CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CALCULUS
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. SAZZAD SIR (01746774509)
1.1 DIFFERENTIATION
Definition: Differentiation is a fundamental concept in calculus that refers to
the process of finding the derivative of a function. The derivative represents the
rate of change of a quantity or the slope of a function at a given point.
Basic Rules and Formulas:
Function f(x) Derivative f′(x)
c (constant) 0
x 1
𝒙𝒏 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
sin x cos x
cos x −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝒆𝒙 𝑒𝑥
ln x 1/𝑥
f(x)+g(x) f′(x)+g′(x)
cf(x) c⋅f′(x) (where c is a constant)
Example 1. Differentiate 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙
Solution:
𝒅 𝟑 𝒅
𝒇′ (𝒙) = (𝒙 ) + (𝟐𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟑−𝟏 + 𝟐 × 𝟏 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example 2. Differentiate 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓
Solution:
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
𝒇′ (𝒙) = (𝒙𝟓 ) + (𝟖𝒙𝟑 ) + (−𝟒𝒙) + (𝟐𝟓)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟓𝒙𝟓−𝟏 + 𝟖 × 𝟑𝒙𝟑−𝟏 + (−𝟒) × 𝟏 + 𝟎 = 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
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Example 3. Differentiate 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙−𝟑 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕
Solution:
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
𝒇′ (𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟓 ) + (−𝟐𝒙−𝟑 ) + (𝟗𝒙) + (−𝟏𝟕)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= −𝟓𝒙−𝟓−𝟏 + (−𝟐) × (−𝟑)𝒙−𝟑−𝟏 + (𝟗) × 𝟏 + 𝟎
= −𝟓𝒙−𝟔 + 𝟔𝒙−𝟒 + 𝟗
Example 4. Differentiate 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐𝟓 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙
Solution:
𝒅 𝒅 𝟐𝟓 𝒅 𝒅 𝒙
𝒇′ (𝒙) = (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) + (𝒙 ) + (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) + (𝒆 )
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐𝟒 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙
Example 5. Differentiate 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 + 𝒆𝟑𝒙
Solution:
To differentiate the function, we will apply the following rules:
𝒅 𝒅
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒙) = 𝒌𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒌𝒙) ; (𝒍𝒏𝒙) = 𝟏/𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒌𝒙) = −𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒌𝒙) ; (𝒆𝒌𝒙 ) = 𝒌𝒆𝒌𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Now apply the rules term by term:
′(
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝟑𝒙
𝒇 𝒙) = (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒙) + (𝒍𝒏𝒙) + (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙) + (𝒆 )
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
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𝟏
= 𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓𝒙) + 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝒙) + 𝟑𝒆𝟑𝒙
Example 6. Find dy/dx if 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙𝟓 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
Solution: = [ 𝟑𝒙𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙𝟓 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓]
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟕 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔
Practice Exercises (Differentiation)
Differentiate the following functions :
1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙𝟕 + 𝟐𝒙𝟔 − 𝟖𝒙−𝟒 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎
2. 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟓𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑𝟔 − 𝒙−𝟓 + 𝟓
3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙−𝟑𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟕𝒆𝒙
4. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟔𝒙) + 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝟓 − 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟕𝒙) + 𝒆𝟔𝒙
5. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟕𝒙) + 𝒍𝒏(𝟒𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙) + 𝒆−𝟓𝒙
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6. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟒𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟗𝒙)
Derivative Of A Constant
Derivatives Of Power Functions
Derivative Of A Constant Times A Function
Derivatives Of Sums And Differences
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HIGHER DERIVATIVES
The derivative of a function f is itself a function, and therefore it may also have
a derivative of its own. If f is differentiable, then its derivative is denoted by f′,
and the derivative of f′ is called the second derivative of f.
As long as the function remains differentiable, this process can be continued
repeatedly to obtain higher-order derivatives — such as the third, fourth, fifth,
and beyond.
These successive derivatives are commonly denoted as :
These are called, in succession, the first derivative, second derivative, third
derivative, and so on.
The number of times that a function f is differentiated is referred to as the order
of the derivative.
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A general n-th order derivative is denoted by:
Example 7. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓
Solution:
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔
𝒇′′ (𝒙) = 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒇′′′ (𝒙) = 𝟕𝟐𝒙 – 𝟏𝟐
𝒇(𝟒) (𝒙) = 𝟕𝟐 ; 𝒇(𝟓) (𝒙) = 𝟎 ; ….. 𝒇(𝒏) (𝒙) = 𝟎
We will discuss the significance of second derivatives and those of
higher order in later sections.
THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES
Product Rule (uv) :
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Formula:
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒖(𝒙) ⋅ 𝒗(𝒙), 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧:
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝒖′(𝒙) 𝒗(𝒙) + 𝒖(𝒙) 𝒗′(𝒙)
𝒅
[𝒖𝒗] = 𝒖𝒗′ + 𝒗𝒖′
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
Example 8. Find 𝒊𝒇 𝒚 = (𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟕𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
Solution: There are two methods that can be used to find dy/dx.
We can either use the product rule or we can multiply out the factors
in y and then differentiate. We will give both methods.
Method 1. (Using the Product Rule)
Method 2. (Multiplying First)
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𝒅𝒚
Example 9. Find 𝒊𝒇 𝒚 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)(𝟕𝒙𝟑 )
𝒅𝒙
Solution:
𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= [(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)(𝟕𝒙𝟑 )] = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) . 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙𝟑 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) + 𝟕𝒙𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙)
Derivative Of A Quotient (u/v)
Formula:
𝒖(𝒙)
If 𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧:
( ) 𝒗 𝒙
𝒗(𝒙) . 𝒖′ (𝒙) − 𝒖(𝒙) . 𝒗′ (𝒙)
𝒇′(𝒙) =
𝒗(𝒙)𝟐
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 . 𝒖′ −𝒖 . 𝒗′
[ ]=
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗𝟐
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𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Example 10. Find 𝒊𝒇 𝒚 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑
Solution :
(𝒙𝟑 ) . 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) − 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) . (𝟑𝒙𝟐 )
𝒇′(𝒙) =
(𝒙𝟑 )𝟐
𝒙𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙)
=
𝒙𝟔
Example 11.
Practice Exercises (Differentiation)
Differentiate the following functions :
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𝟓𝒙𝟕
1. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
2. 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟐𝒙𝟑
𝒙𝟓
3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙)𝒙𝟑𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙𝟐𝟓 𝒆𝒙
𝟕𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙)
4. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙)
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟕𝒙)+𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙)
5. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒆𝒙
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