237

7
BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES

7.1 Introduction chain, and gear drives, and their use should be
compared for suitability and optimization for
Belt and chain drives are both used to transmit any given application. In addition to power
power from one rotational drive to another. Belt transmission, constant speed ratio or synchroni-
and chain drives consist of flexible elements run- zation of the angular position of the driving and
ning on either pulleys or sprockets as illustrated driven shaft may be critical to operation. This
in Figs. 7.1 and 7.2, with practical examples can be achieved by means of gears, chains, or
shown in Figs. 7.3 and 7.4. This chapter intro- special toothed belts called synchronous or tim-
duces various types of belt and chain drives and ing belts (see Figs. 7.3 and 7.5).
presents selection procedures for wedge, syn- Both belt and chain drives can transmit power
chronous and flat belts and also for roller chains. between shafts that are widely separated, giving
The speed ratio between the driving and designers and engineers greater scope for control
driven shaft is dependent on the ratio of the pul- over machine layout. In comparison to gears, they
ley or sprocket diameters as is given by do not require as much precision in the location of
center distances. Both belt and chain drives are
Vpitch line 5 ω1 R1 5 ω2 R2 (7.1) often cheaper than the equivalent gear drive. Belts
ω1 R2 and chains are generally complimentary, covering a
Angular velocity ratio 5 5 (7.2) range of operational requirements.
ω2 R1
In general, belt drives are used when the rota-
where Vpitchline is the pitchline velocity (m/s), tional tangential velocity component of the pull-
ω1 is the angular velocity of driving pulley or eys is of the order of 10
60 m/s. At lower
sprocket (rad/s), ω2 is the angular velocity of speeds, the tension in the belt becomes too high
driven pulley or sprocket (rad/s), R1 is the radius for typical belt sections. At higher speeds, cen-
of driving pulley or sprocket (m), and R2 is the trifugal forces throw the belts off the pulleys,
radius of driven pulley or sprocket (m). reducing the torque capacity and dynamic phe-
A belt drive transmits power between shafts by nomena reduce the effectiveness and life of the
using a belt to connect pulleys on the shafts by belt drive. Chain drives are typically used at
means of frictional contact or mechanical interfer- lower speeds and consequently higher torques
ence. A chain consists of a series of links connected than belts. For a rotating machine, torque is pro-
by pins. The chain link assembly is designed to mesh portional to the ratio of power and angular
with the corresponding teeth on sprockets located velocity, power/ω. As the angular velocity
on both the driving and the driven shafts and reduces, for a given power, the torque increases.
thereby provide positive mechanical engagement. Belt drives can have numerous advantages over
Power transmission between shafts can be gear and chain drives, including easy installation,
achieved by a variety of means including belt, low maintenance, high reliability, adaptability to
Mechanical Design
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821102-1.00007-X © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Belt and Chain Drives
238

the pulley diameters would be the same.

Alternatively, the driven shaft velocity can be
decreased by using a bigger diameter pulley on
the driven shaft than on the driving shaft. It is
also possible to use belt drives to step up or
increase the speed of a driven shaft, but this is a
less common application.
There are various types of belt drive config-
urations including flat, round, V, wedge, and
synchronous belt drives, each with their individ-
ual merits. The cross sections of various belts are
illustrated in Fig. 7.6. Most belts are manufac-
Figure 7.1 Belt drive. tured from rubber or polymer-based materials.
Power is transmitted by means of friction in the
nonparallel drive, and high transmission speeds. The case of flat, round, wedge, and V belts and by a
principal disadvantages of belt drives are their lim- combination of friction and positive mechanical
ited power transmission capacity and limited speed interference in the case of synchronous belt drives.
ratio capability. Belt drives are less compact than When the driven shaft rotates, friction between
either gear or chain drives and are susceptible to the pulley and the belt causes the belt to grip the
changes in environmental conditions such as con- pulley increasing the tension in the side near to the
tamination with lubricants. In addition, vibration point of first rotational contact. The tensile force
and shock loading can damage belts. exerts a tangential force, and associated torque, on
Chains are usually more compact than belt drives the driven pulley. The opposite side of the belt is
for a given speed ratio and power capacity. Chain also under tension but to a lesser extent and is
drives are generally more economical than the referred to as the slack side.
equivalent gear drive and are usually competitive A frequent application of belt drives is to reduce
with belt drives. Chains are inherently stronger than the speed output from electric motors, which typi-
belt drives due to the use of steels in their manufac- cally run at specific synchronous speeds that are
ture and can therefore support higher tension and high in comparison to the desired application drive
transmit greater power. The disadvantages of chain speed. Because of their ability to twist, belt drives
drives are limited speed ratios and power transmis- can be well suited to applications where the rotat-
sion capability and also safety issues. Chain drives ing shafts are in different planes. Some standard
can break and get thrown off the sprockets with layouts are shown in Fig. 7.7. Belts are installed by
large forces and high speeds. Guards should be pro- moving the shafts closer together, slipping the belt
vided for chain drives and some belt drives to pre- over the pulleys and then moving the shafts back
vent damage caused by a broken chain or belt and into their operating locations.
also to prevent inadvertent or careless access to the Flat belts have high strength, can be used for
chain or belt drive. large speed ratios (.8:1), have a low pulley cost,
give low noise levels, and are good at absorbing
torsional vibration. The belts are typically made
7.2 Belt Drives from multiple plies, with each layer serving a
special purpose. A typical three-ply belt consists
Belt drives can be used to simply transmit power of a friction ply made from synthetic rubber,
between one shaft and another with the speed of polyurethane, or chrome leather, a tension ply
the driving and driven shaft equal. In this case made from polyamide strips or polyester cord
 Chapter 7
239

Figure 7.2 Chain drive.

The most widely used type of belt in industrial

and automotive applications is the V belt or wedge
belt (Fig. 7.8). It is familiar from its automotive
application where it is used to connect the crank-
shaft to accessory drives, such as the alternator,
water pump, and cooling fan. It is also used for gen-
eral engineering purposes from domestic appliances
to heavy-duty rolling machines. The V or wedge
shape causes the belt to wedge into the correspond-
ing groove in the pulley, increasing friction and tor-
que capacity. Multiple belts are commonly used so
that a cheaper small cross-sectional area belt can be
used to transmit more power. Note that long center
distances are not recommended for V or wedge
Figure 7.3 The Strida bicycle featuring a toothed belt belts.
drive. Courtesy Mark Sanders, MAS Design Products Ltd. Synchronous belts, also called timing belts, have
teeth that mesh with the corresponding teeth on
and an outer skin made from polyamide fabric, the pulleys. This mechanical interference or posi-
chrome leather, or an elastomer. The corre- tive contact between the pulleys and the belt pro-
sponding pulleys are made from cast iron or vides angular synchronization between the driving
polymer materials and are relatively smooth to and the driven shafts and ensures a constant speed
limit wear. The driving force is limited by the ratio. Synchronous belts combine the advantages
friction between the belt and the pulley. of normal friction belt drives with the capability of
Applications include manufacturing tools, synchronous drive (see Perneder and Osbourne,
saw-mills, textile machinery, food-processing 2012). The meshing of the belt and pulleys is criti-
machines, multiple spindle drives, pumps, and cal to their effective operation. The teeth of the
compressors. advancing belt must mesh correctly with the
 Belt and Chain Drives
240

Figure 7.4 A motorbike chain drive.

corresponding grooves on the pulley wheels and

remain in mesh throughout the arc of contact. To
achieve this, the pitch of the belts and the pulleys
must correspond exactly. A disadvantage of syn-
chronous belts can be the noise generated by com-
pression of air between the teeth, especially at high
speeds.
Table 7.1 lists the comparative merits of vari-
ous belt drives. Fig. 7.9 provides a guide for the
selection of belt type.
It is necessary to manage the tension in a belt
drive. This can be achieved by means of setting
the distance between pulley wheels to a specified
distance as defined by the manufacturer, or
through analysis. It may, however, not be practi-
cal or convenient to assemble all the components
under tension or running conditions that may
mandate control of the tension. In these circum-
stances, a belt tensioner can be used. A belt ten-
sioner can: take up slack in a belt so that the belt
does not slip on the pulley wheels; improve
drive performance (see Ulsoy et al., 1985);
enable use of a longer belt; change the direction Figure 7.5 Application of timing or synchronous belts to
power more than one driven shaft.
 Chapter 7
241

Figure 7.6 Various belt cross sections.

Figure 7.7 Example belt drive configurations: (A) non-reversing open belt; (B) reversing crossed belt; (C) twisted belt
drive; (D) variable speed drive.

of the belt; and enable easier installation and ser- fundamental relationships for the belt tensions
vicing. Some examples of the use of belt ten- and torque transmission and a belt selected based
sioning are illustrated in Fig. 7.10. on its maximum permissible tensile stress. These
equations are illustrated here by an example
using a flat belt drive.
Belt selection

Two approaches are presented here for the selec- Wedge belt selection
tion of a belt drive. The use can be made of the
design procedures and accompanying charts pro- The typical design and selection procedure, for
vided by belt drive manufacturers. The use of use in conjunction with power-speed rating
charts for belt selection is illustrated here by charts supplied by commercial belt companies, is
considering a wedge belt drive and for synchro- outlined below for a wedge belt and also shown
nous belts. Alternatively, the use can be made of in Fig. 7.11.
 Belt and Chain Drives
242

Figure 7.8 Example of a V belt drive.

Table 7.1 Comparison of belt performance.

Parameter Flat belt drive V belt drive Wedge belt drive Synchronous belt drive
Optimum efficiency 98% 80% 86% 98%
Maximum speed (m/s) 100 50 40 60
Minimum pulley diameter (mm) 7 20 56 16
Maximum speed ratio 20 7 8 9
Optimum tension ratio 2.5 5 5 —
Diverse sources including www.tyma.eu, www.hic-india.com, www.fptgroup.com, www.gates.com, www.sdp-si.com, www.optibelt.com, www.
durabelt.com, Hamilton, P. (1994), and Belt drives. In K. Hurst (ed.) Rotary Power Transmission Design. McGraw Hill.

1. Define the operating conditions. These 3. Calculate the design power. This is the product
include the nominal power to be transmit- of the nominal power and the service factor.
ted, the rotational speeds of the shafts, and 4. Select the belt type. To assist in the selection of
any space, layout, or other constraints such which type of belt drive to use, the procedure
as environmental conditions. given in Fig. 7.9 can be used as a guideline.
2. Determine the service factor. Service 5. Select a belt. Using a manufacturer’s rating
factors are used to down-rate the power chart, select a specific belt for the design
transmission capability listed by belt power and speed.
suppliers to account for the differences 6. Select the pulley diameters. Pulleys are nor-
between practical applications and test mally available in standard sizes. Choose the
conditions. Table 7.2 lists the typical smallest sizes available such that the speed
values for service factors. ratio is acceptable.
 Chapter 7
243

Figure 7.9 Procedure for the selection of belt type.

Figure 7.10 Belt tensioning examples.

7. Set the center distance. This is dependent the belt geometry and are provided within
on the application. As a general guideline, the belt manufacturer’s design guides.
the center distance should be greater than 10. Determine the allowable power per belt (or
the diameter of the larger pulley. per belt width for flat belts). This is a function
8. Determine the belt length. Note that belts are of the belt dimensions and is available from
usually manufactured in standard lengths. Some manufacturer’s design guides.
iteration around the design parameters may be 11. Determine the number of belts. The num-
necessary to arrive at a satisfactory compromise. ber of belts is given by dividing the design
9. Apply power correction factors. These are power by the allowable power per belt and
used to compensate for speed ratio and rounding up to the nearest integer.
 Belt and Chain Drives
244

Determine the nominal power to be transmitted, the rotational speeds

of the shafts, and any space, layout or other constraints such as
environmental conditions.
p
Determine the service factor. Table 7.2 lists typical values for service
factors.
p
Calculate the design power. This is the product of the nominal power
and the service factor.
p
Select the belt type (see Fig. 7.9).
p
Select a belt. Using a manufacturer’s rating chart, select a specific
belt for the design power and speed.
p
Select the pulley diameters. Choose the smallest sizes available
such that the speed ratio is acceptable.
p
Set the center distance. As a general guideline, the center distance
should be greater than the diameter of the larger pulley.
p
Determine the belt length. Belts are usually manufactured in standard
lengths. So some iteration around the design parameters may be
necessary to arrive at a satisfactory compromise.
p
Apply power correction factors. These are used to compensate for
speed ratio and the belt geometry and are provided within belt
manufacturer’s design guides.
p
Determine the allowable power per belt (or per belt width for flat
belts). This is a function of the belt dimensions and is available from
manufacturer’s design guides.
p
Determine the number of belts. The number of belts is given by
dividing the design power by the allowable power per belt and
rounding up to the nearest integer.
p
Determine shaft hub connection for the pulley wheels (see Chapter 4,
Section 4.2).
p
Determine shaft diameter (see Chapter 4, Section 4.5).

Figure 7.11 Typical wedge belt design procedure.

Fig. 7.12 shows a design chart for power

Example 7.1
rating versus speed, and Tables 7.3
7.6 list the
values for the minimum pulley diameter, center Select a wedge belt and determine the pulley
distance, and power ratings for a limited selec- diameters for a reciprocating compressor
tion of wedge belts. The use of these in con- driven by a 28-kW two-cylinder diesel
junction with the procedure given in Fig. 7.11 is engine. The engine speed is 1500 rpm, and
illustrated by the following examples (Examples the compressor speed is 950 rpm. The pro-
7.1 and 7.2). posed distance between the engine and com-
pressor shaft centers is approximately 1.5 m.
 Chapter 7
245

Table 7.2 Service factors.

Types of prime mover
Soft starts. Electric motors: Heavy starts. Electric motors:
AC—star delta start, DC— AC—star delta start, DC—
shunt wound. IC engines with shunt wound. IC engines with
four or more cylinders. Prime less than four cylinders. Prime
movers fitted with centrifugal movers not fitted with soft start
clutches, dry or fluid couplings, drives.
or electronic soft start drives.
Duty (Hours per day)
Types of driven machine ,10 10
16 .16 ,10 10
16 .16
Light duty. For example, agitators (uniform density), 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3
blowers, exhausters, and fans (up to 7.5 kW), centrifugal
compressors, rotodynamic pumps, uniformly loaded belt
conveyors.
Medium duty. For example, agitators (variable density), 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4
blowers, exhausters, and fans (over 7.5 kW), rotary
compressors and pumps (other than centrifugal),
nonuniformly loaded conveyors, generators, machine
tools, printing machinery, sawmill machinery.
Heavy duty. For example, brick machinery, bucket 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6
elevators, reciprocating compressors and pumps, heavy-
duty conveyors, hoists, pulverizers, punches, presses,
quarry plant, textile machinery.
Extra heavy duty. For example, crushers. 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8

Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020a). ,https://www.fptgroup.com/Classic-V-Belts/. (last accessed
November 7, 2020)].

The system is expected to be used for less From Table 7.3, for a design power of
than 10 hours per day. 39.2 kW and a driving shaft speed of 1500 rpm,
an approximate minimum pulley diameter of
Solution 160 mm is suitable.
950 5 1:58
The speed ratio is 1500 From Table 7.4 the actual pulley diameters
From Table 7.2 for ‘‘heavy starts,’’ ‘‘heavy can be selected by tracing down the left-hand
duty’’ and less than 10 hours operation per side to the speed ratio and reading across for the
day, the service factor is 1.4. pitch diameters of the driving and driven pulleys.
The design power 5 28 3 1:4 5 39:2 kW: The minimum diameter from Table 7.3 can be
used as a guideline when there is a choice.
From Fig. 7.12, the combination of From Table 7.4 for a speed ratio of 1.58,
power equal to 39.2 kW and the speed suitable pitch diameters are D1 5 224 mm and
equal to 1500 rpm is found to be within D2 5 355 mm. The nearest center distance listed
the envelope curve and range defined as to the 1.5 m desired is 1.544 m and tracing the
suitable for SPB belt drives. The combina- column upwards defines the belt length as
tion is also within the envelope range 4000 mm and by tracing the shading upwards
suitable for SPA belts. As the power is near the arc-length correction factor is 1.05.
the upper range of the SPA curve, an SPB From Table 7.5, the rated power per belt
belt is selected here, although the choice is for n1 5 1500 rpm and D1 5 224 mm is
marginal. 15.97 kW/belt.
 Belt and Chain Drives
246

Figure 7.12 Selection chart for wedge belts. Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020a).
,https://www.fptgroup.com/Classic-V-Belts/. (last accessed November 7, 2020)].

From Table 7.6, the additional power per As a partial belt cannot be used, round
belt accounting for the speed ratio is 1.11 kW. this number up to the nearest integer.
The corrected value for the power per belt Thus three SPB4000 belts should be used
is ð15:97 1 1:11Þ 3 1:05 5 17:93 kW/belt. running on sprockets of 224 and 315 mm
The total number of belts is therefore pitch diameter with a center distance of
17:93 5 2:19.
39:2
1.544 m.
 Chapter 7
247

Table 7.3 Minimum recommended pulley diameters for wedge belt drives.
Speed of faster Minimum pulley diameters (mm)
shaft (rpm) Design power (kW)
,1 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 15.0 20.0 25 30 40 50 60 75 90 110 130 150 200 250
500 56 90 100 112 125 140 180 200 212 236 250 280 280 315 375 400 450 475 500 560
600 56 85 90 100 112 125 140 180 200 212 224 250 265 280 300 335 375 400 475 500
720 56 80 85 90 100 106 132 150 160 170 200 236 250 265 280 300 335 375 450 500
960 56 75 80 85 95 100 112 132 150 180 180 200 224 250 280 280 300 335 400 450
1200 56 71 80 80 95 95 106 118 132 150 160 180 200 236 236 250 265 300 335 355
1440 56 63 75 80 85 85 100 112 125 140 160 170 190 212 236 236 250 280 315 335
1800 56 63 71 75 80 85 95 106 112 125 150 160 170 190 212 224 236 265 300 335
2880 56 60 67 67 80 80 85 90 100 112 125 140 160 170 180 212 224 236 — —

Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020a). ,https://www.fptgroup.com/Classic-V-Belts/. (last accessed
November 7, 2020)].

Example 7.2 The corrected power per belt is

A wedge belt drive is required to transmit (15.47 1 1.21) 3 1.0 5 16.68 kW.
18.5 kW from an electric motor running at 20:35
1455 rpm to a uniformly loaded conveyor Number of belts required 5 5 1:22
16:68
running at 400 rpm. The desired center dis-
tance is 1.4 m, and the expected use is Rounding up, use two SPB4500 belts with
15 hours a day. Select a suitable belt, or belts, pulley diameters of 224 and 800 mm and cen-
and determine the pulley diameters. ter distance 1.416 m.

Solution
18.5 kW, n1 5 1455 rpm, n2 5 400 rpm. Synchronous belts
C  1.4 m
Synchronous belt drives have teeth on the belt
The speed ratio is 1455/400 5 3.6375.
and corresponding grooves on the pulley
From Table 7.2, the service factor is 1.1.
wheels. The meshing teeth provide positive
Design power 5 18:5 3 1:1 5 20:35 kW angular location and hence there is normally
no relative motion or slipping between the
From Fig. 7.12, an SPB belt is suitable. two elements in mesh, giving a constant speed
From Table 7.3, the minimum pulley ratio between the driving and driven shafts.
diameter is approximately 112 mm. Synchronous belts can therefore be used for
From Table 7.4, selecting the closest ratio applications such as automatic machinery
as 3.57, D1 5 224 mm, D2 5 800 mm, where a definite motion sequence or indexing
C 5 1.416 m (SPB4500). The combined arc is necessary. A key consideration in belt selec-
and belt length correction factor is 1.0. tion and design is the material concerned, and
From Table 7.5, the rated power per belt is this topic remains an on-going area of devel-
approximately 15.47 kW. From Table 7.6, the opment (see, e.g., Iizuka et al., 1994 and
additional power per belt is 1.21 kW. Dalgarno et al., 1994 as well as the various belt
manufacturers).
Table 7.4 Centre distances for selected SPB wedge belts.
Combined arc and belt length correction factor 0.85a 0.90b 0.95c 1.00d 1.05e 1.10f
Pitch diameter Power per belt Belt length for SPB belt type
of pulleys (kW)
Speed ratio Driver Driven 1440 rpm 960 rpm 1250 1400 1800 2000 2240 2500 2800 3150 3550 4000 4500 5000 5600 6300
b c c c d d e e e f
1.27 315 400 24.56 17.91 — — — 436 557 687 837 1013 1213 1438 1688 1938 2238 2588 f
1.27 118 150 6.37 4.58 414a 489 a 689 b 789b — — — — — — — — — —
1.28 125 160 7.24 5.18 401a 476a 676b 776b — — — — — — — — — —
1.29 140 180 7.69 5.54 373a 448a 648b 748b 869c 998c 1148c 1342d 1524d 1749e 1999e 2249e 2549f 2899f
1.29 132 170 8.10 5.78 387a 462a 663b 763b — — — — — — — — — —
1.53 118 180 6.51 4.67 390 a 465 a 665 b 765 b — — — — — — — — — —
1.56 180 280 12.03 8.61 259a 335a 536b 637b 757c 887c 1038c 1213d 1413d 1638e 1888e 2138e 2438f 2788f
1.56 160 250 9.95 7.13 300 a 375 a 576 b 676 b 797 c 927 c 1077 c 1252 d 1452 d 1677 e 1927 e 2178 e 2478 f 2828 f
1.57 150 236 8.89 6.37 319 394a 595 b 696 b 816 c 946 c 1096 c 1271 d 1471 d 1696 e 1946 e 2196 e 2496 f 2847 f
1.57 200 315 14.05 10.05 — 290 a 492 b 593 b 713b 844 c 994 c 1169 d 1369 d 1594 e 1845 e 2095 e 2395 f 2745 f
1.58 224 355 16.54 11.86 — — 440 b 541 b 662 b 793 c 943 c 1118 d 1319 d 1544 e 1794 e 2044 e 2344 f 2694 f
1.59 315 500 24.81 18.09 — — — — 471 b 603 c 754 c 930 d 1131d 1357 d 1607 e 1858 e 2158f 2508 f
1.60 125 200 7.49 5.35 368 443 a 644 b 744 b — — — — — — — — — —
1.60 140 224 7.95 5.71 336 412 a 613 b 713 b 833 c 963 c 1113 c 1288 d 1489 d 1714 e 1964 e 2214 e 2514 f 2864 f
1.60 250 400 19.02 13.68 — — 382 b 484 b 605 b 736 c 886 c 1062 d 1262 d 1488 d 1738 e 1988 e 2288 f 2368 f
1.87 190 355 13.17 9.42 — — 465 a 566 b 687 b 818 c 968 c 1144 d 1344 d 1570 e 1820 e 2070 e 2371 f 2721 f
1.89 212 400 15.37 11.00 — — 409 a 511 b 633 b 764 c 915 c 1090 c 1291 d 1516 e 1767 e 2017 e 2317 f 2668 f
1.89 125 236 7.49 5.35 337 413 a 614 b 714 b — — — — — — — — — —
1.89 112 212 5.88 4.23 367 443 a 644 b 744 b — — — — — — — — — —
1.89 132 250 8.36 5.95 320 396 a 597 b 697 b — — — — — — — — — —
2.09 170 355 11.21 8.02 — — 479a 580b 702 b 833 c 983 c 1159 d 1360 d 1585 d 1835 e 2086 e 2386 f 2736 f
2.10 150 315 9.11 6.53 — 324 528 a 629 b 750 b 881 c 1031 c 1207 d 1407 d 1633 e 1883 e 2133 e 2433 f 2784 f
2.11 190 400 13.26 9.48 — — 424 a 526 a 648 b 780 c 931 c 1107c 1307 d 1533 d 1784 e 2034 e 2334 f 2685 f
2.11 112 236 5.97 4.30 346 422 a 624 b 724 b — — — — — — — — — —
2.12 118 250 6.72 4.81 429 406 a 607 b 708 b — — - — — — — — — —
2.23 224 500 16.64 11.92 — — — 408 a 534 a 667 b 820 c 997 c 1198 d 1425 d 1676 e 1926 e 2227 f 2578 f
2.24 125 280 7.59 5.42 297 374 a 577 b 677 b — — — — — — — — — —
2.25 140 315 8.04 5.78 252 331 a 535 a 637 b 758 b 888 c 1039 c 1214 d 1415 d 1640e 1891 e 2141 e 2441 f 2791 f
2.25 280 630 21.87 15.81 — — — — 364 a 505 a 662 b 842 c 1046 c 1273 d 1525 d 1777 e 2078 e 2429 f
2.35 170 400 11.21 8.02 — — 437 a 540 a 663 b 794 b 945 c 1121 c 1322 d 1548 d 1799 e 2049 e 2350 f 2700 f
2.54 315 800 24.81 18.15 — — — — — — — 654 b 865 c 1097 c 1353 d 1606 e 1909 e 2261 f
2.63 190 500 13.26 9.48 — — — 430 557 a 691 b 844 c 1021 c 1223d 1450 d 1701 e 1952 e 2253 e 2603 f
2.67 150 400 9.11 6.53 — — 451 a 554 a 677 b 808 b 960 c 1136 c 1337 d 1563 d 1814 e 2064 e 2365 f 2715 f
2.67 118 315 6.72 4.81 267 346 551 a 652 b — — — — — — — — — —
2.67 236 630 17.79 12.77 — — — — 390 a 533 a 692 b 873 c 1077 c 1305 d 1557 d 1809 e 2111 e 2462 f
3.39 236 800 17.86 12.82 — — — — — — — 705 918 b 1152 c 1408 d 1662 d 1966 e 2319 e
3.50 180 630 12.31 8.80 — — — — 425 a 569 a 729 b 911 c 1116 c 1345 d 1598 d 1850 e 2152 e 2504 f
3.57 112 400 6.04 4.34 — — 476 a 580 a — — — — — — — — — —
3.57 140 500 8.11 5.82 — — 351 462 590 a 725 b 879 b 1057 c 1259 c 1486 d 1738 d 1989 e 2290 e 2641f
3.57 224 800 16.71 11.97 — — — — — — — 713 a 926 b 1160 c 1416 d 1671 d 1975 e 2328 e
3.57 280 1000 21.94 15.85 — — — — — — — — 673 a 925 b 1190 c 1450 d 1758 e 2114 e
3.71 170 630 11.28 8.06 — — — — 431 a 576 a 736 b 918 c 1123 c 1352 c 1605 d 1857 e 2159 e 2511 f
3.77 212 800 15.53 11.11 — — — — — — — 720 a 934 b 1168 c 1425 d 1679 d 1983 e 2337 e
3.79 132 500 8.52 6.06 — — 356 467 — — — — — — — — — —
3.94 160 630 10.23 7.32 — — — — 437a 582a 742b 925b 1130c 1359d 1612d 1865e 2167e 2519f
4.72 212 1000 15.53 11.11 — — — — — — — — 714 968b 1235c 1496d 1805e 2162e
5.00 160 800 10.23 7.32 — — — — — — 554 753 a 968 b 1203 c 1461 d 1716 d 2021 e 2374 e
5.00 200 1000 14.34 10.25 — — — — — — — — 722 976 b 1243 c 1504 d 1813 e 2171 e
a
5 0.85.
b
5 0.90.
c
5 0.95.
d
5 1.00.
e
5 1.05.
f
5 1.10.
The superscripts refer to the relevant combined arc and belt length correction factor. N.B. This is only a partial selection from a typical catalog relevant to the worked examples.
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services (ERIKS, 2020a).
 Belt and Chain Drives
250

Table 7.5 Power ratings for SPB wedge belts.

rpm of Rated power (kW) per belt for small pulley pitch diameter (mm)
faster shaft
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 212 224 236 250 280 315
100 0.73 0.82 0.92 1.01 1.10 1.20 1.29 1.40 1.51 1.62 1.74 2.01 2.33
200 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.05 2.22 2.40 2.61 2.82 3.02 3.26 3.78 4.37
300 1.89 2.15 2.41 2.67 2.93 3.18 3.44 3.74 4.04 4.35 4.70 5.44 6.30
400 2.42 2.76 3.09 3.43 3.77 4.10 4.43 4.83 5.22 5.61 6.07 7.04 8.15
500 2.92 3.33 3.75 4.16 4.57 4.98 5.39 5.87 6.36 6.84 7.39 8.58 9.94
600 3.40 3.89 4.38 4.87 5.35 5.83 6.31 6.89 7.45 8.02 8.67 10.06 11.66
700 3.86 4.43 4.99 5.55 6.11 6.66 7.21 7.87 8.52 9.17 9.92 11.50 13.32
720 3.95 4.53 5.11 5.69 6.26 6.82 7.39 8.06 8.73 9.39 10.16 11.79 13.65
800 4.31 4.95 5.59 6.22 6.84 7.47 8.08 8.82 9.55 10.28 11.12 12.90 14.93
900 4.75 5.46 6.16 6.86 7.56 8.25 8.93 9.75 10.56 11.36 12.29 14.25 16.47
960 5.00 5.75 6.50 7.24 7.98 8.71 9.43 10.29 11.15 11.99 12.97 15.03 17.37
1000 5.17 5.95 6.72 7.49 8.25 9.01 9.76 10.65 11.53 12.41 13.42 15.55 17.96
1100 5.58 6.42 7.27 8.10 8.93 9.75 10.56 11.52 12.48 13.43 14.52 16.80 19.39
1200 5.97 6.89 7.79 8.69 9.58 10.46 11.34 12.37 13.40 14.41 15.57 18.01 20.75
1300 6.36 7.34 8.31 9.27 10.22 11.16 12.09 13.19 14.28 15.36 16.59 19.17 22.05
1400 6.73 7.77 8.81 9.83 10.84 11.84 12.82 13.99 15.14 16.27 17.57 20.28 23.28
1440 6.88 7.95 9.00 10.05 11.08 12.10 13.11 14.30 15.47 16.63 17.96 20.70 23.75
1500 7.09 8.20 9.29 10.37 11.44 12.49 13.53 14.76 15.97 17.15 18.51 21.33 24.43
1600 7.44 8.61 9.76 10.90 12.02 13.12 14.21 15.50 16.76 18.00 19.41 22.33 25.51
1700 7.78 9.01 10.21 11.40 12.58 13.73 14.87 16.21 17.52 18.81 20.27 23.27 26.51
1800 8.11 9.39 10.65 11.90 13.12 14.32 15.50 16.89 18.25 19.58 21.08 24.15 27.43
1900 8.43 9.76 11.08 12.37 13.64 14.88 16.11 17.54 18.94 20.31 21.85 24.97 28.27
2000 8.73 10.12 11.48 12.82 14.14 15.43 16.69 18.16 19.60 20.99 22.57 25.72 29.01
2100 9.02 10.46 11.88 13.26 14.62 15.94 17.24 18.75 20.22 21.64 23.23 26.41 29.67
2200 9.31 10.79 12.25 13.68 15.07 16.44 17.76 19.31 20.80 22.24 23.85 27.03 30.22
2300 9.57 11.11 12.61 14.08 15.51 16.90 18.26 19.83 21.35 22.80 24.42 27.57 30.68
2400 9.83 11.41 12.95 14.46 15.92 17.34 18.72 20.32 21.85 23.31 24.93 28.05 31.04
2500 10.08 11.70 13.28 14.82 16.31 17.76 19.16 20.77 22.31 23.78 25.38 28.44 —
2600 10.31 11.97 13.59 15.16 16.68 18.14 19.56 21.19 22.73 24.19 25.78 28.76 —
2700 10.53 12.23 13.88 15.47 17.02 18.50 19.93 21.56 23.11 24.56 26.12 28.99 —
2800 10.73 12.47 14.15 15.77 17.33 18.83 20.27 21.90 23.44 24.87 26.40 — —
2880 10.89 12.65 14.35 15.99 17.57 19.07 20.51 22.14 23.67 25.08 26.57 — —
2900 10.93 12.69 14.40 16.04 17.62 19.13 20.57 22.20 23.72 25.12 26.61 — —
3000 11.10 12.90 14.63 16.30 17.89 19.40 20.84 22.46 23.96 25.33 26.76 — —
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020a). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Classic-V-Belts/ . (last accessed
November 7, 2020)].

The principal dimensions of a synchronous belt the belt. The belt pitch length is the total length of
drive are the number of grooves, the pitch and the the belt measured along the pitch line.
width. The belt pitch is the distance between two The selection procedure for synchronous belts
adjacent tooth centers measured on the pitch line of is specific to the belt manufacturer concerned,
 Chapter 7
251

Table 7.6 Additional power increment per SPB belt.

Speed of faster Additional power (kW) per belt for speed ratio
shaft (rpm)
1.00
1.01 1.02
1.05 1.06
1.11 1.12
1.18 1.19
1.26 1.27
1.38 1.39
1.57 1.58
1.94 1.95
3.38 3.39
over
100 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08
200 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.17
300 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.25
400 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.34
500 0.00 0.04 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.37 0.40 0.43
600 0.00 0.04 0.12 0.20 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.51
700 0.00 0.05 0.13 0.24 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.59
720 0.00 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.48 0.54 0.59 0.62
800 0.00 0.06 0.16 0.28 0.37 0.45 0.53 0.60 0.65 0.69
900 0.00 0.07 0.18 0.31 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.77
960 0.00 0.07 0.19 0.32 0.44 0.54 0.62 0.70 0.77 0.81
1000 0.00 0.07 0.19 0.34 0.46 0.56 0.66 0.74 0.81 0.86
1100 0.00 0.08 0.22 0.37 0.51 0.62 0.72 0.81 0.89 094
1200 0.00 0.09 0.23 0.41 0.56 0.68 0.79 0.89 0.97 1.03
1300 0.00 0.09 0.25 0.44 0.60 0.73 0.86 0.96 1.05 1.11
1400 0.00 0.10 0.28 0.48 0.65 0.79 0.93 1.04 1.13 1.20
1440 0.00 0.10 0.28 0.48 0.66 0.79 0.94 1.06 1.15 1.21
1500 0.00 0.10 0.29 0.51 0.69 0.84 0.99 1.11 1.21 1.28
1600 0.00 0.11 0.31 0.54 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.19 1.29 1.37
1700 0.00 0.12 0.34 0.58 0.79 0.95 1.12 1.26 1.37 1.45
1800 0.00 0.13 0.35 0.61 0.84 1.01 1.19 1.34 1.45 1.54
1900 0.00 0.13 0.37 0.65 0.88 1.07 1.25 1.41 1.54 1.63
2000 0.00 0.14 0.39 0.68 0.93 1.13 1.32 1.48 1.62 1.71
2100 0.00 0.15 0.41 0.72 0.98 1.18 1.39 1.56 1.69 1.79
2200 0.00 0.16 0.43 0.75 1.02 1.24 1.45 1.63 1.78 1.88
2300 0.00 0.16 0.45 0.78 1.07 1.29 1.51 1.71 1.86 1.97
2400 0.00 0.17 0.47 0.82 1.11 1.35 1.58 1.78 1.94 2.05
2500 0.00 0.18 0.49 0.85 1.16 1.41 1.65 1.86 2.02 2.14
2600 0.00 0.19 0.51 0.89 1.21 1.46 1.72 1.92 2.10 2.22
2700 0.00 0.19 0.53 0.92 1.25 1.52 1.78 1.99 2.18 2.31
2800 0.00 0.20 0.54 0.95 1.29 1.57 1.84 2.07 2.26 2.39
2880 0.00 0.20 0.56 0.97 1.32 1.60 1.88 2.11 2.31 2.44
2900 0.00 0.21 0.57 0.99 1.34 1.63 1.91 2.15 2.34 2.48
3000 0.00 0.22 0.59 1.02 1.39 1.69 1.98 2.23 2.42 2.57

Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020a). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Classic-V-Belts/ . (last accessed
November 7, 2020)].

although there are similarities. Here a procedure 1. Define the principal requirements. These
based on the torque drive plus TDP3 range of include the nominal power to be transmitted;
belt drives provided by Fenner (2014) is pre- the rotational speeds of the shafts; the power
sented in the following list, Fig. 7.13 and the capability and starting characteristics of the
associated figures and tables (see Fig. 7.14 and prime mover and power absorbed by the
Tables 7.7
7.19). driven machine; any space, layout or other
 Belt and Chain Drives
252

Determine the nominal power to be transmitted; the rotational speeds smaller pulley speed and design power to
of the shafts; the power capability and starting characteristics of the
prime mover and power absorbed by the driven machine; any space, identify the belt pitch.
layout, or other constraints such as the centre distance and shaft
diameters; environmental conditions.
5. Speed ratio. This is the ratio of rotational
p speed of the faster shaft over the rotational
Determine the service factor. Table 7.13 lists typical values for
service factors. speed of the slower shaft.
p 6. Pulley selection. The charts given in
Calculate the design power. This is the product of the nominal power
and the service factor. Tables 7.14
7.19 can be used for the particu-
p
Use the belt pitch selection chart (Fig. 7.14) to identify a suitable
lar pitch concerned to identify the number of
pitch for the drive. The chart defines envelopes of suitability based on grooves for the driving and driven pulleys.
the intersection between the smaller pulley speed and design power
to identify the belt pitch. 7. Belt length and center distance. Using the
p charts given in Tables 7.14
7.19, read across
Determine the speed ratio. This is the ratio of rotational speed of the
faster shaft over the rotational speed of the slower shaft. the row for the selected number of grooves
p
Pulley selection. The charts given in Tables 7.14 – 7.19 can be used for the driving and driven pulleys, and select
for the particular pitch concerned to identify the number of grooves the center distance that is closest to that
for the driving and driven pulleys.
p required.
Belt length and center distance. Using the charts given in Tables
7.14 – 7.19, read across the row for the selected number of grooves 8. Power rating and belt width. For the chosen
for the driving and driven pulleys and select the center distance that
is closest to that required.
belt pitch select the appropriate power rating
p table (Table 7.7 or 7.10). Locate the smaller
Power rating and belt width. For the chosen belt pitch select the
appropriate power rating table (Table 7.7 or 7.10). Locate the smaller pulley groove number speed combination and
pulley groove number speed combination and note the power rating. note the power rating. Multiply this rating by
Multiply this rating by the belt length factor (Table 7.8 or 7.11). Divide
the design power by the length corrected power rating to give the the belt length factor (Table 7.8 or 7.11).
required belt width factor. Refer to Tables 7.9 and 7.12 and select the
belt width with a factor equal to or greater than that required.
Divide the design power by the length cor-
p rected power rating to give the require belt
Determine shaft hub connection for the pulley wheels (see Chapter 4,
Section 4.2). width factor. Refer to Tables 7.9 and 7.12
p and select the belt width with a factor equal
Determine shaft diameter (see Chapter 4, Section 4.5).
to or greater than that required.
Figure 7.13 Example selection procedure for
synchronous belts. Refer to a specific manufacturer’s
guidance for a specific brand of synchronous belt. For the data provided in Table 7.13 examples of
light-duty applications include agitators (uniform
density applications); bakery machinery, dough mix-
constraints such as the center distance and ers; blowers except positive displacement; centrifugal
shaft diameters; environmental conditions. pumps and compressors; belt conveyors (uniformly
2. Determine the service factor. Service factors loaded); exhausters; fans up to 7.5 kW; paper
are used to down-rate the power transmission machinery; agitators, calendars; dryers; printing
capability listed by belt suppliers to account machinery; linotype machines, cutters, folders;
for the differences between practical applica- woodworking machinery, lathes, band saws.
tions and test conditions. Table 7.13 lists typi- Examples of medium duty applications include agi-
cal values for service factors. tators and mixers (variable density); belt conveyors
3. Calculate the design power. This is the prod- (not uniformly loaded); brick and clay machinery,
uct of the nominal power and the service augers, mixers; fans over 7.5 kW; generators; laundry
factor. machinery; punches, presses, shears; printing
4. Belt pitch. Use the belt pitch selection chart, machinery, presses, newspaper, flat bed magazine;
Fig. 7.14, to identify a suitable pitch for the pumps, positive displacement, rotary; machine tools.
drive. The chart defines envelopes of suitabil- Examples of heavy-duty applications include
ity based on the intersection between the blowers, positive displacement; centrifuges;
 Chapter 7
253

Figure 7.14 Belt pitch selection guide. Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b).
,https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/. (last accessed November 7, 2020)].
conveyors; paper machinery, beaters, mash pumps,
requirements and has a rating of 50 kW. The
pulpers; pumps, piston; pulverizers; woodworking
center distance required between the motor
machinery; textile machinery; exciters. Examples of
axis and the gear pump drive axis is
extra heavy-duty applications include brick machin-
700
750 mm. The pump shaft diameter
ery, pug mills; compressors, piston; crushers; hoists;
is 70 mm. The pump operation required is
mills; rubber machinery.
continuous.

Example 7.3 Solution

A synchronous belt is required for a gear Assuming continuous operation and medium
pump that is driven by a 1470-rpm AC elec- duty characteristics, from Table 7.13, the ser-
tric motor. The pump rotational speed vice factor is 1.7.
required is 720 rpm within 615 rpm. The The design power is given by
motor has been matched to the pump power 1.7 3 50 5 85 kW.
 Belt and Chain Drives
254

Table 7.7 Power ratings (kW) for 20 mm wide 8MXP belts.

Rev/min of Number of grooves
small pulley
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 44 48 56 64 72
100 0.43 0.50 0.57 0.65 0.73 0.81 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.14 1.30 1.45 1.71 1.88 1.94
200 0.83 0.97 1.11 1.26 1.41 1.57 1.72 1.88 2.04 2.19 2.50 2.79 3.27 3.59 3.71
300 1.23 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.07 2.30 2.53 2.76 2.99 3.21 3.66 4.07 4.76 5.22 5.37
400 1.61 1.88 2.15 2.43 2.72 3.01 3.31 3.61 3.91 4.20 4.78 5.31 6.21 6.78 6.97
500 1.99 2.32 2.65 3.00 3.35 3.71 4.08 4.44 4.81 5.17 5.87 6.52 7.60 8.29 8.51
600 2.37 2.75 3.14 3.55 3.97 4.40 4.83 5.26 5.69 6.11 6.93 7.69 8.96 9.76 9.99
720 2.82 3.27 3.73 4.22 4.71 5.21 5.73 6.23 6.74 7.24 8.20 9.09 10.57 11.49 11.74
800 3.10 3.60 4.11 4.64 5.19 5.74 6.29 6.85 7.40 7.95 8.99 9.96 11.56 12.54 12.79
960 3.65 4.23 4.83 5.45 6.08 6.72 7.37 8.01 8.65 9.28 10.50 11.62 13.44 14.54 14.80
1000 3.82 4.42 5.05 5.70 6.36 7.03 7.71 8.38 9.05 9.71 10.97 12.13 14.02 15.16 15.41
1200 4.52 5.23 5.97 6.73 7.50 8.29 9.08 9.86 10.64 11.40 12.86 14.20 16.36 17.63 17.85
1450 5.38 6.21 7.08 7.98 8.89 9.81 10.73 11.64 12.55 13.43 15.12 16.66 19.11 20.51 20.67
1600 5.57 6.43 7.33 8.25 9.18 10.12 11.07 12.00 12.93 13.83 15.55 17.12 19.58 20.95 21.07
1800 6.54 7.55 8.59 9.66 10.75 11.84 12.94 14.02 15.09 16.13 18.10 19.89 22.67 24.17 24.21
2000 7.18 8.29 9.43 10.59 11.77 12.96 14.15 15.32 16.47 17.59 19.71 21.62 24.56 26.08 26.02
2500 8.74 10.07 11.43 12.82 14.22 15.62 17.01 18.39 19.73 21.02 23.46 25.60 28.82 30.30 29.91
2850 9.79 11.26 12.76 14.29 15.83 17.37 18.89 20.38 21.83 23.24 25.84 28.11 31.42 32.79 32.10
3000 10.23 11.76 13.32 14.91 16.50 18.09 19.66 21.20 22.70 24.14 26.80 29.12 32.44 33.74 32.91
3500 11.65 13.36 15.10 16.87 18.63 20.38 22.10 23.78 25.40 26.94 29.77 32.18 35.46 36.43 35.06
4000 13.00 14.88 16.78 18.70 20.61 22.49 24.34 26.12 27.83 29.45 32.37 34.79 37.88 38.39 36.37
4500 14.28 16.31 18.36 20.41 22.44 24.44 26.37 28.23 30.00 31.66 34.61 36.98 39.71 39.63 36.86
5000 15.50 17.66 19.83 22.00 24.13 26.21 28.21 30.12 31.92 33.59 36.49 38.73 40.98 40.16 36.55
Notes: This is only a partial selection from a typical catalog relevant to the worked examples and worksheet.
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last
accessed November 7, 2020)].

Table 7.8 Belt length correction factors for 20 mm wide 8MXP belts.
Belt length (mm) 384
600 640
880 960
1200 1280
1760 1800
4400
Length factor 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last
accessed November 7, 2020)].

Using the belt pitch selection chart,

Fig. 7.14, for a power of 85 kW and a small Table 7.9 Belt width factors for 20 mm wide 8MXP
pulley speed of 1470 rpm, indicates that a belts.
TDP3 14 mm pitch belt drive would be Belt width (mm) 20 30 50 85
suitable. Width factor 1.00 1.58 2.73 4.76
The speed ratio is 1470/720 5 2.042.
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS
Table 7.18 for a 14-mm pitch belt gives
UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ .
the nearest speed ratio to 2.042 as 2.05. The (last accessed November 7, 2020)].
 Chapter 7
255

Table 7.10 Power ratings (kW) for 40 mm wide 14MXP belts.

rpm Number of grooves
28 29 30 32 34 36 38 40 44 48 56 64
10 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.88 0.92 1.10 1.29
20 0.85 0.90 0.96 1.06 1.15 1.24 1.33 1.42 1.69 1.78 2.13 2.48
50 1.99 2.12 2.24 2.48 2.71 2.92 3.14 3.35 3.98 4.20 5.03 5.87
100 3.77 4.03 4.27 4.73 5.16 5.58 5.99 6.40 7.60 8.00 9.59 11.18
200 7.09 7.58 8.04 8.91 9.72 10.52 11.29 12.06 14.30 15.06 18.02 20.95
300 10.19 10.91 11.57 12.82 14.00 15.13 16.25 17.34 20.55 21.61 25.78 29.88
400 13.13 14.06 14.92 16.52 18.04 19.50 20.92 22.31 26.40 27.73 32.98 38.10
500 15.93 17.06 18.11 20.05 21.88 23.64 25.34 27.02 31.89 33.48 39.68 45.67
600 18.61 19.93 21.16 23.42 25.54 27.58 29.55 31.48 37.06 38.87 45.91 52.63
720 21.78 23.34 24.77 27.40 29.87 32.22 34.50 36.72 43.13 45.20 53.17 60.71
800 23.65 25.33 26.88 29.73 32.38 34.90 37.34 39.71 46.51 48.69 57.04 64.84
960 27.20 29.20 30.90 34.20 37.20 40.00 42.70 45.33 52.90 55.30 64.30 72.60
1000 28.30 30.30 32.14 35.50 38.60 41.55 44.38 47.11 54.64 57.29 66.51 74.85
1200 32.59 34.88 36.97 40.78 44.28 47.57 50.70 53.71 62.11 64.73 74.38 82.77
1450 37.49 40.10 42.46 46.74 50.62 54.24 57.65 60.90 69.77 72.47 82.07 89.83
1600 40.20 42.97 45.47 49.98 54.04 57.81 61.34 64.66 73.62 76.30 85.57 92.58
1800 43.54 46.50 49.72 53.93 58.18 62.08 65.69 69.07 77.83 80.50 88.95 94.56
2000 46.59 49.71 52.51 57.46 61.84 65.80 69.43 72.78 81.29 83.66 90.90 94.63
2200 49.35 52.61 55.51 60.59 65.02 68.99 72.57 75.81 83.74 85.81 91.44 92.82
2500 52.95 56.35 59.33 64.49 68.89 72.72 76.09 79.04 85.59 87.06 89.47 86.40
2850 56.46 59.94 62.96 68.05 72.25 75.77 78.71 81.12 85.46 85.99 83.65
3000 57.70 61.20 64.20 69.21 73.26 76.58 79.26 81.37 84.54 84.58 79.82
3500 60.83 64.23 67.06 71.55 74.87 77.27 78.85 79.68 77.95 76.02
4000 62.41 65.54 68.03 71.64 73.86 74.94 75.01 74.12 66.07

Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last
accessed November 7, 2020)].

Table 7.11 Belt length correction factors for 40 mm wide 14MXP belts.
Belt length (mm) 966
1190 1400
1610 1778
1890 2100
2450 2590
3360 3500
6860
Length factor 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10

Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). ,https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/. (last
accessed November 7, 2020)].
Table 7.12 Belt width factors for 40 mm wide 14MXP
corresponding number of grooves on the belts.
driving and driven pulleys is 44 and 90,
Belt width (mm) 40 55 85 115 170
respectively.
Width factor 1.00 1.44 2.31 3.18 4.78
A speed ratio of 2.05 gives an output speed
of 717 rpm. This is within the 615 rpm Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS
stated requirement. UK. (2020b). https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/. (last
accessed November 7, 2020)].
 Belt and Chain Drives
256

Table 7.13 Synchronous belt drive service factors.

Type of driven machine Type of prime mover
Special cases ‘‘Soft’’ starts ‘‘Heavy’’ starts
For speed increasing drives of
1.00
1.24: no additional factor AC electric motors DC electric motors AC electric motors DC electric motors
1.25
1.74: add 0.1 • Star/delta start • Shunt wound • DOL start • Series wound
1.75
2.49: add 0.2 • Synchronous • Stepper motors • Single phase • Compound
2.50
3.49: add 0.3 • Servo motors
• Split wound • Slip ring
3.50 and greater: add 0.4
Seasonal/intermittent use: subtract 0.2 • Inverter control
Idler pulley used on drive: add 0.2 I/C engines with four or more cylinders. Prime I/C engines with ,4 cylinders
movers with centrifugal clutches or fluid couplings
Hours per day duty Hours per day duty
,10 16 $ hours . 10 .16 ,10 16 $ hours . 10 .16
Light duty 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0
Medium duty 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.1
Heavy duty 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3
Extra heavy duty 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.5

Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). ,https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/. (last
accessed November 7, 2020)].

From Table 7.18, for the 2.05 ratio, 44 and 90

groove pulley combination, a belt length of
2450 mm gives a center distance of 749 mm. This
is within the center distance range requirement.
Table 7.10 gives a power rating of 69.77
for a pulley with 44 grooves running at
1450 rpm, for a 40-mm belt.
From Table 7.11 the belt length factor is 1.00.
The ratio of the design power to the power
rating is 85/69.77 5 1.22. From Table 7.12 the Figure 7.15 Flat belt drive example.
next larger standard width factor is 1.44, with
the corresponding belt width of 55 mm. A belt Flat belt drives
width of 55 mm should therefore be used. Flat belts (Fig. 7.15) can be used for high-speed
The pulley specification is therefore as follows. low-power applications, transmission of power
Motor pulley: 44-14M-55 HTD pulley, across significant center distances as in some
corresponding to a 44-groove pulley with a agricultural machinery and in conveyer systems.
55-mm belt width. Flat belts can be made from a wide range of
Pump pulley: 90-14M-55 HTD pulley, materials, such as urethane, neoprene, chlorosul-
corresponding to a 90-groove pulley with a fonated polyethylene, silicone, and ethylene pro-
55-mm belt width. pylene diene monomer. Flat belts are often
Belt: 14MXP-2450-55 torque drive plus reinforced with textiles, fibers, and metal wires
three belts, corresponding to a 2450-mm long with a range of surface coatings applied to
55 mm wide belt. improve performance. In general, flat belt drive
A check also needs to be made that the performance is enhanced by belts with high flex-
bores for the pulleys are compatible with the ibility, low mass, and surfaces with high coeffi-
motor and pump shaft diameters. cient of friction. In order to prevent a flaying
Table 7.14 Fenner Torque Drive Plus 8MXP and 8M drives. Center distance (mm).
Speed Number of Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio grooves on: ratio
480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400
Driving Driven 60 70 75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 200 220 225 250 300
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

1.00 24 24 144 184 204 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 544 624 704 784 804 904 1104 1.00
1.00 26 26 136 176 196 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 536 616 696 776 796 896 1096 1.00
1.00 28 28 128 168 188 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 528 608 688 768 788 888 1088 1.00
1.00 30 30 120 160 180 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 600 680 760 780 880 1080 1.00
1.00 32 32 112 152 172 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1.00
1.00 34 34 104 144 164 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 584 664 744 764 864 1064 1.00
1.00 36 36 — 136 156 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 576 656 736 756 856 1056 1.00
1.00 38 38 — 128 148 168 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 568 648 728 748 848 1048 1.00
1.00 40 40 — 120 140 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 560 640 720 740 840 1040 1.00
1.00 44 44 — — — 144 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 544 624 704 724 824 1024 1.00
1.00 48 48 — — — — 168 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 528 608 688 708 808 1008 1.00
1.00 56 56 — — — — — 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 496 576 656 676 776 976 1.00
1.00 64 64 — — — — — — 184 224 264 304 344 384 464 544 624 644 744 944 1.00
1.00 72 72 — — — — — — — — 232 272 312 352 432 512 592 612 712 912 1.00
1.00 80 80 — — — — — — — — — 240 280 320 400 480 560 580 680 880 1.00
1.05 38 40 — 124 144 164 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 564 644 724 744 844 1044 1.05
1.06 36 38 — 132 152 172 212 252 292 332 372 412 452 492 572 652 732 752 852 1052 1.06
1.06 34 36 — 140 160 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 580 660 740 760 860 1060 1.06
1.06 32 34 108 148 168 188 228 268 308 348 388 428 468 508 588 668 748 768 868 1068 1.06
1.07 30 32 116 156 176 196 236 276 316 356 396 436 476 516 596 676 756 776 876 1076 1.07
1.07 28 30 124 164 184 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 524 604 684 764 784 884 1084 1.07
1.08 26 28 132 172 192 212 252 292 332 372 412 452 492 532 612 692 772 792 892 1092 1.08
1.08 24 26 140 180 200 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 540 620 700 780 800 900 1100 1.08
1.09 44 48 — — — 136 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 536 616 696 716 816 1016 1.09
1.10 40 44 — — 132 152 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 472 552 632 712 732 832 1032 1.10
1.11 36 40 — 128 148 168 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 568 648 728 748 848 1048 1.11
1.11 72 80 — — — — — — — — 216 256 296 336 416 496 576 596 696 896 1.11
1.12 34 38 — 136 156 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 576 656 736 756 856 1056 1.12
1.13 32 36 104 144 164 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 584 664 744 764 864 1064 1.13
1.13 64 72 — — — — — — — 208 248 288 328 368 448 528 608 628 728 928 1.13
1.13 80 90 — — — — — — — — — — 260 300 380 460 540 560 660 860 1.13
1.13 30 34 112 152 172 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1.13
1.14 28 32 120 160 180 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 600 680 760 780 880 1080 1.14
1.14 56 64 — — — — — — 200 240 280 320 360 400 480 560 640 660 760 960 1.14
(Continued)
Table 7.14 (Continued)
Speed Number of Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio grooves on: ratio
480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400
Driving Driven 60 70 75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 200 220 225 250 300
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

1.15 26 30 128 168 188 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 528 608 688 768 788 888 1088 1.15
1.16 38 44 — — 136 156 196 236 276 316 356 396 436 476 556 636 716 736 836 1036 1.16
1.17 24 28 136 176 196 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 536 616 696 776 796 896 1096 1.17
1.17 48 56 — — — — 152 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 512 592 672 692 792 992 1.17
1.18 34 40 — 132 152 172 212 252 292 332 372 412 452 492 572 652 732 752 852 1052 1.18
1.19 32 38 — 140 160 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 580 660 740 760 860 1060 1.19
1.20 30 36 108 148 168 188 228 268 308 348 388 428 468 508 588 668 748 768 868 1068 1.20
1.20 40 48 — — — 144 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 544 624 704 724 824 1024 1.20
1.21 28 34 116 156 176 196 236 276 316 356 396 436 476 516 596 676 756 776 876 1076 1.21
1.22 36 44 — 120 140 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 560 640 720 740 840 1040 1.22
1.23 26 32 124 164 184 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 524 604 684 764 784 884 1084 1.23
1.25 24 30 132 172 192 212 252 292 332 372 412 452 492 532 612 692 772 792 892 1092 1.25
1.25 32 40 — 136 156 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 576 656 736 756 856 1056 1.25
1.25 64 80 — — — — — — — — 231 271 311 351 432 512 592 612 712 912 1.25
1.25 72 90 — — — — — — — — — 235 275 315 395 475 556 576 676 876 1.25
1.26 38 48 — — 127 147 188 228 268 308 348 388 428 468 548 628 708 728 828 1028 1.26
1.27 30 38 103 144 164 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 584 664 744 764 864 1064 1.27
1.27 44 56 — — — — 159 199 240 280 320 360 400 440 520 600 680 700 800 1000 1.27
1.29 28 36 112 152 172 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1.29
1.29 56 72 — — — — — — 183 223 263 303 343 383 464 544 624 644 744 944 1.29
1.29 34 44 — 123 143 164 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 564 644 724 744 844 1044 1.29
1.31 26 34 120 160 180 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 600 680 760 780 880 1080 1.31
1.33 24 32 128 168 188 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 528 608 688 768 788 888 1088 1.33
1.33 30 40 — 139 159 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 580 660 740 760 860 1060 1.33
1.33 36 48 — — 131 151 191 231 272 312 352 392 432 472 552 632 712 732 832 1032 1.33
1.33 48 64 — — — — — 175 215 255 295 335 375 416 496 576 656 676 776 976 1.33
1.36 28 38 107 147 168 188 228 268 308 348 388 428 468 508 588 668 748 768 868 1068 1.36
1.38 32 44 — 127 147 167 207 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 568 648 728 748 848 1048 1.38
1.38 26 36 115 155 176 196 236 276 316 356 396 436 476 516 596 676 756 776 876 1076 1.38
1.40 40 56 — — — — 167 207 247 287 327 367 407 448 528 608 688 708 808 1008 1.40
1.40 80 112 — — — — — — — — — — — — 334 414 494 514 615 815 1.40

Notes: This is only a partial selection from a typical catalog relevant to the worked examples and worksheet questions.
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last accessed November 7, 2020)].
Table 7.15 Fenner Torque Drive Plus 8 MXP and 8M drives. Center distance (mm).
Speed Number of Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio grooves on: ratio
480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400
Driving Driven 60 70 75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 200 220 225 250 300
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

1.41 64 90 — — — — — — — — — 250 290 330 411 491 571 591 691 891 1.41
1.41 34 48 — — 135 155 195 235 275 315 356 396 436 476 556 636 716 736 836 1036 1.41
1.42 24 34 123 164 184 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 524 604 684 764 784 884 1084 1.42
1.43 28 40 103 143 163 183 223 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 584 664 744 764 864 1064 1.43
1.43 56 80 — — — — — — — 206 246 286 327 367 447 527 607 627 727 927 1.43
1.45 44 64 — — — — — 182 223 263 303 343 383 423 503 583 664 684 784 984 1.45
1.46 26 38 111 151 171 191 231 272 312 352 392 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1.46
1.47 30 44 — 131 151 171 211 251 291 332 372 412 452 492 572 652 732 752 852 1052 1.47
1.47 38 56 — — — — 170 211 251 291 331 371 411 451 532 612 692 712 812 1012 1.47
1.50 24 36 119 159 179 199 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 600 680 760 780 880 1080 1.50
1.50 32 48 — 118 139 159 199 239 279 319 359 399 440 480 560 640 720 740 840 1040 1.50
1.50 48 72 — — — — — — 198 238 278 319 359 399 479 559 639 659 759 960 1.50
1.54 26 40 107 147 167 187 227 267 307 348 388 428 468 508 588 668 748 768 868 1068 1.54
1.56 36 56 — — — 134 174 214 255 295 335 375 415 455 535 615 696 716 816 1016 1.56
1.56 72 112 — — — — — — — — — — — 267 348 429 509 530 630 830 1.56
1.57 28 44 — 134 155 175 215 255 295 335 375 416 456 496 576 656 736 756 856 1956 1.57
1.58 24 38 115 155 175 195 235 275 315 356 396 436 476 516 596 676 756 776 876 1076 1.58
1.60 30 48 — 122 142 162 203 243 283 323 363 403 443 483 564 644 724 744 844 1044 1.60
1.60 40 64 — — — — 149 190 230 270 310 351 391 431 511 591 671 691 791 992 1.60
1.61 56 90 — — — — — — — — 224 264 305 345 426 506 586 606 707 907 1.61
1.64 44 72 — — — — — 164 205 245 286 326 366 406 487 567 647 667 767 967 1.64
1.65 34 56 — — — 137 178 218 258 299 339 379 419 459 539 619 699 719 820 1020 1.65
1.67 24 40 110 151 171 191 231 271 311 351 391 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1.67
1.67 48 80 — — — — — — 179 220 261 301 342 382 462 542 623 643 743 943 1.67
1.68 38 64 — — — — 152 193 234 274 314 354 395 435 515 595 675 695 795 995 1.68
1.69 26 44 — 138 158 179 219 259 299 339 379 419 459 499 580 660 740 760 860 1060 1.69
1.71 28 48 — 125 146 166 206 247 287 327 367 407 447 487 567 647 728 748 848 1048 1.71
1.75 32 56 — — — 141 181 222 262 302 343 383 423 463 543 623 703 723 823 1024 1.75
1.75 64 112 — — — — — — — — — — 240 281 363 444 524 545 645 846 1.75
1.78 36 64 — — — — 156 197 237 278 318 358 398 439 519 599 679 699 799 999 1.78
1.80 40 72 — — — — — 171 212 253 293 334 374 414 494 575 655 675 775 975 1.80
1.80 80 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 342 424 445 546 748 1.80
1.82 44 80 — — — — — — 186 227 268 309 349 389 470 550 630 650 751 951 1.82
(Continued)
Table 7.15 (Continued)
Speed Number of Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio grooves on: ratio
480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400
Driving Driven 60 70 75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 200 220 225 250 300
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

1.83 24 44 — 142 162 182 223 263 303 343 383 423 463 503 583 664 744 764 864 1064 1.83
1.85 26 48 — 129 149 170 210 250 291 331 371 411 451 491 571 651 731 751 852 1052 1.85
1.87 30 56 — — — 144 185 226 266 306 346 387 427 467 547 627 707 727 827 1027 1.87
1.88 48 90 — — — — — — — 197 238 279 320 360 441 521 602 622 722 922 1.88
1.88 34 64 — — — — 159 200 241 281 322 362 402 442 523 603 683 703 803 1003 1.88
1.89 38 72 — — — — — 175 216 256 297 337 378 418 498 578 659 679 779 979 1.89
2.00 24 48 — 132 153 173 214 254 294 335 375 415 455 495 575 655 735 755 855 1056 2.00
2.00 28 56 — — 127 148 189 229 270 310 350 390 431 471 551 631 711 731 831 1031 2.00
2.00 32 64 — — — — 163 204 245 285 325 366 406 446 526 607 687 707 807 1007 2.00
2.00 36 72 — — — — — 178 219 260 301 341 381 422 502 582 662 682 783 983 2.00
2.00 40 80 — — — — — — 193 234 275 316 356 397 477 558 638 658 758 959 2.00
2.00 56 112 — — — — — — — — — — 254 295 377 458 539 559 660 861 2.00
2.00 72 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 356 438 459 561 762 2.00
2.05 44 90 — — — — — — — 204 245 286 327 367 448 529 609 629 730 930 2.05
2.10 80 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 367 388 491 695 2.10
2.11 38 80 — — — — — — 197 238 279 320 360 400 481 561 642 662 762 963 2.11
2.12 34 72 — — — — — 182 223 264 304 345 385 425 506 586 666 686 787 987 2.12
2.13 30 64 — — — — 166 207 248 289 329 369 410 450 530 610 691 711 811 1011 2.13
2.15 26 56 — — 130 151 192 233 273 314 354 394 434 474 555 635 715 735 835 1035 2.15
2.22 36 80 — — — — — — 200 242 282 323 364 404 485 565 646 666 766 966 2.22
2.25 32 72 — — — — — 185 226 267 308 348 389 429 509 590 670 690 790 991 2.25
2.25 40 90 — — — — — — — 210 252 293 334 375 456 536 617 637 737 938 2.25
2.25 64 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — 286 370 453 473 575 777 2.25
2.29 28 64 — — — — 170 211 252 292 333 373 413 454 534 614 694 715 815 1015 2.29
2.33 24 56 — — 134 155 196 236 277 317 358 398 438 478 559 639 719 739 839 1039 2.33
2.33 48 112 — — — — — — — — — 225 268 309 392 473 554 574 675 876 2.33
2.33 72 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 380 401 505 709 2.33
2.35 34 80 — — — — — 161 204 245 286 327 367 408 488 569 649 669 770 970 2.35
2.37 38 90 — — — — — — — 214 255 297 338 378 459 540 620 641 741 942 2.37
2.40 30 72 — — — — 146 188 230 271 311 352 392 433 513 594 674 694 794 995 2.40
2.40 80 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 432 640 2.40
2.46 26 64 — — — 131 173 215 255 296 337 377 417 457 538 618 698 718 819 1019 2.46

Notes: This is only a partial selection from a typical catalog relevant to the worked examples and worksheet questions.
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last accessed November 7, 2020)].
Table 7.16 Fenner Torque Drive Plus 8MXP and 8M drives. Center distance (mm).
Speed Number of Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio grooves on: ratio
480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400
Driving Driven 60 70 75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 200 220 225 250 300
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

2.50 32 80 — — — — — 165 207 248 290 330 371 411 492 573 653 673 774 974 2.50
2.50 36 90 — — — — — — — 217 259 300 341 382 463 544 624 644 745 946 2.50
2.55 44 112 — — — — — — — — — 232 274 316 399 480 561 582 683 884 2.55
2.57 28 72 — — — — 150 192 233 274 315 356 396 436 517 597 678 698 798 998 2.57
2.57 56 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — 299 384 467 487 589 792 2.57
2.63 64 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 394 415 519 724 2.63
2.65 34 90 — — — — — — 178 220 262 304 345 385 467 547 628 648 749 949 2.65
2.67 24 64 — — — 134 177 218 259 300 340 381 421 461 542 622 702 722 822 1023 2.65
2.67 30 80 — — — — — 168 210 252 293 334 375 415 496 576 657 677 777 978 2.67
2.67 72 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 446 654 2.67
2.77 26 72 — — — — 153 195 237 278 319 359 400 440 521 601 681 702 802 1002 2.77
2.80 40 112 — — — — — — — — — 238 281 323 406 487 569 589 690 891 2.80
2.81 32 90 — — — — — — 181 224 266 307 348 389 470 551 632 652 752 953 2.81
2.86 28 80 — — — — — 171 214 255 297 338 378 419 500 580 661 681 781 982 2.86
2.95 38 112 — — — — — — — — — 242 284 326 409 491 572 593 694 895 2.95
3.00 24 72 — — — — 156 199 240 281 322 363 403 444 524 605 685 705 806 1006 3.00
3.00 30 90 — — — — — — 184 227 269 311 352 393 474 555 635 656 756 957 3.00
3.00 48 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — 312 397 480 501 604 807 3.00
3.00 56 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 320 407 428 533 738 3.00
3.00 64 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 350 459 668 3.00
3.08 26 80 — — — — — 174 217 259 300 341 382 422 503 584 664 685 785 986 3.08
3.11 36 112 — — — — — — — — — 245 288 330 413 495 576 596 697 899 3.11
3.21 28 90 — — — — — — 187 230 273 314 355 396 477 558 639 659 760 961 3.21
3.27 44 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — 319 404 487 508 611 814 3.27
3.29 34 112 — — — — — — — — 204 248 291 333 416 498 579 600 701 903 3.29
3.33 24 80 — — — — — 178 220 262 304 345 385 426 507 588 668 688 789 989 3.33
3.43 56 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 340 363 472 682 3.43
3.46 26 90 — — — — — — 191 234 276 318 359 400 481 562 643 663 764 985 3.46
3.50 32 112 — — — — — — — — 207 251 294 337 420 502 583 603 705 906 3.50
3.50 48 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 333 420 442 547 752 3.50
3.60 40 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — 325 411 494 515 618 821 3.60
3.73 30 112 — — — — — — — — 210 255 298 340 423 505 587 607 708 910 3.73
(Continued)
Table 7.16 (Continued)
Speed Number of Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio grooves on: ratio
480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400
Driving Driven 60 70 75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 200 220 225 250 300
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

3.75 24 90 — — — — — — 194 237 279 321 362 403 485 566 647 667 767 968 3.75
3.79 38 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — 328 414 498 518 621 825 3.79
3.82 44 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 339 427 448 553 760 3.82
4.00 28 112 — — — — — — — — 213 258 301 343 427 509 590 611 712 914 4.00
4.00 36 144 — — — — — — — — — — — — 331 417 501 522 625 829 4.00
4.00 48 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 352 375 485 696 4.00
4.20 40 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 346 433 455 560 767 4.20
4.24 34 144 — — — — — — — — — — — 244 335 421 505 525 628 832 4.24
4.31 26 112 — — — — — — — — 216 261 304 347 430 512 594 614 716 917 4.31
4.36 44 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 358 381 492 703 4.36
4.42 38 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 349 437 459 564 770 4.42
4.50 32 144 — — — — — — — — — — — 247 338 424 508 529 632 836 4.50
4.67 24 112 — — — — — — — — 219 264 308 350 434 516 597 618 719 921 4.67
4.67 36 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 352 440 461 567 774 4.67
4.80 30 144 — — — — — — — — — — — 250 341 427 511 532 635 839 4.80
4.80 40 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 365 388 498 710 4.90
4.94 34 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 355 443 465 570 777 4.94
5.05 38 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 368 391 502 713 5.05
5.14 28 144 — — — — — — — — — — — 253 344 431 515 536 639 843 5.14
5.25 32 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 358 446 468 574 781 5.25
5.33 36 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 371 394 505 716 5.33
5.54 26 144 — — — — — — — — — — — 256 348 434 518 539 642 847 5.54
5.60 30 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 361 450 471 577 784 5.60
5.65 34 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 374 397 508 720 5.65
6.00 24 144 — — — — — — — — — — — 259 351 437 522 542 646 850 6.00
6.00 28 168 — — — — — — — — — — — — 269 364 453 475 581 785 6.00
6.00 32 192 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 377 400 511 723 6.00

Notes: This is only a partial selection from a typical catalog relevant to the worked examples and worksheet questions.
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last accessed November 7, 2020)].
Table 7.17 Fenner Torque Drive Plus 14MXP and 14M drives.
Speed Number of grooves on Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio ratio
966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326
Driving Driven 69 85 100 115 127 135 150 165 175 185 200 225 250 275 309
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

1.00 28 28 287 399 504 609 693 749 854 959 1029 1099 1204 1379 1554 1729 1967 1.00
1.00 29 29 280 392 497 602 686 742 847 952 1022 1092 1197 1372 1547 1722 1960 1.00
1.00 30 30 273 385 490 595 679 735 840 945 1015 1085 1190 1365 1540 1715 1953 1.00
1.00 32 32 259 371 476 581 665 721 826 931 1001 1071 1176 1351 1526 1701 1939 1.00
1.00 34 34 245 357 462 567 651 707 812 917 987 1057 1162 1337 1512 1687 1925 1.00
1.00 36 36 231 343 448 553 637 693 798 903 973 1043 1148 1323 1498 1673 1911 1.00
1.00 38 38 217 329 434 539 623 679 784 889 959 1029 1134 1309 1484 1659 1897 1.00
1.00 40 40 203 315 420 525 609 665 770 875 945 1015 1120 1295 1470 1645 1883 1.00
1.00 44 44 — 287 392 497 581 637 742 847 917 987 1092 1267 1442 1617 1855 1.00
1.00 48 48 — 259 364 469 553 609 714 819 889 959 1064 1239 1414 1589 1827 1.00
1.00 56 56 — — 308 413 497 553 658 763 833 903 1008 1183 1358 1533 1771 1.00
1.03 29 30 276 388 493 598 682 738 843 948 1018 1088 1193 1368 1543 1718 1956 1.00
1.04 28 29 283 395 500 605 689 745 850 955 1025 1095 1200 1375 1550 1725 1963 1.04
1.05 38 40 210 322 427 532 616 672 777 882 952 1022 1127 1302 1477 1652 1890 1.05
1.06 36 38 224 336 441 546 630 686 791 896 966 1036 1141 1316 1491 1666 1904 1.06
1.06 34 36 238 350 455 560 644 700 805 910 980 1050 1155 1330 1505 1680 1918 1.06
1.06 32 34 252 364 469 574 658 714 819 924 994 1064 1169 1344 1519 1694 1932 1.06
1.07 30 32 266 378 483 588 672 728 833 938 1008 1078 1183 1358 1533 1708 1946 1.07
1.07 28 30 280 392 497 602 686 742 847 952 1022 1092 1197 1372 1547 1722 1960 1.07
1.09 44 48 — 273 378 483 567 623 728 833 903 973 1078 1253 1428 1603 1841 1.09
1.10 40 44 — 301 406 511 595 651 756 861 931 1001 1106 1281 1456 1631 1869 1.10
1.10 29 32 269 381 486 591 675 731 836 941 1011 1081 1186 1361 1536 1711 1949 1.10
1.11 36 40 217 329 434 539 623 679 784 889 959 1029 1134 1309 1484 1659 1897 1.11
1.12 34 38 231 343 448 553 637 693 798 903 973 1043 1148 1323 1498 1673 1911 1.12
1.13 32 36 245 357 462 567 651 707 812 917 987 1057 1162 1337 1512 1687 1925 1.13
1.13 30 34 259 371 476 581 665 721 826 931 1001 1071 1176 1351 1526 1701 1939 1.13
1.14 28 32 273 385 490 595 679 735 840 945 1015 1085 1190 1365 1540 1715 1953 1.14
1.14 56 64 — — — 385 469 525 630 735 805 875 980 1155 1330 1505 1743 1.14
1.16 38 44 — 308 413 518 602 658 763 868 938 1008 1113 1288 1463 1638 1876 1.16
1.17 48 56 — — 336 441 525 581 686 791 861 931 1036 1211 1386 1561 1799 1.17
1.17 29 34 262 374 479 584 668 724 829 934 1004 1074 1179 1354 1529 1704 1942 1.17
1.18 34 40 224 336 441 546 630 686 791 896 966 1036 1141 1316 1491 1666 1904 1.18
(Continued)
Table 7.17 (Continued)
Speed Number of grooves on Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio ratio
966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326
Driving Driven 69 85 100 115 127 135 150 165 175 185 200 225 250 275 309
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

1.19 32 38 238 350 455 560 644 700 805 910 980 1050 1155 1330 1505 1680 1918 1.19
1.20 30 36 252 364 469 574 658 714 819 924 994 1064 1169 1344 1519 1694 1932 1.20
1.20 40 48 — 286 392 497 581 637 742 847 917 987 1092 1267 1442 1617 1855 1.20
1.21 28 34 266 378 483 588 672 728 833 938 1008 1078 1183 1358 1533 1708 1946 1.21
1.22 36 44 202 314 420 525 609 665 770 875 945 1015 1120 1295 1470 1645 1883 1.22
1.24 29 36 255 367 472 577 661 717 822 927 997 1067 1172 1347 1522 1697 1935 1.24
1.25 32 40 230 343 448 553 637 693 798 903 973 1043 1148 1323 1498 1673 1911 1.25
1.26 38 48 — 293 398 504 588 644 749 854 924 994 1099 1274 1449 1624 1862 1.26
1.27 30 38 244 357 462 567 651 707 812 917 987 1057 1162 1337 1512 1687 1925 1.27
1.27 44 56 — 244 349 454 538 594 699 805 875 945 1050 1225 1400 1575 1813 1.27
1.29 28 36 258 371 476 581 665 721 826 931 1001 1071 1176 1351 1526 1701 1939 1.29
1.29 56 72 — — — 355 440 496 601 706 776 846 951 1126 1302 1477 1715 1.29
1.29 34 44 209 321 426 532 616 672 777 882 952 1022 1127 1302 1477 1652 1890 1.29
1.31 29 38 248 360 465 570 654 710 815 920 990 1060 1165 1340 1515 1690 1928 1.31
1.33 30 40 237 349 454 560 644 700 805 910 980 1050 1155 1330 1505 1680 1918 1.33
1.33 36 48 — 300 405 510 594 650 756 861 931 1001 1106 1281 1456 1631 1869 1.33
1.33 48 64 — — 306 411 496 552 657 762 832 902 1007 1182 1358 1533 1771 1.33
1.36 28 38 251 363 468 574 658 714 819 924 994 1064 1169 1344 1519 1694 1932 1.36
1.38 32 44 215 328 433 538 622 678 784 889 959 1029 1134 1309 1484 1659 1897 1.38
1.38 29 40 240 353 458 563 647 703 808 913 983 1053 1158 1333 1508 1683 1921 1.38
1.40 40 56 — 257 362 468 552 608 713 818 888 958 1063 1238 1414 1589 1827 1.40

Notes: This is only a partial selection from a typical catalog relevant to the worked examples and worksheet questions. Center distance (mm).
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last accessed November 7, 2020)].
Table 7.18 Fenner Torque Drive Plus 14MXP and 14M drives.
Speed Number of grooves on Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio ratio
966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326
Driving Driven 69 85 100 115 127 135 150 165 175 185 200 225 250 275 309
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

1.43 56 80 — — — 325 410 466 571 677 747 817 922 1098 1273 1448 1686 1.43
1.45 44 64 — — 319 425 509 565 671 776 846 916 1021 1196 1371 1546 1784 1.45
1.47 30 44 222 335 440 545 629 685 790 895 965 1036 1141 1316 1491 1666 1904 1.47
1.47 38 56 — 263 369 474 559 615 720 825 895 965 1070 1245 1420 1595 1834 1.47
1.50 32 48 200 313 418 524 608 664 769 874 944 1014 1119 1295 1470 1645 1883 1.50
1.50 48 72 — — — 381 466 522 628 733 803 873 979 1154 1329 1504 1742 1.50
1.52 29 44 225 338 443 548 633 689 794 899 969 1039 1144 1319 1494 1669 1907 1.52
1.56 36 56 — 269 375 481 565 621 727 832 902 972 1077 1252 1427 1602 1840 1.56
1.57 28 44 228 341 447 552 636 692 797 902 972 1042 1147 1323 1498 1673 1911 1.57
1.60 30 48 206 319 425 530 615 671 776 881 951 1021 1126 1301 1476 1652 1890 1.60
1.60 40 64 — — 332 438 522 579 684 789 859 929 1035 1210 1385 1560 1798 1.60
1.61 56 90 — — — — 370 427 534 640 710 780 886 1061 1237 1412 1650 1.61
1.64 44 72 — — 287 394 479 535 641 746 817 887 992 1167 1343 1518 1756 1.64
1.65 34 56 — 276 382 488 572 628 733 839 909 979 1084 1259 1434 1609 1847 1.65
1.66 29 48 209 323 428 534 618 674 779 884 955 1025 1130 1305 1480 1655 1893 1.66
1.67 48 80 — — — 350 435 492 598 703 774 844 949 1125 1300 1475 1714 1.67
1.68 38 64 — — 338 444 529 585 691 796 866 936 1041 1217 1392 1567 1805 1.68
1.71 28 48 212 326 432 537 621 678 783 888 958 1028 1133 1308 1483 1658 1896 1.71
1.75 32 56 — 282 388 494 579 635 740 845 915 986 1091 1266 1441 1616 1854 1.75
1.78 36 64 — — 344 451 535 592 697 803 873 943 1048 1223 1399 1574 1812 1.78
1.80 40 72 — — 300 407 492 548 654 760 830 900 1005 1181 1356 1531 1770 1.80
1.82 44 80 — — — 362 448 505 611 717 787 857 963 1138 1314 1489 1727 1.82
1.87 30 56 — 288 395 501 585 641 747 852 922 992 1097 1273 1448 1623 1861 1.87
1.88 48 90 — — — — 395 452 559 665 736 807 912 1088 1264 1439 1677 1.88
1.88 34 64 — 243 351 457 542 598 704 809 879 950 1055 1230 1405 1581 1819 1.88
1.89 38 72 — — 306 413 498 555 661 766 837 907 1012 1188 1356 1538 1776 1.89
1.93 29 56 — 291 389 504 588 645 750 855 926 996 1101 1276 1451 1626 1865 1.93
2.00 28 56 — 294 401 507 592 648 753 859 929 999 1104 1279 1455 1630 1868 2.00
2.00 32 64 — 249 357 464 548 605 710 816 886 956 1062 1237 1412 1587 1826 2.00
2.00 36 72 — — 312 419 505 561 667 773 843 913 1019 1194 1370 1545 1783 2.00
2.00 40 80 — — — 374 460 517 624 730 800 870 976 1152 1327 1502 1741 2.00
2.00 56 112 — — — — — — 444 553 625 696 802 979 1155 1331 1570 2.00
(Continued)
Table 7.18 (Continued)
Speed Number of grooves on Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio ratio
966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326
Driving Driven 69 85 100 115 127 135 150 165 175 185 200 225 250 275 309
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth

2.05 44 90 — — — 320 407 465 572 678 749 820 925 1101 1277 1452 1691 2.05
2.11 38 80 — — — 380 467 524 630 736 807 877 983 1158 1334 1509 1747 2.11
2.12 34 72 — — 318 426 511 568 674 779 850 920 1026 1201 1376 1552 1790 2.12
2.13 30 64 — 255 363 470 555 611 717 823 893 963 1068 1244 1419 1594 1832 2.13
2.21 29 64 — 258 366 473 558 615 720 826 896 966 1072 1247 1422 1598 1836 2.21
2.22 36 80 — — — 387 473 530 636 743 813 884 989 1165 1340 1516 1754 2.22
2.25 32 72 — — 324 432 517 574 680 786 856 927 1032 1208 1383 1558 1797 2.25
2.25 40 90 — — — 331 419 477 584 691 762 833 938 1114 1290 1466 1704 2.25
2.29 28 64 — 261 369 476 561 618 724 829 899 970 1075 1250 1426 1601 1839 2.29
2.33 48 112 — — — — — — 468 577 649 721 828 1005 1181 1358 1597 2.33
2.35 34 80 — — 282 393 479 536 643 749 820 890 996 1172 1347 1523 1761 2.35
2.37 38 90 — — — 337 425 483 591 697 768 839 945 1121 1297 1472 1711 2.37
2.40 30 72 — — 330 438 524 580 687 792 863 933 1039 1214 1390 1565 1804 2.40
2.48 29 72 — — 333 441 527 584 690 796 866 937 1042 1218 1393 1569 1807 2.48
2.50 32 80 — — 288 399 485 542 649 755 826 897 1002 1178 1354 1529 1758 2.50
2.50 36 90 — — — 343 431 489 597 704 775 845 951 1128 1303 1479 1718 2.50
2.55 44 112 — — — — — 368 480 590 662 733 840 1018 1194 1371 1610 2.55
2.57 28 72 — — 336 444 530 587 693 799 869 940 1045 1221 1397 1572 1810 2.57
2.57 56 144 — — — — — — — — 485 561 671 852 1031 1209 1450 2.57
2.65 34 90 — — — 349 437 495 603 710 781 852 958 1134 1310 1486 1724 2.65
2.67 30 80 — — 294 405 491 549 656 762 833 903 1009 1185 1360 1536 1775 2.67
2.76 29 80 — — 297 408 494 552 659 765 836 906 1012 1188 1364 1539 1778 2.76
2.80 40 112 — — — — — 379 492 602 674 746 853 1031 1207 1384 1623 2.80

Notes: This is only a partial selection from a typical catalog relevant to the worked examples and worksheet questions. Center distance (mm).
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last accessed November 7, 2020)].
Table 7.19 Fenner Torque Drive Plus 14MXP and 14M drives.
Speed Number of Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio grooves on ratio
966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326
Driving Driven 69 85 100 115 127 135 150 165 175 185 200 225 250 275 309
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth
2.81 32 90 — — — 354 443 501 609 716 787 858 964 1141 1317 1492 1731 2.81
2.86 28 80 — — 300 411 498 555 662 768 839 910 1015 1191 1367 1543 1781 2.86
2.95 38 112 — — — — — 385 498 608 680 752 859 1037 1214 1390 1630 2.95
3.00 30 90 — — — 360 449 507 615 723 794 865 971 1147 1323 1499 1738 3.00
3.00 48 144 — — — — — — — — 508 584 695 877 1056 1234 1475 3.00
3.00 56 168 — — — — — — — — — — 560 749 933 1113 1356 3.00
3.10 29 90 — — — 363 452 510 619 726 797 868 974 1150 1327 1502 1741 3.10
3.11 36 112 — — — — — 390 504 614 686 758 865 1043 1220 1397 1636 3.11
3.21 28 90 — — — 366 455 513 622 729 800 871 977 1154 1330 1506 1745 3.21
3.27 44 144 — — — — — — — 441 519 595 707 889 1069 1247 1488 3.27
3.29 34 112 — — — — — 396 509 620 692 764 872 1050 1227 1403 1643 3.29
3.43 56 192 — — — — — — — — — — — 635 826 1012 1259 3.43
3.50 32 112 — — — — — 401 515 626 698 770 878 1056 1233 1410 1649 3.50
3.50 48 168 — — — — — — — — — — 583 773 957 1138 1381 3.50
3.60 40 144 — — — — — — — 452 530 607 719 901 1081 1260 1501 3.60
3.73 30 112 — — — — 343 407 521 632 704 777 884 1062 1240 1416 1656 3.73
3.79 38 144 — — — — — — — 457 536 612 725 907 1087 1266 1507 3.79
3.82 44 168 — — — — — — — — — — 594 784 969 1150 1394 3.82
3.86 29 112 — — — — 346 410 524 635 707 780 887 1065 1243 1419 1659 3.86
4.00 28 112 — — — — 349 413 527 638 710 783 890 1069 1246 1423 1662 4.00
4.00 36 144 — — — — — — — 462 542 618 730 913 1094 1272 1514 4.00
4.00 48 192 — — — — — — — — — — — 654 849 1035 1283 4.00
4.20 40 168 — — — — — — — — — — 605 796 981 1162 1406 4.20
4.24 34 144 — — — — — — — 488 547 624 736 919 1100 1279 1520 4.24
4.36 44 192 — — — — — — — — — — — 668 861 1047 1295 4.36
4.42 38 168 — — — — — — — — — 488 610 802 986 1168 1412 4.42
4.50 32 144 — — — — — — — 473 553 630 742 925 1106 1285 1527 4.50
4.67 36 168 — — — — — — — — — 493 616 807 992 1174 1419 4.67
(Continued)
Table 7.19 (Continued)
Speed Number of Belt pitch length (mm) Speed
ratio grooves on ratio
966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326
Driving Driven 69 85 100 115 127 135 150 165 175 185 200 225 250 275 309
pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth
4.80 30 144 — — — — — — — 479 558 635 748 931 1112 1291 1533 4.80
4.80 40 192 — — — — — — — — — — — 678 872 1059 1307 4.80
4.94 34 168 — — — — — — — — — 499 621 813 998 1180 1425 4.94
4.97 29 144 — — — — — — — 481 561 638 751 934 1115 1294 1536 4.97
5.05 38 192 — — — — — — — — — — — 684 878 1065 1313 5.05
5.14 28 144 — — — — — — — 484 564 641 754 937 1118 1297 1539 5.14
5.25 32 168 — — — — — — — — — 504 627 819 1004 1186 1431 5.25
5.33 36 192 — — — — — — — — — — — 689 884 1071 1319 5.33
5.60 30 168 — — — — — — — — — 509 632 825 1010 1192 1437 5.60
5.65 34 192 — — — — — — — — — — — 695 889 1076 1325 5.65
5.79 29 168 — — — — — — — — — 512 635 828 1013 1195 1440 5.79
6.00 28 168 — — — — — — — — — 514 638 830 1016 1198 1443 6.00
6.00 32 192 — — — — — — — — — — — 700 895 1082 1331 6.00
Notes: This is only a partial selection from a typical catalog relevant to the worked examples and worksheet questions. Center distance (mm).
Reproduced with permission from ERIKS Industrial Services [ERIKS UK. (2020b). , https://www.fptgroup.com/Synchronous-Belts/ . (last accessed November 7, 2020)].
 Chapter 7
269

belt from running off its pulleys, the pulleys can where d is the diameter of the small pulley (m),
be crowned, or guides can be used as shown in D is the diameter of the large pulley (m), C is
Figs. 7.16 and 7.17. the distance between the pulley centers (m), θd
For the simple belt drive configuration shown is the angle of contact between the belt and the
in Fig. 7.18, the angles of contact between the small pulley (rad), and θD is the angle of contact
belt and the pulleys are given by between the belt and the large pulley (rad).
D2d The length of the belt can be obtained by
θd 5 π 2 2sin21 ; (7.3) summing the arc lengths of contact and the
2C
spanned distances and is given by
D2d qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
θD 5 π 1 2sin21 ; (7.4) 1
2C L 5 4C 2 2 ðD2dÞ2 1 ðDθD 1 dθd Þ (7.5)
2
The power transmitted by a belt drive is given by
Power 5 ðF1 2 F2 ÞV (7.6)
where F1 is the belt tension in the tight side (N),
F2 is the belt tension in the slack side (N), and V
is the belt speed (m/s).
The torque is given by
Torque 5 ðF1 2 F2 Þr (7.7)

Assuming that the friction is uniform

Figure 7.16 Crowned wheel for a flat belt drive.
throughout the arc of contact and ignoring cen-
trifugal effects, the ratio of the tensions in the
belts can be modeled by Eytlewein’s formula
F1
5 eμθ (7.8)
F2
where μ is the coefficient of friction and θ is the
angle of contact (rad), usually taken as the angle
for the smaller pulley.
Centrifugal forces acting on the belt along the
arcs of contact reduce the surface pressure (Firbank,
1970). The centrifugal force is given by
Figure 7.17 Guided pulley wheel for a flat belt drive.
Fc 5 ρV 2 A 5 mV 2 (7.9)
where ρ is the density of the belt material (kg/
m3), A is the cross-sectional area of the belt (m2),
and m is the mass per unit length of the belt (kg/m).
The centrifugal force acts on both the tight
and the slack sides of the belt, and Eytlewein’s
formula can be modified to model the effect:
F1 2 Fc
5 eμθ (7.10)
F2 2 Fc
Figure 7.18 Belt drive geometry definition.
 Belt and Chain Drives
270

The maximum allowable tension, F1,max, in

D2d
the tight side of a belt depends on the allowable θD 5 π 1 2sin21
stress of the belt material, σmax, see Table 7.20. 2C
500 2 355
F1;max 5 σmax A (7.11) 5 π 1 2sin21 5 3:238 rad
2 3 1500
The required cross-sectional area for a belt
drive can be found from The maximum tension in the tight side is
F1 2 F2 given as a function of the maximum permissi-
A5 (7.12)
σ1 2 σ2 ble stress in the belt by
F1 5 σmax A 5 11 3 106
 
Example 7.4 3:5 3 1023 3 100 3 1023 5 3850 N
A fan is belt driven by an electric motor run-
The belt velocity is V 5 1500 3 2π 60 3
ning at 1500 rpm. The pulley diameters for 0:355
2 5 27:88 m=s
the fan and motor are 500 and 355 mm,
The mass per unit length is m 5 ρA 5
respectively. A flat belt has been selected with
1100 3 0.1 3 0.0035 5 0.385 kg/m
a width of 100 mm, a thickness of 3.5 mm, a
The centrifugal load is given by
coefficient of friction of 0.8, a density of
Fc 5 0:385ð27:88Þ2 5 299:3 N.
1100 kg/m3, and a permissible stress of F1 2 Fc μθ
11 MN/m2. The center distance is 1500 mm.
Using Eq. (7.10), F2 2 Fc 5 e 5
3850 2 299:3 0:8 3 3:045
Determine the power capacity of the belt. F2 2 299:3 5 e
Hence F2 5 610:0 N
Solution The power capacity is given by (F1
F2)
The arcs of contact for the driving and driven V 5 (3850
610)27.88 5 90.3 kW.
pulleys are
D2d
θd 5 π 2 2sin21
2C Example 7.5
21 500 2 355
5 π 2 2sin 5 3:045 rad A flat belt is required to transmit 22 kW from a
2 3 1500
250-mm diameter pulley running at 1450 rpm to
a 355-mm diameter pulley. The coefficient of

Table 7.20 Guideline values for the maximum permissible stress for high-performance flat belts.
Multiply structure Maximum permissible stress,
σmax (MN/m2)
Friction surface coating Core Top surface
Elastomer Polyamide sheet Polyamide fabric 8.3
19.3
Elastomer Polyamide sheet Elastomer 6.6 - 13.7
Chrome leather Polyamide sheet None 6.3
11.4
Chrome leather Polyamide sheet Polyamide fabric 5.7
14.7
Chrome leather Polyamide sheet Chrome leather 4
8
Elastomer Polyester cord Elastomer Up to 21.8
Chrome leather Polyester cord Polyamide fabric 5.2
12
Chrome leather Polyester cord Chrome leather 3.1
8
 Chapter 7
271

Figure 7.19 Roller chain.

friction can be taken as 0.7, the density of the belt

is 1100 kg/m3, and the maximum permissible
stress is 7 MPa. The distance between the shaft
centers is 1.8 m. The proposed belt is 3.5 mm
thick. Calculate the width required for the belt.
Solution
22 kW, D1 5 250 mm, D2 5 355 mm,
n1 5 1450 rpm. μ 5 0.7, ρ 5 1100 kg/m3,
σmax 5 7 MPa, C 5 1.8 m, t 5 3.5 mm.
Figure 7.20 Simple chain drive.
355 2 250
21
θd 5 π 2 2sin 5 3:083
2 3 1800
24; 500w 2 1387w
F1 5 σmax A 5 σmax tw 5 24; 500w 2 1159 2 1387w
8:655
5 7 3 106 3 3:5 3 1023 w 5 24; 500w


2π 0:25 2 w 5 0.0567 m. w 5 56.7 mm. Use w 5
Fc 5 ρAV 2 5 ρtw 3 1450 3 3 60 mm.
60 2


- 2π 0:25 2
5 w 3 1100 3 3:5 3 10 3 1450 3
3
3
60 2
5 1387w
7.3 Chain drives
Using Eq. (7.10), A chain is a power transmission device consisting
F1 2 1387w of a series of pin-connected links as illustrated in
5 e2:1581 5 8:655 Fig. 7.19. The chain transmits power between
F2 2 1387w
two rotating shafts by meshing with toothed
F1 2 1387w 5 8:655ðF2 2 1387w Þ sprockets as shown in Fig. 7.20. A sprocket is
F1 2 F2 5 22000=18:98 5 1159 shown for simple chain in Fig. 7.21, the cross
F2 5 F1 2 1159 5 24; 500w 2 1159 section of a sprocket for the case of triplex chain
is illustrated in Fig. 7.22, and an application of
triplex chain in Fig. 7.23.
 Belt and Chain Drives
272

Figure 7.21 Chain drive sprocket.

Figure 7.23 Use of triplex chain for a dynamometer.

chain links and the sprocket teeth, high noise,

and difficulties in providing lubrication limit the
application of chain drives. Table 7.21 shows a
comparison of chain, belt, and gear attributes.
Chain drives are principally used for power trans-
mission, conveyors, and for supporting or lifting
loads (see American Chain Association, 2005).
Applications range from motorcycle and bicycle
transmissions, automotive camshaft drives
(although synchronous belts have replaced chains
in some automotive applications), machine tools,
Figure 7.22 Triplex sprocket. and aerospace drives such as the thruster nozzles
for the classic Harrier aircraft, to conveyors and
Chain drives are usually manufactured using packaging machinery. Efficiencies of up to 98.9%,
high-strength steel and for this reason are capable where necessary ratios of up to 9:1 and power
of transmitting high torque. Chain drives are transmission of several hundred kilowatts can be
complimentary and competitive with belt drives achieved. Chain drives are typically used with
serving the function of transmitting a wide range reduction ratios of up to three to one giving high
of powers for shaft speeds up to about 6000 rpm. efficiency and ratios of up to five giving reason-
At higher speeds the cyclic impact between the able efficiency.
 Chapter 7
273

Table 7.21 Comparison of chain, belt, and gear performance.

Feature Chain drive Belt drive Gear drive
Efficiency üü üü üü
Positive drive üü üü* üü
Large center distance üü üü û
Wear resistance üü ü üü
Multiple drives üü üü û
Heat resistance üü û ü
Chemical resistance üü û ü
Oil resistance üü û üü
Power range üü ü üü
Speed range û üü üü
Ease of maintenance üü ü û
Environment üü û üü

üü 5 excellent, ü 5 good, û 5 poor. *Using a synchronous belt drive.

Figure 7.24 Chain types.

The range of chain drives is extensive as illus- available in stainless steel and nylon (for hygienic
trated in Fig. 7.24. The most common type is applications) as well as a series of other materials
roller chain, which is used for high-power trans- for specialist applications.
mission and conveyor applications. The selection Conveyor chain is specially designed for use in
and specification of this type of chain is intro- materials handling and conveyor equipment and is
duced in the subsequent ‘‘Roller chain selec- characterized by its long pitch, large roller dia-
tion’’ section. Roller chain is made up of a series meters, and high tensile strength (Jagtap et al.,
of links. Each chain consists of side plates, pins, 2014). The applications of conveyor chain demand
bushes, and rollers as shown in Fig. 7.25. The that it is capable of pulling significant loads, usually
chain runs on toothed sprockets and as the teeth along a straight line at relatively low speeds. The
of the sprockets engage with the rollers, rolling sides of conveyor chains often incorporate special
motion occurs, and the chain articulates onto features to aid connection to conveyor components
the sprocket. Roller chain is classified by its as illustrated in Figs. 7.26 and 7.27.
pitch. This is the distance between the corre- Leaf chain consists of a series of pin-connected
sponding points of adjacent links. Roller chain is side plates as illustrated in Fig. 7.28. It is generally
 Belt and Chain Drives
274

Figure 7.25 Roller chain components.

Figure 7.26 Conveyor chain.

Figure 7.27 Conveyer chain showing a selection of side plate features.

 Chapter 7
275

Figure 7.28 Leaf chain.

Figure 7.30 Silent chain.

Figs. 7.30 and 7.31. The chain consists of alternately

mounted links so that the chain can articulate onto
the mating sprocket teeth. Silent chains can operate
at higher speeds than comparatively sized roller chain
and, as the name suggests, more quietly. Silent chain
is used in a wide variety of applications from power
transmission in conveyors to driving internal com-
bustions engine camshafts. The dynamic behavior of
silent chains can be improved by fine tuning the
meshing angles (see Meng et al., 2007 and Cali
et al., 2016), and the silent chain represents an area
of on-going technical development and opportunity
for improvement.
The direction of rotation relative to the chain lay-
out is important to the effective operation of a chain
drive. Fig. 7.32 shows some examples of recom-
mended and acceptable practice for chain drive lay-
outs. The idler sprockets shown are used to engage
Figure 7.29 Leaf chain used for load balancing in a the chain in the slack region for chain drives with
forklift truck. large center distances or when the drive is vertical.
Chain tensioners can be used to ensure the correct
used for load-balancing applications (e.g., Fig. 7.29) chain tension, see Figs. 7.33 and 7.34 for examples.
and is essentially a special form of transmission chain. Chain design is based on ensuring that the power
Silent chain (also called inverted tooth chain) has transmission capacity is within limits for three modes
the teeth formed in the link plates as shown in of failure: fatigue, impact, and galling (adhesive wear
 Belt and Chain Drives
276

Figure 7.31 Silent chain.

Figure 7.32 Examples of typical chain drive layouts.

when two surfaces in contact temporarily seize up). Details of the selection procedure for standard
Chains are designed so that the maximum tensile roller chains are outlined in the subsequent
stress is below the fatigue endurance limit for finite ‘‘Roller chain selection’’ section. For details of
life of the material. Failure would nevertheless even- chain geometry, the reader is referred to the stan-
tually occur but it would be due to wear, not fatigue. dards, some of which are listed in the references,
In service, failures due to wear can be eliminated by and for details of selection and design procedures
inspection and replacement intervals. When the for other chain types to manufacturers’ catalogs.
chain rollers mesh with the sprocket teeth, an impact
occurs and a Hertz contact stress occurs, similar to Roller chain selection
that found for gear meshing. The power rating charts
for chain drives limit the selection of the drive so Once the use of a chain drive has been shown to
that these modes of failure should not occur, assum- be preferable to other forms of drive the type of
ing proper installation, operation, and lubrication. chain to be used can be selected from the range
 Chapter 7
277

5. Select the speed ratio. This is dependent on the

standard sizes available as listed in Table 7.22.
Ideally sprockets should have a minimum of 19
teeth. For high-speed drives subjected to tran-
sient loads the minimum number of teeth rises
to 25. Note that the maximum number of
teeth should not exceed 114.
6. Establish the application and tooth factors:
Table 7.23 gives the values for the applica-
tion factor f1. The tooth factor is given by
f2 5 19/N1, assuming that the selection rat-
ing charts are based on a 19-tooth sprocket.
7. Calculate the selection power. Selection
power 5 Power 3 f1 3 f2.
8. Select the chain drive pitch. Use power
speed rating charts as supplied by chain
manufacturers (see Fig. 7.36). The smallest
pitch of a simple chain should be used as
this normally gives the most economical
drive. If the power requirement at a given
speed is beyond the capacity of a single
strand of chain, then the use of a multistrand
Figure 7.33 Classic example of a chain tensioner. chain, such as duplex (two strands), triplex
(three strands), and up to decuplex (ten
strands) for the ANSI range, permits higher
available as illustrated in Fig. 7.24. The next step is
power to be transmitted and can be
the design of the chain drive layout and selection of
considered.
the standard components available from chain man-
9. Calculate the chain length. Eq. (7.13) gives
ufacturers. The method outlined here is for roller
the chain length as a function of the number
chains. Procedures for the selection of other chain
of pitches. Note that the value for the length
types can be found in manufacturers’ catalogs.
should be rounded up to the nearest even
The method is based upon the use of power
integer.
rating charts for the chain drive, which ensure
10. Calculate the exact center distance. This can
15,000 hours operation assuming proper installation,
be calculated using Eq. (7.14).
operation, and lubrication. The steps for the method
11. Specify the lubrication method.
are itemized below and illustrated in Fig. 7.35.
The chain length, in pitches, is given by
1. Determine the power to be transmitted.


2. Determine the speeds of the driving and N1 1 N2 2C N2 2N1 2 p
driven shafts. L5 1 1 (7.13)
2 p 2π C
3. Determine the characteristics of the driving
and driven shaft, for example, type of running, where L is the number of pitches, N1 is the
whether smooth or shock loadings, etc. number of teeth in the driving sprocket, N2 is
4. Set the approximate center distance. This the number of teeth in the driven sprocket, C is
should normally be in the range of 30
50 the center distance (m), and p is the chain
times the chain pitch. pitch (m).
 Belt and Chain Drives
278

Figure 7.34 Chain tensioner for a camshaft. Courtesy CC-BY-SA-3.0.

The exact center distance is given by transports the lubricant to the chain and then evapo-
ph rates leaving the chain lubricated but dry to touch.
C 5 2L 2 N2 2 N1 Applications for dry lubrication include food proces-
8
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii sing, dusty environments, and fabric handling.
π  2 The pitch diameters for the driving and
1 ð2L2N2 2N1 Þ2 2 N2 2N1 driven sprockets are given by
3:88
(7.14) N1 p N2 p
D1 5 D2 5 (7.15)
π π
Chain drives should be protected against dirt and
moisture in order to limit the potential for wear and and the angle of contact (in radians) between the
damage to the pins, bushes, and rollers (tell this to a chain and the sprockets is given by
mountain biker!). Lubrication should be provided pðN2 2 N1 Þ
using a nondetergent mineral-based oil. For the θ1 5 π 2 2sin21 (7.16)
2πC
majority of applications, multigrade SAE20/50 is
pðN2 2 N1 Þ
suitable. There are five principle types of lubrication: θ2 5 π 1 2sin21 (7.17)
manual application, drip feed, bath, stream (see 2πC
Fig. 7.37), and dry lubrication. Grease lubrication is Note that the minimum angle of wrap recom-
not recommended but can be used for chain speeds mended for the small sprocket is 120 degrees.
of less than 4 m/s. In order to ensure the grease The chain tension is given by
penetrates the working parts of the chain, it should
Power
be heated until liquid and the chain dipped into the Chain tension 5 (7.18)
grease until the air has been displaced. This process N1 ω1 p=2π
should be repeated at regular service intervals. For Standard sprockets can be purchased. The choice
dry lubrication, solid lubricant is contained in a vola- of sprocket material depends on the number of teeth
tile carrier fluid. When applied to chain, the carrier and the operating conditions as shown in Table 7.24.
 Chapter 7
279

f
f

f f

Figure 7.35 Outline roller chain selection procedure.

 Belt and Chain Drives
280

Table 7.22 Chain reduction ratios as a function of the standard sprockets available.
Number of teeth in the driven sprocket N2 Number of teeth in the drive sprocket N1
15 17 19 21 23 25
25 — — — — — 1.00
38 2.53 2.23 2.00 1.80 1.65 1.52
57 3.80 3.35 3.00 2.71 2.48 2.28
76 5.07 4.47 4.00 3.62 3.30 3.04
95 6.33 5.59 5.00 4.52 4.13 3.80
114 7.60 6.70 6.00 5.43 4.96 4.56

Data from Renold Power Transmission. (2010). Transmission chain. Installation, maintenance and designer guide. REN12/ENG/10.10. , https://
www.renold.com/media/165418/transmission-i-and-m-ren12-eng-10-10.pdf . (last accessed November 13, 2020).

Table 7.23 Application factor.

Driven machine characteristics Characteristics of driver

Smooth running. For example, Slight shocks. For example, IC Heavy shocks. For
electric motors, IC engines with engines with more than six cylinders, example, IC engines with
hydraulic coupling electric motors with frequent starts less than six cylinders
Smooth running. For example, fans, 1 1.1 1.3
pumps, compressors, printing machines,
uniformly loaded conveyors
Moderate shocks. For example, concrete 1.4 1.5 1.7
mixing machines, nonuniformly loaded
conveyors, mixers
Heavy shocks. For example, planars, 1.8 1.9 2.1
presses, drilling rigs

Data from Renold Power Transmission. (2010). Transmission chain. Installation, maintenance and designer guide. REN12/ENG/10.10. , https://
www.renold.com/media/165418/transmission-i-and-m-ren12-eng-10-10.pdf . (last accessed November 13, 2020).

Example 7.6 The tooth factor f2 5 19

N1 5 19
21 5 0:905
A chain drive is required for a gear pump The selection power 5 5:5 3 1:0 3 0:905 5 4:98 kW
operating at 400 rpm driven by a 5.5-kW
Using the BS/ISO selection chart
electric motor running at 1440 rpm. The
(Fig. 7.36), a 12.7-mm pitch simple BS chain
center distance between the motor and pump
drive is suitable.
shafts is approximately 470 mm.
The chain length is given by


Solution N1 1 N2 2C N2 2N1 2 p
L5 1 1
2 p 2π C
400 5 3:6
The desired reduction ratio is 1440
The nearest ratio available (see Table 7.22) 21 1 76 2 3 470
using standard sized sprockets is 3.62. This 5 1
2 12:7
requires a driving sprocket of 21 teeth and a
2
76221 12:7
driven sprocket of 76 teeth. 1 5 124:6 pitches
The application factor from Table 7.23 is 2π 470
f1 5 1.0.
 Chapter 7
281

Figure 7.36 British Standard chain drives rating chart using 19 tooth drive sprocket. Courtesy Renold PLC [Renold Power
Transmission. (2010). Transmission chain. Installation, maintenance and designer guide. REN12/ENG/10.10. ,https://www.
renold.com/media/165418/transmission-i-and-m-ren12-eng-10-10.pdf. (last accessed November 13, 2020)].
 Belt and Chain Drives
282

Table 7.24 Selection of sprocket materials.

Sprocket Smooth Moderate shocks Heavy shocks
running
Up to 29 080M40 080M40 or 070M55 080M40 or 070M55
teeth or hardened and hardened and
070M55 tempered or case tempered or case
hardened mild steel hardened mild steel
Over 30 Cast Mild steel 080M40 or 070M55
teeth iron hardened and
tempered or case
hardened mild steel

Data from Renold Power Transmission. (2010). Transmission chain.

Installation, maintenance and designer guide. REN12/ENG/10.10.
, https://www.renold.com/media/165418/transmission-i-and-m-
ren12-eng-10-10.pdf . (last accessed November 13, 2020).

ph
C5 2L 2 N2 2 N1
8
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii
π
1 ð2L2N2 2N1 Þ2 2 ðN2 2N1 Þ2
3:88
12:7 h
C5 2 3 126 2 76 2 21
8rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
π i
1 ð2 3 126276221Þ2 2 ð76221Þ2
3:88
5 479:2 mm

From the rating chart, Fig. 7.36, the required

lubrication type is oil bath. The use of a
SAE20/50 multigrade lubricant would likely
suffice in the absence of more detailed knowl-
edge concerning the operating conditions.

Figure 7.37 Chain lubrication methods. Courtesy Renold

PLC [Renold Power Transmission. (2010). Transmission
chain. Installation, maintenance and designer guide. Example 7.7
REN12/ENG/10.10. ,https://www.renold.com/media/
165418/transmission-i-and-m-ren12-eng-10-10.pdf. (last Specify a suitable drive for a gear pump oper-
accessed November 13, 2020)]. ating at 400 rpm driven by a 30-kW electric
motor running at 728 rpm. The center dis-
tance between the motor and pump shafts is
Rounding up to the nearest even integer approximately 1 m.
gives L 5 126 pitches.
The exact center distance can now be cal- Solution
culated using 400 5 1:82
The desired reduction ratio is 728
 Chapter 7
283

From Table 7.22 the nearest ratio using Examination of Table 7.22 for a combina-
standard sized sprockets is 1.8. N1 5 21, tion of reductions shows that choosing ratios
N2 5 38. of 3.8 and 2.48 might be suitable.
From Table 7.23, f1 5 1.0. As 3.8 3 2.48 5 9.424 is close to the target
The tooth factor f2 5 N191 5 19
21 5 0:905 reduction, this combination is likely to be
The selection power 5 30 3 1:0 3 0:905 5 27:15 kW acceptable and would give an output speed of
75.3 rpm.
Using the BS/ISO selection chart Using the larger reduction on the higher
(Fig. 7.36), a 25.4-mm pitch simple BS chain speed drive, for a ratio of 3.8 from
drive is suitable with oil bath lubrication. Table 7.22, N1 5 25, N2 5 95.
21 1 38 2 3 1000 The application factor from Table 7.23,
L5 1 assuming moderate shocks, is 1.4.

2 225:4
38221 25:4 The tooth factor f2 5 N191 5 19
25 5 0:76
1 5 108:4 pitches
2π 1000 The selection power 5 2:2 3 1:4 3 0:76 5 2:34 kW

Using the BS/ISO selection chart (Fig. 7.36),

Rounding up to the nearest even integer the following drives would be suitable:
gives L 5 110 pitches.
The exact center distance is 12.7 mm pitch in oil bath (simple).
25:4 h 9.525 mm drip feed (duplex).
C5 2 3 110 2 38 2 21
8rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Selecting the simple chain, p 5 12.7 mm.
π i Take the distance between the sprocket
1 ð2 3 110238221Þ2 2 ð38221Þ2 centers as the minimum recommended, that
3:88
5 1020 mm is, 30 3 p 5 30 3 12.7 5 381 mm to ensure
the design fits in the space available. This con-
straint can be relaxed at a later stage if
appropriate.
The chain length is given by

Example 7.8 25 1 95 2 3 381

L5 1
2 12:7
Specify a suitable chain drive for a packaging
machine operating at 75 rpm driven by a
2
95225 12:7
2.2-kW electric motor running at 710 rpm. 1 5 124:1 pitches
2π 381
The maximum permissible center distance
between the motor and packaging machine Rounding up to the nearest even integer
shafts is approximately 1 m. gives L 5 126 pitches.
The exact center distance is given by
Solution
There is no unique solution to this question. 12:7 h
C5 2 3 126 2 95 2 25
What follows is one possible solution. 8
The speed ratio 710/75 5 9.47 is too high rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii
π
for a single reduction and is outside the range 1 ð132Þ2 2 ð70Þ2 5 393:7 mm
listed in Table 7.22. A two-stage reduction 3:88
might be feasible.
 Belt and Chain Drives
284

Belt drives are often cheaper than the equivalent

For the second chain with a ratio of 2.48, gears and useful for transmitting power between
N1 5 23, N2 5 57. shafts that are widely separated or nonparallel drives.
The application factor from Table 7.23 is Chain drives are usually more compact than the
1.4. equivalent belt drive and can be used in oily envir-
The tooth factor f2 5 N191 5 19
23 5 0:8261
onments where the equivalent belt would be prone
to slipping. There is a wide range of belt and chain
The selection power 5 2:2 3 1:4 3 0:8261 5 2:544 kW
drives and this chapter has served to introduce the
technology and the selection and specification of
Using the BS/ISO selection chart
wedge and flat belt and roller chain drives. The
(Fig. 7.36), the following drives would be
technology is constantly developing with new mate-
suitable:
rials and surface treatments, improvements in under-
12.7 mm pitch in oil bath (simple), standing of kinematics, and wear and associated
9.525 mm drip feed (duplex). modeling procedures. Belts and chain drives thus
represent an innovation opportunity area, particu-
Selecting the simple chain, p 5 12.7 mm.
larly for new applications, extended life, and
Again the distance between the sprocket cen-
improved reliability, as well as miniaturization.
ters can be taken as the minimum recommended,
that is, 30 3 p 5 30 3 12.7 5 381 mm.
The chain length is given by References
23 1 57 2 3 381
L5 1 Books and Papers

2 212:7 American Chain Association. (2005). Standard
57223 12:7
1 5 101:0 pitches Handbook of Chains: Chains for Power Transmission
2π 381 and Material Handling, 2nd edn. CRC Press.
Rounding up to the nearest even integer Cali, M., Sequenzia, G., Oliveri, S.M. and Fatuzzo,
gives L 5 102 pitches. G. (2016). Meshing angles evaluation of silent
The exact center distance is given by chain drive by numerical analysis and experimen-
12:7 h
tal test. Meccanica 51, 475
489.
C5 2 3 102 2 57 2 23 Dalgarno, K.W., Day, A.J. and Childs, T.H.C. (1994).
8 Synchronous belt materials and belt life correla-
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii tion. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
π
1 ð124Þ2 2 ð34Þ2 5 387:6 mm Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering
3:88 208, 37
48.
ERIKS UK. (2020a). ,https://www.fptgroup.com/
The combination of the two center dis- Classic-V-Belts/. (last accessed November 7,
tances fits in the space available. 2020).
An alternative might be to arrange the ERIKS UK. (2020b). ,https://www.fptgroup.com/
chain sprockets vertically or at an angle to the Synchronous-Belts/. (last accessed November 7,
horizontal in order to accommodate the cen- 2020).
ter distance restriction. Fenner Drive Design and Maintenance Manual.
(2014). ,https://www.eriks.ie/catalogues/Fenner-
Drive-Design-2014/files/assets/basic-html/page-I.
7.4 Conclusion html. (last accessed November 7, 2020).
Firbank, T.C. (1970). Mechanics of the belt drive.
Belt and chain drives can be used for transmission International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 12,
of mechanical power between two rotating shafts. 1053
1063.
 Chapter 7
285

Hamilton, P. (1994). Belt drives. In K. Hurst (ed.). BS ISO 2790:2020. Belt drives. V-belts for the automo-
Rotary Power Transmission Design. McGraw Hill. tive industry and corresponding pulleys. Dimensions.
Iizuka, H., Watanabe, K. and Mashimo, S. (1994). BS ISO 487:1998. Steel roller chains, types S and C,
Observations of fatigue failure in synchronous attachments and sprockets.
belts. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & BS ISO 5287:2003. Belt drives. Narrow V-belts for the
Structures 17, 783
790. automotive industry. Fatigue test.
Jagtap, M.D., Gaikwad, B.D. and Pawar, P.M. (2014). BS ISO 5288:2017. Synchronous belt drives. Vocabulary.
Study of roller conveyor chain strip under tensile BS ISO 5294:2012. Synchronous belt drives. Pulleys.
loading. IJMER 2249
6645. BS ISO 5296:2012. Synchronous belt drives. Belts with
Meng, F., Li, C. and Cheng, Y. (2007). Proper condi- pitch codes MXL, XXL, XL, L, H, XH and XXH.
tions of meshing for Hy-Vo silent chain and sprocket. Metric and inch dimensions.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 20, 57
59. BS ISO 606:2015. Short pitch transmission precision roller
Perneder, R. and Osbourne, I. (2012). Handbook Timing and bush chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets.
Belts: Principles, Calculations, Applications. Springer. BS ISO 606:2015. Short-pitch transmission precision
Renold Power Transmission. (2010). Transmission roller and bush chains, attachments and associated chain
chain. Installation, maintenance and designer guide. sprockets.
REN12/ENG/10.10. ,https://www.renold.com/ BS ISO 9633:2001. Cycle chains. Characteristics and test
media/165418/transmission-i-and-m-ren12-eng- methods.
10-10.pdf . (last accessed November 13, 2020). DIN 2215. Endless V-belts. Classical V-belts.
Ulsoy, A.G., Whitesell, J.E. and Hooven, M.D. Dimensions. Edition 1998-08.
(1985). Design of belt-tensioner systems for DIN ISO 1275:2012. Double-pitch precision roller
dynamic stability. Journal of Vibration, Acoustics, chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets for
Stress, and Reliability in Design 107, 282
290. transmission and conveyors.
ISO 10823:2004. Guidelines for the selection of roller
chain drives.
Standards ISO 22:1991. Belt drives—flat transmission belts and cor-
responding pulleys—dimensions and tolerances.
BS 3790:2006. Specification for belt drives. Endless wedge ISO 610-1990(R07). Specification for high-tensile steel
belts, endless V-belts, banded wedge belts, banded V-belts chains (round link) for chain conveyors and coal ploughs.
and their corresponding pulleys.
BS 4116-1:1992. Conveyor chains, their attachments and Web Sites
associated chain wheels. Specification for chains (metric series). At the time of going to pressthe world-wide-web
BS 4116-4:1992. Conveyor chains, their attachments and contained useful information relating to this chap-
associated chain wheels. Specification for chains and ter at the following sites.
attachments (British series). www.beijingthc.com
BS ISO 10190:2008. Motor cycle chains. Characteristics www.beltingindustries.com
and test methods. www.daidocorp.com
BS ISO 1275:2006. Double-pitch precision roller chains, www.eriks.co.uk
attachments and associated chain sprockets for transmis- www.fennerdrives.com
sion and conveyors. www.fptgroup.com/fenner.asp
BS ISO 13050:2014. Synchronous belt drives. metric pitch, cur- www.gates.com
vilinear profile systems G, H, R and S, belts and pulleys. www.hengjiu-pt.com
BS ISO 155:2019. Belt drives. Pulleys. Limiting values www.hmcross.com
for adjustment of centres. www.hutchinsontransmission.com
BS ISO 17396:2017. Synchronous belt drives. Metric www.jonsonrubber.com
pitch. Tooth profiles T and AT endless and open ended www.kettenwulf.com/de/
belts and pulleys. www.martinsprocket.com
BS ISO 1977:2006. Conveyor chains, attachments and www.mpta.org/
sprockets.
 Belt and Chain Drives
286

www.ngfeurope.com Worksheet
www.omfarubbers.com
www.powertransmission.com
www.renold.com 7.1. List five merits each for gears, chains, and
www.siegling.com belts.
www.sprocketco.com 7.2. State and justify in one or two sentences
www.tsubakimoto.com for each, an appropriate drive for the fol-
www.visusa.com lowing applications.
www.vmchain.com (a) A drive for powering a conveyer belt.
www.websterchain.com (b) A drive for a grinding machine.
(c) A drive for a packaging machine in an
Nomenclature oily environment.
(d) A drive requiring a constant speed
Generally, preferred SI units have been stated. ratio between the driving and driven
A cross-sectional area of belt (m2)
shaft, in an application where the dis-
AC alternating current
ANSI American National Standards Institute
tance between the shafts is about 30
BS British Standard times the diameter of the larger shaft.
C center distance (m) 7.3. What is the maximum belt speed normally
d diameter (m) considered suitable for a flat belt drive.
D pitch diameter (m) 7.4. State in one or two sentences what the
DC direct current purpose of a belt or chain tensioner is.
f1 application factor Sketch an example of the use of a belt ten-
f2 tooth factor sioner. Also sketch an example of the use
F belt tension (N) of a chain tensioner.
F1 max maximum allowable tension (N) 7.5. Select a wedge belt and determine the pul-
IC internal combustion ley diameters for a reciprocating compres-
L number of pitches
sor driven by a 15-kW two-cylinder diesel
m mass per unit length of the belt (kg/m)
n rotational speed (rpm)
engine. The engine speed is 1800 rpm,
N1 number of teeth in the driving sprocket and the compressor speed is 650 rpm. The
N2 number of teeth in the driven sprocket proposed distance between the engine and
p chain pitch (m) compressor shaft centers is approximately
R1 radius of driving pulley or sprocket (m) 1.2 m. The system is expected to be used
R2 radius of driven pulley or sprocket (m) for less than 10 hours per day.
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers 7.6. A wedge belt drive is required to transmit
t belt thickness (m) 9 kW from an electric motor running at
V belt speed (m/s) 950 rpm to a uniformly loaded conveyor
Vpitchline pitchline velocity (m/s) running at 200 rpm. The desired center
w width of belt (m) distance is 1.9 m, and the expected use is
μ coefficient of friction
18 hours a day. Select a suitable belt, or
θ angle of contact (rad)
ρ density of belt material (kg/m3)
belts, and determine the pulley diameters.
σmax allowable stress (MPa) 7.7. A four cylinder diesel engine running at
ω1 angular velocity of driving pulley or 2000 rpm developing 45 kW is being used
sprocket (rad/s) to drive a medium duty agricultural
ω2 angular velocity of driven pulley or machine running at 890 rpm. The center
sprocket (rad/s) distance between the pulley centers is
 Chapter 7
287

approximately 80 cm. The expected use is selected with a width of 80 mm, a thick-
less than 10 hours per day. Using a wedge ness of 3.5 mm, a coefficient of friction of
belt drive select suitable pulley diameters 0.8, a density of 1100 kg/m3, and a per-
and determine the type and number of missible stress of 11 MN/m2. The center
belts required. distance is 1200 mm. Determine the
7.8. A synchronous belt is required for a gear power capacity of the belt.
pump that is driven by a 1500-rpm AC 7.12. A flat belt is required to transmit 18 kW
electric motor. The pump rotational speed from a 300-mm diameter pulley running
required is 400 rpm within 6 15 rpm. at 1480 rpm to a 250-mm diameter pulley.
The motor has been matched to the pump The coefficient of friction can be taken as
power requirements and has a rating of 0.72, the density of the belt is 1100 kg/m3,
30 kW. The center distance required and the maximum permissible stress is
between the motor axis and the gear 7 MPa. The distance between the shaft
pump drive axis needs to be between 680 centers is 1.1 m. The proposed belt is
and 800 mm. The pump shaft diameter is 3.5 mm thick. Calculate the width required.
60 mm. The pump operation required is 7.13. The application of an existing flat belt-
continuous. driven machine has changed such that the
7.9. A synchronous belt is required for a gear desired transmission power has increased
pump that is driven by a 3000-rpm AC to 120 kW. The existing design consists of
electric motor. The pump rotational speed a driving pulley running at 3000 rpm with
required is 900 rpm within 6 20 rpm. a pulley diameter of 200 mm and the
The motor has been matched to the pump driven pulley of 250 m diameter. The belt
power requirements and has a rating of is 150 mm wide, 4.2 mm thick, and has a
8 kW. The center distance required maximum permissible stress of 6.6 MPa.
between the motor axis and the gear The belt density and coefficient of friction
pump drive axis needs to be between 600 are 1100 kg/m3 and 0.75, respectively.
and 700 mm. The pump shaft diameter is The center distance is 1.4 m. Is the belt
40 mm. The pump operation required is drive suitable?
continuous. 7.14. A chain drive is required for a gear pump
7.10. A synchronous belt is required for a con- operating at 470 rpm driven by a 3-kW
veyer that is driven by a 1500-rpm AC electric motor running at 2820 rpm. The
electric motor. The rotational speed center distance between the motor and the
required is 200 rpm within 6 10 rpm. pump is approximately 300 mm.
The motor has been matched to the (a) Calculate the reduction ratio.
power requirements and has a rating of (b) Identify the nearest available ratio for
1.5 kW. The center distance required standard sprockets.
between the motor axis and the drive axis (c) Determine the application factor.
needs to be between 600 and 700 mm. (d) Calculate the tooth factor.
The driven shaft diameter is 40 mm. The (e) Determine the selection power.
operation required is continuous. (f) Identify lection chart.
7.11. A fan is belt driven by an electric motor (g) Calculate the approximate chain length.
running at 3000 rpm. The pulley dia- (h) Determine the number of pitches in
meters for the fan and motor are 300 and the chain.
165 mm, respectively. A flat belt has been (i) Calculate the exact center distance.
 Belt and Chain Drives
288

7.15. Specify a suitable chain drive for a gear Answers

pump operating at 575 rpm driven by a
12.5-kW electric motor running at 7.3. 70 m/s.
940 rpm. The center distance between the
7.5. D1 5 150 mm, D2 5 400 mm, speed
motor and pump shafts is approximately
ratio 5 2.67, C 5 1136 mm (SPB3150),
600 mm.
three belts.
7.16. Specify a suitable chain drive for a packag-
7.6. D1 5 212 mm, D2 5 100 mm, speed ratio 5
ing machine operating at 55 rpm driven
4.72, C 5 1805 mm (SPB5600), 1 belt.
by a 5-kW electric motor running at
7.7. D1 5 280 mm, D2 5 630 mm, C 5 662 mm,
350 rpm. The maximum permissible cen-
SPB2800, three belts.
ter distance between the motor and pack-
7.8. Motor pulley: 32 groove pulley with a 55-
aging machine shafts is approximately
mm belt width. Pump pulley: 80 groove
1.35 m.
pulley with a 55-mm belt width. Belt:
7.17. Specify a suitable drive for a gear pump
14MXP-2310-55 torque drive plus three
operating at 800 rpm driven by a 25-kW
belts, 2310 mm long 55 mm wide belt.
electric motor running at 1450 rpm. The
center distance between the motor and 7.11. 6.787 kW
pump shafts is approximately 1 m. 7.12. w 5 0.03935 m.
7.18. Specify a suitable chain drive for a packaging 7.13. No.
machine operating at 150 rpm driven by a 7.14. 6, 6, 1.0, 1, 3 kW, 9.525 mm pitch simple
3-kW electric motor running at 750 rpm. or 8 mm duplex, 136.7 pitches, 138
The maximum permissible center distance pitches, 306.7 mm.
between the motor and packaging machine 7.15. 19.05 mm pitch simple BS chain drive. 94
shafts is approximately 1.5 m. pitches, C 5 603.1 mm.
7.19. Specify a suitable chain drive for a packaging 7.16. 19.05 mm pitch simple BS chain drive.
machine operating at 55 rpm driven by a 200 pitches, C 5 1360 mm.
5-kW electric motor running at 350 rpm. 7.17. 19.05 mm pitch simple BS chain drive.
The maximum permissible center distance 136 pitches, C 5 1013 mm.
between the motor and packaging machine 7.18. 15.875 mm pitch simple BS chain drive.
shafts is approximately 1.4 m. 248 pitches, C 5 1503 mm.
7.20. Sketch a suitable method for locating the 7.19. 25.4 mm pitch simple BS chain drive. 170
sprocket illustrated in Fig. 7.21 onto a shaft. pitches, C 5 1424 mm.