes, son of Enoch-
Howes and Sarah-Dargue (Jones) Snelling of Boston, born Sept. 8,
1816, at Boston; died Nov. 24, 1877, at South Scituate, Mass. He
was a painter and glazier and lived at Boston. (Boston Records;
Mass. Vital Records; Mrs. Bernard- Whitman Lawrence, aabce bhb.)
Children, born at Boston: a. James-Fowler, born May 16, 1847;
hving, 1912, unmarried; in California. b. Edith-Louisa, born Sept. 28,
1851; mar. Bernard- Whitman Lawrence. c. Carrie-Maria, born Nov.
23, 1859; living, 1912, unmarried. aabce bi. Oliver-Gibbins, born
Aug. 20, 1821; died March 21, 1824. He is also called " George-
Gibbins " in the family Bible, which is owned by Mrs. Bernard-
Whitman Lawrence. He was buried at Copps Hill burying ground. No.
68. (Boston Records.) aabce c. Ezekiel, son of Frederick (Jonathan,
Samuel^ Samuel, Samuel) and Tabitha (Whitmarsh) Lincoln of
Weymouth, Mass., born March 17, 1783, at Weymouth; died Nov. 20,
1839, at Boston, Mass., ''aged 57 years." He died of small-pox and
was buried at Weymouth. He lived at Boston and was by occupation
a mason. He married, intentions published Nov. 9, 1808, at Boston,
Elizabeth^, daughter of John^ (John^, John^, Thomas^) and
Elizabeth (Gould) Fillebrown of Hull, Mass., and Boston, born 17
 "258 LINCOLN GENEALOGY March 9, 1782, at Hull; died
Aug. 29, 1870, at Charlestown, Mass. They were living, in 1813, on
Prince street, Boston, and she was still living there in 1848, at
Number 56, (Boston Records; Mass. Vital Records; Hull Records;
Fillebrown Genealogy, p. 22.) Children, born at Boston: aabce ca.
Elizabeth-Fillebrown, born 1810; died June 30, 1880, at Boston in
the "Old Ladies Home." She married, May 9, 1848, at Boston, by
Rev. Sebastian Streeter, WiUiam Sinclair of Boston. He was a
widower when he married her, but no further information has been
obtained of him. They had no children. aabce cb. William, born
1812. aabce cc. Augusta, born about 1815. She married, in
California, Captain George Claxton, a sea captain of California, of
whom nothing is known. She died in California without children.
(Family Records.) aabce cd. John-Fillebrown, born March 9, 1817.
aabce ce. Louisa- Jane, born Dec. 26, 1820; died Aug. 29, 1906, at
Boston in the "Home for Aged Women," and is buried at Chelsea,
Mass. She married, Feb. 27, 1839, at Boston, James-Lawrence
Fowler, who was born in 1817 in Maine and died Jan. 30, 1885, at
Somerville, Mass. He was a pilot. (Mass. Vital Records.) Children: a.
Franklin, born Jan. 16, 1842; mar. Beatrice B. Gurney. h. Edith, born
December, 1843; died July 14, 1846. aabce cf. Emeline, died Feb. 17,
1857, at West Roxbury, Mass.; married, Sept. 26, 1841, at Boston,
by Rev. Sebastian Streeter, Willard-Fairbanks, son of Richard and
Mary (Holbrook) Lethbridge of Roxbury, Mass., born at Roxbury; died
March 13, 1855, at Charlestown, Mass. He was a paper-hanger and
Uved at West Roxbury. (Boston Records; Family Records of Willard-
Henry Lethbridge; Shattuck Memorials, p. 209.) Children, born: a, b
at Boston; c at West Roxbury: a. Susan-Fairbanks, born Dec. 12,
1842; died Jan. 26, 1888, unmarried. b. Willard-Henry, born Oct. 10,
1845; hving, 1912, unmarried. c. Franklin, born July 26, 1853; died
Apr. 9, 1890, unmarried. aabce eg. Henry, removed to Orange, N. J.,
and was a teacher of music there. He married but had no children.
His widow is said to have been hving in 1913, in New York City.
aabce f. Lot-Whitmarsh, son of Frederick (Jonathan, Samuel,
Samuel, Samuel) and Tabitha (Whitmarsh) Lincoln of Weymouth,
Mass., born May 29, 1790, at Weymouth; died Aug. 28, 1861, at
Weymouth. Massachusetts Vital Records in recording his death call
him "single." "History of Hingham," vol. ii, p. 470, says he died
August 29. Weymouth church records give the date of birth of the
"wife of Lot W. Lincoln" as 1789. I
 SIXTH GENERATION 259 He married, May 9, 1824, at
Boston, by Rev. Paul Dean, Lucinda, daughter of Sylvanus and
Elizabeth (Graham) Gates of Spencer, Mass., born July 28, 1791, at
Spencer; died March 27," 1826, at Boston, Mass., and was buried at
Roxbury, Mass. In his marriage record Mr. Lincoln is called *'of
Hingham," but he was probably living at Boston, and he continued to
live there until after his wife's death. He eventually returned to
Weymouth and was living there when he died. (Boston Records;
Weymouth Records; Spencer Records; Stephen Gates and
Descendants, pp. 75, 146.) Child, born at Boston: aabce fa. Lucinda,
born 1825; died March 26, 1851, at Chelsea, Mass.; married, March
29, 1846, at Boston, by Rev. Sebastian Streeter, Francis, son of
Francis and Dolly (Crosby) Low of Brewster, Mass., born May 29,
1824, at Brewster. (Brewster Records, also recorded as May 21.) In
the Boston record of their marriage she is called "Lucinda G.," so
perhaps her full name was Lucinda-Gates Lincoln. Mr. Low was a
rigger in company with his father, Francis, and his brother William on
Union wharf, Boston, in 1857, when he is named in his father's will.
(Suffolk County Probate Records, vol. clviii, p. 436.) He married (2),
Apr. 8, 1852, at Boston, Mrs. Margaret (Robinson) PhilUps, daughter
of Andrew and Sarah Robinson of Geneseo, N. Y., where she was
born about 1827. By her he had certainly one child t Charlotte F.,
born Feb. 21, 1853, at Chelsea. Mr. Low Uved at Chelsea. (Mass.
Vital Records.) Child, born at Chelsea: a. Albert F., born Dec. 7, 1850.
aabce h. Jairus, son of Frederick (Jonathan, Samuel, Samuel,
Samuel) and Tabitha (Whitmarsh) Lincoln of Weymouth, Mass., born
Nov. 15, 1792, at Weymouth; died Nov. 14, 1870, at Hingham, Mass.
He removed to Hingham and was a ''shipmaster," living on North
street near Thaxter street. He is called in ''History of Hingham"
"Jairus B" and perhaps assumed the "B" to distinguish him from
other Jairus Lincolns of entirely different families, who were
cotemporaries of his in Hingham. In 1863 and 1864, he was
president of the Boston Marine Society. He married (1), Sept. 4,
1821, at Weymouth, Jane^, daughter of EzekieP (Jonathan"^,
Samuel^, Samuel^, Samuel^) and Jane (Lincoln) Lincoln of
Hingham, aabch b, his own cousin, born Apr. 11, 1789, at Hingham;
died Apr. 15, 1852, at Hingham. He married (2), May 2, 1856, at
Boston, Mass. (Mass. Vital
 260 LINCOLN GENEALOGY Records say Apr. 30), Sarah-
James^, daughter of SamueP (James^, David^, David^, Jacoh^,
Johv}) and Abigail (James) Beal of Boston, born Nov. 28, 1812, at
Boston; died June 22, 1890, at Hingham, ''aged 77 years, 6 months,
25 days." (Weymouth Records; Mass. Vital Records; Hist, of
Hingham, vol. ii, pp. 53-69, 473.) Mr. Lincoln's will, dated Oct. 18,
1869, probated Nov. 28, 1870, names: wife Sarah J.; son-in-law
Henry L. Fearing; sister Lucy Lincoln; three grandchildren, Sarah-
Jane, Samuel-James and Edwin-Thayer Fearing. (Plymouth County
Probate Records, vol. cxl, p. 124.) Children, born probably at
Hingham: adbce ha. Jane-Russell, born 1826; died May 7, 1864, at
Boston, aged 37 years, according to her gravestone in Hingham
cemetery. She married, Oct. 16, 1856, at Hingham, Henry-Lincoln^,
son of Hawkes^ {Hawkes°, Hawkes*, John^, IsraeP, Joh'n}), and
Matilda (Wilder) Fearing of Hingham, see aachh h, born Nov. 2,
1832, at Hingham; died Jan, 3, 1886, at Boston. Mr. Fearing was a
merchant and lived at Hingham and at Boston. His business was
ship-chandlery. In rehgion he was a staunch Unitarian. He married
(2), Dec. 13, 1865, at Boston, Helen- Augusta, daughter of Rev.
Henry-Adolphus and Augiista-Holyoke (Moore) Miles of Hingham,
born Sept. 6, 1840, at Lowell, Mass.; hving, 1912, at Newton, ^-
Mass. (Mass. Vital Records.) Children, born: a at Hingham; h, c at
Boston. a. Sarah-Jane, born July 10, 1858; died Jan. 11, 1896,
unmarried. b. Samuel-James, born Nov. 19, 1859; mar. Mary-Belle
Connors. c. Edwin-Thayer, born Nov. 30, 1861; mar. Alice-Choate
Ingraham. aabce Kb. Samuel-James, born August, 1829; died Feb. 8,
1855, unmarried, "aged 25 years, 6 months." (Mass. Vital Records.)
aabcf a. Royal, son of Royal {Jonathan, Samuel, Samuel, Samuel)
and Jerusha (Waterman) Lincoln of Gorham, Me., born Oct. 18,
1779, at Hingham, Mass. ; died Sept. 5, 1865, at Portland, Me.,
where he had lived. He was a ''dry-goods merchant." He married,
Jan. 28, 1805, at Portland, by Rev. Elijah Kellogg, Harriet^, daughter
of Capt. William^ (Bryce^) and Jane McLellan of Portland, born
1779; died Sept. 27, 1847, at Portland, aged 69 years. Harriet's
mother, Jane, was Capt. McLellan's third wife. (Portland Records.)
Children, born at Portland: aabcf aa. Jane, born Oct. 31, 1805; died
March 1, 1879, at Rockland, Me., unmarried.
 SIXTH GENERATION 261 aahcj ah. Harriet-McLellan, born
Jan. 23, 1807; died June 8, 1893, at li Portland; married, Sept. 28,
1829, at Portland, William-Dodge, son of Stephen and Rebecca
(Dodge) Little of Portland, born Apr. 14, 1807, at Portsmouth, N. H.;
died June 5, 1893, at Portland. They were buried on the same day.
He was a dry-goods merchant and, later, in the commission and
insurance business. He was county treasurer, president of the
Common Council, and a member of the State legislature. They lived
at Portland. (Family Records; Portland Records; Little Genealogy, p.
422, which says she was born Jan. 27.) Children, born at Portland: a.
Henry-Augustus, born May 4, 1831; mar. Mary-Ann Knight. h.
Martha-Merrill, born July 2, 1833 ; mar. John-Edward Currier. c.
Joseph- Vaill, born Oct. 20, 1834; died Dec. 25, 1835. d. Thomas-
Jones, born Feb. 9, 1837; mar. AmeHa Hixon. e. Cornelia- Woodhull,
born Apr. 6, 1839; mar. (1) SargentPrentiss Coe; (2) Joseph-Hale
Coffin. /. Emily-Shaw, born July 25, 1840; died Apr. 16, 1844. g.
Harriet-Lincoln, born Jan. 24, 1842; mar. James- Watt Stevenson. h.
Jane-Lincoln, born Sept. 4, 1843; mar. Francis-Hale Coffin. i. William-
Frederick, born May 28, 1845; mar. Helen Graham. aadcf ac. Royal-
Waterman, born Aug. 25, 1809. aabcf ad. Elizabeth-Hopkins, born
June 24, 1811; died Sept. 21, 1894, at Eugene, Ore.; married,
before 1856, Alonzo A. Skinner, who was born in Ohio and died
about 1877, in Oregon. They lived at Eugene. He was admitted to
the bar at Ravenna, Portage county, Ohio, in 1840; was
commissioned prosecuting attorney of Putnam county, Ohio, in 1842;
removed to Oregon and was circuit judge of that territory in 1846; in
1851 he was an Indian agent; and in 1866-8 he was associate
justice of the supreme court of the State of Oregon. They had no
children of their own but adopted two daughters of Mr. and Mrs.
Reuben Sawyer, aabcf ah, Louisa-Harding and Emma-Maria. (Oregon
Hist. Soc'y Quarterly, vol. ii, p. 330; Records of Reuben-Frank
Sawyer, aabcf ahf.) ! aadcf ae. William- Waterman, born Apr. 16,
1814. aabcf af. Mary, born March 27, 1816; died January, 1824.
aabcf ag. Sophia-Merrill, born Aug. 10, 1818; died Feb. 14, 1889, at
Eugene, Ore.; married, Feb. 2, 1854, at Portland, Me., George-
FrederickMellen^, son of George^ (John^) and Lydia-Hersey
(Barnes) Coe of Portland, born June 22, 1829, at Portland; died May
24, 1869, at Portland. He was a soldier in the Civil war. He was a
painter by trade and lived at Portland. (Portland Records; Family
Records.) Child, born at Portland: a. Harriet-Lincoln, born 1856; diied
July 23, 1875, at Portland, unmarried, "aged 19 years." (Portland
Records.) aabcf ah. Anna-Louisa, born Jan. 17, 1820; died May 6,
1865, at Bath, Me.; married, May 31, 1847, at Portland, but family
records say June 1, Reuben, son of Nathan and Harriet (Little)
Sawyer of Portland, born Feb. 25, 1822, at Portland; died Nov. 8,
1863, at Detroit, Mich. He was a captain in the third Maine regiment
of infantry in the Civil war and, afterwards, in the invalid corps at
Detroit. He was a book-binder and merchant, and lived at Portland
and at Bath. (Portland Records ; Family Records.)
 262 LINCOLN GENEALOGY Children, born at Bath (Bath
records give sUghtly different dates): a. Julia-Putnam, bom May 22,
1848; mar. Daniel-Henry Towle. h. David-Tilden-Stinson, born July
14, 1851; died July 26, 1859. c. Louisa-Harding, born Jan. 17, 1853;
mar. (1) Edward Barrett; (2) Charles St. Clair. d. Emma-Maria, born
Aug. 16, 1854; mar. Charles A. Winchester, e. Frank-Lincoln, born
Nov. 28, 1859; died Sept. 13, 1862. /. Reuben-Frank, born Jan. 29,
1864; Uving, 1911, at Portland, unmarried. aabcf d. Cotton, son of
Royal {Jonathan, Samuel, Samuel, Samuel) and Jerusha (Waterman)
Lincoln of Hingham, Mass., and Gorham and Cornish, Me., born Nov.
23, 1785, at Hingham; died Apr. 17, 1846, at Cornish. Mr. Lincoln
settled at Cornish in 1815, and lived there until his death. He kept a
general store and ran a mill. His house is now, 1910, a hotel. He
married, July 30, 1818, at Cornish, Betsey, daughter of Joseph-Miller
and Betsey (Chadbourn) Thompson of Cornish, born March 20,
1786, at Sanford, Me.; died May 27, 1875, at Cornish, according to
the date on her gravestone, but her granddaughter, Fanny-Clark
Lincoln, says she died May 25, 1874. She and her husband are
buried at Cornish, their gravestones reading as follows: "Cotton
Lincoln % died % April 17, 1846 % AE 60 y'rs." ''Betsey Thompson {
wife of t Cotton Lincoln t died J May 27 1875 X AE 89 yrs.^' Betsey's
father and mother are also buried in Cornish cemetery and, as the
town records of Cornish have been burned, the inscriptions are here
given: ''Joseph M. Thompson t born in Exeter, N. H. t Nov. 12, 1751 t
was a soldier of the J revolution, in the battle % of Bunker Hill, and
first % settler of this place % died % Nov. 18, 1840.'' "Betsey, wife
of % Joseph M. Thompson % born in Sanford % Oct. 6, 1751 I died
% Sept. 28, 1827." (Family Records; Gravestones.) Children, born at
Cornish: aabcf da. Thompson, born Apr. 30, 1819. aahcf db. Sarah-
Jane, born Feb. 2, 1821; died Sept. 7, 1904, at San Francisco, Calif.,
whither she had gone to live with her daughter. She married, Nov.
10, 1839, at Cornish, Daniel-Wilson, son of John and Abigail (Wilson)
O'Brion of Cornish, born Aug. 10, 1810, at Cornish; died Oct. 12,
1896, at Cornish, where he and his wife are buried. He lived at Port

 SIXTH GENERATION 265 land, Fryeburg and Cornish, Me.,
and was a merchant. (Gravestones; Family Records.) Children, born
at Fryeburg: a. Ellen, born Sept. 14, 1840; died Jan. 14, 1843, "aet.
2 y'rs 3m." b. Clara-Ellen, born Nov. 25, 1843 ; mar. Dr. William F.
Southard, c. Charles-Carroll, born Feb. 2, 1849; mar. Hattie-Ehza
Bailey. aabcf dc. Martha-Elizabeth, born March 13, 1823; living,
1912, at Los Angeles, Calif.; married, May 24, 1846, at Hiram, Me.,
BenjaminFrankHn, son of Benjamin and Ehza (Jewett) Bucknall of
Hiram, born Oct. 21, 1821, at Hiram; died March 19, 1859, at
Centerville, Cahf ., where they had lived. Both he and his wife were
physicians. (Family Records.) Children, born at Centerville: a.
Frances, born Feb. 25, 1856; mar. John Reed of Los Angeles. h.
Benetta, born Sept. 13, 1857; died May 2, 1861. aabcf dd. Oscar,
born Oct. 7, 1824; died Nov. 17, 1894, at Augusta, Me., but is buried
at Cornish. His gravestone bears no dates. He was educated as a
physician and practised his profession at Prescott, Ariz. He never
married. aabcf de. Ann-Lucette, born Jan. 27, 1826; died at San
Francisco, Calif.; married, in 1855, at Cornish, Ezra, son of Amos and
Betsey (Andrews) Towle of Freedom, N. H., born March 16, 1826, at
Freedom; died at Red Bluffs, Colo., after his wife's death. He was a
trader. He lived first at Freedom but removed after 1858 to
Murphy's, Calif., but returned to Cornish. Later he went back to
CaUfornia and hved at San Francisco or Oakland until his wife's
death, when he went to Red Bluffs to live with a brother. (Family
Bible with Miss Fanny-Clark Lincoln; New Hampshire Records; Family
Records.) Children, born: a at Freedom, N. H.; 6 at Centerville, Calif.:
a. Edward, born February, 1856; died October, 1858, "aet. 2 years."
b. Nellie-Lincoln, born June 17, 1860; mar. WilHam Powell. aabcg d.
Rufus- Warren, son of Beza (Jonathan, Samuel, Samuel, Samuel)
and Sarah (Ward) Lincoln of Hingham, Mass., 'born Oct. 10, 1787, at
Hingham; died June 21, 1865, at Hingham. He lived at Hingham on
North street, nearly opposite Hobart's bridge. He was a ''mason" by
occupation and later a trader and afterwards had an interest in the
mackerel fisheries. In 1842, he was appointed postmaster, which
office he held for sleven years. He married, Oct. 1, 1820, Damietta-
Dennison, daughter of Salma and Abigail (Monroe) Clapp of
Chesterfield, Mass., born March 8, 1802, at Chesterfield, though the
record of her death says she was born at Boston; died June 2, 1889,
at Hingham, 'aged 87 years, 2 months, 25 days." (Mass. Vital
Records.) Her father was born at Chesterfield, but her mother was a
Qative of Roxbury, Mass. Mr. Lincoln had his name changed,
 264 LINCOLN GENEALOGY March 6, 1810, from ''Rufus" to
''Ruf us- Warren," he being then of Boston. (Hist, of Hingham, vol. ii,
p. 473; Family Bible; Mass. Vital Records.) Children, born at
Hingham: aabcg da. Sarah- Ward, born May 5, 1821; died Sept. 7,
1904, at Hingham, unmarried. aabcg db. Beza-Holbrook, born March
13, 1823. aabcg dc. Rufus- Warren, born June 8, 1825. aabcg dd.
Damietta-Clapp, born June 18, 1827; died Sept. 6, 1906, at
Cincinnati, Ohio, unmarried. After the death of her sisters she sold
the old house and went to live with her niece, Mrs. Ozro-Meacham
Fish, aabcg deb. aabcg de. George-Bronson, born Nov. 10, 1829.
aabcg df. Lucy-Ann-Lombard, born Aug. 21, 1831; died Jan. 11,
1893, or 1894, at Hingham, unmarried. aabcg dg. Amasa-Lyman,
born Sept. 22, 1833. aabcg dh. Mary-Tidmarsh, born Nov. 27, 1836;
died Sept. 13, 1904, at Hingham; married, Sept. 14, 1862, at
Hingham, Francis- Winsor, son of Winsor, 2d, and Mary G. Hatch of
Worcester, Mass., born July 30, 1838, at Worcester; died, it is said,
after 1900, at Worcester, but his death is not recorded there. In
1862, he was a produce merchant in Boston and, later, a grain
commission merchant, but lived at Hingham. They had no children.
aabch d. Ezekiel, son of Ezekiel (Jonathan, Samuel, Samuel, Samuel)
and Jane (Lincoln) Lincoln of Hingham, Mass., born JulySi, 1796, at
Hingham; died January 3, 1869, at Worcester, Mass. He passed an
active business life at Philadelphia, Pa., and was the founder of the
first steamship line between Philadelphia and Boston, the
predecessor of what was known later as the Winsor Line. Towards
the end of his life he returned to Hingham, and lived on Main street,
near the old meeting house. He married, Nov. 4, 1835, at Boston,
Mass., Mary-Fleet®, daughter of Ephraim^ (Andrew"^, Andrew^,
Andrew^, Andrew^) and Mary (Fleet) Ehot of Boston, born Nov. 10,
1808, at Boston according to Boston records, but ''Eliot Family" says
Oct. 11. She died Apr. 9, 1897, at Hingham. Mrs. Lincoln's
grandfather, Rev. Andrew Ehot, was eminent as a patriot and divine.
Many of his letters are preserved in the collections of the
Massachusetts Historical Society. (Hist, of Hingham, vol. ii, pp. 473-
4; Eliot Family, p. 45; Daughters of the Am. Revolution, vols, i, p.
361; iii, p. 158; v, p. 308; Boston Records; Mass. Vital Records;
Boston Evening Transcript, Apr. 30, 1910.)
 SIXTH GENERATION 265 Children, born: a at Boston; h-e at
Philadelphia: aahch da. Mary-Eliot, born Sept. 6, 1836; died Dec. 19,
1909, at Pasadena, Calif., unmarried. She lived with her parents, at
or near Philadelphia, until 1866, when she removed with them to
Massachusetts, making her home in Hingham. After her mother's
death she spent some time in Europe and, 1906, removed to
Pasadena where she passed three quiet, happy years among
congenial friends. She was active in charitable and missionary
societies and was a charter member of Old Colony Chapter, D. A. R.,
of Hingham. She possessed unusual abihty as an organist. adbch dh.
Katharine-Russell, born July 23, 1838; Hving, 1915, at Los Angeles,
Calif,; married, Oct. 25, 1864, at Philadelphia, Charles-Henry, son of
Charles-Henry and Alice-Burrington (Wight) Alden of Bristol, R. I.,
born Apr. 28, 1836, at Philadelphia; died June 7, 1906, at Pasadena,
Calif., and is buried in the National cemetery at Arlington, Va. He
graduated at Brown University in 1856, and received the degree of
M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1858. In June, 1859, he
was employed under contract in the medical department of the
United States army, and in the following Jime was commissioned
assistant surgeon. From that time he served continuously, passing
through various grades of the department, until his retirement, on
account of age, Apr. 28, 1900, from the grade of assistant surgeon
general, with the rank of colonel. In 1904, he was promoted to the
rank of brigadier general. In July, 1859, he accompanied the troops
to New Mexico and served in the Navajo campaign. In July, 1861, he
was taken prisoner by the Confederates near Las Cruces, N. M., but
was subsequently released on parole and was ordered to duty in the
surgeon general's office at Wasliington. He was released from parole
in October, 1862, and from that time was actively engaged with the
medical work of the army until the end of the war. In 1867, he was
in the field in Wyoming with the 30th Infantry and, after service in
various parts of the West, in 1877 accompanied the Nez Perce
expedition and was present at the battles of Clearwater and Kamiah.
From November, 1877, until the spring of 1882, he was with the
army medical board in New York and, after a short service in Dakota
and Minnesota, went to the Military Academy at West Point. In 1888,
he was made medical director of the department at Dakota and in
August, 1890, was a delegate to the tenth international cQngress at
Berlin. From August, 1893, until his retirement he was stationed at
Washington as principal assistant to the surgeon gene'ral, and was
in charge of the hospital corps. He was first president of the Army
Medical School, founded in 1893, and his lecture on the "Duties of
Medical Officers" is regarded as a standard. In November, 1896, he
was a delegate to the Pan-American medical congress in Mexico, and
in September, 1899, was elected president of the Association of the
MiUtary Surgeons of the United States. After his retirement he
continued to live in Washington until 1903, when ill health compelled
his removal to Pasadena, where he continued to live until his death.
(Washington Evening Star, Apr. 28, 1900; The Wights, p. 114; Family
Records.) Children, born: a at Philadelphia, Pa.; h at Hingham,
Mass.; c at Fort Gratiot, Mich.; d at Walla Walla, Wash.: a. Alice-
Wight, born Nov. 27, 1865; unmarried, 1915. h. Charles-Henry, born
Sept. 27, 1867; unmarried, 1915.
 266 LINCOLN GENEALOGY c. Mary-Lincoln, born March 3,
1872; died Jan. 19, 1879. d. Eliot, born Dec. 12, 1874; mar. Etta
Estill. aahch dc. Helen-Frances, born Nov. 30, 1839; died Aug. 26,
1867, at Dublin, N. H.; married, June 1, 1864, at Philadelphia,
Charles- Willing, son of William and Louisa (Brooks) Duane of
Philadelphia, born Dec. 20, 1837, at Philadelphia; died June 19,
1915, at Ventnor, N. J. He was a direct descendant of Benjamin
Franklin; William J. Duane, former Secretary of the Treasury; Richard
Bache, former Postmaster General; John Inskeep, former mayor of
Philadelphia; Colonel William Duane, who commanded the troops
near Philadelphia in the war of 1812; and on his mother's side, of
Samuel Brooks, a noted Philadelphia merchant. Mr. Duane graduated
at the University of Pennsylvania in 1858 and then entered the
Episcopal Seminary at Alexandria, where he was a classmate of
Phillips Brooks, of whom he became a lifelong friend. During an
active life of fifty years in the ministry he was successively rector of
Trinity parish, Swedesboro, N. J.; Zion Church, Philadelphia; St.
Andrew's Church, West Philadfelphia ; and Christ Church, Boston,
Mass., of which he was rector for seventeen years, and while at
Boston was annual lecturer at Trinity Church under the Price
Foundation. During the latter part of his life he traveled extensively,
both in this country and abroad, and retired from active work in the
ministry in 1909. He married (2), Sept. 1, 1870,. at Weymouth,
Mass., his first wife's sister, Emma-Cushman Lincoln, who survived
him. (Philadelphia PubUc Ledger, June 20, 1915.) Children, born at
Swedesboro . a. Virginia, born Apr. 25, 1865; died May 21, 1865. 6.
Russell, born June 15, 1866; mar. Mary-Burnside Morris. aahch dd.
Emma-Cushman, born June 12, 1843; living, 1915, at Philadelphia;
married, Sept. 1, 1870, at Weymouth, Mass., Rev. Charles- Willing
Duane, who had previously married her sister, Helen-Frances. (See
her record.) Children, born at Swedesboro : a. William, born Feb. 17,
1872; mar. Caroline-Ehse Ravenel. h. Helen-Frances, born Jan. 26,
1874; died Jan. 26, 1879. c. Louisa, born Jan. 9, 1879; mar. Bodine
Wallace. aahch de. George-Russell, born March 9, 1848; died Sept.
29, 1913, at Paris, France, unmarried. He was graduated from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a mining engineer in 1871,
and from 1873 to 1881 was connected with the Pennsylvania Steel
Works at Harrisburg, Pa., as head of its chemical department.
Subsequently he became connected with a steel company at
Pittsburgh, where he remained until 1892, when he was appointed
instructor in chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
which position he held until 1897, when he removed to Europe,
passing his winters in London, Paris and Berlin and his summers in
Switzerland, devoting much of his time to historical research.
(Harrisburg, Pa., Patriot, Oct. 2, 1913.) aabcj c. Samuel, son of John
(Jonathan, Samuel, Samuel, Samuel) and Bethia (Thaxter) Lincoln of
Gorham, Me., born June 28, 1797, at Gorham (Gorham Records);
died Sept. 20, 1870, at Portland, Me. (Portland Records.) He lived for
some
 SIXTH GENERATION 267 years after his first marriage at
West Gorham, where he was a ''trader." He removed, later, to
Portland, where he went into trade and passed the rest of his life.
(Hist, of Gorham, p. 203.) He married (1), July 8, 1827, Eliza,
daughter of Daniel and Hannah (Clement) Fogg, born 1801; died
Dec. 15, 1828, at Gorham, "aged 27 years," and is there buried. She
had no children. He married (2), Dec. 30, 1830, at Westbrook, Me.
(County Commissioners' Records), Jane-Robinson, daughter of
Stephen and Barbara (Ross) Thomas of Portland, born July 1, 1800,
at Portland; died Oct. 1, 1872, at Portland. She was widow of
Stephen-Longfellow Lewis, whom she married Jan. 11, 1822, at
Portland, and by whom she had two children: Tabitha and Mary.
(Portland Records; Information of Mrs. Emily W. Oxnard, Portland.)
Children, by second wife, born: a at Gorham; h at Portland: aahcj
ca. Eliza, born December, 1831; died Oct. 19, 1833, at Gorham,
"aged 1 year and 10 months." (Gravestone at Gorham; Gorham
Records say "aged 22 months.") (wbcj cb. Edward-Ross, born Dec.
27, 1838; living, 1910, at Portland, where he has always lived. He
was a sail maker. At the first call for troops in the Civil war he
enlisted in Company A, 1st Maine infantry, as private and served for
three months. In 1862, he was in the Quartermaster's department at
Washington, as a tent maker, for three or four months. He married,
Jan. 14, 1873, at Chelsea, Mass., Ellen, daughter of James and Lucy-
Woodbury (Gushing) Dyer of Portland, born Oct. 25, 1835, at
Portland; living 1910. They have had no children. (Record(S of
Edward Ross Lincoln.) aabcj h. Levi-Thaxter, son of John {Jonathan,
Samuel, Samuel, Samuel) and Bethia (Thaxter) Lincoln of Gorham,
Me., born March 29, 1811, at Gorham; died July 27, 1886, at
Augusta, Me. He lived, first, at Yarmouth, Me., and kept a hotel there
until his marriage, when he gave up the hotel and kept a store until
about 1868. He then removed to Portland and went into the
wholesale grocery business, being a member of the firm of York &
Lincoln. He married, Dec. 22, 1852, at Portland, by Rev. J. W.
Chickering, Mary- Ann, daughter of Nathaniel and Thankful (
[Burnham] Bagley) Brown of Portland, born Aug. 18, 1816, at
Portland;
 268 LINCOLN GENEALOGY died Aug. 25, 1899, at
Falmouth, Me., aged 83 years and 10 days. She is buried at Deering,
Me. (Portland Records; Records of Mrs. Carrie-Thaxter [Lincoln]
Thurston, aabcj ha.) Children, born at Yarmouth: aahcj ha. Cakrie-
Thaxter, born March 20, 1854; married Dec. 13, 1882, at Maiden,
Mass., CharleSrBrown , son of Brown and Harriet (Chapman)
Thurston of Portland, Me., born June 10, 1843, at Portland. They are
living, 1910, at Portland. He enlisted, Dec. 2, 1861, as private in
Company H, 13th Maine infantry; was promoted sergeant Aug. 28,
1863; and was discharged Jan. 6, 1865. In 1870, he engaged in the
ice business at Portland, from which he retired in 1906. From 1908
to 1911 he was city auditor of Portland. (Thurston Genealogy, 2d
ed., p. 181; Family Records.) Children, born at Portland: a. Edwin-
Brown, born Aug. 26, 1887; living, 1910, unmarried. b. Arthur-
Lincoln, born Sept. 7, 1891; living, 1910, unmarried. aabcj hb. John-
Robie, born Jan. 19, 1857. aabck b. Charles, son of Charles
{Jonathan, Samuel, Samuel, Samuel) and Mary (Barry) Lincoln of
Boston, Mass., born March 2, 1793, at Boston; died June 15, 1843,
at Charlestown, Mass. (History of Hingham says June 16), having
been murdered by a convict while he was warden of the
Massachusetts State Prison. He received his education partly in
Hingham and partly in Boston. He began his business career with his
uncle, Samuel Barry, a hatter, and later continued for himself in the
same business until he received the appointment, in 1828, of deputy
warden in the State prison at Charlestown. In 1832, he was
appointed warden of the prison, in which office he continued until
his death. In personal appearance he greatly resembled his father.
He was a man of unblemished character, of the strictest integrity,
and devout religious faith. At the time of his death he was a member
of the Winthrop Congregational Church (orthodox) of Charlestown.
He was a member of the Boston Fusileers, of which company he had
been ensign and heutenant and was a prominent candidate for the
captaincy. (Records of Rev. Charles-Lincoln Morgan, aahck aa.) The
''Boston Post" for June 16, 1843, has the following account of his
murder: ''Yesterday afternoon, the State Prison, at Charlestown, was
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