se, 12:27 PM Nonlinaar Wave Shapping Nonlinear Wave Shapping Along with resistors, the non-linear elements like diodes are used in nonlinear wave shaping circuits to get required altered outputs. Either the shape of the wave is attenuated or the dc level of the wave is altered in the Non-linear wave shaping. The process of producing non-sinusoidal output wave forms from sinusoidal input, using non- linear elements is called as nonlinear wave shaping. Clipper Circuits A Clipper circuit is a circuit that rejects the part of the input wave specified while allowing the remaining portion. The portion of the wave above or below the cut off voltage determined is clipped off or cut off The clipping circuits consist of linear and non-linear elements like resistors and diodes but not energy storage elements like capacitors, These clipping circuits have many applications as they are advantageous. + The main advantage of clipping circuits is to eliminate the unwanted noise present in the amplitudes. + These can work as square wave converters, as they can convert sine waves into square waves by clipping. * The amplitude of the desired wave can be maintained at a constant level. Among the Diode Clippers, the two main types are positive and negative clippers. We will discuss these two types of clippers in the next two chapters. hitps wiz tutorialspoint com/slectronic_creuits/lectronic_creuls_nonlinesr_wave_shapping him "se, 12:27 PM Electronic Circuits - Positive Clipper Circuits Electronic Circuits - Positive Clipper Circuits The Clipper circuit that is intended to attenuate positive portions of the input signal can be termed as a Positive Clipper. Among the positive diode clipper circuits, we have the following types - Positive Series Clipper Positive Series Clipper with positive V, referencevoltage + Positive Series Clipper with negative V;. + Positive Shunt Clipper + Positive Shunt Clipper with positive V, + Positive Shunt Clipper with negative V, Let us discuss each of these types in detail. Positive Series Clipper A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in series to the input signal and that attenuates the positive portions of the waveform, is termed as Positive Series Clipper. The following figure represents the circuit diagram for positive series clipper. k D Vn © i % | ~) R Vo Vin Input Waveform = ® a Practical Output Positive Series Clipper Waveform Positive Cycle of the Input - When the input voltage is applied, the positive cycle of the input makes the point A in the circuit positive with respect to the point B. This makes the diode reverse biased and hence it behaves like an open switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor becomes zero as no current flows through it and hence Vp will be zero. Negative Cycle of the Input - The negative cycle of the input makes the point A in the circuit negative with respect to the point B. This makes the diode forward biased and hence it conducts hitps ww tutorialspoint com/slectronic_creuits/electronic_postve_lipper_crcuts.ntm 5se, 12:27 PM Electronic Circuits - Positive Clipper Circuits like a closed switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor will be equal to the applied input voltage as it completely appears at the output Vo Waveforms In the above figures, if the waveforms are observed, we can understand that only a portion of the positive peak was clipped. This is because of the voltage across VO. But the ideal output was not meant to be so. Let us have a look at the following figures. Practical Output Waveform Ideal Output Waveform Unlike the ideal output, a bit portion of the positive cycle is present in the practical output due to the diode conduction voltage which is 0.7v, Hence there will be a difference in the practical and ideal output waveforms. Positive Series Clipper with positive V,. A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in series to the input signal and biased with positive reference voltage V; and that attenuates the positive portions of the waveform, is termed as Positive Series Clipper with positive V, . The following figure represents the circuit diagram for positive series clipper when the reference voltage applied is positive. kt N Yn O° G “© Vn Input Waveform Bl o~ Practical Output Positive Series Clipper Waveform with positive V, During the positive cycle of the input the diode gets reverse biased and the reference voltage appears at the output. During its negative cycle, the diode gets forward biased and conducts like a closed switch. Hence the output waveform appears as shown in the above figure. hitps ww tutorialspoint com/slectronic_creuits/electronic_postve_lipper_crcuts.ntm 215se, 12:27 PM Electronic Circuits - Positive Clipper Circuits Positive Series Clipper with negative V,. A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in series to the input signal and biased with negative reference voltage V, and that attenuates the positive portions of the waveform, is termed as Positive Series Clipper with negative V, . The following figure represents the circuit diagram for positive series clipper, when the reference voltage applied is negative. ig A a Yn o™ x t yy, R g a Yo Tl pe Input Waveform gl Y Practical Output Positive Series Clipper Waveform with negative V, During the positive cycle of the input the diode gets reverse biased and the reference voltage appears at the output. As the reference voltage is negative, the same voltage with constant amplitude is shown. During its negative cycle, the diode gets forward biased and conducts like a closed switch. Hence the input signal that is greater than the reference voltage, appears at the output. Positive Shunt Clipper A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in shunt to the input signal and that attenuates the positive portions of the waveform, is termed as Positive Shunt Clipper. The following figure represents the circuit diagram for positive shunt clipper. Vn Input Waveform “Practical Output Positive Shunt Clipper Waveform Positive Cycle of the Input - When the input voltage is applied, the positive cycle of the input makes the point A in the circuit positive with respect to the point B, This makes the diode forward biased and hence it conducts like a closed switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor becomes zero as no current flows through it and hence Vp will be zero. hitps ww tutorialspoint com/slectronic_creuits/electronic_postve_lipper_crcuts.ntm 35sueioa, 1227 Pm Electronic Crcuts -Postive Cipper Cults Negative Cycle of the Input - The negative cycle of the input makes the point A in the circuit negative with respect to the point B. This makes the diode reverse biased and hence it behaves like an open switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor will be equal to the applied input voltage as it completely appears at the output Vo . Waveforms In the above figures, if the waveforms are observed, we can understand that only a portion of the positive peak was clipped. This is because of the voltage across Vo . But the ideal output was not meant to be so. Let us have a look at the following figures Practical Output Waveform Ideal Output Waveform Unlike the ideal output, a bit portion of the positive cycle is present in the practical output due to the diode conduction voltage which is 0.7, Hence there will be a difference in the practical and ideal output waveforms. Positive Shunt Clipper with positive V,,. A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in shunt to the input signal and biased with positive reference voltage V; and that attenuates the positive portions of the waveform, is termed as Positive Shunt Clipper with positive V; . The following figure represents the circuit diagram for positive shunt clipper when the reference voltage applied is positive. aN Yn Ry a t Vn Input Waveform = Practical Output Positive Shunt Clipper Waveform with positive V, During the positive cycle of the input the diode gets forward biased and nothing but the refere--~ voltage appears at the output. During its negative cycle, the diode gets reverse biased «... hitps ww tutorialspoint com/slectronic_creuits/electronic_postve_lipper_crcuts.ntm 45