Contents

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII

CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1 Democracy in action 3 CHAPTER 6 Landscapes and landforms 95
1.1 Australia: Freedoms 4 6.1 Landscapes and landforms in Australia 96
1.2 Freedom of speech 6 6.2 Valuing landscapes 100
1.3 Freedom of association and assembly 8 6.3 Case study: Aboriginal and Torres Strait
1.4 Freedom of religion and movement 10 Islander people 102
1.5 Australians and democracy 12 6.4 The changing face of the earth 104
1.6 Our elected representatives 16 6.5 Mountain building 108
1.7 Horseshoe Bridge and jarrah forests 18 6.6 Weathering, erosion and deposition 110
1.8 Inquiry tasks 20 6.7 Earthquakes 114
6.8 Earthquake-induced tsunamis 116
CHAPTER 2 Law in action 23
6.9 Volcanoes 118
2.1 The development of laws 24
6.10 Volcanoes transforming landscapes 120
2.2 Young people and the law 28
6.11 Mass movements 124
2.3 Criminal and civil law 30
6.12 Avalanches 126
2.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander law 34
6.13 Living in areas of risk 128
2.5 National identity and being a citizen 36
6.14 Inquiry tasks 130
2.6 Inquiry tasks 40
CHAPTER 7 Coasts 133
ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 7.1 Processes shaping coastlines 134
7.2 Erosional landforms 138
CHAPTER 3 Markets in Australia 43 7.3 Depositional landforms 140
3.1 Types of markets 44 7.4 Managing coastal landscapes 142
3.2 Buyers and sellers 46 7.5 in the field: Investigating coasts 146
3.3 Setting market prices 48 7.6 Inquiry tasks 150
3.4 Allocation of resources 52
3.5 Case study: The banana market in Australia 54 CHAPTER 8 Changing nations 153
3.6 The government and the market 56 8.1 World cities 154
3.7 Inquiry tasks 60 8.2 Urbanisation in Australia 158
8.3 Case study: Perth 160
CHAPTER 4 Consumer rights in Australia 63 8.4 International migration 164
4.1 The rights and responsibilities 8.5 Australian migration 168
of consumers and businesses 64 8.6 International migration 170
4.2 Laws protecting consumer rights 68 8.7 Australia: Internal migration 172
4.3 Laws regulating businesses 70 8.8 China: An emerging economic giant 174
4.4 Case study: Product recall in action 72 8.9 China’s internal migration 176
4.5 Inquiry tasks 74 8.10 Impact on Chinese cities 180
8.11 China’s rural towns and villages 182
CHAPTER 5 Business in Australia 77
8.12 Inquiry tasks 184
5.1 Types of businesses 78
5.2 Business opportunities 80
5.3 Case studies: Western Australian businesses 82
5.4 Factors affecting the way people work 86
5.5 Work in the future 90
5.6 Inquiry tasks 92

iv PEARSON HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES WA 8

HISTORY ADDITIONAL EBOOK CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 9 Overview: The ancient to CHAPTER 12 Alpine landforms 251
the modern world 187 12.1 Alpine landscapes 252
9.1 Feudalism 188 12.2 Glacial landforms and processes 254
9.2 The Crusades: Two major religions at war 190 12.3 Alpine ecosystems 258
9.3 Voyages of trade and discovery 194 12.4 Managing Australia’s alpine environments 260
9.4 Inquiry tasks 196 12.5 Inquiry tasks 264
CHAPTER 10 Investigating Medieval Europe 199 CHAPTER 13 Riverine landforms 267
10.1 The medieval European world 200 13.1 Rivers 268
10.2 Everyday life 202 13.2 Riverine landforms 272
10.3 The Crusades 206 13.3 In the field: Investigating rivers 276
10.4 Medieval achievements 210 13.4 Case study: Bow River catchment 280
10.5 Crime and punishment 214 13.5 Inquiry tasks 284
10.6 Military and defence systems 216
10.7 Towns, cities and commerce 218 INDEX 286
10.8 Significant people 222
10.9 Inquiry tasks 224

CHAPTER 11 Investigating the Black Death 227

11.1 Living conditions in the fourteenth century 228
11.2 Medicine in the fourteenth century 232
11.3 Origins and spread of the Black Death 234
11.4 The causes of the Black Death 238
11.5 Treatments for, and responses to,
the Black Death 240
11.6 The impact of the plague 244
11.7 Inquiry tasks 248

v
 How to use this book
The Student Book is divided into the four Each chapter is divided into unit spreads of between
subject strands. two and six pages. The features in each chapter are
outlined below.
CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP
Chapter opener
CHAPTER

Democracy Each chapter opens with an engaging image and an

in action
T he principles of freedom of opinion, religion,
assembly, association and movement are all
introduction related to the chapter content, providing a
vital to a strong and robust democracy. Throughout
history Australians have made effective use of the
democratic tools available to them—such as staging
peaceful protests and demonstrations to campaign
basis for inquiry into the topic. History chapter openers
for positive change.
Many of these intrinsic rights are currently under
threat. This is due to weak constitutional protection
and the introduction of new legislation that seeks
also feature a timeline showing the key dates of the period
to protect Australians from the threat of global

covered in the chapter.

terrorism. This has created a debate within Australian
society about the need to introduce a bill of rights.

CHAPTER
Source 1.0.1 4000 protesters at Sydney Town Hall
gathered to demonstrate their opposition to the
detention of asylum seeker children in the offshore
processing centres of Manus Island and Nauru. The
protesters also called for the abandonment of all offshore
detention.

Law in action
ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS R ules and laws exist wherever there are people.
At school, at home and in society rules and
laws tell us about what is acceptable behaviour
and what is not. What do you know about the
law? What exactly is the difference between a rule
CHAPTER and a law? Why are laws needed and who makes
them? What are the differences between civil and
criminal law? What happens if laws are broken? As
a member of Australian society, it is important for
you to know how laws affect you and the rights and
responsibilities you have.

Consumer rights
in Australia
R ights are what a person is entitled to or
deserves. In Australia’s mixed economy,
governments try to protect the rights of both
buyers and sellers using Australian Consumer
Law (ACL). If we expect to have certain rights, then
we also have a responsibility to make sure that
we respect the rights of other people. ACL places
responsibilities on both buyers and sellers to
ensure that the rights of both groups are protected.

Source 2.0.1 Sports, from school to club to elite level,

all need rules to operate a fair game.

23

Source 4.0.1 Australian consumers spend more than

$30 000 per household every year on goods and services.
Companies offer customer support to help buyers of their
goods and services, but sometimes sellers and consumers
need the backing of the law to resolve their issues.

63

GEOGRAPHY Unit content

CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Content in each unit covers one or more ‘Knowledge and
understanding’ content descriptions from the Humanities
and Social Sciences syllabus. The core text is supported
Landscapes and
landforms by primary and secondary written and visual sources.
L andscapes comprise the physical elements

Engaging facts in ‘Did you know?’ feature will stimulate

of the earth’s surface and the cultural overlay
of human activity, some of which stretches back
thousands of years.
Landscapes reflect the interactions of place and

further interest and provide additional information.

people over time and are important in shaping
national identity. Landscapes contribute to our
‘sense of place’ and form the dynamic (ever-
changing) backdrop to our lives.
Landforms are the natural features of the
earth’s surface.
In this chapter we are introduced to the concepts
of landscapes and landforms, the processes
responsible for their formation and the ways in
which people value them. UNIT 10.4

Medieval achievements
The Middle Ages has left a rich legacy that can be Illuminated manuscripts included decorative
seen in many aspects of modern Western culture. initials, borders and miniature illustrations that
Cathedrals, castles and universities remind us that were handwritten and painted originally in gold and
this was an innovative time. Other aspects of modern silver. Manuscripts were also created and used in a
life have foundations in medieval ideas, innovations bureaucratic way to record property deeds and laws.
Source 6.0.1 The Austrian village of Hallstatt is a spectacular alpine
landscape that combines elements of both the biophysical and the and culture including art, politics and law. While many manuscripts were produced and
constructed environments in a unique way.
preserved in monasteries, a rich landowner might
Manuscripts commission a ‘book of hours’. These books were
95
Medieval manuscripts were books made up of exquisitely illuminated collections of prayers and
multiple sheets of vellum. Made from calf‑ or psalms for each hour of the day, and were calendars
lambskin, vellum was the best‑quality parchment of holy feast days. Many examples have survived
available. These books, also referred to as codices because noblemen liked to collect them.

HISTORY
(singular: codex), were bound and had a spine.
They gradually replaced the use of scrolls.
Did you know? Source 10.4.2 Johannes Gutenberg in his workshop
Dogs appear frequently in medieval manuscripts.
They are often shown hunting, chasing hares or
defending their masters. Lapdogs also appear in Music
medieval texts. Like the dog on the lap of Mary of The invention of a standardised system for writing
Burgundy in Source 10.4.1, these were small, pretty- down music revolutionised this art form in Europe.
looking animals owned by fashionable ladies. Dogs It became possible to create highly sophisticated
were a symbol of faith. sounds with harmony. More complex music
CHAPTER
gradually included several voices or polyphony.
Modern orchestras originate from this period, with
The printing press an increase in the variety of instruments available Source 10.4.3 Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris was built
500 ce
including brass, wind and stringed instruments. between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries.
The invention of movable metal type by the early
While music was largely in the control of the
1450s improved the production of printed books.
500–1500 Johannes Gutenberg (1400–1468) in the German
Church, there was a tradition of performers called Gothic architecture
600 ce
Middle Ages minstrels singing poems accompanied by familiar
town of Mainz perfected the system of printing. Metal The Gothic style of the High and Late Middle Ages
tunes. In the Occitan region of southern France,
letters replaced wooden letters so they could be used began in the Paris region in France in the twelfth
troubadours sang their poems of love and chivalry.
repeatedly without affecting the print quality. century and spread throughout Europe. Flying

Overview: The
700 ce
Music was very popular and lords offered it as part buttresses were invented to support the great
Texts of all kinds could be mass produced.
of their hospitality in the great halls of their castles weight of a cathedral roof. The Gothic style was
Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionised learning
and manor houses. Musicians were highly valued popular because it helped achieve great height and

ancient to the
and the spread of information. It contributed to the
800 ce and well paid. Singing and dancing accompanied displayed large expanses of stained glass windows
publication of works of poetry, history, romantic
music. By 1400, England had become famous for its with minimal walls. These elements can be seen in
fiction as well as works of religious or philosophical

modern world
musical talent. Even kings and queens wrote and Sources 10.4.1 and 10.4.1.
importance. Mass‑produced books with
900 ce performed music.
illustrations and diagrams were available to medical In the twelfth century, the Abbey of St Denis to the
students and to society on a wide scale. north of Paris was reconstructed in the Gothic style
Architecture
A
under the guidance of Abbot Suger, who recorded
fter the fall of Rome, societies 1000 ce
Source 10.4.1 Maximilian I of Austria and Mary of The soaring towers and spires of the great churches how he employed innovative master stonemasons
in Europe, the Middle East and Burgundy in front of the Virgin, a miniature from Mary and cathedrals of the Middle Ages provide evidence for the task. His account is the most complete
Asia changed significantly. Across of Burgundy’s Book of Hours, fifteenth century, Austrian of the architectural styles and construction description available of a building project of this
1100 National Library, Vienna
medieval Europe, society was ce
techniques of the period. size and the first in the Gothic style.
organised under feudalism. The
Catholic Church became the most 210 PEARSON HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES WA 8 CHAPTER 10 • INVESTIGATING MEDIEVAL EUROPE 211
1200 ce

powerful force in Europe. During

the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries
ce, Europeans ‘discovered’ and 1300 ce
14th century
Black Death
colonised other parts of the world;
this was to become known as the
1400 ce
age of exploration.
1299–1683
In the Middle East, the Islamic Ottoman Empire
religion spread and became the 1500 ce

dominant power. In present- 1400–1800

Age of
day Turkey, the Ottoman Empire 1600 ce
Exploration

emerged. Religious clashes between

Christians and Muslims occurred
in a series of wars known as 1700 ce

the Crusades.

1800 ce

Source 9.0.2 Timeline of key

Source 9.0.1 Ottoman forces preparing for battle outside the
periods and events between
walls of Rhodes in 1480, from A History of the Siege of Rhodes by
ancient and modern times
Guillaume Caoursin, 1483

187

vi PEARSON HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES WA 8

 Online resources

Activities Additional eBook chapters

Each unit closes with questions based on the core The eBook contains additional chapters for greater
text and sources. The questions are categorised choice in covering content for the Western Australia
under Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, moving from School Curriculum and Standards Authority
lower order to higher order questions. The activities Humanities and Social Sciences syllabus. These
help build content knowledge and skills capabilities. additional chapters include all the same features as
the core chapters.
UNIT 5.1

Types of businesses Franchise

A franchise is a special type of business relationship
franchise is free to charge less if they choose. The
franchisee gets the advantage of access to the
in which a parent business gives permission to parent’s knowledge of how the business is run
independent people to promote and sell the parent and their overall marketing. However, it can be
Business structures business’s products and to use the parent name for very expensive to purchase a franchise and some
a certain period of time. This is based on a formal agreements can set very close controls on the
A business is any organisation that is involved in operation of the business. McDonald’s and Boost
legal document called the franchise agreement.
buying or selling goods and services. This includes Juice are examples of franchises.
very small businesses run by just one person, The parent can set a maximum price that the
such as a local shoe repair kiosk, all the way up to products can be sold for, but the operator of the
large corporations with thousands of owners, such
as Woolworths. There are a number of common
business structures in Australia. These include:
• sole trader
• partnership
• corporation Source 5.1.1 All the shareholders of a corporation are
• cooperative invited to an annual general meeting, where the directors
report on the company’s progress through the year and
• franchise. shareholders vote on key measures.

Sole trader
who own shares in the company. Their influence
Being a sole trader is the simplest way to structure a depends on the number of shares they own. Rather
business: one person owns the business and makes than having day-to-day input, shareholders elect
all the decisions about how it is run. Sole traders directors to oversee the operation of the business
can employ others to work in the business, but the and appoint senior managers.
owner makes the strategic decisions. If there are
fewer than 15 employees, the sole trader is also A corporation (or company) has the same legal
considered to be a small business. The owner is rights as a person: it can sue others, or be sued, and
responsible for any business debts. This means can incur debt in its own name. This means that
that if the business fails, the owner may need to sell the shareholders are not personally responsible
some of their personal assets such as a car or house for the business’s debts; even if the company
to pay off the business’s debts. fails, shareholders cannot be required to sell their
personal assets.
Partnership
Cooperative
In a partnership, the business is owned by two to
twenty people, who all share in the decision-making A cooperative is a business that is owned, controlled
process. Like a sole trader, the partners in the and operated by a small group of five or more Source 5.1.2 Boost Juice is an Australian franchise chain that now operates in seventeen countries.
business are personally responsible for any business owners to benefit themselves. It is usually a small
debts and share in any profits that are earned. business. The members all have an equal say in the
running of the business, regardless of the amount of Applying and analysing
Advantages of partnerships include being able
money they have contributed. Like a corporation, it
ACTIVITIES
to spread the workload in accordance with each 5 Test the idea that the biggest businesses
partner’s experience and expertise. The Lenton is a separate legal entity and so the members aren’t Remembering and understanding in Australia are all corporations. Conduct
Brae winery in Margaret River is an example of a responsible for any debts of the business. research to either prove or disprove this idea.
1 List the different types of business structures.
partnership. Most cooperatives limit the amount of profit that 2 Briefly outline what is meant by the term ‘sole Evaluating and creating
can be paid out to members (some don’t allow any trader’. 6 Compare and contrast a cooperative and a
Corporation to be paid out). In several regions of WA, farmers 3 Give an example of a sole trader that became franchise. Evaluate which is the most effective
A corporation is a much more complex business have formed local cooperatives to make it easier to a corporation. way to structure a business.
structure than a sole trader or partnership and is obtain necessary supplies. The Kellerberrin Farmers 4 Summarise the important features of a
generally a large business with many employees. Cooperative and the Ord River District Cooperative business partnership.
There are many owners, known as shareholders, are examples of this.

78 PEARSON HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES WA 8 CHAPTER 5 • BUSINESS IN AUSTRALIA 79

Inquiry tasks and glossary

Each chapter closes with a set of inquiry tasks
based on the chapter content to consolidate
learning. The scaffolded tasks provide students with
the opportunity to develop critical thinking and
apply the ‘Humanities and Social Sciences skills’
as outlined in the syllabus. The varied tasks are
designed to appeal to different learning preferences,
some of which may incorporate further research, as
well as pair and group work. The glossary defines
terms used within the chapter to assist with text
comprehension.

UNIT 11.7

Inquiry tasks Research the Great Plague of London of 1665–1666.

Prepare a report that describes conditions in London GLOSSARY
during the plague and discusses its impact on the bacteria tiny microbes that repeatedly
city. The report should include: multiply and spread
Recruitment speech • what life was like before the outbreak of plague • a timeline of at least 10 plague epidemics from
buboe a plague sore; typically a swelling that
• a description of life after the plague broke out ancient times to the present, including the Great
The year is 1349. The city of London is in the grip of appeared under the armpits, on the neck or
the Black Death. You have decided to take action to • attitudes towards Jews during the plague Plague of London
near the groin
deal with the situation and joined the Brotherhood • treatment of your community during the plague • a description of London before the epidemic
contagious easily transmitted from one
of Flagellants. So convinced are you that this is the • what became of you and your community. • why the plague occurred
person to the next
way to deal with the Black Death that you decide • how people responded to the plague
more recruits are needed into the Brotherhood. As Changing circumstances • a description of London during the epidemic
epidemic a rapid outbreak of a disease,
part of the campaign to gain recruits, you write a infecting a much higher number of people
speech to be delivered outside St Paul’s Cathedral. Work in pairs to conduct research into the changes • the impact of the plague than usual
Present the speech either in written form or deliver in people’s social and economic situations as a • a minimum of one relevant primary source
result of the Black Death. Focus on the changes flagellants people from an extremist religious
it as an oral presentation to the class. image and one primary source document to
experienced by lords of large manors and by group in the Christian Church who whipped
support the information about the epidemic.
Write the recruitment speech, making sure you peasant workers. One partner could investigate themselves to atone for their sins
include: the lord of the manor and the other partner could humours four substances (black bile, yellow
• a brief outline of the disease, its symptoms and investigate peasant workers. Use the information to bile, blood and phlegm) whose balance was
consequences compare the changes in the social and economic thought to affect a person’s health
• the cause of the Black Death circumstances of these two groups in medieval
incubation the period between catching
• why you believe this is the cause of the disease society.
a disease and showing symptoms
• how you believe the Black Death can be stopped Information to be researched for each group in
society could be written in a table, with one column miasma a supposedly poisonous gas or
• who the flagellants are vapour that some medieval doctors believed
labelled ‘Before the Black Death’ and the other
• reasons why others should join the Brotherhood labelled ‘After the Black Death’. Notes may include: caused diseases
of Flagellants. pandemic a very widespread epidemic (often
• daily life
across continents)
Private diary • social position
• work peasants the lower class in a medieval feudal
Imagine you are a Jewish person living in a society who worked for their lord as either
European Jewish community during the period of • wealth
farmers or labourers
the Black Death in the fourteenth century. You may • marriage
choose to live in a Jewish community in a town like plague an infection caused by the bacteria
• clothes.
Nuremberg, Worms, Brussels or Cologne. Recount Yersinia pestis
Use the information to create a poster that clearly
your experiences by writing down your observations displays the social and economic positions of lords pneumonic relating to the lungs
and experiences in a personal diary. Entries should and peasants before and after the Black Death. pustule a swelling on the skin that contains
cover about six months and should be written in the Include clear headings and pictures. pus or fluid carrying dead cells
first person. Include a minimum of five entries.
remedies methods of treating a disease
Conduct some research to find out more about the The plague returns
treatment of the Jews during the time of the Black rodents a class of small mammal including
Death to help you. The Black Death of the mid fourteenth century was rats, mice, squirrels and hamsters
not the only time the plague spread through parts
Information that may be included in the diary of Europe, Africa and Asia. There were many other
entries: plague epidemics. The Great Plague of London in
• your personal details such as name, family 1665–1666 was one of the more devastating of these.
situation, where you live
Source 11.7.1 An allegorical representation of the Demon
of the Plague, from Hans von Gersdorff’s Feldtbuch der
Wundarzney, printed by Johann Schott, Strasbourg, 1540

248 PEARSON HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES WA 8 CHAPTER 11 • INVESTIGATING THE BLACK DEATH 249

vii