 Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality service need very high speed

 mMTC: Internet of Everything

 Automatic Driving Requirements for Ultra-Low Latency

 5G performance requirement is higher than 4G, including the capability to support 0.1
~ 1Gbps user experience speed, 1 million connection density per kilometer square,
milisecond level of end-to-end latency, Tbps level of traffic flow density per kilometer
square, mobility of 500km/h, all of these make up to the top 3 key performance
indicator of 5G network (user experience, connection density and latency).
Meanwhile, 5G is required to improve the efficiency of network deployment and
operation & maintenance. To compare with 4G, the spectrum efficiency improved 5 ~
15 times, and the cost efficiency improved more than hundred times.
 The first 3GPP release, R15, will be completed in June 2018 and will focus on the
eMBB scenario: Non-Standalone (NSA) will be completed in December 2017 and
Standalone (SA) will be completed in June 2018. NSA is for 5G early deployment,
focusing on eMBB scenario; SA is the target architecture for 5G; and the second
version, R16, will be completed in December 2019 to meet full scenarios defined by
the ITU.
 Frequency factor is he main difference between high-frequency channel with
traditional cellular network. Path loss of high frequency transmission in LOS (line-of-
sight) environment increases with the increment of frequency range. According to
ITU-R P.525: calculation of free-space attenuation, with the frequency spectrum
changed from 2GHz to 28GHz, 39GHz or 70GHz, the extra path loss will be 22.9dB,
25.8dB and 30.9dB
 Supplementary uplink (SUL): used for UL and DL decoupling
 C-band (3.4GHz – 4.9GHz) can provide at least 200 Mbit/s global bandwidth, which
will become the main spectrum of 5G networks.
 SMF： Session Management function
 PCF： Policy Function
 AF： Application Function
 UDM： Unified Data Management
 AMF： Access and Mobility Management function
 AUSF： Authentication Server
 UE： Data Network,
 UPF ： User plane function
 DN： Data Network
 NGC main function：

 AMF：

 Uplink NAS signaling processing

 NAS signaling security
 AS security
 3GPP inter-RAT operation
 UE behavior id idle mode
 UE location management
 UE access management
 …
 SMF：

 Session management
 UE IP address allocation
 Service UPF control
 QoS and police control
 Downlink data arrived notification
 …..
 The 5G radio access network is called NR-RAN, and the corresponding NE is
gNodeB. The main functions of the gNodeB are similar to those of the eNodeB:

 Radio resource management, including radio bearer control, radio admission

control, mobility control, and dynamic scheduling

 User-plane data header compression and encryption

 AMF selection during UE attach

 Data route to UPF

 Routing of NAS messages and broadcast messages

 Measurement report configuration management

 3GPP R15 phase1.1 （2017.12） support Option3
 At the early stage of 5G, we recommend the Option3 series architecture for
networking, which can reuse the existing LTE network coverage advantages and
provide signaling plane connections to solve the 4G and 5G interoperability problems
caused by discontinuous coverage at the early stage of 5G deployment. Based on the
features of the three solutions, the Option3X solution is used in the early stage of
NSA networking.
 Provides UL low-band spectrum for NR to enable the UL and DL Decoupling feature,
which improves NR UL coverage.
Slicing is a huge transformation of 5G networks for service support. Slicing is the E2E
resource allocation and function deployment that meet service SLA requirements.

5G introduces the slice architecture for on-demand resource allocation, enabling new
services to be deployed without network upgrade.

SOC: Service Oriented Core

 The main functions of the control plane are as follows:

 RLC and MAC layers: same as those of the user plane

 PDCP layer: encryption and integrity protection

 RRC layer: broadcast, paging, RRC connection management, resource control,

mobility management, and UE measurement report control

 NAS layer: core network bearer management, authentication, and security

control

 The main functions of the user plane are as follows:

 Header compression, encryption, scheduling, and ARQ/HARQ

 Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer: a new layer of the 5G user
plane
 The RRC layer provides the following functions:

 System message broadcast

 NAS message

 UE information in RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE, such as cell reselection

parameters and common channel configuration information

 Paging

 ETWS and CMAS notification (currently in further study, not frozen)

 RRC connection control

 …

 For more information about the RRC layer, see 3GPP TS 38.311.
 The buffering function is added to the PDCP layer.
 In 5G, the RLC layer does not provide the concatenation function. The concatenation
function is implemented by the MAC layer. CD/DU separation flexibility and hardware
R&D convenience are considered. For more details, see the R2-168049 proposal.
 The basic physical layer process of 5G is similar to that of LTE, but differences lie
in the process of coding, modulation, and resource mapping.
 In eMBB scenarios, the preliminary conclusion is as follows:

 Control channels: Polar code

 Data channels transmitting big data blocks: LDPC code

 5G is compatible with LTE modulation schemes and also introduces higher-order
modulation schemes, further improving spectral efficiency.
 Compared with LTE spectral efficiency of 90%, F-OFDM can increase 5G spectral
efficiency to 95% or higher.
 NR and LTE use the same OFDMA. The description dimensions of physical
resources are basically the same.
 The small slot can reduce the delay
 The distribution and length of FDD radio frames and subframes are consistent with
those of LTE. The number of slots per subframe is configured based on the subcarrier
bandwidth.
 A new frame structure is introduced in 5G to shorten the downlink feedback delay and
uplink scheduling delay to meet the requirements of ultra-low latency services.
The subcarrier bandwidth of a 5G RE changes from 15 kHz to 2μx15 kHz (determined by
the spectrum bandwidth).
 LTE supports only the 15 kHz subcarrier. 5G subcarrier bandwidth and number of
slots can be flexibly configured to support various types of services.

 In the future, Mini Slot with two to three symbols will be introduced to support ultra-low
latency service requirements.
 Compared with LTE, 5G does not use the PCFICH or PHICH, and adds the
1024QAM modulation scheme to the PDSCH.

 The demodulation reference signals (DMRSs) related to the PDSCH are transmitted
through antenna port 1000 or above.

 The DMRSs related to the PDCCH are transmitted through antenna port 2000 or
above.

 The CSI-RSs are transmitted through antenna port 3000 or above.

 The SS/PBCH blocks are transmitted through antenna port 4000 or above.
 The difference between signals and channels lies in that signals exist only at the
physical layer, and the reference signal is used by the receiver to demodulate the
subsequent data.

 CRS is no longer used in 5G. The purpose is to reduce overhead, avoids inter-cell
CRS interference, and improves spectral efficiency.

 The PT-RS reference signal is added for phase alignment in high-band scenarios.

 RS design in LTE: CRS is the core. All RSs are bound to Cell-IDs. CSI-RS is
introduced in R10 and is supported by few terminals.

 NR RS design: CRS free. RS function regrouping

 All RSs except PSS/SSS are decoupled from Cell-IDs.

 PSS/SSS can be transmitted using narrow beams after beamforming.

 Both control channels and data channels use DMRS demodulation.

 DMRS types, the number of ports, and configuration are enhanced.

 The CSI-RS Pattern and configuration are enhanced. They are used for
RRM, CSI acquisition, beam management, and refined time-frequency
tracking.

 PT-RS is added for phase tracking in high-band scenarios.

 Unlike LTE, NR PUSCH supports 256QAM.
 The PT-RS reference signal is added in the uplink, which is used for phase alignment
in high-frequency scenarios.
 The UE obtains the RMSI according to the MIB. Including Frequency domain position
(initial BWP position) of the PDCCH CORESET time-frequency domain location,
Obtain the RMSI information and obtain the information from the RMSI file. RACH
configuration information, uplink and downlink initial BWP configuration Setting,
PUCCH configuration information, and the like;

 The gNodeB receives the PRACH and obtains the SS/PBCH block index, and then
The gNodeB sends a beam in the corresponding position
 PSS/SSS and PBCH are broadcast through dedicated channel.

 RMSI/OSI is scheduled on the PDSCH.

 The random access procedure of 5G is the same as that of LTE.
NSA: The NR has no independent control plane but only the user plane
MSA (Multiple Stream Aggregation): The terminal may use multiple base stations of the
same or different standards to perform data transmission.
 DL: 5CC is supported on the LTE side, and 1CC is supported on the NR side (the
18B version does not support CA for NR).
 The NAS process consists of the following steps:

 1. The random access is the same as the LTE procedure.

 2. After the UE accesses the LTE network successfully, the eNodeB sends the
measurement control signaling (delivered by the RRC connection
reconfiguration command) to the MS to measure the NR.

 3. The UE reports the NR measurement report to the LTE network, and the LTE
network initiates the procedure for adding an additional gNodeB.

 4. If the NSA 3X mode is used, the data point must be switched to the NR side.
 Because the initial random access part is the same as the previous LTE course,
details are not described herein again. We will start a detailed explanation from the
measurement control delivered by the eNB.The general explanation of the process is
as follows. The subsequent slides will explain each important signaling in detail.

 1. The eNB decides to request the gNB (CU) to allocate radio resources for the
specific E-RAB, indicating the characteristics of the E-RAB (E-RAB parameters,
TNL address information corresponding to the bearer type). The gNB can
provide the latest measurement results to the gNB to be added. The CU can
reject the request.

 2. The CU sends a UE CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message, where the

message includes information such as a GTP-U tunnel established with the
EPC (for example, S1 UL TNL address) and security configuration. The DU
uses the configuration provided by the CU to return the UE CONTEXT SETUP
RESPONSE message. The message contains at least the S1 downlink TNL
address and F1 uplink TNL address. The DU may reject some bearers due to
insufficient resources. If the CU/DU is combined, the two signaling messages
cannot be traced.
 3. Through the X2AP message SgNB ADDITION REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE,
the CU provides the eNB with new radio resources of the SCG. If the eNB
supports the new configuration, the eNB sends an
RRCConnectionReconfiguration message to the UE, including the new radio
resource configuration of the SCG.

 4. The UE applies the new configuration and returns a

RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete message. If the UE does not comply
with the configuration (part) contained in the RRCConnectionReconfiguration
message, then, the reconfiguration failure procedure is performed.

 5. The eNB notifies the gNB that the UE has successfully completed the
reconfiguration procedure.

 6. Measures can be taken to reduce the service interruption caused by the

activation of the dual connectivity (data forwarding, SN Status Transfer). The
eNB needs to forward the dual connectivity to the gNB.

 7. The S1-U path must be updated to the EPC.

 Intra-frequency mobility management involves only one trigger cause: coverage-
based.

 After the EN-DC UE is connected or the handover is complete, if the measurement

configuration is updated, the eNodeB sends an RRC Connection Reconfiguration
message to deliver the updated or partially updated measurement configuration.
Otherwise, the original measurement configuration information is used.