Understanding Equity and Trusts 3rd edition Alastair

Hudson - Downloadable PDF 2025

https://ebookfinal.com/download/understanding-equity-and-trusts-3rd-
edition-alastair-hudson/

Visit ebookfinal.com today to download the complete set of

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Equity Trusts 3rd Edition Alastair Hudson

https://ebookfinal.com/download/equity-trusts-3rd-edition-alastair-
hudson/

Equity and Trusts Martin Dixon

https://ebookfinal.com/download/equity-and-trusts-martin-dixon/

Unlocking Equity and Trusts 5th Edition Mohamed Ramjohn

https://ebookfinal.com/download/unlocking-equity-and-trusts-5th-
edition-mohamed-ramjohn/

Equity Trusts Text Cases and Materials 1st Edition Paul S.

Davies

https://ebookfinal.com/download/equity-trusts-text-cases-and-
materials-1st-edition-paul-s-davies/
Cases and materials on equity and trusts 8th Edition John
Dyson Heydon

https://ebookfinal.com/download/cases-and-materials-on-equity-and-
trusts-8th-edition-john-dyson-heydon/

Principles of Australian equity and trusts cases and

materials Fourth Edition. Edition Cameron Stewart

https://ebookfinal.com/download/principles-of-australian-equity-and-
trusts-cases-and-materials-fourth-edition-edition-cameron-stewart/

Cases and Materials on Trusts 3rd Edition Mohamed Ramjohn

https://ebookfinal.com/download/cases-and-materials-on-trusts-3rd-
edition-mohamed-ramjohn/

Equity Asset Valuation 3rd Edition Jerald E. Pinto

https://ebookfinal.com/download/equity-asset-valuation-3rd-edition-
jerald-e-pinto/

Understanding Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Better Ways of

Managing Your Lifestyle 1st Edition Dr. Alastair Jackson

https://ebookfinal.com/download/understanding-chronic-fatigue-
syndrome-better-ways-of-managing-your-lifestyle-1st-edition-dr-
alastair-jackson/
Understanding Equity and Trusts 3rd edition Alastair
Hudson Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Alastair Hudson
ISBN(s): 9780415461993, 0415461995
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 1.17 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
Understanding Equity & Trusts

Third Edition

Understanding Equity & Trusts is a sister text to Professor Hudson’s heavy-

weight textbook Equity & Trusts and aims to give you a clear, accessible and
comprehensive overview of the main themes in this dynamic area of the law.
Whether used at the beginning of studying or in the period before examin-
ations, this book gives the reader an invaluable grounding in all of the key
principles of equity and the law of trusts.
This book covers all of the topics that a student reader will encounter in
any trusts law or equity course. The text deals with express trusts, resulting
and constructive trusts, the duties of trustees, breach of trust and tracing,
commercial uses of trusts, charities, equitable remedies and trusts of homes.
The chapter on charities has been completely rewritten to cover the Charities
Act 2006, and extensive updates have been made to the text more generally to
consider major new cases.
The law of trusts is built on simple basic principles. The approach of this
book is to begin with a clear presentation of those principles before guiding the
reader through the more complex issues, which are the focus of examinations
in this subject. The lively text includes a large number of straightforward
examples to make the discussion of the general law more accessible.

Online support
Visit the author’s website at http://www.alastairhudson.com or the Equity &
Trusts site at http://www.routledgecavendish.com/textbooks/9780415418478/
in order to find podcasts of specially recorded lectures covering the basic
principles of a whole trusts law course and much more.

Alastair Hudson, LLB, LLM, PhD (Lond), Barrister, Lincoln’s Inn, is

Professor of Equity & Law at Queen Mary, University of London.
Understanding Equity
& Trusts

Third Edition

Alastair Hudson
LLB, LLM, PhD (Lond)
Professor of Equity and Law
Queen Mary, University of London
Barrister, Lincoln’s Inn
Third edition published 2008
by Routledge-Cavendish
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge-Cavendish
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge-Cavendish is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

© 2008, 2004, 2001 Alastair Hudson

Previous eidtions published by Cavendish Publishing Limited
First edition 2001
Second edition 2004
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hudson, Alastair.
Understanding equity & trusts / Alastair Hudson. – 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Equity – Great Britain. 2. Trusts and trustees – Great Britain.
I. Title.
KD674. Z9H833 2008
346.42′004–dc22
2007050911

ISBN 0-203-88579-1 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 10: 0–415–46199–5 (pbk)

ISBN 13: 978–0–415–46199–3 (pbk)
Contents

Preface vii
Table of cases xi
Table of statutes xix

1 The principles of equity 1

2 The nature of the trust 13
3 The settlor 25
4 The beneficiary 47
5 The trustee 67
6 Resulting trusts 85
7 Constructive trusts 95
8 Equitable estoppel 111
9 Trusts of land and of the home 123
10 Breach of trust and tracing 147
11 Commercial uses of trusts 175
12 Charities 183
13 Equitable remedies 197

14 The future for equity 207

Bibliography 219
Index 221
Preface

This book offers a succinct analysis of the whole of a trusts law or equity
course, whether for students or for those who want a concise explanation of
the underpinnings of equitable doctrine and the practical use of trusts. While
it cannot cover in detail all of the material contained in my full textbook
Equity & Trusts (5th edition, 2007), which takes 1,200 pages, this book does
nevertheless provide enough detail as to the key components of any examin-
ation dealing with trusts law for the student who needs either an introduction
to his or her course, or who needs a map through the thicket in the middle of
that course, or who needs help in that tense period revising for examinations.
Podcasts, containing brief lectures recorded specially for my equity textbook
readers, are available via the publisher’s companion website. Other materials
are also available at www.alastairhudson.com/trustslaw.
This book has been written quite deliberately to offer the astute reader
enough material to get through examinations successfully, while remaining
both readable and concise. Free of the need to discuss every crevice of the
case law, I can use this book to give you an overview of the relevant law and
to focus on the most significant ideas without getting mired in detail. What
it cannot do is replace the need to read the cases and study a full textbook,
but it can shine a light on what might otherwise be in darkness. Nevertheless,
you will find that the main principles set out in the leading cases are con-
sidered. For the general reader, this book presents a clear argument as to the
importance of equity, mixed in with simple examples of the principles, so as
to make this complex subject more accessible.
As I said in the introduction to the first edition of this book, I find English
law fascinating because it is such a complex web of statutes, quasi-judicial
regulation and judicial pronouncements. Equity and trusts are particularly
fascinating combinations of these elements. The principles of equity – includ-
ing the trust – were created originally by the early Lord Chancellors and
then adapted over time by Parliament and by the judiciary to adapt to the
challenges of different ages.
As an illustration of the cultural adaptability of the trust – which forms the
backbone of novels such as Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charles
viii Preface

Dickens’s Bleak House – it may be that soldiers or monks brought the trust
concept back from the wars in the Middle East in the 12th century and then
used it to organise their own property rights. Equity more generally, as
explained by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, is a means of ensuring
that judges reach just results in individual cases no matter what the strict legal
rules may require. Both of these concepts are clearly of ancient pedigree and
are still at work today in a wide variety of circumstances. In the modern
world, trusts provide the foundations for the investment activities of pension
funds and unit trusts, the activities of charities, and also the allocation of
rights in family property either in the form of will trusts or in the home.
Therefore, while we will consider equity and trusts as being characteristic-
ally English phenomena, they must be recognised as forming part of a larger
part of a global, human heritage. What is also interesting about English law is
the contradictory nature of its ‘Englishness’: lawyers wearing wigs and refer-
ring to the judge as ‘m’lud’, while the witnesses wear jeans and t-shirts; dusty
courtrooms lined with ancient law reports acting as the arenas for passionate
arguments about life and death; cases involving global financial transactions
on one side of the corridor and cases about welfare benefits on the other. It is
a sharp contrast between centuries of dull tradition and the cutting edge of
social conflict.
Much of the law considered in this book is the product of English history.
The ‘trust’ itself is an accident of English history which has not yet been fully
replicated in any jurisdiction outside the sphere of influence of the former
British Empire. It is remarkable that accidents of history like the develop-
ment of the trust in English law have such a wide-ranging effect not only on
people who live in England and Wales, but also on the contracts formulated
between merchants and investment banks from Europe, Australasia, Asia
and the Americas.
In thinking about it though, it is not so surprising that accidents of history
have this broad effect. Our world is littered with conflicts and solidarities
forged by wars, migration patterns and the growth of global capitalism. I am
writing (or rather, typing) this book on a computer which is linked to a global
communications system which can reach any part of the globe. Your nearest
computer and mine are probably linked by the internet. Your mind and mine
are currently linked through this book. Your lifeworld and my lifeworld are
linked by the law which is discussed in this book. It is quite breathtaking if
you sit back and think about it.
I defy you to read this book without encountering some parallel with your
own life, or without being provoked by the problems it considers. Even if I
only cause you to leap to your feet and hurl this book across the room with an
oath, I will consider myself successful. Equity and trusts is potentially one of
the most interesting components of any study of law. My task is to convince
you of that.
I would like to dedicate this book to the memory of Jeffrey Price, the man
 Preface ix

who started my learning in the law of trusts and who became a close friend in
later life. I owe him a great debt of thanks for the time he took to help me
when I was an undergraduate. It was sitting in his office one dark November
afternoon, as his colleagues swarmed in and out of the room in a cloud of
badinage and bonhomie, that I first realised my vocation was to be an aca-
demic. It was from him that I learned the craft of explaining complex legal
concepts to students, the importance of clarity, and the possibilities of infec-
tious enthusiasm. It is no exaggeration to say that this book is the product of
his kindness, his energy and his spirit. He is much missed.

Alastair Hudson
Queen Mary, University of London
December 2007
Table of cases

Abacus Trust v Barr [2003] 2 WLR 1362 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Abbott v Fraser (1874) LR 6 PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Abou-Rahmah v Abacha [2006] EWCA Civ 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Adderley v Dixon (1824) 2 LJOS Ch 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson and Others [1991] Ch 547; [1989] 3 WLR 1367;
(1990) 134 SJ 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Allen, Re [1953] Ch 810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
American Cyanamid v Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Ames’ Settlement, Re [1964] Ch 217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Anton Piller KG v Manufacturing Processes Ltd [1976] Ch 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Armitage v Nurse [1998] Ch 241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 78, 83, 150–1, 180
Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989] Ch 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Attorney General for Hong Kong v Reid [1994] 1 AC 324;
[1993] 3 WLR 1143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 105, 106, 213

Baden v Société Generale [1993] 1 WLR 509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Baden’s Trusts (No 2), Re [1973] Ch 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Baker
v Archer-Shee [1927] AC 844 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
v Baker (1993) 25 HLR 408 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 115, 138
Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA, Re (No 9) [1994]
3 All ER 764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Banner Homes Group plc v Luff Development Ltd [2000] Ch 372;
[2000] 2 WLR 772 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Banque Financière de la Cité v Parc (Battersea) Ltd [1999] 1 AC 221 . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Barclays Bank v O’Brien [1993] 4 All ER 417, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 204
Barclays Bank plc v Quistclose Investments Ltd [1970] AC 567 . . . . . . . 176, 177, 178
Barlow Clowes v Eurotrust [2005] UKPC 37; [2006] 1 All ER 333 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Barlowe Clowes International (In Liquidation) and Others v Vaughan and
Others [1992] 4 All ER 22; (1992) BCLC 910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Barlow’s WT, Re [1979] 1 WLR 278 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Bartlett v Barclays Bank [1980] Ch 515 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Barton’s Trust, Re (1868) LR 5 Eq 238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Basham, Re [1986] 1 WLR 1498; [1987] 1 All ER 405 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 113, 114
BCCI V Akindele [2001] Ch 437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
xii Table of cases

Beloved Wilkes Charity, Re (1851) 3 Mac & G 440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 80

Bernard v Josephs [1982] Ch 391 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130, 142
Bishopsgate Investment Management v Homan [1995] 1 All ER 347 . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] AC 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Blyth v Fladgate [1891] 1 Ch 337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Boardman v Phipps [1967] 2 AC 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 104, 105, 203
Boscawen v Bajwa [1995] 4 All ER 769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 206
Bouch, Re (1885) 29 Ch D 635 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Bowes, Re [1896] 1 Ch 507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Bowman v Secular Society Ltd [1917] AC 406 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Bristol and West BS v Mothew [1996] 4 All ER 698 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
British Museum (Trustees of) v White (1826) 2 Sim & St 594 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Brockbank, Re [1948] 1 All ER 287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Brook’s ST, Re [1939] 1 Ch 993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 55, 79
Buck’s Fund, Re [1979] 1 All ER 623 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Bull v Bull [1955] 1 QB 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Burns v Burns [1984] 1 All ER 244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Burrell v Burrel [2005] EWHC 245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Burrows and Burrows v Sharpe (1991) 23 HLR 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Cannon v Hartley [1949] Ch 213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Herbert Smith and Co (No 2) [1969] 2 Ch 276 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Carreras Rothmans Ltd v Freeman Mathews Treasure Ltd [1985] Ch 207 . . . . . . . 178
Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130 . . . . . 120
Chapman v Chapman [1954] 2 WLR 723 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel-British Bank (London) Ltd [1981]
Ch 105; [1980] 2 WLR 202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Choithram International (T) v Pagarani [2001] 1 WLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Citro, Re [1991] Ch 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Clayton’s Case (1816) 1 Mer 572 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167, 168
Clough Mill v Martin [1985] 1 WLR 111; [1984] 3 All ER 982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings)
[1998] AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Cochrane’s ST, Re [1955] 2 WLR 267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Cohen and Moore v IRC [1933] All ER 950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Commerzbank AG v IMB Morgan plc [2004] EWHC 2771 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Commission for New Towns v Cooper [1995] Ch 259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Compton, Re [1945] Ch 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 194, 195
Cook, Re [1965] Ch 702 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Coombes v Smith [1986] 1 WLR 808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 128
Cooper v Phibbs (1867) LR 2 HL 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Coulthurst’s WT, Re [1951] 1 All ER 774 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Cowan v Scargill [1985] Ch 270; [1984] 3 WLR 501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 77, 165
Cowcher v Cowcher [1972] 1 All ER 948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Crabb v Arun DC [1976] Ch 179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Craddock Bros Ltd v Hunt [1923] 2 Ch 136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Credit Suisse Fides Trust v Cuoghi [1998] QB 818 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
 Table of cases xiii

Crippen, In the Estate of [1911] P 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Criterion Properties v Stratford Properties [2002] EWCA Civ 1783 . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

D & C Builders v Rees [1966] 2 QB 617 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Denley, Re [1969] 1 Ch 373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 50, 52, 59, 60
Densham, Re [1975] 1 WLR 1519 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Dextra Bank and Trust Co v Bank of Jamaica [2002] 1 All ER (Comm) 193 . . . . . 171
Dingle v Turner [1972] 2 WLR 523 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186, 194
Diplock, Re [1948] Ch 465 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 166
Don King Productions Inc v Warren [2000] Ch 291; [1998] 2 All ER 608 . . . . . . . . . 44
Dubai Aluminium v Salaam [2003] 1 All ER 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Dudley (Lord) v Dudley (Lady) (1705) Prec Ch 241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Dufour v Pereira (1769) 1 Dick 419 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Dyer v Dyer (1788) 2 Cox Eq Cas 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Eagle Trust plc v SBC Securities Ltd [1992] 4 All ER 488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Earl of Oxford’s Case [1615] 1 Ch Rep 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5, 7, 157, 209
Edge v Pensions Ombudsman [2000] Ch 602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
El Ajou v Dollar Land Holdings [1993] 3 All ER 717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 153
Endacott, Re [1960] Ch 232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Equiticorp Industries Group Ltd v The Crown [1998] 2 NZLR 485 . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co (1873) 3 App Cas 1218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Errington v Errington [1952] 1 KB 290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Evans, Re [1992] 2 All ER 777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Fletcher v Fletcher (1844) 4 Hare 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Foskett v McKeown [2001] 1 AC 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Fowkes v Pascoe (1875) 10 Ch App 343 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Fry, Re [1946] Ch 312 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Gardner, Re [1923] 2 Ch 230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Gardom, Re [1914] 1 Ch 662 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Gascoigne v Gascoigne [1918] 1 KB 223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Giles, (CH) and Co Ltd v Morris [1972] 1 WLR 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Gillett v Holt [2000] 2 All ER 289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 116, 118, 119
Gilmour v Coats [1949] AC 426 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Gissing v Gissing [1971] AC 886; [1970] 3 WLR 255 . . . . 125, 127, 128, 129, 136, 137
Goldcorp, Re [1995] 1 AC 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 35, 36, 110, 175, 176, 181, 213
Grant v Edwards [1986] Ch 638 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124, 125, 136
Greasley v Cooke [1980] 1 WLR 1306 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Green v Cobham [2002] STC 820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Grey v IRC [1960] AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 59
Guild v IRC (1992) 2 All ER 310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Guinness v Saunders [1990] 2 WLR 324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 104
Gulbenkian, Re [1968] Ch 126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38

Hallett’s Estate, Re (1880) 13 Ch D 695 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Hammond v Mitchell [1991] 1 WLR 1127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135, 137
xiv Table of cases

Harari’s ST, Re [1949] 1 All ER 430 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Hartigan Nominees Pty Ltd v Rydge (1992) 29 NSWLR 405 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Harvard Securities Ltd, Re (1997) 2 BCLC 369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Hassall v Smither (1806) 12 Ves 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Hastings-Bass [1975] Ch 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 73
Hay’s ST, Re [1981] 3 All ER 786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38, 71, 79, 96
Hazell v Hammersmith & Fulham LBC [1991] 1 AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Heseltine v Heseltine [1971] 1 WLR 342 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hetherington, Re [1990] Ch 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185, 190, 195
Hill v Permanent Trustee Co of New South Wales [1930] AC 720 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Hoblyn v Hoblyn (1889) 41 Ch D 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Holliday, Re [1981] 2 WLR 996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Holmden’s ST, Re [1968] 2 WLR 300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Holt’s Settlement, Re [1969] 1 Ch 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Hopgood v Brown [1955] 1 WLR 213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Houghton v Fayers (2000) 1 BCLC 571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Hunt v Luck [1902] 1 Ch 428 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Hunter v Moss [1994] 1 WLR 452 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 36
Huntingford v Hobbs [1993] 1 FLR 936 . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142

ICLR v Attorney General [1972] Ch 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Industrial Development v Cooley [1972] 1 WLR 443 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Inwards v Baker [1965] 2 QB 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
IRC
v Broadway Cottages Trust [1955] Ch 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
v McMullen [1981] AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188, 193

Jaggard v Sawyer [1995] 1 WLR 269 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198, 199

Jennings v Rice [2002] EWCA Civ 159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118, 119
Jones
v Challenger [1961] 1 QB 176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
v Maynard [1951] 1 All ER 802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Jones, FC (A Firm) and Sons v Jones [1996] 3 WLR 703 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

K (Deceased), Re [1985] 1 All ER 403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Keech v Sandford (1726) Sel Cas Ch 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 104, 109
Keen, Re [1937] Ch 236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
King v Jackson [1998] 1 EGLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Kleinwort Benson v Lincoln CC [1998] 3 WLR 1095 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Klug v Klug [1918] 2 Ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Knight v Knight [1855] Ch 835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Koetigen, Re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Lacey, Ex p (1802) 6 Ves 625 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Layton v Martin [1986] 1 FLR 171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Leahy v Attorney General for New South Wales
[1959] 2 WLR 722 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49, 51, 52, 59, 60
Learoyd v Whiteley (1887) 12 App Cas 727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
 Table of cases xv

Lemos v Coutts and Co (1992) Cayman Islands ILR 460 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Life Association of Scotland v Siddal (1861) 3 De GF & J 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Lim Teng Huan v Ang Swee Chin [1992] 1 WLR 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 121
Lipinski, Re [1976] Ch 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 59, 60
Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale [1991] 3 WLR 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170, 171
Lister v Stubbs (1890) 45 Ch D 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Lloyds Bank
v Byrne (1991) 23 HLR 472; [1993] 1 FLR 369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
v Rosset [1990]
1 All ER 1111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134,136, 137, 138, 208
London Hospital Medical College v IRC [1976] 2 All ER 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
London Wine Co (Shippers) Ltd, Re [1986] PCC 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 35
Londonderry’s Settlement, Re [1965] 2 WLR 229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 82
Lord Cawdor v Lewis (1835) 1 Y & C Ex 427 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Lyell v Kennedy (1889) 14 App Cas 437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Lysaght v Edwards (1876) 2 Ch D 499 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Lyus v Prowsa Developments Ltd [1982] 1 WLR 1044 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

McCormick v Grogan (1869) LR 4 HL 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

McGovern v Attorney General [1982] 2 WLR 222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
McHardy v Warren [1994] 2 FLR 338 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 136
MacJordan Construction Ltd v Brookmount Erostin Ltd
(1992) BCLC 350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Mackenzie v Coulson (1869) LR 8 Eq 368 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Macmillan v Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc (No 3) [1996] 1 WLR 387 . . . . . . . 153
McPhail v Doulton [1970] 2 WLR 1110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38, 39
Mara v Browne [1896] 1 Ch 199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
M’Cormack v M’Cormack (1877) 1 LR Ir 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Mettoy Pension Trustees Ltd v Evans [1990] 1 WLR 1587 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 80
Midland Bank
v Cooke [1995] 4 All ER 562 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 133, 136, 137
v Dobson [1986] 1 FLR 171; (1985) 16 Fam Law 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
v Wyatt [1995] 1 FLR 697 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Milroy v Lord (1862) 4 De GF & J 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 64
Montagu’s ST, Re; Duke of Manchester v National Westminster
Bank [1987] Ch 264;
[1987] 2 WLR 1192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 151, 152, 154, 159
Morice v Bishop of Durham (1805) 10 Ves 522 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 50, 64
Murray v Parker (1854) 19 Beav 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

National Anti-Vivisection Society v IRC [1947] 2 All ER 217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

National Westminster Bank plc v Somer International [2002] QB 1286 . . . . . . . . . 172
Nestlé v National Westminster Bank plc [1994] 1 All ER 118 . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 71, 150
Neville v Wilson [1996] 3 WLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Neville Estates v Madden [1962] Ch 832 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
New, Re [1901] 2 Ch 534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Nixon v Nixon [1969] 1 WLR 1676 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 137
Nottage, Re [1895] 2 Ch 517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188, 193
xvi Table of cases

Oatway, Re [1903] 2 Ch 356 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Ontario Securities Commission (1985) 30 DLR (4d) 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Oppenheim v Tobacco Securities Trust [1951] 1 All ER 31 . . . . . . . 185, 186, 189, 194
O’Rourke v Derbishire [1920] AC 581 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Ottaway v Norman [1972] 2 WLR 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Oughtred v IRC [1960] AC 206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Oxley v Hiscock [2004] EWCA Civ 546 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Palmer v Blue Circle Southern Cement [2001] RLR 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Paragon Finance plc v DB Thakerar and Co [1999] 1 All ER 400 . . . . . . . 98, 102, 208
Pascoe v Turner [1979] 1 WLR 431;
[1979] 2 All ER 945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 115, 119, 120,121, 137, 138
Paton v British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees [1979] QB 276 . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Patten, Re [1929] 2 Ch 276 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Paul
v Constance [1977] 1 WLR 527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 31, 32, 180
v Paul (1882) 20 Ch D 742 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Pearce v Lloyds Bank (2001) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Peek v Gurney (1873) LR 6 HL 377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Pennington and Another v Waine and Others [2002] 1 WLR 2075 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] AC 777; [1969] 2 WLR 966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 135
Peyman v Lanjani [1985] Ch 457 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Philip Collins Ltd v Davis [2000] 3 All ER 808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Plimmer v Mayor of Wellington (1884) 9 App Cas 699 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Polly Peck International v Nadir (No 2)
[1992] 3 All ER 769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 152, 153, 154, 156
Power’s WT, Re [1951] 2 All ER 513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Pryce, Re [1917] 1 Ch 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Queensland Mines v Hudson (1977) 18 ALR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Racal Group Services v Ashmore [1995] STC 1151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Ralli’s WT, Re [1964] 2 WLR 144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Recher’s WT, Re [1972] Ch 526; [1971] 3 WLR 321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 59
Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Regal v Gulliver [1942] 1 All ER 378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Roberts and Co Ltd, A v Leicestershire CC [1961] Ch 555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Rochefoucauld v Boustead [1897] 1 Ch 196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 102, 121
Roscoe v Winder [1915] 1 Ch 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Rose, Re [1952] Ch 499 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 31, 102
Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2002] AC 773 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Royal Brunei Airlines v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 151, 155, 156, 158
Russell-Cooke Trust Co v Prentis [2003] 2 All ER 478 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Ryan v Mutual Tontine Westminster Chambers Association [1893] 1 Ch 116 . . . . 203

Saloman v Saloman [1897] AC 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 215

Sanwa Australia Finance v Finchill Property [2001] NSWCA 466 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Saunders v Vautier (1841) 4 Beav 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 54, 55, 58, 79
 Table of cases xvii

Scandinavian Trading Tanker Co AB v Flota Petrolera Ecuatoriana [1983]

QB 549 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Scarisbrick, Re [1951] 1 All ER 822 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Schmidt v Rosewood Trust Ltd [2003] 2 WLR 1442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Scottish Equitable v Derby [2000] 3 All ER 793 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Selangor United Rubber Estates Ltd v Craddock (No 3) [1968] 1 WLR 1555 . . . . 159
Sen v Headley [1991] 2 WLR 1308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Sharpe (A Bankrupt), In Re [1980] 1 WLR 219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Shelfer v City of London Electric Lighting Co [1895] 1 Ch 287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
South Place Ethical Society, Re [1980] 3 All ER 918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 191
South Tyneside Metropolitan BC v Svenska International plc [1995]
1 All ER 545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Speight v Gaunt (1883) 22 Ch D 727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Spence, Re [1949] WN 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Spiller v Maude (1881) 32 Ch D 158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Springette v Defoe [1992] 2 FLR 388 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 131, 133, 136
Stack v Dowden [2007] UKHL 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Standard Bank London Ltd v The Bank of Tokyo Ltd [1995]
2 Lloyd’s Rep 169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Stannard v Fisons [1992] IRLR 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Stein v Blake [1996] 1 AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Stratheden (Lord) and Campbell, Re [1894] 3 Ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Strong v Bird (1874) LR 18 Eq 315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 41
Swindle v Harrison [1997] 4 All ER 705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Tang v Capacious Investments Ltd [1996] 1 All ER 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Target Holdings Ltd v Redferns [1996] 1 AC 421;
[1995] 3 All ER 785 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 68, 148, 149, 173
Tempest v Lord Camoys (1882) 21 Ch D 571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Thomas Bates and Sons Ltd v Wyndham’s (Lingerie) Ltd [1981]
1 WLR 505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Tilley’s WT, Re [1967] Ch 1178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Tinker v Tinker [1970] 2 WLR 331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Tinsley v Milligan [1993] 3 All ER 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 208
Tito v Waddell (No 2) [1977] Ch 106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Tribe v Tribe [1995] 4 All ER 236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Turner v Turner (1978) 122 SJ 696 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley (1999) Lloyd’s Rep Bank 438 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 159
Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley [2002] 2 All ER 377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156, 157, 178, 208, 209

Universal Thermosensors Ltd v Hibben [1992] 1 WLR 840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Vandervell v IRC [1967] 2 WLR 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 86, 87

Walker
v Boyle [1982] 1 WLR 495 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
v Stones [2001] QB 902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 157, 209
Walker Properties Investments (Brighton) Ltd v Walker (1947) 177 LT 204 . . . . . . 205
xviii Table of cases

Wallgrave v Tebbs (1855) 25 LJ Ch 241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Walsh v Lonsdale (1882) 21 Ch D 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 58
Walton Stores v Maher (1988) 62 ALJR 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Wayling v Jones (1995) 69 P & CR 170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Wenlock v River Dee Co (1887) 19 QBD 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
West Yorks, Re (1986) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC [1996]
2 All ER 961; [1997–98] 8 KCLJ 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 19, 35, 61, 66, 83, 85, 87, 92,
98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 109, 125, 162,
163, 169, 170, 172, 178, 204, 208
Whitley v Delaney [1914] AC 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Wilmot v Barber (1880) 15 Ch D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Wilson
v Northampton and Banbury Secretary of State Junction Railway Co
(1874) 9 Ch App 279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
v Wilson (1854) 5 HLC 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Wood, Re [1949] 1 All ER 1100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Wragg, Re [1919] 2 Ch 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Yaxley v Gotts [2000] 1 All ER 711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Young, Re [1951] NZLR 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Z Ltd v A-Z [1982] QB 558s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Table of statutes

Bankruptcy Act 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Law of Property (Miscellaneous

Provisions) Act 1989
Charities Act 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Charities Act 2006 . . . 183, 184, 185, 191
s 2(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Misrepresentation Act 1967
s 2(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 192 s 2(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
s 2(2)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
s 2(3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190, 191 Perpetuities and Accumulations
s 2(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Act 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
s 2(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
s 2(4)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 193 Sale of Goods (Amendment)
s 3(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Act 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Settled Land Act 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Children Act 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Statute of Charitable Uses 1601 . . . . 187
Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Statute of Frauds Act 1677 . . . . . . . . . 59
Act 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Supreme Court Act 1981 . . . . . . . . . . 198

Forfeiture Act 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Trustee Act 1925

s 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Human Rights Act 1998 . . . . . . 8, 64, 65 Trustee Act 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 73, 74
s 6(3)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 s 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
s 4(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 75, 76, 78
Insolvency Act 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
s 335A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Trustee Investment Act 1961 . . . . . . . . 73
s 423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Trusts of Land and Appointment of
Trustees Act 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Judicature Act 1873 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
s 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Land Registration Act 1925 s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 141, 142
s 70(1)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 s 12(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Law of Property Act 1925 . . . . . . . . . 140 s 12(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
s 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 s 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
s 53(1)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58, 60 s 13(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
s 53(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 123 s 13(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
s 53(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 s 13(4)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
resinous desert shrub {Covillea mexicana) of the bean-caper family
found in the southwestern U. S. and Mexico crepe or cr6pe \'krap\ n
[F crepe-\ 1 : a Ughl crinkled fabric woven of any of various fibers 2
; crape 2 3 : a small very thin pancake — crepe arf/ — crep-ey or
crepy \'kra-pe\ adj crepe de chine \,krap-d9-'shen\ n, often cap 2d C
[F crepe de Chine, lit., China crepe] : a soft fine clothing crepe crepe
myrtle or crSpe myrtle var of crape myrtle crepe paper n : paper
with a crinkled or puckered texture crepe rubber n : crude mbber in
the form of nearly white to brown crinkled sheets used esp. for shoe
soles crepe su-zette \,krap-su-'2et\ n, pi crepes suzette \,krapfs)-su-\
or crepe SUZettes \,krap-su-'zets\ [F crepe Suzette, fr. crepe pancake
+ Suzette Susy] : a thin pancake folded in quarters or rolled and
heated in a sauce of butter, sugar, orange or lemon juice and grated
rind, and a liqueur with added cognac, Curasao, or rum usu. set
ablaze for serving crep>i>tant \'krep-3t-an^t\ adj : having or
making a crackling sound crep-i.tate \'krep-a-,tat\ vj" [L crepitatus,
pp. of crepitare to crackle, fr. crepitus, pp. of crepare to rattle, crack]
; to make a crackling sound : crackle — crep-i>ta>tion \,krep-3-'ta-
sh3n\ n crept past of CREEP cre.pus-cu-Iar Vkri-'pas-kya-brX adj 1 :
of, relating to, or resembling twilight : dim 2 ; active in the twilight
tic \kre-'sent-ik\ adj 'crescent adj [L crescent-, crescens, prp. of
crescere^ : increasing cres-cive \'kres-iv\ adj [L crescere to grow] ;
increasing, growing — cres^cive>ly adv ere. sol \'kre-,s6l, -,sol\ n
[ISV, irreg. fr. creosote'i ; any of three poisonous colorless crystalline
or liquid isomeric phenols CyHsO" cress \'kres\ n [ME cresse, fr. OF
cserse, cressa: akin to OHG kressa cress] : any of numerous plants
(esp. genera Rorippa, Arabis, and Barbarea) of the mustard family
with moderately pungent leaves used in salads and garnishes ores.
set \*kres-3t\ n [ME, fr. MF. fr. OF craisset. fr. craisse grease] ; an
iron vessel or basket used for holding an illuminant (as burning oil)
and mounted as a torch or suspended as a lantern Cres.si-da
\'kres-«i-3\ n : a Trojan woman who ha medieval legend is unfaithful
to her lover Troilus icrest \'krest\ n [ME creste, fr. MF, fr. L crista:
akin to OE hrisian to shake, L curvus curved] 1 a : a showy tuft or
process on the head of a bird or other animal b ; the plume or
identifying emblem worn on a knight's helmet c (1) : a heraldic
representation of the crest (2) : a heraldic device depicted above the
escutcheon but not upon a helmet 2 : something suggesting a crest
esp. in being an upper prominence, edge, or hmit: as a : peak; esp :
the top line of a mountain or hill b ; the ridge or top of a wave or
roof 3 a ; a high point of an action or process b ; climax,
cuLNiiNATiON 2crest vt 1 : to furnish with a crest : crown 2 : to
reach the crest of '— vi ; to rise to a crest crest»ed \'kres-t3d\ adj :
having a crest dzxi-crestedy crest>fall*en \'kres(t)-,f6-l3n\ adj ;
having a drooping crest or hanging head ; dejected; also :
shamefaced, humill\ted — crestfall-en-ly adv — crest*fall>enless
\'krest-l3s\ adj : lacking a crest; specif ; lowborn cre.syl.ic \kro-*sil-
ik\ adj [ISV. fr. cresyl (the radical CH3C6H4-)] ; of or relating to
cresol or creosote cre*ta>ceous \kri-'ta-shss\ adj [L cretaceus, fr.
creta chalk] 1 : having the characteristics of or abounding in chalk 2
cap l of, relating to, or being the last period of the Mesozoic era or
the corresponding system of rocks — cretaceous n —
cre>ta>ceous>ly adv ere. tin \'kret-=n, esp Brit 'kre-tin\ n [F cretin,
fr. F dial, cretin Christian, human being, kind of idiot found in the
Alps, fr. L christianus Christian] : one afflicted with cretinism; broadly
: a person with marked mental deficiency — cre-tin-ous \-3s\ adj
cre>tin-ism \-,iz-pm\ n : a usu. congenital abnormal condition
marked by physical and mental stunting and caused by severe
thyroid deficiency ere. tonne \'kre-,tan, kri-'\ n [F, fr. Cretan,
Normandy] : a strong unglazed cotton or linen cloth used esp. for
curtains and upholstery crevasse \kri-'vas\ n [F, fr. OF crevace'^ 1 : a
deep crevice or fissure (as in a glacier or the earth) 2 : a breach in a
levee crev.ice \'krev-3s\ n [ME, fr. MF crevace, fr. OF. fr. crever to
break, fr. L crepare to crack — more at raven] ; a narrow opening
resulting from a split or crack ; fissure icrew \'krU\ chiefly Brit past of
CROW Screw n [ME crue, Ut., reinforcement, fr. MF creue increase,
fr. creistre to grow] 1 archaic ; a band or force of armed men 2 :
assemblage 3 a ; set, gang b : a company of men working on one
 crewel 197 critiGBzer job or under one foreman or
operating a machine 4a: the whole company belonging to a ship
sometimes including the officers and master b ; the persons who
man an aircraft in flight c ; the body of men manning a racing shell
— crew* man \-m3n\ n crew cut n : a very short haircut with the
hair resembling the bristle surface of a brush crew-el \'krU-3l\ n [ME
cmle"} : slackly twisted worsted yam used for embroidery — crew-
el-worlt \-,w3rk\ n icrib \'krjb\ n [ME, fr. OE cribb; akin to OHG
krippa manger. Gk griphos reed basket, OE cradol cradle] 1 : a
manger for feeding animals 2 : an enclosure esp. of framework; as a
: a stall for a stabled animal b ; a small child's bedstead with high
enclosing usu. slatted sides c : any of various devices resembling a
crate or framework in structure d : a building for storage : bin 3 : a
small narrow room or dwelling ; hut, shack 4 : the cards discarded in
cribbage for the dealer to use in scoring 5 a ; a small theft b :
plagiarism c : a literal translation; esp : pony 3 d ; a device used for
cheating in an examination 6 ; creche 3 2crib vt cribbed; crib-bing 1
: confine, cramp 2 : to provide with or put into a crib 3 : pilfer, ^eal;
esp : plagiarize ^ vi 1 a : STE^L, plagiarize b : to use a crib : cheat
2 : to have the vice of crib biting — crib-ber \'krib-9r\ n crlb-bage
\'krib-ij\ n pcr/d] : a card game in which the object is to form various
counting combinations and in which each player Is dealt six cards
and discards one or two to make up the crib crib biting n : a vice of
horses in which they gnaw (as at the manger) while slobbering and
salivating crib>ri-form \'krib-r3-,f6rm\ adj [L cribrum sieve; akin to L
cernere to sift — more at certain] : pierced with small holes cri'Ce.tid
\krT-'set-3d, -'set-\ n [deriv. of NL Cricetus, genus name, of Slav
origin; akin to Czech krecek hamster] : any of a family (Cricetidae)
of small rodents (as the hamsters) — cricetid adj crick \'krik\ n [ME
cryk'\ : a painful spasmodic condition of muscles (as of the neck or
back) ~ crick vt icrick-et \'krik-at\ n [ME criket, fr. MF criquet, of imit.
origin] i : a leaping orthopterous insect (family Gryllidae) noted for
the chirping notes produced by the male by rubbing together
specially modified parts of the fore wings 2 : a low wooden footstool
^cricket n [MF criquet goal stake in a bowling game] 1 : a game
played with a ball and bat by two sides of usu. U players each on a
large field centering upon two wickets each defended by a batsman
2 : fair and honorable behavior ^cricket vi ; to play cricket — crick-
et-er n cri'COid \'kri-,k6id\ adj [NL cricoides, fr. Gk krikoeides ring=>
shaped, fr. krikos ring] : of. relating to, or being a cartilage of the
larynx with which the arytenoid cartilages articulate cri>er \'krT(-a)r\
n ; one that cries: a : an officer who proclaims the orders of a court
b ; town crier crime \'ki-Tm\ n [ME, fr. L crimen accusation, fault,
crime] 1 : an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the
omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that
makes the offender liable to punishment by that law; esp : a gross
violation of law 2 : a grave offense esp. against morality 3 : criminal
activity syn see offense ^crim.i.nal \'krim-3n-^I. 'krim-nglX adj [ME.
fr. MF or LL; MF criminel, fr. LL criminalis, fr. L crimin- crimen crime]
1 : involving or being a crime 2 : relating to crime or its punishment
3 : guilty of crime 4 : disgraceful — crim-i^naMy \-e\ adv 2criniinal n
: one that has committed a crime : malefactor criminal conversation
n : adultery considered as a tort crimnol*o-gist \,krim-a-'nal-3-J3st\
n : a specialist in criminology crim.i-nol.O.gy \-je\ n [it criminologia,
fr. L crimin- crimen + It -o- + -logia -logy] ; the scientific study of
crime as a social phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal treatment
crim*io>!lo \kre-'6(l)-(,)yo\ n [Sp] 1 a : a person of pure Spanish
descent bom in Spanish America b ; a person born and usu. raised in
a Spanish -American country 2 : a domestic animal of a breed or
strain developed in Latin America — criollo adj icrip.ple \'krip-al\ n
[ME cripeL fr. OE crypel; akin to OE creopan to creep — more at
creep] 1 : a lame or partly disabled person or animal 2 : something
flawed or imperfect ^cripple adj : being a cripple : lame; also : worn
out : inferior 3cripple vt crip.pling \-(a-nia\ 1 : to deprive of the use
of a limb and esp. a leg 2 : to deprive of strength, efficiency,
wholeness, or capability for service syn see weaken — crip«pler \-
(a-)l9r\ n cri.SiS \'krT-S3s\ n, pi crLses \'krT-,sez\ [L, fr. Gk krisis, ht.,
decision, fr. krinein to decide — more at certain] 1 a : the turning
point for better or worse in an acute disease or fever b ; a
paroxysmal attack of pain, distress, or disordered function c : an
emotionally significant event or radical change of status in a person's
life 2 ; the decisive moment (as in a literary plot) 3 : an unstable or
cnicial time or state of affairs; specij : the period of strain following
the culmination of a period of business prosperity when forced
liquidation occurs syn see juncture IcriSp \-krisp\ adj [ME, fr. OE. fr.
L crispus; akin to L curvus curved — more at crown] la: curly, wavy;
also : having close stiff or wiry curls or waves b ; having the surface
roughened into small folds or curling wrinkles 2 a : easily crumbled :
brittle b oj pastry : SHORT c : being firm and fresh i>cism \'krit-
a-,siz-am\ w 1 a : the act of criticizing usu. unfavorably b : a critical
observation or remark c : critique 2 : the art of evaluating or
analyzing with knowledge and propriety esp. works of art or
literature 3 : the scientific investigation of literary documents (as the
Bible) in regard to such matters as origin, text, composition,
character, or history crit-i*ciz>able \'krit-a-,sT-z9-b3l\ adj ; subject to
criticism crit*i>cize \'krit-3-,sTz\ vi : to act as a critic -^ vt 1 : to
consider the merits and demerits of and judge accordingly ; evaluate
2 : to stress the faults of : cavil at — crit-i-ciz-er n syn reprehend,
blame, censure, reprobate, condemn, denounce: criticize implies
finding fault esp. with methods or policies or intentions; reprehend
implies both criticism and severe rebuking; blame may imply simply
the opposite of praise but more often suggests the placing of
responsibility for something bad or unfortunate; censure carries a
stronger suggestion of authority au out; cb chin; e less; e easy; g
gift; i trip; i life ii loot; ii foot; y yet; yii few; yu furious; zh vision a
abut; ®/kitten; er further; a back; a bake; a cot, cart; ] joke; r)
sing; o flow; 6 flaw; 6i coin; th thin; t^ this;
 critique 198 crossbar and of reprimanding than blame;
reprobate Implies strong disapproval or firm refusal to sanction;
condemn usu. suggests an unqualified and final unfavorable
judgment; denounce adds to CONDEMN the impUcation of a public
declaration Cri'tique Xkra-'tek, kri-\ n [alter, of ^critic} : an act of
criticizing; esp : a critical estimate or discussion CZit-ter \'krit-ar\ n
[by alter.] dial ; creature icroak \'krok\ vb [ME croken, of imit. origin]
vl 1 a ; to make a deep harsh sound b : to speak in a hoarse throaty
voice 2 ; to predict evil ; crumble 3 slang ; die '^ vt 1 ; to forebode
or utter in a hoarse raucous voice 2 slang ; kill Scroalf n ; a hoarse
harsh cry (as of a frog) — croalcy \'kro-ke\ ad} CI0al£>er \'kro-k3r\
n 1 : an animal that croaks 2 : any of various fishes (esp. family
Sciaenidae) that produce croaking or grunting noises 3 : one that
habitually forbodes evil : grumbler Croat X'krot also 'kr6-,at\ n [NL
Croata, fr. Serbo-Croatian Hrval} X CROATIAN Cro-atian \kro-'a-
sh9n\ n 1 : a native or inhabitant of Croatia 2 : a south Slavic
language spoken by the Croatian people and distinct from Serbian
chiefly in its use of the Latin alphabet — Croatian adj IcrO'Chet \kr6-
'sha\ n [F, hook, crochet, fr. MF, dim. of croche hook, of Scand
origin; akin to ON krokr hook — more at crook] ; needlework
consislmg of the interlocking of looped stitches formed with a single
thread and a hooked needle Scrochet vr : to make of crochet i-^ed a
bedspread) '^ vi ; to work with crochet — cro-chet-er \-'sha-3r\ n
cro.Cld.Q.lile \kr6-'sid-M-,Tl\ n [G krokydoUth, fr. Gk krokyd-, krokys
nap on cloth + G -lith -lite] : a lavender-blue or leek -green mineral
of the amphibole group that occurs in silky fibers and massively —
compare tigereve icroclJ \'krak\ n [ME. fr. OE crocc: akin to MHO
kruche crock] 1 ; a thick earthenware pot or jar 2 [fr. its formation
on cooking pots] dial : soot, smut 3 : coloring matter that rubs off
from cloth 3crock vr, dial ; to soil with crock ; smltdge '-^ vi i to
transfer color under rubbing 3crock n [ME crok, prob. of Scand
origin; akin to Norw dial. krokje crock] : one that is broken down,
disabled, or impaired *crock VI ; to cause to become disabled '*' vi :
to break down crock. ery \'krak-(9-)re\ n : earthenware Crock>et
\'krak-3t\ n [ME croket, fr. ONF croquet crook, dim. of croc hook, of
Scand origin; akin to ON krokr hook] ; an ornament usu. in the form
of curved and bent foUage used on the edge of a gable or spire
Croco-dile \'krak-3-,dTl\ n [ME & L; ME cocodrille, fr. OF, fr. ML
cocodrillus, alter, of L crocodilus, fr, Gk krokodilos lizard, crocodile, fr.
kroke pebble + drilos worm- akin to Skt sarkara pebble — more at
sugap ] 1 a : any of several large voracious thick-skinned long-
bodied aquatic reptiles (as of the genus Crocodylus) of tropical and
subtropical waters; broadly : crocodilian h : the ski a crocodile 2
archaic : one who hypocritically affects crocodile bird n : an African
plover {Pluvianus aegypticus) that alights upon the crocodile and
devours its insect parasites crocodile tears n pi ; false or affected
tears : hypocritical sorrow croc.Q-dll.ian \,krak-3-*diI-e-3n, -'dil-ysnX
n : any of an order (Loricata) of reptiles including the crocodiles,
alhgators, and related extinct forms — crocodilian adj croco.ite
\'krak-3-,wTt\ or croc.Oi.site \'krak-w3-,zTt\ n [G krokoisit, krokoii, fr.
F crocoise, fr. Gk krokoeis saffron-colored, fr. krokos} ; a mineral
PbCrO^ consisting of lead chroraate cro>ciis \'kro-k3s\ n, pi cro-
cns^es [NL, genus name.fr. L, saffron, fr. Gk krokos, of Sem origin] 1
pi also cro-Ci \-,ke, -,kT, -,sT\ : any of a large genus (Crocus) of
herbs of the iris family having solitary long-tubed flowers and
slender linear leaves 2 a ; a dark red ferric oxide used for polishing
metals b : saffron 2 crolt \'kr6ft\ n [ME, fr. OE; akin to OE creopan to
creep — more at CREEP] 1 chiejly Brit : a small enclosed field usu.
adjoining a house 2 chiejly Brit % a small farm worked by a tenant
— croIt>er n crois.sant \kr3-,wa-'sa"\ n, pi croissants \-'sa"(z)\ [F,
lit., crescent, fr. MF creissan('\ : a rich crescent- shaped roll Croix de
Guerre \kr3-.wad-3-'gef3>r\ n [F, ht., war cross] : a French military
decoration awarded for gallant action in war Cro-raa*gnoil \kro-
'mag-nan, -'man-yanX n [Cro-Magnon, a cave near Les Eyzies,
France] ; a tall erect race of men known from skeletal remains found
chiefly in southern France and held to be of the same species {Homo
sapiens) as recent man crom.lech \'kram-,lek\ n [W, Ut., bent stone]
1 : dolmen 2 : a circle of monoliths usu. enclosing a dolmen or
mound crone \'kr6n\ n [ME, fr. ONF carogne. lit., carrion, fr.
(assumed) VL caronia — 'more at carrion] ; a withered old woman
Gro>nus \'kr6-n3s, 'kran-asV n [L, fr. Gk Kronos^ I a Titan
unthroned by hisson Zeus cro-ny \'kr6-ne\ n [perh. fr. Gk chronios
long-lasting, fr. chronos time] ! an intimate companion IcrOOk
\'kruk\ n [ME crok, fr. ON krokr hook; akin to OE cradol cradle] 1 ;
an implement having a bent or hooked form: as a : POTHOOK b (1)
: a shepherd's staff (2) : crosier 1 2 : a person given to fraudulent
practices ; thief 3 : bend, curve 4 : a portion of something that is
hook-shaped, curved, or bent scrook vi 1 : bend 2 slang a ; cheat b ;
steal ^ vi : curve, wind crook'back \'kruk-,bak\ n 1 obs : a crooked
back 2 obs : hunchback — crook*backed \-'bakt\ adj crook*ed
\'kruk-3d\ adj 1 : having or marked by a crook or curve : bent 2 :
dishonest — crook-ed»ly adv — crook>edneck \'kruk-,nek\ n : a
squash with a long recurved neck croon \'krun\ vb [ME croynen, fr.
MD cronen; akin to OE crart crane] vi 1 chiejly Scot a : bellow, boom
b : wail 2 a : to sing in a gentle murmuring manner b : to sing in
half voice -^ v; : to sing in a crooning manner — croon n —
croonqui>gnole \'kro-k3n-,(y)ol\ n [F, a kind of biscuit, fr. croguer^ ;
a method used in waving the hair by winding it on curlers from the
ends of the hair toward the scalp cro.quis \kr6-'ke\ n, pi croness n
Across adv ; not parallel : crosswise
 crossbill 199 crown cr0SSol)ill \'kr6s-,bil\ n : any of a genus
(Loxia) of finches with mandibles strongly curved and crossing each
other crosS'hones \-,bon2\ npl t two leg or arm bones placed or
depicted crosswise cross-how \-,bo\ n : a weapon for discharging
quarrels and stones that consists chiefly of a short bow mounted
crosswise near the end of a wooden stock — cross-how-man \-m3n\
n cross-bred \'kr6s-'bred\ adj : hybrid; specif : produced by
interbreeding two pure but different breeds, strains, or varieties —
cross-bred \-,bred\ «_ icross. breed \'kr6s-,bred, -'bred\ vt :
hybridize, cross; esp i to interbreed two varieties or breeds of the
same species — vi : to engage in or undergo crossbreeding across.
breed \-,bred\ n : hybrid icross-coun.try \'kr6-'skan-tre\ adj 1 :
proceeding over countryside (as across fields and through woods)
and not by roads 2 : of or relating to cross-country sports — cross-
country adv 2cross-cotintry n : cross-country sports cross-cur-rent
X'kro-'sksr-snt, -'ska-rantX « 1 ; a current traverse to the general
forward direction 2 : a conflicting tendency icrosS'CUt \'kr6-,sk9t, -
'sk3t\ vt 1 : to cut with a crosscut saw 2 ; to cut, go, or move across
or through : intersect ^crosscut adj 1 : made or used for cutting
traversely de, fr. (assumed) MW crwth} 1 ; an ancient Celtic stringed
instrument played by plucking or with a short bow — called also
crvi'th 2 dial Eng ; fiddle crow-loot \'kro-,fut\ n, pi crowfeet \-.fet\ 1
pi usu crowfoots : any of numerous plants having leaves pedately
lobed; esp l any of a genus {Ranunculus of the family
Ranunculaceae, the crowfoot family) of mostiy yellow-flowered herbs
2 : crow's-foot a — usu. used in pi. 3 on a boat : a number of small
lines rove through a long block Crow-keep-er \'kro-,ke-p3r\ n, dial
Eng : a person employed to scare off crows icrown \'kraun\ n [ME
coroune, crowne, fr. OF corone, fr. L crowd
 crown 200 cruxes curvus, Mir cmind round ] 1 : a reward of
victory or mark of honor; esp : the title representing the
championship in a sport 2 : a royal or imperial headdress or cap of
sovereignty ; diadem 3 X the highest part: as a : the topmost part of
the skull or head b : the summit of a mountain c : the head of
foliage of a tree or shrub d : the part of a hat or other headgear
covering the crown of the head e ; the part of a tooth external to
the gum or an artificial substitute for this 4 : a wreath, band, or
circular ornament for the head 5 : something resembling a wreath or
crown 6 a (1) ojten cap : imperial or regal power : sovereignty (2)
cap : the government under a constitutional monarchy b : monarch
7 ; something that imparts splendor, honor, or finish : culmination 8
a : any of several old gold coins with a crown as part of the device h
; an English silver coin worth five shillings c : a size of paper usu. 15
x 20 in. 9 a : a unit of value equivalent to the value of a crown b (1)
: KORUNA (2) : KRONA (3) : krone (4) : kroon 10 a : the region of a
seed plant at which stem and root merge b : the thick arching end of
the shank of an anchor where the arms join it acrown vt [ME
corounen, it. OF coroner, fr. L coronare, fr. corona^ 1 a : to place a
crovm or wreath upon the head of; sped} ; to invest with regal
dignity and power : enthrone b : to recognize officially as 2 : to
bestow something upon as a mark of honor or recompense ; adorn 3
: surmount, top; esp : to top (a checker) with a checker to make a
king 4 : to bring to a successful conclusion : CLIMAX 5 ; to provide
with something like a crown: as a : to fill so that the surface forms a
crown h : to put an artificial crown upon (a tooth) 6 : to hit on the
head crown canopy n : the cover formed by the top branches of
trees in a forest Crown Colony n : a colony of the British
Commonwealth over which the Crown retains some control crow-ner
X'krii-nar, 'krau-\ n [ME. alter, of coroner'^ chiefly dial : CORONER
crown-et \'krau-nat\ n. archaic : coronet crown glass n 1 : a glass
blown and whirled into the form of a disk with a center lump left by
the worker's rod 2 : alkali-lime silicate optical glass having relatively
low index of refraction and low dispersion value crown land n l : land
belonging to the Crown and yielding revenues that the reigning
sovereign is entitled to 2 : public land in some British dominions or
colonies crown lens n : the crown glass component of an achromadc
lens crown prince n : the heir apparent to a crown or throne crown
princess n 1 : the wife of a crown prince 2 : a female heir apparent
or heir presumptive to a crown or throne crown saw n : a saw
having teeth at the edge of a hollow cylinder crow's-foot \'kr6z-,fut\
n, pi crow's-feet \-.fet\ : something resembling a crow's foot: as a :
any of the wrinkles around the outer corners of the eyes — usu.
used in pi. b ; crowfoot 1 crow's nest n ; a partly enclosed platform
high on a ship's mast for a lookout; also : a similar lookout on land
cro-zler var oj crosier cruces pi oj crux cru>cial \'krli-sh3l\ adj [F, fr. L
cruc-, crux cross — more at ridge] 1 archaic ; cruciform 2 : marked
by final determination of a doubtful issue ; decisive; broadly ;
severe, trying syn see acute — crU'CiaMy \'krush-(3-)le\ adv
cru.Ci.ate \'kru-she-,at\ adj [NL cruciatus, fr. L cruc-, crux} : cross-
shaped: a ; having leaves or petals in the form of a cross b :
crossing < ~ wings of an insect) — cru-ci-ate-ly adv cru>Ci*ble
\'krii-s»-b3l\ n [ME corusible, fr. ML crucibulum, raodif. of OF
croiseull 1 : a pot of a very refractory material used for melting and
calcining a substance that requires a high degree of heat 2 : a
severe test crucible steel n : hard cast steel made in pots that are
lifted from the furnace before the metal is poured into molds cru-
Ci.ler \'krii-S3-f3r\ n [deriv. of L cruc-, crux + -jer} : any plant of the
mustard family— cru-ciI«er*ous \krii-'sif-(a-)ras\ adj cru.Ci.IiX \'krii-
s3-,fiks\ n [ME, fr. LL crucijixus the crucified Christ, fr. crucijixus, pp.
of crucijigere to crucify, fr. L cruc-, crux + jigere to fasten] ; a
representation of Christ on the cross cruion \,krii-s3-'fik-sh3n\ n 1 ;
the act of crucifying 2 : extreme and painful punishment, affliction,
or suffering cru-Ci-form \'kriJ-S3-,f6rm\ adj iL cruc-, crux + B-jorm] :
forming or arranged in a cross — crucilorm n — cru-ci-form-ly adv
cru-Ci.fy \'kriJ-S3-,fT\ vi [ME crucijien, fr. OF crucijier, fr. LL
crucijigere] 1 ; to put to death by nailing or binding the hands and
feet to a cross 2 : to destroy the power of : mortify ness \'kr3m-
b(3-)le-nas\ n : the quality or state of being crumbly crum.bUngs
\'kr3m-b(3-)lioz\ n pi : crumbled particles : crumbs crum-bly \-b(3-
Me\ adj : easily crumbled ; friable ta*cean \,kr3-'sta-shsn\ n [deriv.
of L crusta crust, shelU : any of a large class (Crustacea) of mostly
aquatic arthropods having a chitinous or calcareous and chitinous
exoskeleton and including the lobsters, shrimps, crabs, wood lice,
water fleas, and barnacles — crustacean adj crus.ta-ceous \-sh3s\
adj 1 : of, relating to, having, or forming a crust or shell caption
N.kras-ta-fa-'ka-shsnX n : incrustation crust-i-ly \'kr3s-t3-Ie\ adv : in
a crusty or surly manner crust*l*ness \-je-n3s\ n ; surliness.
iRRFTABiLrrY crusty \'kr3s-te\ adj 1 ; having or being a crust 2 ;
sltrly, irascible syn see bluff 1 crutch \'krach\ n [ME crucche, fr. OE
crycc: akin to OHG krucka crutch. OE cradol cradle] 1 a : a support
typically fitting under the armpit for use by the disabled in walking b
: prop, stay 2 : a forked leg rest constituting the pommel of a
sidesaddle 3 : the crotch of a human being 4 : a forked support
2crutch vt : to support on crutches : prop up crux X'kraks, 'kruks\ n,
pi crux*es also cru-ces \"krij-,sez\ [L cruc-, crux cross, torture —
more at ridge] 1 a : a puzzling or
 cruzeiro 201 cuckoo difficult problem : unsolved question b
: a determinative point at issue 2 ; a main or central feature cru-
zei.ro \kru-'za-C,)r6, -(,)rij\ n [Pg] — see money table crwth \*kruth\
n [W] : scrowd I icry \'krT\ vb cried; cry.ing [ME crien, fr. OF crier, fr.
L quiritare to cry out for help (from a citizen), to scream, fr. Qulrit-,
Quiris Roman citizen] vj 1 : to call loudly : shout 2 ; weep, lament 3
; to utter a characteristic sound or call '^ vr 1 ; beg, beseech 2 : to
proclaim publicly ; call out — cry havoc ; to sound an alarm — cry
wolf ; to give alarm without occasion 2cry n, pi cries 1 : an instance
of crying: as a : an inarticulate utterance of distress, rage, or pain b
obs ; outcry, clamor 2 a obs : proclamation b pi, Scot : banns 3 :
entreaty, appeal 4 ; a loud shout 5 ; watchword, slogan 6 a ;
common report b : prevailing fashion 7 : the public voice 8 ; a pack
of hounds — a far cry : a long way — in full cry ; in full pursuit cry-
or cryo- comb form [G kryo-. fr. Gk, fr. kryos — more at crust] ; cold
: freezing 'anesthesia> {cryogen} cry down vt : disparage,
depreciate cry-ing adj l : calling for notice 2 ; notorious, he'nous
cry.mo.ther.a-py \,krT-mo-'ther-9-pe\ or cryo.ther*a-py \,krT6-\ n
[Gk krymos, kryos icy cold + ISV therapy} ; therapeutic use of coid
cry off vt ; to call off ^ vi, chiejly Brit ; to beg off cryo. gen \'krT-3-
j3n\ n ; refrigerant — cry-o-gen»ic \,krT-3'jen-ik\ adj crycgen-iCS
\,krT-3-']en-iks\ n pi but sing or pi in constr I a branch of physics
that relates to the production and effects of very low temperatures
cryo.Iite \'kn-a-,lTt\ n [ISV] : a mineral Na^AlFs consisting of
sodium-aluminum fluoride found in Greenland usu. in white
cleavable masses and used in making soda and aluminum cryo-
p!liI>ic \,krT-3-'fil-ik\ adj : thriving at low temperatures crycscop-ic
\,krr-3-'skap-ik\ adj : of or relating to cryoscopy cry.os.CQ.py \krT-
'as-k3-pe\ n [ISV] : the determination of the lowered freezing points
produced in liquid by dissolved substances to determine molecular
weights of solutes and various properties of solutions cryo^Stat
\'krT-3-,stat\ n [ISV] : an apparatus for maintaining a constant low
temperature crjrpt \'kript\ n [L crypta, fr. Gk krypte, fr, fern, of
kryptos hidden, fr. kryptein to hide; akin to ON hreysar heap of
stones, Lith krauti to pile up] 1 ; a chamber (as a vault) wholly or
partly underground; esp : a vault under the main floor of a church 2
; a simple gland, glandular cavity, or tube ; follicle — crypt»al \'krip-
t''l\ adj crypt- or crypto- comb jorm [NL, fr. Gk kryptos'\ : hidden :
covered crypt. anal. y.sis \,krip-ts-'nal-3-s3s\ n [cryptogram +
analysis'] : the solving of cryptograms or cryptographic systems —
cryptan.a.lyst Xkrip-'tan-'^UastX n — crypt-an-a-lyt-ic \,krip,tan-^l-
'it-ik\ adj — crypt-an.a.lyze \krip-'tan-^l-,Tz\ v; cryp.tic \'krip-tik\ adj
[LL crypticus, fr. Gk kryptikos, fr. kryptos] 1 ; secret, occult 2 :
enigmatic, mysterious 3 : serving to conceal 4 : unrecognized 6 ;
employing cipher or code syn see obscure — cryp-ti>cal \-ti-k3l\ adj
— cryp.ti.cal-ly \-tik(3-)Ie\ adv cryp-to \'krip-C,)to\ n [crypt-] : one
who adheres or belongs secretly to a party, sect, or other group
cryp.to.crys.tal.line \,krip-(,)t6-'kris-t3-Ian\ adj [ISV] : having a
crystalline structure so fine that no distinct particles are recognizable
under the microscope cryp.to.gam \'krip-ta-,gam\ n [deriv. of Gk
kryptos + -gamia -gamy] ; a plant (as a fern, moss, alga, or fungus)
reproducing by spores and not producing flowers or seed — cryp.to-
gam.ic \,krip-t3-'gam-ik\ or cryp>tog>a>mous \krip-'tag-a-m3s\ adj
cryp.to.gen-ic \,krip-t9-'jen-ik\ adj ; of obscure or unknown origin
taMlt.lc \.kris-t9-'ht-ik\ adj crys.tal.liz-able \'kris-ta-.lT-z3-b3l\ adj :
capable of forming or of being formed into crystals crys.taMi.za.tion
X.kris-ta-b-'za-shanX n : the process of crystallizing; also : a form
resulting from this crys.taMize also crys-tal-ize \'kris-ta-,lrz\ vt 1 ; to
cause to form crystals or assume crystaUine form 2 : to cause to
take a definite form (tried to ~ his thoughts) 3 : to coat with crystals
esp of sugar — vi : to become crystallized — crys.taMiz.er n
crys.tal.log.ra.pher \,kris-t3-'rag-ra-far\_w : a specialist in
crystallography — cryS'tal.lo.graph'ic \-lo-'graf-ik\ adj — crystaMo-
graph-i-cal \-i-k3l\ adj crys.tal.log.ra.phy \-'lag-r3-fe\ n [F or NL; F
cristallographie, fr. NL crystallographia, fr. crystall- + -graphia -
graphy] ; the science dealing with the system of forms among
crystals, their structure, and their forms of aggregation Icrys.tal. loid
\'kris-t9-,16id\ adj : having properties of crystal 2crystalloid n 1 ; a
substance that forms a true solution and Is capable of being
crystallized 2 : a crystalloid particle of protein found esp. in oily
seeds — crys*tal.loi.dal \,kns-t3-'16id-=l\ adj crystal violet « : a
triphenylmethane dye found in gentian violet cry up vt : to enhance
in value or repute by public praise : extol Gte.nold \'ten-,6id,
'te-.noidX adj [ISV, fr. Gk ktenoeides, fr. kten-, kteis comb — more at
pectinate] ; having the margin toothed i'^ scale); also I having or
consisting of ctenoid scales er n 30Uhe adj : raised to the third
power 4cu.be \'kyU-,ba, kyii-'\ n [AmerSp cube] ; any of several
tropical American plants furnishing rotenone CU.beb \'kyu-,beb\ n
[MF cubehe. fr. OF, fr. ML cubeba, fr. Ar kubabah] : the dried unripe
berry of a tropical shrub {Piper cubeba) of the pepper family that is
crushed and smoked in cigarettes for catarrh cube root n : a number
whose cube is a given number CU'bic \'lcyii-bik\ adj 1 : having the
form of a cube ; cubical 2a: relating to the cube considered as a
crystal form b : isometric b 3a: three-dimensional b : being the
volume of a cube whose edge is a specified unit
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.43%
accurate

cuckoo clock 202 cumin Cnckoo clock n : a watl or shelf

clock that announces the hours by sounds resembling a cuckoo's call
cuck.oo.now.er \'kuk-C,)u-,f]au(-3)r, 'kiik-X n 1 : a bitter cress
(Cardamine pratensis) of Europe and America 2 : ragged robin 3 :
WOOD SORREL 1 CUCk>00-piUt \-.pint\ n [ME cuccupintel, fr. cuccu
+ pintel pintle] ; a European arum {Arum maculatum) with erect
spathe and short purple spadix cuckoo spit n 1 ; a frothy secretion
exuded upon plants by the nymphs of spittle insects 2 : spriTLE
insect CU.CU.li.form \k(y>3-'k(y)u-la-,f6rm\ ad} [L cuculus cuckoo
(of imit. origin) + E -jorml ; of or relating to the cuckoos or the order
fCuculiformcs) including the cuckoos; also l resembling a cuckoo CU-
ciU.late \'kyu-k3-,lat, kyu-'kal-3t\ also cu-cul-Iat-ed X'kyiik3-,lat-3d\
adj [ML cucullatus, fr. L cucullus hood] ; hood-shaped CUr-bit \kyii-
'k3r-b3t\ n [ME cucurbite, fr. MF, fr. L cucurbita gourd] 1 : a vessel or
flask for distillation used with or forming part of an alembic 2 : a
plant of the gourd family cud V'kad, 'kud\ n [ME cudde, fr. OE
cwudit: akin to OHG Au/iglue Skt Jam gum] 1 : food brought up into
the mouth by a ruminating animal from its first stomach to be
chewed again 2 : quid cud-bear X'kad-^baCsV, -,be(3'ir\ n [irreg.fr.
Dr. Cuthberi GoTnant \'kal-m3-npnt\ adj 1 : being at greatest
altitude or on the meridian 2 : culminating : fully developed CUl-mi-
nate \'k3l-m3-.nat\ vb [ML culminatus, pp. of culminare, fr. LL, to
crown, fr. L culmin-, culmen top] vi \ oj a celestial body ; to reach its
highest altitude; also : to be directly overhead 2 a : to rise to or
form a summit b : to reach the highest or a climactic or decisive
point ^ vt X io bring to a head or to the highest cul-mi-na-tion \,k3l-
ma-'na-shan\ n 1 : the action of culminating 2 : culminating position
: summtt, climax syn see summit CU-lotte \k(y)u-'lat\ n [F, breeches,
fr. dim. of cu/ backside] : a divided skirt; also X a garment having a
divided skirt — often used in pi. cul-pa-bil-i-ty \.k3l-p3-'bil-3t-e\ n :
the state of being culpable CUl-pa-ble \'k3l-p3-bal\ adj [ME
coupable, fr. MF, fr. L culpahilis, fr. culpare to blame, fr. culpa guilt] 1
obs X guilty, criminal 2 : meriting condemnation or blame _ syu see
blameworthy — cul-pa-ble-ness n — cul-pa^bly \-ble\ adv CUl-prit
\'k3!-prat, -,prit\ n [AF cul. (abbr. of culpable guilty) -f prest, prit
ready (i e. to prove it), fr, L praestus} 1 : one accused of or
arraigned for a crime 2 : one guilty of a crime or a fault cult \'k3lt\ /I
[ F & L; F culte, fr. L cultus care, adoration, fr. cuUus, pp. of colere to
cultivate — more at wheel] 1 : formal religious veneration : worship
2 ; a system of rehgious beliefs and ritual; also : its body of
adherents 3 : a system for the cure of disease based on dogma set
forth by its promulgator 4 : great and esp. faddish devotion; also X
its object or adherents — cul-tic \'kal-tik\ adj — cult-ism \'kal-,tiz-
3m\ n — cult-ist \'k3l-tsst\ n CUltch or culch \'k3lch\ n [perh. fr. a F
dial, form of F couche couch] : material (as oyster shells) laid down
on oyster grounds to furnish points of attachment for the spat
cul>ti-gen \'kpl-t3-j3n\ n Icultivat&d + -gen} 1 : a cultivated
organism (as maize) of a variety or species tor which a wild ancestor
is unknown 2 : cliltivar cul-ti-va^bil-i-ty \,k3i-t3-vo-'biI-3t-e\ n : the
quality or state of being cultivable cul-ti-va.ble \'kal-ta-va-b3l\ adj :
capable of being cultivated cul-ti-var \'ksl ts-.var, -,vefa)r, -,va(3)r\ n
Iculiivated + variety] ; an organism of a kind originating and
persistent under cultivation cul-ti-vat-able \'k3l-t3-.vat-3-b3l\ adj :
cultivable CUl-ti-vate \'kal-t3-,vat\ vt [ML cultivatus, pp. of cultivare,
fr. cultivus cultivable, fr. L cultus. pp.] 1 : to prepare or prepare and
use for the raising of crops : till; specij : to loosen or break up the
soil about (growing plants) 2 a : to foster the growth of (-^
vegetables) b : culture 2a c : improve, refine (writers ^ style) 3 :
further, encourage ing \'k3lch-(3-)rio\ 1 : cultivate 2 a : to grow in a
prepared medium b ; to start a culture from CUl-tured \'k3l-ch3rd\
adj 1 : cultivated 2 : produced under artificial conditions (--^
viruses)
 cum laude 203 curfew cnm lau>de \kum-laud-3, -e; ,k3m-
'16d-e\ adv (or adj) [NL, with praise] : with academic distinction
(graduated cum laude) cum-mer-bund \'k3m-ar-.b9nd\ n [Hindi
kamarband, it. Per, fr. kamar waist + band'\ : a broad sash worn as a
waistband cumquat var oj kumquat cum. Shaw \'k3m-,sh6\ n [Chin
(Amoy) kam sia grateful thanks (a phrase used by beggars)] :
present, gratuity, tip Climul- or cumuli- or cumulo- comb form [NL, fr.
L cumulus^ ; cumulus and CUlate X-Iat, -,lat\ adj — cumu-la'tion
\,kvii-mya-'la-shan\ n cu-mu.la-tive X'kyli-mys-lat-iv, -,Iat-\ adj 1 :
increasing by successive additions 2 a : tending to prove the same
point Iative-ness n cu.mu.lo.cir-rus \,kyU-my3-lo-'sir-3s\ n [NL] : a
small cumulus cloud at a high altitude having the white delicacy of
the cirrus CU.mU'lo.nini'bus \-'nim-b3s\ n [NL] : a cumulus cloud
often spread out in the shape of an anvil extending to great heights
CU>mu>!o*stra.tus \-'strat-ss, -'strat-\ n [NL] ; a cumulus whose
base extends horizontally as a stratus cloud cu>mu-lous \'kyu-my3-
l3S\ adj : resembling cumulus CU'mU'Ius \-bs\ n.pl cu-mu'li \-.li, -,le\
[L] 1 : heap, accumulation 2 [NL, fr. L] : a massy cloud form having
a flat base and rounded outlines often piled up like a mountain
Cunc>ta>tion \,k3o(k)-'ta-sh9n\ n [L cunclaiion-, cunctatio, fr. pp. ,\
adj tprob. fr. F 3 -iform] 1 : having wedge-shaped having tuyeres
and tapping spouts near the bottom cup. ping n : an operation of
drawing blood to or from the surface of the body by use of a glass
vessel evacuated by heat CUp.py \'k9p-e\ (yij 1 : resembling a cup 2
: full of small holes cu.pre.ous \'k(y)U-pre-as\ adj [LL cupreus, fr.
cuprum] ; containing or resembling copper : coppery CU'pric \-prik\
adj [LL cuprum} : of, relating to, or containing bivalent copper CU-
prite \-.prTt\ n [G kupril, fr. LL cuprum] : a mineral CuaO consisting
of copper oxide and constituting an ore of copper CU'prous \-pras\
adj [LL cuprum] ; of, relating to, or containing univalent copper
CU.pu.late \'kyu-py5-,lat, -l3t\ also cu.pu.lar \-lar\ adj : shaped like
or having or bearing a cupule cu.pule \*kyu-(,)pyu(3)l\ n [NL cupula,
fr. LL, dim. of L cupa tub — more at cup] : a cup-shaped involucre
characteristic of the oak in which the bracts are indurated and
coherent cur \'kar\ n [ME, short for curdogge, fr. (assumed) ME
curren to growl •}- ME dogge dog; akin to OE cran crane] 1 : a
mongrel or inferior dog 2 : an objectionable often surly or cowardly
fellow cux-abil-i-ty \,kyiir-a-'bil-3t-e\ n : the quaUty or state of being
curable cur-able \'kyur-9-b3l\ adj ; capable of being cured —
cur>ableness n — cur. ably \-ble\ adv cu.ra.gao \,k(y)ur-3-'sau, -'so\
also cu-ra-goa \-'soC-3)\ n [D Curasao, fr. Curacao, island in
Netherlands Antilles] : a liqueur flavored with the dried peel of the
sour orange cu.ra.cy \'kyur-3-se\ n ; the office or term of office of a
curate cu.ra.re or cu-ra.ri \k(y)u-'rar-e\ n [Pg & Sp curare, fr. Carib
kurari] I a dried aqueous extract esp. of a vine (as Strychnos toxijera
of the family Loganiaceae) used in arrow poisons by So. American
Indians andjn medicine to produce muscular relaxation cu.ra.rine \-
'i^r-3n, -,en\ n : any of several alkaloids from curare cu-ra.ri-za.tion
\k(y^ii-.rar-9-'za-sh3n\ n : treatment with curare; also : the resulting
state — cu.ra.rize \kyu-'rar-,Tz\ vt cu-ras-sow \'kyur-3-,s6\ n [alter,
of Curasao] : any of several large arboreal game birds (esp. genus
Crax) of So. and Central America related to the domestic fowls
CU.rate \'kyur-3t\ n [ME. fr. ML curatus, fr. cura cure of souls, fr. L,
care] 1 : a clergyman in charge of a parish 2 ; a clergyman who
assists a rector or vicar cu-ra-tive \'kyur-3t-iv\ adj : relating to or
used in the cure of diseases — cu.ra-tive.ly adv CU.ra-tor \kyu-'rat-
3r, 'kyur-.at-, 'kyur-st-\ n : one that has the care and
superintendence of something; esp ; one in charge of a museum,
zoo, or other place of exhibit — cu.ra.to.ri.al \,kyur-3't6r-e-3l, -'t6r-\
adj— cu-ra. tor-ship n iciirb \'karb\ n, ojten attrib [MF courbe curve,
curved piece of wood or iron, fr. courbe curved, fr. L curvus] 1 : a
chain or strap on the upper part of the branches of a bit used to
restrain a horse 2 : an enclosing frame, border, or edging 3 ; check,
restraint 4 ; a raised edge or margin to strengthen or confine 5 : an
edging built along a street to form part of a gutter 6 [fr. the fact that
it orig. transacted its business on the street] : a market for trading in
securities not listed on a stock exchange 3curb vt ; to control or
furnish with a curb syn see restrain curb.ing \'k3r-bio\ n 1 ; the
material for a curb 2 : curb curb roof n ; a roof with a ridge at the
center and a double slope on each of its two sides curb. stone
yksrb-.stonX n : a stone set along a margin as a limit and protection
curch X'ksrchX n [ME] Scoj ; kerchief 1 cur.cU'lio \(,)k3r-'kyU-le-,o\ n
[L. grain weevil] ; any of various weevils; esp % one that injures
fruit CUr.CU.ma \'kar-kya-m3\ n [N L, genus name, fr. Ar kurkum
saffron] : any of a genus {Curcuma) of Old World tropical herbs of
the ginger family with tuberous roots that includes the turmeric icurd
\'k3rd\ n [ME] 1 : the thick casein-rich part of coagulated milk 2 :
something resembling the curd of milk 2curd vb : coagulate, curdle
cur. die \'k3rd-'l\ vb cur-dling X'kard-lio, -'l-io\ [freq. of ^cwrrf] vt 1 :
to cause curds to form in 2 : spoil, sour '^ vi 1 : to form curds :
coagulate 2 : to go bad or wrong : spoil curdy \'k3rd-e\ adj :
resembling or coagulating into curds icure \'kyuO)r\ n [ME, fr. OF, fr.
ML & L; ML cura. cure of souls, fr. L, care] 1 a : spiritual charge ;
care b ; pastoral charge of a parish 2a: recovery or relief from a
disease b : an agency that cures a disease c ; a course or period of
treatment d : spa 3 : a process or method of curing — cure-less \-
l3s\ adj 2cure vt 1 a ; to restore to health, soundness, or normality b
: to bring about recovery from 2 a ; rectify, remedy b : to free from
something objectionable or harmful 3 : to prepare by chemical or
physical processing for keeping or use '^ vi 1 ; to undergo a curing
process 2 : to effect a cure — cur.er \'kyur-3r\ n syn HEAL, remedy,
cure implies restoration to health after disease; heal may also apply
to this but commonly suggests restoring to soundness after a wound
or sore; remedy suggests correction or relief of a morbid or evil
condition often without implying permanence or completeness of
effect 3cu.re \kyu-'ra, 'kyu(3)r-,a\ n [F, fr. cure cure of souls — more
at curate] ; a parish priest cure-all \'kyu(3)r-.6l\ n : a remedy for all
ills ; panacea cu-ret-tage \kyu-'ret-ij, ,kyur-3-'tazh\ n : surgical
scraping or cleaning by means of a curette iCU-rette or CU-ret \kyu-
'ret\ n [F curette, fr. curer to cure, fr. L curare, fr. cura] : a scoop,
loop, or ring used in performing curettage 2curette or curet vt cu-
retl-ed; cu-rett-ing : to perform curettage on — cu..rette.ment \-
m3nt\ n cur. few \'k3r-(.lfyu\ n [ME, fr. MF covrejeu, signal given to
bank the hearth fire, curfew, fr. covrir to cover -H jeu fire, fr. L jocus
hearth] 1 ; a regulation enjoining withdrawal of usu. specified
persons from the streets or the closing of business establishments or
places of assembly at a stated hour 2 a : the sounding of a bell or
other signal to announce the beginning of a time of curfew b : the
signal used 3 : the hour at which a curfew becomes effective or the
period during which it is in effect 9 abut; « kitten; or further; a back;
a bake; a cot, cart; au out; oh chin; e less; e easy; g gift; i trip; i life
j joke; rj sing; 6 flow; 6 flaw; 6i coin; th thin; th this; U loot; u foot;
y yet; yii few; yu furious; zh vision ■.^H-t mw V^^B T^|f.T5^,
^i^m.^y^^\ wavers] ; delay 'ksqfk'i-tst-X adj CU.ne-ate \'kyii-
ne-,at, -at\ adj [L cuneatus, fr. cuneus wedge; akin to Skt sula
spear] : narrowly triangular with the acute angle towarcf the base —
cup-Iibe Vkap-.HltX adj — in one's cups : DRUNK 2cup vt cupped;
cup. ping 1 ; to treat by cupping 2 a : to curve into the shape of a
cup b : to place in a cup — cup. per n cup.bear-er \-,bar-3r, -,ber-\ «
: one who has the duty of filling and handing cups of wine cup'board
yi^^ab-srdX n ; a closet with shelves for cups, dishes, or food; also
: any small closet cup-cake \'k3p-,kak\ n : a small cake baked in a
cuplike mold 'CU.pel \kyu-'pel, 'kyU-p3l\ n [F coupelle, dim. of coupe
cup, fr. LL cuppa] : a small shallow porous cup esp. of bone ash
used in assaying to separate precious metals from lead 2cupel vt
cu.pelled or cu-peled; cU'pel.ling or cu.pel.ing : to refine by means
of a cupel — CU'pel>ler or cu-pel-er Xkyii-'pel-ar, 'kyu-p9-l3r\ n
CU.pel. la*tion \,kyii-p9-*la-sh3n, -,pe-\ n : refinement (as of gold or
silver"} in a cupel by exposure to high temperature in a blast of air
by which the lead, copper, tin, and other unwanted metals are
oxidized and partly sink into the porous cupel CUp.Iul \'k3p-,ful\ n, pi
cup.fuls \-.fijlz\ or cups.lul \'k3ps-.ful\ 1 : as much as a cup will hold
2 : a half pint : eight ounces cup-hold. er \'k3p-,hol-d3r\ n : a sports
contestant successful in the latest trial for a cup Gu.pid \'kyij-pad\ n
[L Cupido] 1 : the god of love in Roman mythology 2 not cap : a
winged naked infantile figure representing Cupid often with a bow
and arrov*' CU.pid-i.ty \kyu-'pid-3t-e\ n [ME cupidite, fr. MF cupidite,
fr. L cupiditat-, cupiditas — more at covet] 1 archaic ; strong desire ;
LUST 2 : inordinate desire for wealth : avarice, greed Cupid's bow n
: the classical form of bow CU.pO'la \'kyii-p3-l3, -,lo\ n [It, fr. L
cupula, dim. of cupa tub] 1 a : a rounded vault resting on a circular
or other base and forming a roof or a ceiling b : a small structure
built on top of a roof 2 : a vertical cylindrical furnace for melting iron
in the foundry
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.69%
accurate

curia 204 curve Ca>na \'k(y)ur^-3\ n. ;jr CU'Tl.ae \Tcyur-

e-,5, TcCir-e-.TX [L, fr. ct)+ vtr man — more at man] 1 ; a division of
the ancient Roman people comprising several gentes of a tribe 2 a :
the court of a medieval king b : a court of justice 3 often cap : the
body of congregations, tribunals, and offices through which the pope
governs the Roman Catholic Church — cu>ri-al \'kyur-e-3l\ adj
CU.rie \'kyu(a)r-(.)e, kyu-*re\ n [Mme. Marie Curie tl934 Pol-F
chemist] : a unit quantity of any radioactive nuclide in which 3.7 X
lO'o disintegrations occur per second Cu-rie point \kyu-,re-, ,kyur-c-\
n [Pierre Curie tl906 F chemist] 1 : the temperature at which there is
a transition between the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases 2 :
a temperature at which the anomalies Jhat characterize a
ferroelectric substance disappear CU*rio \'kyiir-e-,6\ n [short for
curlosityl ; something arousing interest as being novel, rare, or
bizarre ; curiosity CU-ri-O-sa \,kyur-e-'o-s3, -'o-zaX n pi [NL, fr. L,
neut. pi. of curiosusl : CURIOSITIES, RARITIES; esp : strange or
unusual books CU-ri-os-i-ty \,kyur-e-'as-3t-e, -'as-te\ n 1 ; desire to
know: a archaic t a blamable desire to seek knowledge (as of sacred
matters) h ; nosiness c : interest leading to inquiry 2 archaic a ;
careful workmanship b : undue nicety or fastidiousness 3a: one that
arouses interest esp. for uncommon or exotic characteristics b ; an
unusual knickknack c : a curious trait or aspect CU-ri-OUS \'kyur-e-
as\ adj [ME, fr. MF curios, fr. L curiosus careful, inquisitive, fr. cura
cure] 1 a archaic l made carefully b obs : ABSTRUSE c archaic ;
precisely accurate 2a; marked by desire to investigate and learn b ;
marked by inquisitiveness about others' concerns : prying 3 :
exciting attention "as strange or novel : odd — cu-ri'ous'ly adv —
cu'ri-ous-ness n syn INQUISITIVE, PRYTNG; CURIOUS always
implies an eager desire to learn and may or may not suggest
objectionable intrusiveness or officiousness; rNQUTsmvE implies
habitual impertinent curiosity usu. about things secret or unrevealed;
prying implies officious or busy meddling esp. in personal affairs
cuprite \'kyu(3)r-,it\ n [F, fr. Pierre Curiel : a radioactive mineral
2Pb0.5U03.4H;0 found in orange acicular crystals CU-ri-lun \"kyur-
e-?m\ n [NL, fr. Marie& Pierre Curie"] : a metallic radioactive
trivalent element artificially produced — see element table icurl
\'k3r(-3ll\ vb [ME curlen, fr. crul curly, prob. fr. MD; akin to OHG krol
curly, OE cradol cradle] vf 1 : to form into coils or ringlets 2 : to form
into a curved shape : twist 3 : to furnish with curls '^ vi 1 a : to
grow in coils or spirals b ; to form ripples or crinkles 2 : to move or
progress in curves or spirals 3 ; tv/ist, CONTORT 4 : to play the
game of curling Sciirl n 1 : a lock of hair that coils : ringlet 2 :
something having a spiral or winding form : coil 3 : the action of
curling : the state of being curled 4 : an abnormal rolling or curling
of leaves 5 ; a curved or spiral marking in the grain of wood 6 :
tendril curl.er \'k3r-l3r\ n 1 : one that curls 2 : a plavcr of curhng
cur-lew \'k9ri-(.)(y)u\ n, pi curlews or curlew [ME, fr. MF corlieu, of
imit origin] ; any of various largely brownish chiefly migratory birds
(esp. genus Numenius) related to the woodcocks but distinguished
bv long legs and a long slender down-curved bill icurli-cue also curly.
cue \'k3r-li-,kyii\ n Icurly + cue (a braid of hair)] : a fancifully curved
or spiral figure 2cuilicue vi : to form curhcues ~ vr : to decorate with
curlicues CUrl-i.ness \'kar-le-n3s\ n ; the quality or state of being
curly curl-ing n : a game in which two teams of four men each shde
curling stones over a stretch of ice toward a target circle curling iron
n : a rod-shaped usu. metal instrument which can be ■ wave a lock
of hair wound around it ; an ellipsoid stone or occas. 1 a gooseneck
handle for delivery in the game of curling curl-pa-per \'kor(-a)l-,pa-
p3r\ n : a strip or piece of paper around which a lock of hair is
wound for curling curly \'k3r-le\ ad] 1 : tending to curl; also I having
curls 2 : having fibers that undulate without crossing riCric*u*lum \-
i3m\ n, pi cur.ricu.la \-la\ also curriculums [NL, fr. L, running, fr.
currerel 1 : the courses offered by an educational institution or one
of its branches 2 ; a set of courses CUT.ricu.lum vi.tae Vka-.rik-a-
lam-'we-.tl, -y3-lsm-'vlt-e\ n heated to curl i curling stone piece of i
curling stone [L, course of (one's) life] ; a short account of one's
career and qualifications prepared typically by an applicant for a
position cur.ri.er X'kar-e-sr, 'ka-re-X n [ME corier, fr. MF, fr. L
coriarius, fr, corium leather — more at cuirass] : one that curries
CUT-ri.ery X'ksr-e-a-re, Tia-re-X n 1 : the trade of a currier of leather
2 ; a place where currying is done CUr-rish X'ksr-ishX adj ;
resembling a cur ; mongrel: also : ignoble iCUr.ry \'kar-«, "ks-reX vt
[ME currayen, fr. OF correer to prepare, curry, fr. (assumed) VL
conredare, fr. L com- + a base of Gmc origin] 1 : to dress the coat of
with a currycomb 2 ; to treat (tanned leather) esp. by incorporating
oil or grease 3 ; beat, THRASH — curry la-vor X-'fa-vsrX [ME
currayen favel to curry a chestnut horse] : to seek to gain favor by
flattery or attentions icur-ry also cur.rie X'kar-e, 'ka-reX n [ Tamil-
Malayalam kaci'i 1 : curry POWDER 2 : a food seasoned with curry
powder 3curry v/ : to flavor or cook with curry Ciir«ry.Comb \-,komX
n : a comb made of rows of metallic teeth or serrated ridges and
used esp. to curry horses — cnrrycomb vt Curry powder n : a
condiment consisting of ground spices 1 curse X'karsX n [ME curs, fr.
OE] 1 : a prayer or invocation for harm or injury to come upon one :
imprecation 2 ; something that is cursed or accursed 3 : evil that
comes as if in response to imprecation or as retribution 4 : the cause
of great harm or misfortune : torment scurse vf 1 a : to call upon
divine or supernatural power to send injury upon b : execrate 2 : to
use profanely insolent language against : blaspheme 3 : to bring
great evil upon ; afflict ^ vi : to utter imprecations : swear syn see
execrate cursed X'kar-sad', 'karstX also curst X'karstX adj : being
under or deserving a curse — cursed-ly adv — cursed*ness n icur-
sive X'ksr-sivX adj [F or ML; F, fr. ML cursivus, lit., running, fr. L
cursus, pp. of currere to run] : running, coursing: as a of writing :
flowing often with the strokes of successive characters joined and
the angles rounded b : having a flowing, easy, impromptu character
— cur-sive-ly adv — cur^sive-ness n 2cursive n 1 ; a manuscript
written in cursive writing 2 : a style of printed letter imitating
handwriting CUT'SO.ri.al X.ksr-'sor-e-al, -'s6r-X adj ; adapted to
running cur-so-ri-ly X'ksrs-(3-)r3-leX adv : in a cursory manner cur-
so-ri.ness X-(3-)re-nasX n ; the quality of being cursory CUr.SO-ry
X'k3rs-(3-)reX adj [LL cursorius of running, fr. L cursus running, fr.
cursus, pp.] : rapidly often superficially performed : hasty syn see
slterficial curt X'kartX adj [L curius shortened] 1 a : sparing of words
; terse b ; marked by rude or peremptory shortness : brusque 2
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com