ORIGIN, DIFFUSION, AND SOURCE OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE.

The basis of the Spanish language is vulgar Latin, spread in Spain since the end of the 3rd century BC, which is
imposed on the Iberian languages and on Basque.

Romance languages do not derive from the written Latin in literature, but from the spoken Latin.

In the phonetic aspect, literary Latin differentiated ten vowels (five long and five short). Latin
oral replaced that distinction with the accent of intensity. In the morphological plane, nouns and
the adjectives were declined. This characteristic was replaced in spoken Latin by an increase in the
number of prepositions.

Regarding the syntactic aspect, literary Latin frequently employed hyperbaton as...
that oral Latin ordered the sentence with an almost constant regularity.

These are logical relationships in part, if one takes into account that a language evolves and modifies.
with greater dynamism in its oral form than in the written one.

Another element that shapes the lexicon in Spanish is Greek, since this language also
influenced Latin.

PRE-ROMAN PERIOD
Before the arrival of the Romans, the Iberian Peninsula was occupied by other peoples who had
different languages and cultures. This period is known as the pre-Roman era. The peoples most
Important were: Iberians, Celts, Basques, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians.

The Basques, who lived in a region that corresponds to Navarre and the north of Aragon. On the coast of
In the Mediterranean lived the IBERIANS. Later the CELTS arrived. In the west of the Peninsula lived the
LUSITANIANS. In the southwest lived the TARTESIANS. The GREEKS AND PHOENICIANS settled on the coast.
of the Mediterranean.)

When the Romans arrived, all languages disappeared except for Basque or Euskera.
(Vasco)

ROMAN DOMINATION
In the 3rd century BC, the different languages began to disappear as the Romans imposed
its culture and its language, Latin.
The Latin spoken on the peninsula was VULGAR LATIN, used by soldiers, merchants, and colonists who
they settled in it.

Latin produces a linguistic unification of the Iberian Peninsula. Over time, Latin undergoes changes.
gradual between one region and another.

THE GERMANIC INVASIONS

In the 5th century A.D., due to the decline of the Roman Empire, the peninsula was invaded by the
Germanic peoples. The Latin language did not undergo profound changes but many were incorporated into it.
Germanic words.

Several tribes entered, among them the Visigoths, the Suebi, the Vandals, and the Alans.

The Germanic contribution is limited to the lexicon.

ARAB INVASION
One of the most important facts that determined the evolution of Latin and the formation of the
Romance dialects, it was the invasion of the Arabs in the 8th century. They conquered almost all of the
peninsula.

Arab domination began in 711. During the period of Arab occupation, another develops.
Romance dialect, Mozarabic.

BIRTH OF SPANISH
In northern Spain, Christians confront the Arabs in small groups. Their language goes
evolving over the centuries to cease being Latin and form a new language: the
Spanish.

Spanish originated in the northern part of Castile, in an area between Cantabria and Burgos.

During the Reconquest, the Christians gradually gain ground against the Arabs, along with the language.
Castilian is extending towards the south of the Peninsula. By the end of the 14th century, Castilian is the
most used language in Spain.

Due to different evolutions of Latin, other languages developed that spread in front of the
Arab domination.

The Basque, on the other hand, remained isolated and unchanged over the centuries thanks to its
geographic situation.
In this way, the current linguistic map of the Iberian Peninsula is being formed, made up of four
Romance languages: Castilian, Catalan, Galician, and Portuguese; in addition to a non-Romance language: the
Vascuence.

CASTILIAN IN THE MIDDLE AGES (10TH - 15TH CENTURIES)

The oldest words date back to the 10th century and appear in manuscripts from the monasteries of San
Millán de la Cogolla and Santo Domingo de Silos.

Spanish develops thanks to:

. The work of ALFONSO X THE WISE.
. The literary creation of cultured authors such as Berceo, the Archpriest of Hita, Don Juan Manuel, the
Marquis of Santillana, Jorge Manrique and Fernando de Rojas.
. The publication of the Castilian Grammar in 1492 by Antonio de Nebrija.

PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES: (LATIN-SPANISH)

. Initial consonants and consonant clusters:
/f-/ /h-/
/pl-/, /fl-/, /kl-/ /ʎ -/

. Development of the sibilants

. Phoneme
s | s-, -ss- | dry, step (mod. step)
house
well (mod. pit)
to do (mod. to make)
/ʃ / | x | faxa (mod. faja) |
eye

REDUCTION OF THE SYLLABLES:

. The affricates lose the occlusive element: /ts/ /s/
. The distinction between voiceless and voiced is lost.
. The six original phonemes are reduced to three in northern Spanish: /s/ /θ/ /x/ In Spanish
In Andalusian, the six phonemes are reduced to two: /s/ /x/ (sometimes /h/)

EVOLUTION OF THE LATIN VOWELS:

Classical Latin Late Latin (in stressed syllables)
I we
DEVELOPMENT OF CONSONANTS:
. Initial consonants: With the exception of f- and the consonant clusters already mentioned (pl-, fl-, kl-)
the initial consonants do not change
. Intervocalic consonants:

Deminization
cappa>capa
gota
-k->-k- siccu>seco
-mm- > -m-summa>suma

Palatalization
dream
Note: unstressed e/i > j (yod)
-ll- > -ʎ - bellu>bello -l- + yod > /ʒ /

Sonorization (and fricativization)

wolf
todo
-k->-g- ficu>higo
goat
father
mother-in-law

Loss
river
believe>create
g >Ø> regal>real

SPANISH IN THE GOLDEN CENTURIES (16TH-17TH CENTURIES):

Castilian began to be called Spanish starting in the 16th century.
The emergence of the printing press plays an important role in establishing the foundations of spelling and vocabulary.

In the Golden Ages, the Castilian language consolidates as a language of culture.

The shift from medieval pronunciation to modern pronunciation occurs.
The lexicon is renewed through the incorporation of cultisms and foreign words.
The work of writers like Garcilaso de la Vega, fray Luis de León, and Santa Teresa will be important.
Jesus, Cervantes, Góngora, Quevedo
SPANISH IN THE PRESENT DAY (18TH-21ST CENTURIES):
In 1713, the ROYAL SPANISH ACADEMY was founded, which established the basic rules of the Spanish language.
To that end, he published:

. The Dictionary of Authorities

. Spelling
. The Grammar

Currently, Spanish is the third most spoken language in the world.

Current status of the languages of Spain:

Spanish
. It is the official or co-official language of all the regions of Spain.
. It is the mother tongue of 73% of the population.

Galician
. It is the co-official language, along with Spanish, of Galicia
. It is the mother tongue of 8% of the population.

Asturian-Leonese
. It has official protection in Asturias.
. It is the mother tongue of 100,000 people.

Vasco
. It is the co-official language of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country.
. It is the mother tongue of 1.5% of the population.

Aragonese
. It is spoken in some places in the Pyrenees.
. It is the first language of only 11,000 inhabitants.

Catalan
. It is the co-official language of Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands.
. It is the mother tongue of 16% of the population.
 INTRODUCTION OF SPANISH IN LANGUAGE

Castilian or Spanish is a Romance language of all the Iberian peoples and is one of the
most spoken languages in the world, after Chinese and English.

Spanish, like the other Romance languages, is the current manifestation of the Latin spoken since
3rd century B.C. and that, after the dismemberment of the Roman Empire, was expanding among the
different jurisdictions of the archaic Empire, providing through a late evolution to the
dissimilar Romance languages. It spread across America. Spanish is the Romance language that has
reached the greatest expansion.

In the formation of Spanish, three major periods of time can be differentiated: the medieval period from the 10th century to the
XV; modern Spanish of the 16th-17th centuries, and the current one, starting from the establishment of the Royal Academy
Spanish up to our days.

The nickname of the language comes from the possession of fortresses that shaped it. So
Four broad philological powers were competing in the Peninsula.

In the south of the peninsula, the Spanish entities that existed in this region were speaking Mozarabic and
they archived their language obtained from previous periods. They preserved this language with hardly
changes, in accordance with the cultural assertion that sealed the discontent with the Arab entities and
beans, or due to a lack of connection with the developments that were unfolding in the regions
Christian. In this language, several of the primitive lyrical poems are outlined.

The first way to transform Spanish into the official language of Castilla y León was established
Alfonso X, who ordered the preparation of great historical, astronomical, and legal works in Romance.
ancient Spanish unleashed a chain of sound signs that have since eclipsed.

Regarding grammar, they had buried the declensions of Latin and it was the prepositions that
they indicated the function of each of the words in a sentence.

MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

The noun lost the case endings of Latin. In the remaining varieties of speech, the
The subject of an interrogative sentence comes before the verb according to the outline: pronoun
interrogative-verb-subject.

The verb forms reduced the four conjugations of Latin to three. They have endings for the
persons, the number, the tense, the mood, and the voice.

THE VERBAL VOICE

The active voice uses 'haber' as an auxiliary verb to form compound tenses. In the voice
Passive voice in all tenses is formed with the auxiliary verb 'to be', also grammaticalized, and there are no more.
passive endings that the auxiliary entails.
The verb lacks aspectual inflection, but there is a series of periphrases with clear aspectual value.
in development action.

Another fact related to the changing paradigm of voice is the pronominal conjugation, which
it started as a reflexive conjugation and has now acquired the value of a mediative voice, as we
we had some coffees. In those cases, the unstressed pronoun is called an anaphor. This phenomenon
it does not appear to be so widespread in American Spanish.

Historical and socioeconomic alternatives, and their national usage as a language of reciprocity,
they baptized Spanish as the lingua franca of the whole Peninsula, in harmony with the indigenous languages
there where they coexisted. With the invasion of America, which was a private property of the crown of
Castile, the Spanish language developed throughout that entire continent, up to California.

It is clear that Spanish is a Romance language, that is to say, it comes from Latin, and that it has
evolved over time to eliminate some characteristics of grammar
Latin like the declensions.

With the conquest of the American colonies, Spanish expanded, becoming today
day in one of the most spoken languages in the world.
 The Romans embark on the The Glosses are written The Spanish language or In 1539, he was born in Cusco, present day.
conquest of Hispania, (handwritten notes) Castellana nourishes itself with Peru, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
Latin name of the Greek Silenses, Emilianenses or italianisms that form son of a Spaniard and an indigenous woman. The

Iberia, and impose in that the Cartularies of words like 'shotgun' and book of Garcilaso de la Vega
territory the vulgar Latin, a Valpuesta, they are 'aspaviento'; Gallicisms that 'Real comments', whose
Italic language belonging to the comments in language King Alfonso X of gave rise to words first part dedicated to
End the domination Castile turned into
Indo-European trunk. The peninsular romance as 'page', 'sergeant' Inca Empire was published
Roman in Hispania, after Spanish in the 'garden' and 'cage', and in Lisbon in 1609, it is
evolution of Latin, which had done by copyists
sow the seed of the official language of
contact in Hispania and others medieval in the Americanisms such as considered the first text in
Romance language kingdom of Castile and
Mediterranean regions margins of a text 'cóndor', 'alpaca', 'vicuña', Spanish written by a
Castilian, as 'daughter' of Lion, the
with the tongues of the Greeks in Latin, considered 'pampa', 'puma', 'canoa', mestizo.
vulgar Latin and Greek, predominant in the
and the Vascones, gave rise to the the first texts in 'huracán', 'maíz', 'colibrí',
although in that territory Iberian Peninsula, and
currently called languages Spanish. chief
they were preserved, even ordered to compose in King Felipe V approved
romances, among them the chocolate
up to today, several suffixes that Romance language, the constitution of the
Spanish or Castilian. tomato
from the pre-Roman period, and not in Latin, the Royal Academy
like 'arro' and 'orro', and the legal works that come from several of
Spanish Language
termination in 'z' of historical and the 123 language families
and placed under her
indigenous people of America.
many surnames astronomical of protection during a
Spaniards. kingdom. stage of reforms
educational.

206 CENTURYCentury CENTURYCENTURYCENTURYCentury CENTURYCENTURYCENTURYCENTURY

A.C. III V VIII X XI XIII XV Seventeen Eighteen XIX

In 1713, the Royal was founded.

Spanish Academy of
Elio Antonio de Nebrija Language, by initiative of the
The Jarchas are brief published the First enlightened Juan Manuel
The Iberian Peninsula is lyric compositions of Spanish Grammar in Fernández Pacheco and the
strongly influenced by the loving character, written 1492, year of Marquess of Villena to
Germanisms, due to the The Muslims invaded in vulgar Arabic, or in the Discovery of imitation of the Academy
contact of Latin with the the Iberian Peninsula and Frenchwoman, an event that marked the
romance language of the America driven by the
barbaric towns, mixture contributed to the evolution Christians who lived in Al- Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand beginning of Spanish
from which they were inherited from Spanish with words of Al-Andalus (Mozarabs). of Aragon and Isabel of contemporary.
words like 'war', Arabic origin as 'mayors' Castile and the capture of the
'ganar', 'heraldo' y 'burgos'. 'almacenes', 'alguaciles', Granada city, last
carats Muslim stronghold. The In 1605, the first one is published.
bricklayer publication of the part of Don Quixote, the work
rooftops Grammar marks the beginning summit of Miguel de
irrigation canals from modern Spanish. Cervantes Saavedra
considered the father of the
Spanish letters.
 Timeline of the Spanish language
206 years before Christ: The Romans embark on the conquest of Hispania, the Latin name for the
Greek Iberia, and they impose Vulgar Latin in that territory, a Italic language belonging to the trunk
Indo-European. The evolution of Latin, which came into contact in Hispania and other regions of
Mediterranean with the languages of the Greeks and the Vascones, gave rise to those currently called
Romance languages, among them Spanish or Castilian.
3rd to 5th centuries AD: The Iberian Peninsula is strongly influenced by Germanic tribes.
due to the contact of Latin with barbarian peoples, a mixture from which words such as
war
5th century: The Roman domination in Hispania ends, after sowing the seed of the Romance language.
Castilian, as a 'daughter' of Vulgar Latin and Greek, although in that territory they were preserved, even
until today, several suffixes from the pre-Roman period, such as 'arro' and 'orro', and the ending in 'z' of
many Spanish last names.
8th century: The Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula and contributed to the evolution of Spanish.
with words of Arabic origin such as 'mayors', 'warehouses', 'constables', 'carats', 'arrobas', 'cistern'
'albañil', 'alcantarilla', 'azadones', 'azoteas' y 'acequias'.
10th century: The Silensian, Emilian, or Cartularies Gloses (manuscript notes) are written.
Valpuesta, are comments in peninsular romance language made by medieval copyists in the
margins of a text in Latin, considered the first texts in Spanish.
10th and 11th Century: The Jarchas are brief lyrical compositions of a romantic nature, written in Arabic.
vulgar, or in the Romance language of the Christians who lived in al-Andalus (Mozarabs).
13th century: King Alfonso X of Castile made Castilian the official language of the Kingdom of Castile and
Lion, the predominant one in the Iberian Peninsula, and ordered to compose in that Romance language, and not in
Latin, the legal, historical, and astronomical works of the kingdom.
15th century: Elio Antonio de Nebrija published the First Castilian Grammar in 1492, the year of
Discovery of America driven by the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.
Castile and the capture of the city of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold. The publication of the Grammar.
marks the beginning of modern Spanish.
Centuries XV and XVII: The Spanish or Castilian language is enriched with Italianisms that form words such as
'shotgun' and 'hubbub'; Gallicisms that gave rise to words like 'page', 'sergeant', 'garden' and
'jaula', y americanismos como 'cóndor', 'alpaca', 'vicuña', 'pampa', 'puma', 'canoa', 'huracán', 'maíz',
'hummingbird', 'cacique', 'Caribbean', 'cannibal', 'chocolate', 'avocado', 'tomato', 'rubber' and 'cocoa', which come from
from several of the 123 families of indigenous languages of America.
17th century: In 1539, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega was born in Cuzco, present-day Peru, son of a Spanish father and
indigenous. The book by Garcilaso de la Vega 'Royal Comments', whose first part is dedicated to
The empire of the Incas was published in Lisbon in 1609, and it is considered the first text in Spanish.
written by a mestizo.
17th century: In 1605, the first part of Don Quixote is published, the masterpiece of Miguel de Cervantes.
Saavedra, considered the father of Castilian letters.
18th century: In 1713, the Royal Spanish Academy was founded, at the initiative of the enlightened.
Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco and the Marquis of Villena in imitation of the French Academy,
fact that marked the beginning of contemporary Spanish.
19th century: King Philip V approved the constitution of the Royal Spanish Academy of Language and placed
under her protection during a stage of educational reforms.
The Song of my Cid is an anonymous epic poem that recounts heroic deeds inspired loosely.
in the last years of the life of the Castilian knight Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar. It is about the first
extensive narrative work of Spanish literature in a Romance language.

SING:
Using the voice to produce melodious sound can be by pronouncing words; to confess or reveal
secret information.

The poem consists of 3,735 anisosyllabic verses of variable length, although verses of 14 dominate.
16 metric syllables. The verses of the Song of my Cid are divided into two hemistichs separated
Due to caesura. The length of each hemistich is from 4 to 13 syllables, and it is considered the minimum unit of the
prosody of the Song. There is no division into stanzas, and the verses are grouped into sections, that is, series of
verses with the same assonant rhyme.

It is written in medieval Spanish and composed around the year 1200 (dates post quem and ante
who: 1195–1207). The original title is unknown, although it would probably be called a gesta or song,
terms with which the author describes his work in verses 1.085 and 2.276, respectively.

The Song of my Cid is the only nearly complete example of its kind in Spanish literature and
it achieves great literary value due to the mastery of its style. The four preserved epic texts,
In addition to the one we are dealing with, there are the Mocedades de Rodrigo—circa 1360—, with 1700 verses, Cantar de
Roncesvalles—ca. 1270—(fragment of about 100 verses) and a short inscription of a temple
Romanesque, known as the Epic Epitaph of the Cid—circa 1400?—). From the text we are dealing with here, only
he lost the first page of the original and two others inside the codex, but its content can
to be deduced from the chronicle versions, especially from the Chronicle of twenty kings.

CHRONICLER
Antolinez private ride
With Rachel and Lives of will and of degree;150
He does not come to the bridge, for the water has passed by,
that those who do not come from Burgos are born men.
They took them to the store of the Champion counted;
Just as they entered, they kissed the hands of the Cid.
My smile, Cid, I was speaking.

Morphological changes
Classical Latin was based on a system of declensions in which a word had
twelve different endings that indicated the grammatical function of the word within a
sentence:
I- friend
nominative (subject): m?nsa, m?nsae
genetivo (posesión): m?nsae, m?ns?rum
acusativo (objeto directo): m?ns?m, m?ns?s
dativo (objeto indirecto): m?nsae, m?ns?s
ablative (modal): m?ns?, m?ns?s
vocativo (apelación directa): m?nsa, m?nsae
The epic poem is the name given to the epic written in the Middle Ages or to a manifestation
extensive literary work belonging to the epic that narrates the feats of a hero who represents the
virtues of a people or community.

It is the Spanish epic poem. It is based on a medieval warrior from the reign of Alfonso II (king of Castile.
from 1072 to 1109). Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar "El Cid" (1043 - 1099), as a historical character was a
mercenary who fought sometimes on the Christian side and other times on the Muslim side during the Reconquista,
and managed to conquer the Kingdom of Valencia, which was in the hands of the Arabs. He achieved great
reputation in battles, which earned him the nickname al-Sidi = the Cid. He became legendary when
when the minstrels began to sing their deeds bringing news of those historical events. In
this poem tells us about the journey of exile that the Cid suffers as he forces his king, Alfonso, to swear that
he had nothing to do with the murder of his brother Sancho II of Castile (Zamora, 1072). The courts
they gathered at the Church of Santa Maria de Burgos and there the oaths were taken. After swearing
about the Bible the king banishes the Cid outside the Castilian territories. Here begins the 'Song of the
The Song is divided into three parts:
1.- Song of Exile: which narrates from the exile of the Cid to the conquest of Valencia.
2.- Song of the Weddings: which narrates the weddings of his daughters with the infantes of Carrión.
3.- The insult of Corpes: which narrates the humiliation of his daughters by their husbands and the subsequent revenge of
Cid.

By extracting a small piece of the text in Latin, we can notice the changes that have been made.
produced in the language
Old Spanish:
My Cid Ruy Diaz entered Burgos,
In her company, there are sixty banners.
he sees the women and men,
burgers and burgers, through the windows sound,
crying from the eyes, for the pain is so great.
From their mouths, everyone said one reason:
God, what a good vassal, if he had a good lord!

Modern Spanish:
"Mío Cid Ruy Díaz entered Burgos;"
sixty banners accompany him.
Men and women go out to see it,
the men and women of Burgos look out of the windows:
with tearful eyes, from so much pain they felt.
From all the mouths came the same thought:
God, what a good vassal if there were a good lord!

in this text we can find lexical changes such as:

crying to tearful
would have
morphosyntactic changes such as:

In her campaign, sixty banners

↓
Sixty banners accompany him.
History of the Spanish language in America
By Sergio Zamora

When Columbus arrived in America in 1492, the Spanish language was already established on the Peninsula, since
that during the 14th and 15th centuries, historical and linguistic events occurred that contributed to the
Castilian dialect will forge in a more solid and faster way than the other Romance dialects that were spoken.
in Spain, such as Aragonese or Leonese, in addition to the orthographic standardization and the appearance of the
Grammar of Nebrija; but in this new world, another process began, that of the consolidation of this language,
called Hispanization.

Pre-Columbian America was presented as a conglomerate of different peoples and languages that were articulated
politically as part of the Spanish empire and under the shelter of a common language.

The linguistic diversity of America was such that some authors believe that this continent is the most
linguistically fragmented, with around 123 language families, many of which have, at their
times, tens or even hundreds of languages and dialects. However, some of the indigenous languages
important -due to their number of speakers or their contribution to Spanish- are Nahuatl, Taino, Maya,
Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, and Mapuche, to name a few.

Spanish arrived on the American continent through the successive voyages of Columbus and, later, with the waves of
colonizers seeking new opportunities in America. In their attempt to communicate with the
Indigenous people resorted to the use of gestures and then to European interpreters or captive indigenous people for such purposes.
that allowed for the mutual understanding of such disparate cultures.

In addition, in several cases, the conquerors and missionaries promoted the use of the so-called general languages,
that is to say, languages that, because of their large number of speakers and their acceptance as a common form of
communication, were used by different peoples, for example, for trade, as happened with the
Nahuatl in Mexico or Quechua in Peru.

The influence of the Church was very important in this process, as it especially carried out through
the Franciscans and Jesuits, an intensive effort of evangelization and education of children and young people from different
towns through the construction of schools and churches throughout the continent.

However, those early efforts proved insufficient, and the Hispanization of America began to
developed only through the coexistence between Spaniards and Indians, catechesis, and -above all- miscegenation.

But not only was the indigenous population heterogeneous, but so was the Hispanic one that came to colonize the
American territory, as it came from the different regions of Spain, especially from Andalusia.

This greater proportion of Andalusians, who settled mainly in the Caribbean and Antillean area in the early
Years of conquest would have granted special characteristics to American Spanish: the so-called Andalusianism.
from America, which manifests itself, especially in the phonetic aspect. This period, which the authors place between
1492 and 1519 have been rightly called the Antillean period, and it is in it where they would have taken root.
characteristics that would later be attributed to all Latin Americans.

In the phonetic plane, for example, loss of the d between vowels (aburrío for aburrido) and at the end of words (usté for
you, and virtue by virtue), confusion between l and r (mardito for maldito) or aspiration of the final s of the syllable (pahtoh
for pastures) or the pronunciation of x, y, g, j, old ones like h, especially in the Antilles, Central America,
Colombia, Venezuela, Panama or New Mexico, up to Ecuador and the northern coast of Peru.
On the other hand, immigrant groups from all over Spain gathered in Seville for their journey, and on the way
towards the new continent, there was still the passage through the Canary Islands, which suggests that people
began to use certain linguistic traits that, to this day, are shared by these regions, which
has come to be called Atlantic Spanish, whose linguistic capital would be Seville - as opposed to Castilian Spanish or
Spanish - with linguistic capital in Madrid, and which would include Western Andalusian, Canarian, and Spanish.
American, although other researchers maintain that it would only encompass, in America, the coastal areas.