Applications:
Ecoder:
1. Remote Controls (TV, AC, etc.)
When a user presses a button (like Volume Up or Channel Down) only one signal line
becomes active.
A binary encoder converts this active input line into a binary code.
2. Digital Voting Machines (EVMs)
Each voting button is connected to an input line.
When a voter presses a button, the encoder converts that selected candidate’s line into a
binary code.
This code is stored securely in memory for later counting.
3. Elevator Control Panels
In buildings with many floors, pressing a floor button activates a single input.
A binary encoder converts this floor selection into a binary floor number.
This binary value is sent to the controller to move the elevator to the desired floor.
4. Security & Access Control
Encoders are used in generating binary codes for smart cards, and biometric systems.
Encoders help by generating or converting user inputs into binary codes that a computer
system can process.
Decoder:
1. Seven-Segment Display - Used in digital clocks, calculators, and simple displays.
A decoder converts a 4-bit binary code into signals to light up the correct segments of a
7-segment display (e.g., 0001 lights up the segments to display 1).
2. Digital TVs (Channel Selection) - Allows users to select a TV channel.
A decoder converts the binary code from the remote control or user input into a signal
that tunes the TV to the corresponding channel.
For example, the binary code 0101 is decoded by the TV's internal decoder to select
Channel 5.
3. Data Transmission (Networking) - In communication systems (like Wi-Fi)
A decoder at the receiver end converts binary data (received as a sequence of bits) into
usable information, such as text or images.
Multiplexer:
1. Data Selection in Communication Systems
Example: in telecommunication systems to manage multiple data streams.
A multiplexer selects one of several data signals and transmits it over a single
communication line. This reduces the number of wires needed for transmission.
A telephone company transmitting multiple voice calls over the same fiber optic cable.
Using a multiplexer, all the voice calls can be combined into a single stream of data and
transmitted over the fiber optic cable. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the
voice calls and sends them to the correct phone lines.
2. Audio Signal Mixing
Used in audio systems, such as mixers for music production.
A multiplexer allows multiple audio channels (e.g., instruments, vocals) to be combined
and selected for output through speakers or headphones.
3. Memory Management in Computers
A multiplexer is used to select between different memory modules or address lines,
allowing the computer to access various data or instructions from memory.
4. Sensor Data Collection
A multiplexer allows a microcontroller to select from multiple sensors (e.g., temperature,
humidity, pressure) to read and process data from each sensor at different times, all using
a single input pin.
Note: Decoders are used for selection based on binary input, while multiplexers are used to
select one from multiple inputs and route it to a single output. They serve different purposes in
digital circuits.
Half Adder:
1. A half adder is used inside basic digital calculators to perform binary addition of two
single-bit numbers.
2. Half adders form the building blocks of larger circuits (like full adders) that perform
multi-bit addition—essential for basic math in all digital devices.
Full Adder:
1. Binary Calculator (Multi-bit Addition) - Used in calculators or digital systems to add
multi-bit binary numbers.
Multiple full adders are chained together to perform 4-bit, 8-bit, or more addition
2. Full adders are core components of the arithmetic section of the ALU (Arithmetic Logic
Unit) of a CPU
3. Digital Measuring Devices (like voltmeters or frequency counters)
Full adders process digital input signals for calculation and display. They handle the
conversion and addition of binary inputs, useful in measuring varying quantities over
time.
