4.

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETIS

4.1 Simple phenomena of magnetis

Describe the attraction and repulsion between the poles of a magne

- Opposite poles attract
- i.e. south pole is attracted to north pol
- Similar poles repe
How may an object’s magnetism be induced (created)
- Place a magnetic object (e.g. one made from iron) into a magnetic el
- Object becomes a magnet (magnetism has been induced
- Magnetism is temporary as object loses its magnetism when it’s removed from magnetic eld
What are permanent magnets made from
- Magnetically hard material
- e.g. stee
- Keep magnetism once they have been magnetise
How is a magnetically hard material magnetised
- Placed in a magnetic el
What is a magnetically soft material
- Loses magnetism easil
- Forms temporary magnet
- e.g. soft iro
What is the difference between steel and iron’s magnetism
- Steel → hard magnetic material → retains magnetis
- Iron → soft magnetic material → loses magnetism
What is the difference between a magnetic and non-magnetic material
- Magnetic → material attracted by a magnet
- Non-magnetic → material not attracted by a magnet

Credit: Martin Bailey for SwH Learning

How To Draw Magnetic Field Lines Weak magnetic
field = field lines
widely spaced

Strong magnetic
field = field lines
close together
N S
Field lines do not
overlap

Arrows point from

North to South

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 De ne magnetic eld lin

- Region in which a magnetic pole experiences a forc
What causes an object to experience a magnetic force
- Interactions between magnetic eld
Where is the magnetic eld around a bar magnet strongest
- Strongest at the pole
- Magnetic eld lines closest togethe
Where is the magnetic eld around a bar magnet weakest
- Weaker as distance from the magnet increase
- Magnetic eld lines get further apar
What does the direction of a magnetic eld at a point show
- Direction of the force on the North pole of a magnet at that poin
How can magnetic eld lines be visualised
- Using plotting compasse
- Place plotting compass at end of magne
- Mark position of North end of compas
- North end will point to South pole of magne
- Place compass in new position, mark and repea
- Link marks together to nd the eld line patter
- Using iron ling
- Place magnet underneath sheet of pape
- Sprinkle iron llings over pape
- Tap paper gentl
- Iron lings will move to form eld line
What are the properties of a uniform magnetic eld
- Field lines are paralle
- Field lines are evenly space
Explain how to produce a uniform magnetic el
- Use two permanent magnets
- Place magnets close togethe
- Arrange with North facing South
Credit: Martin Bailey for SwH Learning

Drawing A Uniform Magnetic Field

Field lines parallel and evenly spaced

S N

At least three field lines drawn Arrows point from North to South

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 Credit: Martin Bailey for SwH Learning

Overlapping Magnetic Fields

S N N N

N S N S

S N N S

Describe the uses of permanent magnet

- Permanent magnets cannot be turned on and of
- Used for fridge doors, electric generator
Describe the uses of electromagnets
- Electromagnets only magnetic when a current is present (see section 4.5
- Can be turned on and of
- Electric bells, remote door locks, motor
4.2 Electrical quantitie

4.2.1 Electric charg

What are the two types of charge

- Positive and negativ
What happens when two like charges are brought near each other
- They repel each othe
What happens when two opposite charges are brought near each other
- They attract each othe
Describe a simple experiment to show the production of electrostatic charges by friction
- Rub a balloon on a dry surface (e.g. your t-shirt, a carpet
- Hold balloon next to running ta
- Water will bend towards balloo
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 Describe a simple experiment to show the detection of electrostatic charge

- Use a gold leaf electroscop
- When uncharged, gold leaf hangs straight dow
- Charge a polythene rod by rubbing with a clot
- Hold near gold lea
- Leaf will be repelled, moving away from the ro
Provide some examples of electrical conductor
- Metal
- Graphit
Provide some examples of electrical insulator
- Plasti
- Woo
- Woo
How may a substance become charged by friction
- Frictions causes transfer of electrons (only
How is a positive electrostatic charge produced
- Through loss of negatively charged electron
How is a negative electrostatic charge produced
- Through gain of negatively changed electron
Describe how to produce a negatively charged plastic ro
- Rub rod with another insulato
- e.g. a clot
- Electrons transferred from cloth to plastic ro
Describe an experiment to distinguish between electrical conductors and insulator
- Set up electric circuit including a cell, ammeter and light bul
- Connect a wire from the cell to material being teste
- Connect another wire from the material to the bulb and complete the circui
- If bulb lights up/ammeter shows a reading → material is a conducto
- If bulb does not light up/ammeter shows no reading → material is an insulato
Use a simple electron model to explain the difference between a conductor and an insulato
- Conductors have free (delocalised) electron
- Electrons free to move → allows current to o
- Outermost electrons can be transferred by frictio
- e.g. metals are good conductors as they have many free electron
- Insulators have no free electron
- Charge cannot ow through an insulator easil
- e.g. rubber, glass are good insulator
What is the unit of charge
- Coulombs (C
What as an electric eld
- Region in which an electric charge experiences a forc
What is meant by the direction of an electric eld
- Direction of the force on a positive charg

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Which direction do electric eld lines point

- Towards negative charges (and away from positive charges
What is a charged conducting sphere
- Sphere with evenly distributed like charges on surfac
- Charges repel as they are the same
- Surface is conducting so charges can move and repel equall

Credit: Martin Bailey for SwH Learning

Simple Electric Field Patterns
Around A Point Charge

Around A Charged Conducting Sphere

Between Two Oppositely Charged Parallel Conducting Plates

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Magnetism and electromagnetism

Magnetism
• What is the difference between steel and iron’s magnetism?
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• Define magnetic field line

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• Draw the magnetic field around a bar magnet

N S

• What are the properties of a uniform magnetic field?

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• Draw a magnetic field line around a wire carrying a current (use the right hand grip rule)

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• How may an object’s magnetism be induced (created)?
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Electromagnetism
• How is a simple electromagnet constructed?
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• What is a solenoid?
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• How can the magnetic field around a current carrying wire be made stronger?
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• How can the magnetic field around a solenoid be made stronger?

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• Describe the movement of a charged particles in a magnetic field

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• Explain why a force is experienced by a wire when a current flows through it

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