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A project on

“OVER AND UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION CIRCUIT”

A Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

Third Year in
Electrical Engineering

By
Sagar Ashok Gunjal 221011024

Vishal Suresh Gupta 221011022

Mueez Imran Kazi 221011012

Paras Prashant Khole 221011011

Under the guidance of –

Prof. Akshata Tadkod

University of Mumbai
Department of Electrical Engineering

A. C. Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar

Navi Mumbai- 410210
Accredited by NAAC
2024-25

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Institute’s Vision and Mission

Vision

• To create skilled professionals and engineers for catering the needs of industries and
society.

Mission

• To provide qualified faculty and required infrastructure to impart quality education

inculcating continuous learning attitude

• To provide platform for the interaction between academia and industry.

• To inculcate social values and responsible attitude amongst students through co-curricular
and extracurricular activities.

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Department’s Vision and Mission

Vision

• To develop professionals in the field of Electrical Engineering domain having social

values.

Mission

• To provide fundamental and applied knowledge through qualified faculty and

infrastructure.

• To improve technical skills by industry institute interaction.

• To provide platform for enhancing social values.

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Jawahar Education Society’s

A. C. Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai
Accredited by NAAC

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini-Project 2A synopsis titled “Over and Under Voltage
Protection Circuit”is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Third year mini-project work
for the Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from University of Mumbai in academic
year 2024-25

By

Class Roll No PRN No Name of Students

54 221011024 Sagar Ashok Gunjal
10 221011022 Vishal Suresh Gupta
17 221011012 Mueez Imran Kazi
19 221011011 Paras Prashant Khole

Prof. Akshata Tadkod

(Project Internal Guide) (Project External Guide)

Dr. S.R. Deore Dr. Vijaykumar.N. Pawar

(H.O.D, Electrical Engg. Department) (Principal)

(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish our deep sense of gratitude to our Guide Prof. Akshata Tadkod for her
prevalent guidance and useful suggestion and never-ending moral support, which helped us

for working on this project.

We take the opportunity to thanks Dr. S.R. Deore Head of Electrical Department

and Dr. Vijaykumar Pawar the Director of ACPCE for having us to carry out this project

work.

All that we have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and we would

like to thank our classmates for the encouragement and help without whom this project

would not have been possible.

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ABSTRACT

The Over and under voltage protection circuits are critical components in
modern electrical systems, safeguarding sensitive electronic devices from potentially
damaging voltage fluctuations. This circuit is designed to detect and respond to both
excessive and insufficient voltage levels in a power supply, automatically disconnecting
the load when the voltage deviates beyond a predefined safe range.

The system operates by continuously monitoring the input voltage, comparing

it against preset thresholds for overvoltage and undervoltage conditions. When an
anomaly is detected, the circuit engages a relay semiconductor switch to isolate the
protected device, preventing potential damage caused by voltage surges or drops. Such
protection mechanisms are particularly important in industries where voltage stability
is crucial, enhancing equipment reliability and longevity

This paper discusses the design, implementation, and performance of an over

and under voltage protection circuit, highlighting its role in ensuring power system
stability and equipment safety. These circuits detect and respond to abnormal voltage
levels by disconnecting or adjusting the power supply to ensure devices operate within
safe limits. Widely applied across various sectors, including industrial machinery,
home appliances, renewable energy systems, data centers, telecommunications,
healthcare, and transportation, they enhance system reliability, safety, and efficiency.
By preventing equipment failures, reducing maintenance costs, and extending the
lifespan of devices, over and under voltage protection circuits play a critical role in
maintaining stable and secure electrical operations.

Moreover, these circuits are widely used in electric vehicle charging stations,
HVAC systems, motor control circuits, lighting systems, and backup generators. In
such applications, they prevent inefficiencies caused by fluctuating voltage, reduce
energy consumption, and minimize the risk of equipment failure, ultimately lowering
maintenance costs and enhancing the performance and longevity of the systems.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NAME PAGENO

NO

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2-3

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 4

CHAPTER 3

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5

4.1. COMPONENTS REQUIRED

CHAPTER 4 6-11
4.2. SPECIFICATIONS

CHAPTER 5.1 CONSTRUCTION EXPERIMENTAL 12-13

5 SET UP

5.2 OPERATION

CHAPTER 6 6.1 CODE FOR NANO

14-16
6.2 ADVANTAGES

CHAPTER 7 APLLICATION 17

CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 18

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CHAPTER 9 9.1 COST OF PROJECT 19-20

9.2 REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE PAGE NO.

NO. NAME/CAPTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OVER AND UNDER

1 VOLTAGE PROTECTION CIRCUIT 4

2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF OVER AND UNDER 5

VOLTAGE PROTECTION CIRCUIT

3 COMPONENTS DIAGRAMS 6 -11

4 COST OF COMPONENTS 19

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Electrical systems and electronic devices are susceptible to damage from voltage
fluctuations. Overvoltage and undervoltage conditions can lead to catastrophic failures it reduced
lifespan, and unpredictable behavior of electronic components. To safeguard these systems, over
and under voltage protection circuits are essential. These circuits ensure that the voltage supplied
to the load remains within a safe range, preventing potential harm an overvoltage condition
occurs when the voltage exceeds the maximum permissible limit, which can result from power
surges, lightning strikes, or switching operations. Conversely, an undervoltage condition
happens when the voltage drops below the minimum required level, often caused by grid issues,
brownouts, or excessive load.

They are commonly used in various applications, including power supplies, industrial
equipment, household appliances and sensitive electronic devices. Understanding these
protective measures is crucial for designing reliable and resilient electronic systems. Overvoltage
conditions can result from lightning strikes, utility grid disturbances, or faulty power regulation,
potentially leading to overheating, insulation breakdown, and other critical failures.
Undervoltage, on the other hand, can occur due to grid instability, excessive loads, or lengthy
transmission lines, which may cause motors and other devices to stall, operate inefficiently, or
incur long-term damage.

This protection mechanism continuously monitors the input voltage, compares it to

user-defined thresholds, and activates a switch or relay to isolate the load if the voltage exceeds
or falls below acceptable limits. By incorporating over and under voltage protection circuits into
power distribution systems, industries can enhance equipment reliability, reduce maintenance
costs, and improve overall system safety. In this paper, we explore the design, functionality, and
applications of over and under voltage protection circuits, emphasizing their importance in
maintaining stable and secure power systems.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. “ Early Developments in Voltage Protection ”

One of the earliest approaches to voltage protection involved the use of mechanical relays to
isolate electrical systems during abnormal voltage conditions. These traditional relay-based
systems, such as electromechanical overvoltage and undervoltage relays, were simple and
robust but suffered from slow response times and wear and tear due to mechanical operation.
Authors like H. D. DeJong (1956) highlighted the limitations of these systems in terms of
operational speed and accuracy, prompting further research into faster and more reliable
electronic solutions.

2. “ Solid-State Voltage Protection Devices ”

With advancements in semiconductor technologies, solid-state components like Zener diodes,

thyristors, and Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) were
introduced to replace mechanical relays. Researchers such as S. B. Lal and K. K. Singh (1987)
demonstrated the benefits of solid-state devices, including faster response times, longer
operational life, and more precise voltage control.

3. “ Microcontroller-Based Protection Systems ”

Recent research has focused on integrating advanced sensing technologies and control
algorithms into voltage protection circuits. J. S. Lee et al. (2013) explored the use of digital
signal processors (DSPs) and advanced analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) to achieve more
accurate real-time voltage monitoring. These systems not only improved precision but also
provided more sophisticated protection strategies, including automatic reconnection after
voltage normalization, enhancing the overall resilience of power distribution systems.

4. “ Advanced Sensing and Control Techniques ’’

Recent research has focused on integrating advanced sensing technologies and control
algorithms into voltage protection circuits. J. S. Lee et al. (2013) explored the use of digital
signal processors (DSPs) and advanced analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) to achieve more
accurate real-time voltage monitoring. In addition, the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI)
and machine learning (ML) in voltage protection circuits is gaining traction. Researchers such
as X. Li and P. N. Sharma (2020) have proposed using ML algorithms to predict and preempt
voltage anomalies, reducing the risk of equipment failure due to sudden voltage changes

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5. “ Applications in Renewable Energy Systems ”

The rise of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind has introduced new challenges
in voltage regulation and protection. Renewable energy systems often experience voltage
fluctuations due to the intermittent nature of power generation. K. M. Johnson et al. (2016)
examined the role of voltage protection circuits in photovoltaic (PV) systems, emphasizing
the need for specialized protection mechanisms that can handle frequent and rapid voltage
variations.

6. “ Hybrid and Integrated Solutions ”

A trend towards hybrid protection circuits, which combine overvoltage, undervoltage, and
other protection features (such as short-circuit protection), has been noted in recent research.
T. Wong and D. Ghosh (2021) explored integrated protection modules that combine multiple
functions into a single compact device, streamlining protection mechanisms for modern
electronics and industrial applications. These hybrid systems leverage advances in power
electronics to offer cost-effective and space-saving solutions without compromising
performance.

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CHAPTER 3

3.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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CHAPTER 4

4.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

In this project we are using components like: -

1) ADRUINO NANO
2) ZMPT101B VOLTAGE SENSOR
3 16X2 LCD WITH I2C MODULE
4) BREADBOARD
5) 5V 1 CHANNEL RELAY
6) 2 BULB
7) JUMPER WIRES (MALE TO FEMALE)

4.2. SPECIFICATIONS

1) ADRUINO NANO :

The Arduino Nano is a small, compact microcontroller board designed by Arduino. It is

based on the ATmega328P microcontroller, the same chip used in the popular Arduino
Uno, but in a much smaller and more compact form factor. The Nano is well-suited for
projects where space is limited, and it's often used in applications such as embedded
systems, robotics, and DIY electronics projects. It retains the core features of larger
Arduino boards while offering flexibility for miniaturized designs.

The Arduino Nano is programmed using the Arduino IDE, a user-friendly, open-source
development environment. It can be programmed via the USB connection using a Mini-
USB or Micro-USB cable. The Arduino IDE provides an easy way to write code (known
as sketches) and upload it to the board.

The Nano supports various libraries and functions available in the Arduino ecosystem,
making it compatible with a wide range of sensors, motors, displays, and communication
modules.

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Fig: Arduino Nano

2) ZMPT101B VOLTAGE SENSOR:

The ZMPT101B is a high-precision voltage sensor module specifically designed to measure

AC voltages. It is commonly used in projects that require monitoring of mains voltage or other
AC voltage sources. The sensor is based on the ZMPT101B voltage transformer, which
provides galvanic isolation and ensures safe measurement of high voltages here in our project
this is the main component which senses the input voltage from the AC source. The upper
screw present in Voltage sensor is used to vary the voltage from rotating it towards
anticlockwise or clockwise through a connector.

Fig: ZMPT101B Voltage Sensor

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3) 16X2 LCD WITH I2C MODULE

The 16x2 LCD display is a common alphanumeric liquid crystal display (LCD) capable of
displaying two lines, each with up to 16 characters. When combined with an I2C (Inter-
Integrated Circuit) module, it becomes much easier to connect and control the LCD using
fewer pins. This combination is highly favored in microcontroller projects (like with Arduino,
Raspberry Pi, etc.) due to its simplicity, especially when working with limited I/O pins. The
I2C module typically connects to the 16x2 LCD through a set of pins soldered to the back of
the display. There are four pins as VCC, GND, SDA and SCL to the back of I2C Module.
Here in your project the voltage indication is shown in LCD

Display Size: 2 rows and 16 characters per row.

Character Resolution: Each character is displayed in a 5x8 pixel grid.
Display Color: Common configurations include white or blue background with white, black,
or yellow characters.

Fig : 16X2 LCD With I2C Module

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4) BREADBOARD

A Breadboard is a rectangular board used to prototype and build electronic circuits without
soldering. It allows developers, hobbyists, and engineers to experiment with circuit designs
quickly by simply plugging components into its sockets. Breadboards are essential tools in
electronics development and are used for testing and refining circuit designs before creating
permanent solutions. Breadboards are typically made of plastic with a grid of interconnected
sockets. These sockets are designed to hold the legs or pins of electronic components like
resistors, capacitors, integrated circuits, transistors, and jumper wires. In your project we have
use breadboard to insert Arduino Nano in it. Use jumper wires to connect components across
different rows, columns, or power rails. Jumper wires are flexible and come with either male
or female ends that fit snugly into the breadboard. We can connect the VCC and GND rails to
your power source using these wires to distribute power across the board. A power supply (such
as a 9V battery, USB power, or a power supply module) is connected to the power rails to
distribute voltage across the entire circuit. Make sure to maintain correct polarity to avoid
damaging components (VCC to positive and GND to negative. A breadboard is an
indispensable tool for anyone involved in electronics. It allows rapid testing, prototyping, and
learning without the need for permanent connections or soldering. Whether you’re a beginner
or an experienced engineer, a breadboard simplifies circuit building and troubleshooting,
making it a key part of any electronics toolkit.

Fig : Breadboard

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5) 5V 1 CHANNEL RELAY

A 5V 1-Channel Relay Module is an electromechanical switch that allows you to control high-
voltage appliances and devices (AC or DC) with a low-voltage signal, typically from a
microcontroller like an Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or any other 5V logic circuit. The module is
specifically designed to control one device, such as lights, fans, motors, or other home
appliances. In Relay the input pins are VCC, GND and IN and in the output side there are 3
connectors that is NO, COM and NC. There are to led’s to indication of tripping they are red
and green for tripping red led is glow’s. The 5V 1-Channel Relay Module is a versatile and
essential component for controlling high-power devices safely from a low-voltage control
system like an Arduino or Raspberry Pi.

Fig: 5V 1 Channel Relay

6) 2 BULB

A bulb (or light bulb) is an electrical device that produces light when electric current passes
through it. Light bulbs are a fundamental component of modern electrical lighting systems
and come in various types, each with different technologies and applications. The invention
of the light bulb revolutionized the way humans light spaces, making it one of the most
significant innovations of the 19th century. In your project we use 2 blub as the load to the
protection system which glows in normal voltage and Tripp’s in over and under voltage.
The 2 blub’s are been connected in series.

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\\\\\\\\

Fig : 2 Blub

8) JUMPER WIRES (MALE TO FEMALE)

Jumper wires are simple wires used to establish electrical connections between components on
a breadboard, microcontroller, or other electronic devices. They are essential in prototyping,
testing, and creating temporary circuits without soldering. Male-to-female jumper wires have a
male connector (pin) on one end and a female connector (socket) on the other, making them
versatile for connecting different types of devices. The male end has a metal pin, which can be
inserted into female headers, breadboards, or sockets on electronic devices. The female end has
a socket or receptacle, which can receive male pins from components like microcontroller
boards, sensors, or other jumper wires.

Fig : Jumper wires M-F

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CHAPTER 5

5. CONSTRUCTION /FABRICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP


Take a full or half breadboard and Insert properly Arduino Nano to any side of
breadboard then take voltage sensor and through the jumper wire male to female the female
side will go to VCC of Voltage sensor and male side will go to 5V pin of Nano and GND
will go to GND of Nano the out will go to A0 pin of Nano.

Now take 16x2 LCD with connected I2C module the VCC will go to Vin of Nano
and GND will be connected to the GND and the SDA pin will go to A4 pin of Nano and
SCL pin will go to A5 pin of Nano. Now take the relay VCC to Vin pin and GND to GND
of Nano and IN pin will go to D2 pin of Nano.

After connecting above connection now it's time to connect load and supply. The
two load are connected in series with each other the phase side of will be connected to NO
of relay and COM of relay will be shot with phase of Volatge sensor and neutral of load will
be connected to neutral of voltage sensor it's time to connect the supply the phase (red)wire
to L of Volatge sensor and neutral wire (black) to N of Volatge sensor.

Now cable of Arduino Nano one side will be inserted to Arduino Nano and another
USB side will be connected to USB port of Laptop this will active the Arduino Nano the
heart of the circuit by connecting the supply pin to the Ac source supply function of circuit
will be carried out.

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5.2 OPERATION OF OVER AND UNDER VOLTAGE

PROTECTION CIRCUIT

The usual AC supply voltage at our home is 230V. Due to the voltage fluctuations
according to the appliance load, it may vary. But it should be +2% tolerance. In case of an
increase of above 2% or vice versa, the attached load may get disconnected. To avoid this
problem, we developed an Overvoltage and Undervoltage protector.

When the supply voltage exceeds the specified limit, the relay operates and isolates
the load from the electrical circuit. After detecting the fluctuated voltage, an Analog signal of
the output voltage is sent to the Arduino. This voltage is unregulated and therefore it varies as
the input voltage varies.

Arduino Nano has five Analog input pins and thirteen digital pins. It has an inbuilt
Analog-Digital converter. So, five different loads can be connected at the same time. The 13th
pin contains an indication LED. Arduino takes an input voltage of 5 to 12 volts and gives an
output upto 5V. A preset value with tolerance is given to the Arduino. The Arduino compares
the preset value with the Analog read value at A0. If it lies within the limit the relay does not
operate.

If it doesn’t lie within the limits, the Arduino checks if it falls into inverse
characteristics or definite characteristics. The operating time for definite characteristics is
given as 5 seconds, i.e. the relay operates after 5 seconds of fault occurrence. If it falls into
inverse characteristics, the tripping time is to be calculated using the formula:

Where T = Trip Time

t = Time Multiplier
V = Voltage at A0
Vs = Source Voltage

When the trip time is set to zero, the relay will work and the circuit will be instantly
tripped. When operating in the inverse characteristics or the definite characteristics, if the
voltage comes back to the rated voltage, then the relay will go again in reset mode.

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CHAPTER 6

6.1 PROGRAM FOR ARDUINO NANO

#include <EmonLib.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

#include <Wire.h>
// Initialize the LCD with I2C address 0x27 (adjust if needed)
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);
EnergyMonitor emon1; // Create an instance
const int relayPin = 2; // relay connected to D2
const float overVoltageThreshold = 230.0; // Set your overvoltage threshold
const float underVoltageThreshold = 180.0; // Set your undervoltage threshold
void setup() {
pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin();
lcd.backlight();
// Display "Electro Gadget" centered on the second row
lcd.setCursor(3, 1);
lcd.print("Mini project");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
emon1.voltage(0, 234.26, 1.7); // Voltage: input pin, calibration, phase shift
}
void loop() {
emon1.calcVI(20, 2000); // Calculate voltage and current
float voltage = emon1.Vrms; // Extract the Vrms value
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Voltage: ");
lcd.print(voltage);
lcd.print("V");
if (voltage > overVoltageThreshold) {
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Status: Overvoltage");
digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH); // Turn off relay (cut off power)
}
else if (voltage < underVoltageThreshold) {
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Status: Undervoltage");

1);
lcd.print("Status: Normal "); 14
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digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH); // Turn off relay (cut off power)

}
else if (voltage < underVoltageThreshold) {
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Status: Undervoltage");
digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH); // Turn off relay (cut off power)
}
else {
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Status: Normal ");
digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW); // Turn on relay (normal operation)
}
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("Over Limit: ");
lcd.print(overVoltageThreshold);
lcd.print("V");
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("Under Limit: ");
lcd.print(underVoltageThreshold);
lcd.print("V");
delay(500); // Delay for stability
}

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6.2 ADVANTAGES

 Device Protection: Prevents damage to electrical and electronic devices by ensuring they
operate within their designed voltage range.

 Safety: Reduces the risk of electrical fires and other hazards associated with voltage
spikes or drops.

 System Stability: Maintains the stability and reliability of the electrical system by
preventing sudden voltage changes that could disrupt operations.

 Extended Equipment Lifespan: Helps prolong the lifespan of devices by protecting them
from voltage-induced stress and degradation.

 Cost Savings: Reduces the need for frequent repairs or replacements of damaged
equipment, leading to cost savings over time.

 Energy Efficiency: Ensures optimal performance and efficiency of electrical devices,

which can lead to energy savings.

 Automated Protection: These circuits automatically disconnect the load when an over-
voltage or under-voltage condition is detected, preventing the need for manual
intervention and reducing response time in emergencies.

 Compliance with Standards: Many industries are required to meet certain electrical
safety and performance standards. Voltage protection circuits ensure compliance with
regulations related to electrical safety, making them essential in commercial and
industrial applications.

 Reduced Downtime and Maintenance Costs: Preventing damage caused by voltage

fluctuations minimizes the need for frequent repairs or replacements. This results in
lower maintenance costs and less operational downtime.

 Improved Performance of Sensitive Electronics: Sensitive devices, such as

microcontrollers and sensors, require precise voltage levels for accurate operation. Over
and under voltage protection circuits ensure these components receive the correct
voltage, resulting in better performance and accuracy.

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CHAPTER 7

APPLICATION

1. Industrial Machinery :

Application: Protects motors, compressors, and heavy machinery from voltage surges or
drops that could damage components or lead to downtime.

Reason: Industrial machines often require precise voltage levels to operate efficiently, and
any deviation can cause overheating, stalling, or mechanical damage.

2. Home Appliances :

Application: Protects household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, washing

machines, and televisions from electrical fluctuations.

Reason: Over-voltage can damage the internal circuits of appliances, while under-voltage
can lead to poor performance or burnout of motors in devices like refrigerators and air
conditioners.

3. Renewable Energy Systems (Solar and Wind :

Application: Used in inverters, solar panels, and wind turbines to ensure stable voltage
output despite varying environmental conditions.

Reason: Solar and wind energy systems often produce fluctuating voltages based on
sunlight and wind speed, making voltage protection essential for the safety and efficiency of
these systems.

4. Power Distribution Systems :

Application: Installed in substations and power distribution networks to protect

transformers, switchgear, and other electrical infrastructure from voltage instability.

Reason: Fluctuations in grid voltage can damage large-scale power equipment, leading to
outages or expensive repairs.

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CHAPTER 8

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Over and under voltage protection circuits are essential components in modern
electrical systems, designed to protect devices and equipment from damage caused by
voltage fluctuations. These circuits automatically detect when the supply voltage rises
above or falls below a pre-defined safe operating range and respond by either disconnecting
the load or adjusting the voltage to within safe limits. This ensures that electrical systems
can continue functioning without the risk of overheating, breakdowns, or permanent damage
to sensitive components.

The application of these protection circuits is extensive, spanning various

industries and sectors. In industrial environments, they are crucial for safeguarding heavy
machinery, motors, and automation systems from voltage anomalies that could lead to
mechanical failures or costly downtime. For home appliances, such as refrigerators, air
conditioners, and washing machines, over and under voltage protection helps prevent
damage to internal components, extending the lifespan of these devices and ensuring safe
operation.

In renewable energy systems, such as solar panels and wind turbines, these
circuits play a critical role in managing the variable output of these sources. Voltage
protection ensures that fluctuations in generation do not affect connected equipment or the
broader power grid. Similarly, in power distribution systems, voltage protection is used to
prevent transformers, switchgear, and substations from damage due to irregular voltage
levels, helping maintain a reliable power supply.

Data centers, telecommunications systems, and healthcare facilities—where

continuous power and stable voltage are paramount—rely heavily on these circuits to ensure
the safe operation of servers, medical devices, and communication infrastructure. Any
voltage disturbance in these environments could lead to service interruptions, data loss, or
even life-threatening situations, making over and under voltage protection a critical element
of system design.

In conclusion, over and under voltage protection circuits are indispensable in

maintaining the reliability, safety, and efficiency of electrical systems. Their ability to
prevent damage from voltage fluctuations extends the lifespan of equipment, reduces
operational costs, and ensures compliance with electrical safety standards across a wide
range of industries and applications. Their role in protecting sensitive and expensive devices
makes them critical for both residential and industrial environments, providing peace of
mind and safeguarding investments. Over and under voltage protection circuits are essential
for maintaining stable and reliable operation of electrical systems in both everyday and
specialized environments, providing long-term benefits in terms of safety, cost savings, and
operational efficiency.

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CHAPTER 9

9.1 COST OF PROJECT

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9.2 REFERENCE

[Online] Available: https://circuitdiagrams.in/overvoltage-and-undervoltage-

protection-system/

[Online] Available: https://chat.openai.com/c/d8f39060-c1b2-49d2-855e-

d727acbcc7b1

[Online] Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstacle_avoidance

[Online] Available:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tI6JIllejVQ&t=1s

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