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GENERAL AWARENESS
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Classical Dance ™ Alarippu is a traditional component of the Bharatanatyam

dance form.
Origin of Classical Dance ™ Bharatanatyam is one of the classical dance styles
™ Ancient Roots: Dance in India traces back to Indus associated with the Vazhvoor tradition.
Valley Civilization (2500–1500 BCE) – evidenced by ™ The seven traditional segments of Bharatanatyam are
the bronze dancer of Mohenjodaro and a dancing figure Pushpanjali, Alarippu, Jatiswaram, Shabdam, Varnam,
from Harappa. Padam, and Tillana.
™ Vedic Period: References to dance and music are found ™ Bharatanatyam is known as Ekaharya, where a single
in the Vedas, especially Rigveda and Samaveda. dancer portrays multiple roles in a performance.
™ Natyashastra: The first comprehensive text on Indian ™ It is also referred to as ‘Agni Nritya’ because many of its
dance is Bharat Muni’s Natyashastra (2nd century postures resemble the shape of flames.

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BCE–2nd century CE), also called the fifth Veda. ™ Renowned artists like E. Krishna Iyer, Bala Saraswati
‰ It integrates speech, music, gestures, and emotions. and Rukmini Devi Arundale played a key role in reviving
Components of Dance: and promoting Bharatnatyam in the modern era.

™ Natya – dramatic element Kathak

™ Nritya – expressive dance (bhava + rasa) ™ Kathak is a classical dance form of North India (Mainly
™ Nritta – pure dance (rhythmic movement) UP), derived from the word Katha, meaning “story”, and
originated as a storytelling tradition through gestures and
Navarasa (Nine Emotions): mime.
™ Shringaara (Love), Haasya (Laughter), Karuna ™ It evolved during the Bhakti movement in the 15th
(Compassion), Veera (Courage), Roudra (Anger), century, particularly in the Braj region, with themes
Bhayanak (Fear), Bibhatsa (Disgust), Adbhuta (Wonder), based on Radha-Krishna devotion and the works of
Shaanta (Peace). Mirabai, Surdas, etc.
Types of Dance: ™ The Raslila tradition helped in shaping its narrative
™ Tandava: Vigorous, masculine dance elements.
™ Lasya: Graceful, feminine ™ During the Mughal period, Kathak moved from temples
to royal courts, becoming a refined, expressive dance
™ Expression Techniques: Abhinaya includes Angika
with emphasis on bhava and graceful movements.
(body), Vachika (speech), Aharya (costume), and
Satvika (emotion). ™ In the 19th century, Kathak flourished under Wajid Ali
™ Forms Developed from Musical Plays: Classical dance Shah, who established the Lucknow gharana, known for
forms like Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kuchipudi, its emotive style.
Manipuri, Kathakali, Sattriya evolved between 12th– ™ Other major gharanas include the Jaipur gharana
19th century from regional sangeet-natakas (musical (rhythmic footwork) and Benaras gharana.
plays). ™ Kathak is performed in an upright posture, using flat-
™ According to the Sangeet Natak Akademi, there are eight footed intricate footwork, pirouettes (chakkars), and
classical dance forms in India. ghungroos for rhythm.
Bharatanatyam ™ Nritta (pure dance) and nritya (expressional dance) are
both essential parts, with improvisation playing a major
™ The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of role.
the main sources for understanding the technique and
™ Mime pieces like gata, tumri, bhajan, and dadra are used
grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam.
for storytelling, mostly based on Krishna’s life.
™ Visual evidence of this dance is found in sculptures
™ Kathak is the only Indian classical dance form based
and temple carvings, especially on the gopurams of the
on Hindustani music, blending both Hindu and Muslim
Chidambaram temple in Tamil Nadu.
artistic traditions.
™ Bharatanatyam is the oldest classical dance form
™ Lady Leela Sokhey (Menaka) revived the classical style.
(Shastriya Nritya) of India.
Some prominent dancers include Birju Maharaj, Lacchu
™ It originated in the present-day southern state of Tamil Maharaj, Sitara Devi.
Nadu.
™ Bharatanatyam is considered the ‘Mother of other
classical dances’ of India.

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Odissi ™ Initially performed by male Brahmin boys, including

™ Odissi is a classical dance form from Odisha, known for female impersonation, and later received royal patronage
its sensuous and lyrical movements, expressing themes from the Nawab of Golconda in 1675 CE.
of love, devotion, and spirituality. ™ The tradition continued through generations; later
™ Its earliest reference is found in the Natya Shastra as reformers like Lakshminarayan Shastry introduced solo
Odhra Magadha, and archaeological evidence dates back performances and allowed female dancers.
to the 2nd century BCE (Udayagiri–Khandagiri caves). ™ The solo items are Manduka Shabdam (story of frog
™ It flourished in temples like the Konark Sun Temple maiden), Balgopala Taranga (dance on the edges of brass
(13th century), where dance sculptures inspired later plate with a pitcher full of water on head) and Tala Chitra
Odissi traditions. Nritya (drawing pictures with dancing toes).
™ Yamini Krishnamurthy and Raja Reddy are prominent
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™ Initially performed by Maharis (female temple dancers),

later preserved by Gotipuas (young boys dressed as dancers.
females). Kathakali
™ Texts like Abhinaya Darpana Prakasha, Abhinaya ™ Kathakali is a classical dance-drama from Kerala, known
Chandrika, and the Gita Govinda by Jayadeva deeply for its elaborate costumes, vivid facial expressions, and
influenced its technique and themes. dramatic storytelling.
™ Odissi follows Natya Shastra rules and uses facial ™ It evolved from earlier ritual arts like Chakiarkoothu,
expressions, hand gestures, and body movements to Koodiyattam, Krishnattam, and Ramanattam in the 17th
express the Navarasas. century.
™ Key postures include Chowk (masculine) and Tribhanga ™ The attakkathasor stories are selected from the epics and
(feminine), with emphasis on torso movement and myths and are written in a highly Sanskritised verse form
circular leg movements. in Malayalam.
™ Hand gestures (mudras) are used in both nritta (pure ™ Kathakali blends nritta (pure dance), nritya (expressional
dance) and nritya (expressional dance). dance), and natya (drama), with the four abhinayas –
™ The traditional sequence includes: angika, vachika, aharya, and satvika.
™ The dance uses hastamudras (hand gestures), facial
‰ Mangalacharan (invocation)
expressions, and follows texts like Balarama Bharatam
‰ Batu (pure dance in praise of Shiva) and Hastalakshana Deepika.
‰ Pallavi (musical elaboration) ™ Kathakali is a visual art where aharya, costume and
‰ Abhinaya (interpretation of poetry, especially Gita make-up are suited to the characters, as per the tenets
Govinda) laid down in the Natya Shastra.
‰ Moksha (finale seeking spiritual liberation) ™ Character types are:
™ The music is based on Odissi classical music, using ‰ Pacha (green face – noble characters like Rama,
instruments like pakhawaj, flute, sitar/violin, manjira, Krishna)
and vocals.
‰ Kathi (knife – anti-heroes like Ravana)
™ Kelucharan Mohapatra is credited with reviving the
‰ Thadi (beard – red: fierce; white: Hanuman; black:
Odissi classical dance form of India.
hunters)
™ In 1993, he established the ‘Srjan’ (Guru Kelucharan
Mohapatra Odissi Nrityabasa) in Bhubaneswar to train ‰ Kari (black-faced – forest dwellers)
students in Odissi dance. ‰ Minukku (gentle – sages and women)

Kuchipudi ™ Make-up includes teppu, chuttikuthu, and uduthukettu

(costume dressing with large skirts).
™ Kuchipudi is a classical dance form from Andhra
™ Performances start with Kelikottu (announcement),
Pradesh, named after the village Kuchipudi in Krishna
followed by Todayam (invocation), Purappadu (pure
district.
dance), and Tiranokku (character entry).
™ It evolved from the Yakshagana dance-drama tradition
™ Ramankutty Nair and Kalamandalam Gopi were the
and was systematised in the 17th century by Siddhendra
prominent artists.
Yogi, a Vaishnava poet.
™ He composed the famous Bhaamaakalaapam, based Mohiniyattam
on a dream where Lord Krishna asked him to bring ™ Mohiniyattam is the classical solo dance form of Kerala,
the paarijaata flower for his most beloved queen, derived from Mohini, the celestial enchantress form of
Satyabhama. Lord Vishnu.

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™ It evolved in the temples of Kerala and was traditionally ™ The dance is governed by classical norms in hastamudras
performed by female temple dancers known as Deva- (hand gestures), footwork, aharya (costume), and music.
Adi-Achi, Dasi, Koothachi, etc. ™ It has two main streams:
™ Early references are found in the texts Vyavaharamala ‰ Bhaona-related dances – starting from Gayan-
written in 1709 by Mazhamagalam Narayanan Namputiri
Bhayanar Nach to Kharmanar Nach
and in Ghoshayatra, written later by poet Kunjan
Nambiar. ‰ Independent dance numbers – such as Chali,

™ It is generally a solo dance performed by women. Rajagharia Chali, Jhumura, Nadu Bhangi
™ The dance was systematised by Maharaja Kartika ‘ – Chali is graceful and elegant
Tirunal and Maharaja Swati Tirunal in the 18th–19th ‘ – Jhumura is vigorous and majestic
century, who structured its repertoire and promoted it in ™ Mati-Akhora is related to the classical dance form
the Travancore court.

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Sattriya of India.
™ Dance features:
‰ – Lasya-dominated, soft, feminine style
Manipuri
‰ – Graceful swaying body movements, no leaps or ™ Manipuri is a classical dance form from Manipur, rooted
jerks in ancient rituals and indigenous festivals.
‰ – Emphasis on Mukhabhinaya (facial expression) and ™ Manipuri dance, a classical dance form of North-East
hand gestures (24 mudras) India, features Radha, Krishna, and the Gopis as its main
‰ – Inspired by Nangiar Koothu, Kaikottikali,
characters.
Tiruvatirakali ™ The major festival associated with this dance is Lai
‰ – Realistic (lokadharmi) expressions over dramatic
Haraoba.
styles ™ The earliest form is Lai Haraoba (pre-Vaishnavite),
™ Repertoire includes: performed by Maibas and Maibis (priests and priestesses),
symbolising creation through song and dance.
‰ – Chollukettu, Jatiswaram, Padavarnam, Padam,
Tillana, Slokam ™ Vaishnavism was introduced in the 15th century, and
under King Bhagyachandra (18th century), Rasleela was
‰ – Pandattam and Omanathinkal (introduced by
formalised with unique costume, music, and structure.
Vallathol)
™ Popular forms include:
™ Mohiniyattam reflects grace, expression, and devotion,
‰ Rasleela – based on Radha-Krishna themes
with compositions focusing on Bhakti and Shringara
rasas. ‰ Sankirtana – group singing-dancing with Pung and

™ Edakka is the main percussion instrument used in the Kartal, including Choloms (vigorous male dance)
performance of Mohiniyattam dance. ‰ Thang-Ta – martial dance using swords, spears,

™ Sunanda Nair and Pallavi Krishnan are the notable artists. shields
™ V A Menon and Kalyani Amma are credited for reviving ™ Manipuri incorporates both Tandava and Lasya, known
Mohiniyattam on the world stage. for graceful body movements and natural expressions
(sarvangabhinaya over mukhabhinaya).
™ Kalyanikutty Amma is Known as ‘Mother of
Mohiniyattam’. ™ Dancers do not wear ankle bells to preserve delicate
movements.
Sattriya ™ The dance uses the Nagabandha posture, where the body
™ Sattriya is a classical dance form of Assam, introduced is curved in the shape of the number 8.
in the 15th century by Mahapurusha Sankaradeva, a ™ Music follows the Nat style (distinct Manipuri classical
Vaishnava saint and reformer, as a medium to spread singing); main instruments: Pung, Pena, flute, and
Vaishnavism. cymbals.
™ It was preserved and developed within Sattras (Vaishnava ™ Jayadeva’s Geeta Govinda (Ashtapadis) is central to the
monasteries), hence named Sattriya. repertoire.
™ Sankaradeva integrated elements from classical treatises,
Ojapali, and Devadasi dance traditions, as well as
Assamese folk dances like Bihu and Bodo dance.
™ Two types of Ojapali – Sukananni (Shakti cult) and Vyah
Goa (Vaishnava cult) influenced Sattriya; the latter is still
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Classical Dance State Notable Dancers

Alarmel Worli, Yamini Krishnamurthy, T Bala Saraswati, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Sonal
Bharatanatyam Tamil Nadu Mansingh, Rukmini Devi Arundel, Priyadarshini Govind, Leela Samson, Saroj
Vaidyanath
Birju Maharaj, Lachchu Maharaj, Sukhdev Maharaj Bindadin Maharaj, Achchan
Kathak Uttar Pradesh Maharaj, Sitara Devi, Shobhana Narayan, Pandit Gauri Shankar, Shashwati Sen,
Urmila Nagar

Mohan Mahapatra, Kelucharan Mohapatra, Sanjukta Panigrahi, Sonal Maan Singh,

Odissi Odisha
Pankaj Charan Das, Priyambada Mohanty, Kumkum Mohanty
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Guru Vempati Chinna, Yamini Krishnamurthy, Radha Reddy, Raja Reddy, Vedantam
Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh
Satyanarayana, Indrani Rahman

Mrinalini Sarabhai, Uday Shankar, Shanta Rao, Krishna Nair, Anand Sivaraman,
Kathakali Kerala
Vallathol Narayan Menon, Chemancheri Kunhiraman Nair

Hema Malini, Sridevi, Kalyani Amma, Ragini Devi, Bharathi Shivaji, Shantha Rao,
Mohiniyattam Kerala
Kanaka Relay, Sunanda Nair

Guru Bipin Singh, Akham Lakshmi, Jhaveri sisters (Naina, Suvarna, Ranjana and
Manipuri Manipur Darshana), Kalavati Devi, Charu Mathur, Jamuna Devi, Ojha Babu Singh, Kalavati
Devi, Bimbavati
Rameshwar Saikia, Haricharan Saikia, Jeebeshwar Goswami, Gahan Chandra
Sattriya Assam Goswami, Gopiram Barbayan, Manik Barbayan, Krishnakshi Kashyap and Sunil
Kothari
Folk dance ™ Shondol Dance was traditionally performed by
Takshosma, the women dancers of the royal court, to
Jammu and Kashmir praise and greet the King and his family.
™ Dance Names – Dumhal, Rauf, Hikkat, Bhand Pather ™ Chabskyan Dance is a special dance performed by men
balancing brass jugs filled with Chang (a local brew) on
™ Dumhal (or Dhamali) is a popular folk dance of the
Kashmir Valley, performed exclusively by men. their heads to entertain kings and ministers.
™ Rauf Dance is a traditional dance of Kashmir, performed Himachal Pradesh
during the harvest season and in the month of Ramadan.
™ Dance Names – Nati, Chham, Dangi, Padua Gidda,
™ Hikkat Dance is performed by young boys and girls
Deepak, Sikri, Burah, Jhamakda
without using any musical instruments.
™ Nati Folk Dance is a popular folk dance in the Kullu,
™ Bhand Pather is a folk drama of Kashmir, presented
Sirmaur, Mandi, and Shimla districts of Himachal
using local idioms and symbolic expressions.
Pradesh, also known as “Mahasu”.
™ Yakari is a traditional form of music prevalent in Jammu
™ Chham Dance is performed by monks or lamas in front
and Kashmir.
of monasteries during religious occasions as a tribute to
™ Ladishah is a satirical musical tradition in Kashmir that Lord Buddha.
comments on current social and political issues. ™ Dangi Folk Dance is a well-liked folk dance performed
™ Sufiana Kalam is the classical music form of Kashmir. at night in Himachal Pradesh as a thanksgiving to local
deities or “Lok Devtas”.
Ladakh
™ Padua Gidda is performed on the arrival of the bride to
™ Dance Names – Spao, Mentok Stanmo, Shondol, her house during marriage celebrations.
Chabskyan ™ Deepak Dance is performed on various occasions to
™ Spao Dance is dedicated to the famous epic hero Gyalam please the village deity.
Kesar and other legendary warriors. ™ Sikri Dance is performed by women of Chamba during
™ Mentok Stanmo Dance is a popular dance in Ladakh, the Shushi Mata fair.
performed to celebrate the arrival of summer after a long ™ Burah Dance is a war-skill dance performed with an
and harsh winter. axe.
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™ Jhamakda Dance is a popular dance of Kangra, ™ Dandiya Raas is a stick dance performed during Navratri
performed during marriage celebrations. in Gujarat, where the sticks represent the sword of
Goddess Durga.
Uttarakhand
™ Garba is a popular folk dance of Gujarat, performed in
™ Dance Names – Chapeli, Tharu, Jhoda, Harkiya Baul, circular movements during festivals, especially Navratri.
Langarveer, Dandala, Ghusak, Dhuranga
™ Bhavai Dance is considered the dance of emotions,
™ Chapeli Folk Dance is practiced in the Kumaon region involving dramatic expressions and balancing acts.
of the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand.
™ Rathwa ni Gher is performed by the Rathwa tribe of
™ Tharu Dance is performed when the bride goes to her Gujarat on the occasion of Holi.
maternal home for the first time after marriage.
™ Tadvi Dance is performed by the Tadvi community
™ Jhoda Dance is performed on the full moon night during of Panch Mahal, Bharuch, and Vadodara during Holi

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Holi in the Kumaon region. celebrations.
™ Harkiya Baul is a community dance of Kumaon, ™ Jaag Nritya is a ritualistic dance performed by the Koli
performed during the sowing season. tribe, using a vessel filled with sprouted wheat or barley.
™ Langarveer Dance is performed by men in the Garhwal ™ Aleni Haleni Dance is performed by Bhil women of the
region and resembles physical exercise. Tadvi community to celebrate the arrival of spring.
™ Dandala, Ghusak, and Dhuranga are tribal dances of ™ Dholo Rado is a farmer’s dance performed by the Koli
Uttarakhand similar to the Garba of Gujarat, performed community of Gohilwad.
by the Bhotia tribe.
™ Talwaar Dance is a traditional war dance performed in
Punjab the Dahod region of Gujarat.
™ Dance Names – Jhumar, Luddi, Gidda, Bhangra Madhya Pradesh
™ Jhumar Dance is a vibrant dance form from Punjab’s ™ Dance Names – Bhagoria, Laru Kaj, Badhai, Naurata,
Sandalbar region, performed by both males and females Ahirai, Matki
with skilled footwork, graceful hand gestures, and
™ Bhagoria Dance is celebrated on the occasion of Holi by
coordinated group movements.
the Bhil, Bhilala, and Pateliya tribes of Madhya Pradesh,
™ Luddi is a popular folk dance of Punjab. Rajasthan, and Maharashtra.
™ Gidda is performed by women in Punjab during marriage ™ Laru Kaj is performed by the Gond community of
ceremonies, Teej festival, Mundan, and harvest season. Madhya Pradesh in honor of their main deity Narayan
™ Bhangra dance is performed during Baisakhi. Dev.
Rajasthan ™ Badhai Dance is performed in Bundelkhand by men and
women to the tune of musical instruments on auspicious
™ Dance Names – Bhavai, Kalbelia, Ghoomar, Terataal occasions like birth and marriage.
™ Bhavai is a famous folk dance of western India, ™ Naurata is a dance performed by unmarried girls during
especially Gujarat and Rajasthan, also known as ‘Vesh’ the 9 days of Navratri in Bundelkhand, praying for a
or ‘Swanga’. good groom.
™ Kalbelia Dance is a renowned folk dance of Rajasthan, ™ Ahirai Dance is performed by the people of the Bharia
performed by women, and was included in UNESCO’s tribe of Madhya Pradesh on auspicious occasions.
Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2010.
™ Matki Dance is a popular dance of the Malwa region
‰ The Kalbelia are the snake charmer community of
of Madhya Pradesh, performed by women on auspicious
Rajasthan. occasions to the beat of drum and matki.
™ Ghoomar Dance is a community dance of the Rajputs of
Rajasthan, performed by women. Chhattisgarh
™ Terataal Dance is a religious dance performed by the ™ Dance Names – Panthi, Saila, Suwa/Soowa, Karma
Kamada tribe of Rajasthan in honor of their folk hero ™ Panthi Dance is a popular dance form of Chhattisgarh,
Baba Shri Ramdev. performed by the Satnami community.
Gujarat ™ Saila Dance is a tribal dance of the Gond tribe in
Chhattisgarh, performed after the harvesting of crops.
™ Dance Names – Dandiya Raas, Garba, Bhavai, Rathwa
™ Suwa/Soowa Dance, also known as the parrot dance,
ni Gher, Tadvi, Jaag Nritya, Aleni Haleni, Dholo Rado,
is performed by women during Diwali in homage to
Talwaar Dance
Goddess Lakshmi.

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™ Karma Dance holds religious significance in ™ Chhau Dance originated in the forests of 18th century
Chhattisgarh, where men and women form a circle and Odisha and evolved into a martial arts-based masked
dance around the sacred Karam tree, distributing its dance, depicting themes from epics and folk tales.
branch among dancers as a mark of reverence. ™ Gotipua Dance is performed in Odisha in praise of Lord
™ The Karam tree is considered sacred and symbolizes Jagannath.
prosperity and fertility in tribal culture. ™ Daskathia Dance is a tribal dance of Odisha performed
by two men, depicting historical and mythological
Maharashtra stories.
™ Dance Names – Dhangari Gaja, Kala, Lavani, Tamasha, ™ Dalkhai Dance is a folk dance of Odisha, performed by
Dindi, Powada, Vaghyaya Murali, Koli the Saura, Bijhal, Kuda, and Nido tribes during Holi.
™ Dhangari Gaja is a dance performed by the Gadaria ™ Bagh Nritya (Tiger Dance) is a male-only traditional
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dance of Ganjam district, performed during the month

caste in Solapur district of Maharashtra in honor of their
of Chaitra.
god Biruba.
™ Rasarkeli is a famous folk song of Odisha sung for
™ Kala Dance symbolizes fertility and expresses the mood entertainment.
of Lord Krishna. ™ Ranapa Dance is a martial dance prevalent in the
™ Lavani is one of the most popular folk dances of India, Ganjam district of Odisha.
prevalent in Maharashtra, and gained fame during the ™ Ghumura Dance is a popular traditional dance of the
Peshwa rule in the 18th century. tribes of Kalahandi district in Odisha.
™ Tamasha is performed by the Kolhati community of
Telangana
Maharashtra and includes singing of mythological
stories. ™ Dance Names – Mathuri, Lambadi, Perini Thandavam
™ Dindi Dance is a famous spiritual folk dance of ™ Mathuri Dance is a folk dance practiced in Telangana
Marathwada, performed on Kartik Ekadashi, depicting during the month of Sawan.
the childhood pastimes of Lord Shri Krishna. ™ Lambadi Dance is a traditional dance of Telangana
™ Powada is a dance performed in honor of the heroic and Andhra Pradesh, performed by the semi-nomadic
deeds of Chhatrapati Shivaji. Lambadi, Banjara, and Sengali tribes.
™ Vaghyaya Murali is performed in Maharashtra in honor ™ Perini Thandavam is a traditional warrior dance style
of Lord Khandoba. of Telangana, typically performed by men, and known as
™ Koli Dance is associated with the fishermen community the ‘Dance of Warriors’.
of Maharashtra. ™ The Bathukamma dance, a vibrant floral festival, is
predominantly celebrated in Telangana, and some parts
Jharkhand of Andhra Pradesh.
™ Dance Names – Alkap, Kadas, Jhika Dasain, Mundari,
Andhra Pradesh
Agni Nritya, Paika
™ Alkap is a rural-based folk dance related to Lord Shiva, ™ Dance Names – Dhimsa, Gobbi, Butta Bommalu,
performed by a group of 10 to 12 dancers in the Rajmahal Bonalu, Vilasini Natyam, Veeranatyam, Thappetta Gullu
Hills of Jharkhand. ™ Dhimsa Dance is a tribal dance of Andhra Pradesh,
™ Kadas Dance is a female-dominated dance of Jharkhand, mainly performed by the women of the Porja community.
performed with Kalash (earthen pot). ™ Gobbi Dance is a traditional dance performed during the
™ Jhika Dasain is a dance performed by the Santhal tribe Sankranti festival, where house courtyards are cleaned
of Jharkhand. and decorated.
™ Mundari Dance is performed by the Munda community ™ Butta Bommalu Dance, also known as the Mask Dance,
of Jharkhand on the occasion of the arrival of newlyweds involves costumes made of bamboo sticks, cow dung,
for marriage. paint, and dry grass.
™ Agni Nritya is organized in Jharkhand in honor of Agni ™ Bonalu Dance is performed by female folk balancing
on the occasion of Bipu or Manda Puja. decorated pots on their heads.
™ Paika Dance is a type of martial (combat) dance popular ™ Vilasini Natyam is a traditional dance of the Devadasis,
in Jharkhand and Odisha. while Veeranatyam is the “dance of the brave” with deep
religious significance, both famous in Andhra Pradesh.
Odisha ™ Thappetta Gullu is a traditional dance from the
™ Dance Names – Chhau, Gotipua, Daskathia, Dalkhai, Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, involving over 10
Bagh Nritya, Rasarkeli, Ranapa, Ghumura
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performers and based on stories from the Mahabharata ™ Thullal is a solo satirical dance, originated by poet
and Ramayana, performed in worship of their traditional Kanchan Nambiar in the 18th century.
goddess. ™ Kummattikali is a mask and tribal dance, performed in
the Malabar region of Kerala.
Karnataka
™ Dance Names – Yakshagana, Dollu Kunitha, Ummat- North-East Folk Dance
Aat, Kamsale, Bolak Aat, Veeragase, Bayalata
™ Pung Cholom is a Manipuri folk dance meaning ‘Roar
™ Yakshagana is a rural dance drama of Karnataka that
of the drums’, performed by both men and women,
features stories from the Ramayana, Mahabharata,
often depicting Raas Leela with the use of a drum-like
and Puranas, accompanied by the musical instrument
instrument called ‘pung’.
‘Chand’.
™ Hojagiri dance is performed by the Reang tribe of Tripura

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™ Dollu Kunitha is a popular traditional dance of
during Lakshmi Puja.
Karnataka, performed by Kuruba men using large drums,
and is among the most famous folk dances of the state. ™ Sangrai is a folk dance performed by the Mog tribe of
Tripura during the Sangrai festival.
™ Ummat-Aat is a traditional Kodava folk dance from
Karnataka’s Kurg district, performed by women in ™ Cheraw Dance is a traditional folk dance of Mizoram,
traditional attire with cymbals. also known as the bamboo dance.
™ Kamsale is a devotional dance form of Karnataka, ™ Behdienkhlam is the key dance festival of the Jaintia
performed in praise of Lord Shiva, mainly by dancers of tribes in Meghalaya, celebrated for good health, wealth,
the Kuruba community. and harvest, especially by the Pnar people following the
Niamtre tradition.
™ Bolak Aat is a Kodava men’s dance, performed in open
fields of Kodagu region, under the light of oil lamps. ™ Yak Dance is a mask dance performed by Buddhist
tribes in Arunachal Pradesh during the Losar Festival,
™ Veeragase is performed during the Dussehra festival,
symbolizing wealth and prosperity.
and is especially popular during the months of Shravan
and Kartik. ™ Popir is an indigenous dance of the Adi tribes in
Arunachal Pradesh, resembling Ponung dance, and
™ Bayalata is a prominent folk dance drama of Karnataka,
commonly performed during the Mopin Festival.
performed with music and dialogue, and symbolizes the
end of the harvest season in South Karnataka. ™ Changai Dance is related to the state of Nagaland.
™ Nongkrem Dance is a traditional Khasi dance in
Tamil Nadu Meghalaya, performed during the 5-day Wangala festival
™ Dance Names – Devarattam, Karakattam, Villupattu by unmarried Khasi girls and men to celebrate the harvest
™ Devarattam is a folk dance performed by the Kambala season.
Nayakr community in Tamil Nadu, involving the use of Folk Music
the ‘urumi’ musical instrument.
™ Karakattam is an ancient folk dance of Tamil Nadu, ™ Important Regional Music Forms
performed in worship of Mariamman, the rain goddess. Uttar Pradesh
™ Villupattu is a folk dance of Tamil Nadu where
™ Rasiya Geet: From Braj; associated with Krishna Leela.
performers use Villu (bow) as the main instrument to
narrate stories through songs. ™ Alha: Heroic tales of Alha-Udal, Bundelkhand region.
™ Hori: Associated with Holi festival and Radha-Krishna.
Kerala
™ Sohar: Sung at childbirth; shows Hindu-Muslim cultural
™ Dance Names – Koothu, Kuttiyattam, Duffmuttu, fusion.
Thullal, Kummattikali
™ Kajri: Monsoon songs sung by women in Bhadra month.
™ Koothu is a ritual dance of Kerala, based on stories from
the Ramayana and Mahabharata, performed by women Madhya Pradesh
of the Chakkiyar community.
™ Aalha: (Also sung in UP) Veer Gatha of Alha-Udal,
™ Kuttiyattam is a traditional dance drama of Kerala,
popular in Bundelkhand.
performed jointly by men and women of the Chakyar
community, and promoted by Ammannur Madhava ™ Pai Song: Sung during rainy festivals for good monsoon;
Chakyar. performed with Saira dance.
™ Duffmuttu is a mass performance of the Muslim
community in the Malabar region, organized on occasions
like marriage.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Rajasthan Odisha
™ Maand: Court music glorifying Rajput rulers, semi- ™ Daskathia: Devotional ballads using wooden clappers
classical form. (Kathi).
™ Pankhida: Love songs sung in fields. Kerala
™ Lotia: Women’s song during Chaitra month, water-
™ Bhuta Songs: Associated with spirit rituals and
fetching ritual.
superstitions.
™ Panihari: Sung by women about water scarcity and
distance from well to home. Andhra Pradesh
™ Teej Songs: Celebrate monsoon, greenery, and union of ™ Burrakatha: Dramatic story-songs; solo narration with
Shiva-Parvati. tambura.
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Chhattisgarh Manipur
™ Pandwani: Based on Mahabharata; Teejan Bai is the ™ Sana Lamok: Sung during coronation, invokes deity
most famous performer. Pakhangba.
‰ Teejan Bai – Padma Shri & Padma Vibhushan ™ Lai Haraoba Songs: Performed for Umang-Lai, includes
recipient. Ougri Hangen and Heijing Hirao.
Jammu & Kashmir Mizoram
™ Chhakri: Popular group song with instruments like rabab, ™ Saikuti Zai: Composed by Saikuti, praises warriors and
sarangi, tumbaknari. hunters.
™ Vanavan: Sung during marriage ceremonies in J&K UT. ™ Chai Hia: Songs sung during Chai Dance at Chapchar
™ Bhakha: Sung during harvest, known for melodic Kut festival.
richness.
Uttarakhand (Kumaon & Garhwal)
Punjab ™ Shakunakhar: Ritual songs sung by women for auspicious
™ Tappa: Semi-classical form with fast, rhythmic notes; events.
origin in camel riders’ folk tunes. ™ Barhamasa: Represents the 12 months with emotional
tones.
Maharashtra
™ Ghasiyari Geet: Sung by women while gathering grass,
™ Powada: Heroic ballads praising rulers like Shivaji; sung stresses labour.
by Shahirs with duff.
™ Basanti Geet: Celebrate spring and Basant Panchami.
™ Ovi: Sung by women during weddings and pregnancies.
Tamil Nadu
Goa
™ Villu Pattu: “Bow songs” with religious storytelling.
™ Mando: Courtly love and resistance songs influenced by
™ Ammanaivari: Praise songs for Chola kings, sung during
Portuguese period.
ball game Ammanai.
™ Ovi: (Also sung in Maharashtra), performed during
household rituals. Folk Drama
Assam
™ Daskathia is a famous theater art of Odisha.
™ Bihu Songs: Sung during Bihu festival, symbolic of ™ Garogh is the theatrical art of the Garogh community
fertility and romance. living in Gujarat. It narrates the story of bravery.
™ Baul (shared with West Bengal): Spiritual songs blending ™ Machha is a famous folk theater art of Malwa region of
Sufi and Vaishnava themes. Madhya Pradesh which originated in Ujjain.
™ Notable Baul Singers: Yotin Das, Naboni Das, Sanatan ™ Chandaini-Gonda is a folk theater popular in Dantewada
Das Thakur. district of Chhattisgarh, which includes dialogue, songs
West Bengal and dances and is based on mythological stories.
™ Baul: Known for Sufi-Vaishnava fusion, popular in ™ Powada is a drama performed in Maharashtra. In this,
Barak Valley and rural Bengal. this play is organized to praise the bravery of Shivaji
after he killed his opponent Afzal Khan.
™ Bhatiali: Sung by boatmen in riverine areas, also in
Bangladesh. ™ Burra katha is a popular folk drama in Andhra Pradesh.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Bayalata is a famous theater art of Karnataka, in which ™ Uniquely blends devotional themes with romantic and
local gods and goddesses are worshiped. social satire.
™ Ojapali and Ankiya Nat is a folk theater popular in the ™ Strong emphasis on dance as a medium of narration,
north-eastern state of Assam. especially foot movements.
Jatra (West Bengal)
Traditional Indian Theatre
™ A vibrant theatre tradition born from religious rituals
™ General Features of Traditional Theatre and fairs.
™ Combines: Acting, dialogue, music, dance, poetry. ™ Became popular under the influence of Chaitanya
™ Themes: Mythology, local legends, social satire, through Krishna Jatra.
community values. ™ Evolved from purely musical performances to include

STATIC GK
™ Features: spoken dialogues.
‰ Use of folk language and rhythm
Maach (Madhya Pradesh)
‰ Improvisation common
™ Name refers to both the stage (maach) and the
‰ Direct interaction with audience
performance.
‰ Simple stage design; often open-air
™ A musical drama where songs dominate over dialogues.
‰ Use of local instruments and folk tunes
™ Special terms:
‰ Important part of fairs, festivals, rituals
‰ Bol: Dialogue
™ Different Forms Of Traditional Theatre in India ‰ Vanag: Rhymed narration

Bhand Pather (Kashmir) ‰ Rangat: Tune or melody

™ A unique traditional theatre form from Kashmir, Bhaona (Assam)

combining dance, music, and acting.
™ Dramatic presentation of Ankia Naat, introduced by
™ Emphasizes satire, wit, and parody to evoke laughter Sankardeva.
and highlight social issues.
™ Combines cultural elements from Assam, Bengal,
™ Instruments used include the surnai (reed instrument), Orissa, Mathura, and Brindavan.
nagaara (drum), and dhol.
™ The Sutradhar (narrator) starts the play with Sanskrit,
™ Most performers belong to the farming community, and then shifts to Assamese or Brajboli.
their lifestyle, values, and emotions are deeply reflected
in the themes and performance. Tamaasha (Maharashtra)
Nautanki (Uttar Pradesh) ™ Evolved from Gondhal, Jagran, and Kirtan traditions.
™ Features Murki, the female lead, as the main dancer –
™ A popular folk theatre from UP, especially in Kanpur,
unique among traditional forms.
Lucknow, and Haathras. Characterized by the use of
poetic meters like Doha, Chaubola, Chhappai, Behar- ™ Known for vibrant dance, fast footwork, and vivid
e-tabeel. gestures.
™ Originally male-dominated, but later female artists like Dashavatar (Konkan and Goa)
Gulab Bai brought prominence to women’s participation.
™ Depicts the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu:
Raasleela (Braj Region, Uttar Pradesh) ‰ Matsya (fish), Kurma (tortoise), Varaha (boar),

™ A devotional theatre form based solely on the life and Narsimha (lion-man), Vamana (dwarf), Parashuram,
leelas of Lord Krishna. Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki.
™ Believed to have originated with the compositions of ™ Includes stylized makeup and masks made of wood
Nand Das. and papier-mâché.

Bhavai (Gujarat) Krishnattam (Kerala)

™ A traditional theatre form prominent in Kutch and ™ Introduced in the 17th century by King Manavada of
Kathiawar regions. Calicut.
™ Performances take place in open spaces and use ™ A cycle of 8 plays performed over 8 days, based on
instruments like bhungal, tabla, flute, pakhaawaj, rabaab, Krishna’s life and exploits.
sarangi, manjeera, etc. ™ Episodes include: Avataram, Kaliyamardana, Rasa

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Krida, Kamasavadha, Swayamvaram, Banasur Yuddha, Carnatic Style of Music

Vivida Vadham, Swargarohanam. ™ Purandar Das is considered as the founder of the Carnatic
Mudiyettu (Kerala) style of music.
™ Ritualistic theatre performed during Vrischikam (Nov– ™ The credit for the development of the Carnatic style goes
Dec) in Kali temples. mainly to three musicians named— Shyama Shastri,
Tyagaraja and Muthuswami Dikshitar.
™ Depicts the battle between Bhadrakali and the demon
Darika. ™ They are called the triratnas of Carnatic music.
™ Seven heavily made-up characters: Shiva, Narada, ™ Their period stands from 1700 to 1850 AD.
Darika, Danavendra, Bhadrakali, Kooli, Koimbidar ™ Apart from them three main exponents of Carnatic
(Nandikeshvara). Music were Kshetra Rajan, Swati Tirunal, Subramaniya
STATIC GK

Bharathi.
Koodiyaattam (Kerala)
™ Kalyani Varadarajan, Aruna Sairam, T M Krishna and
™ One of the oldest Sanskrit theatre traditions. Gayathri Girish, Semmangudi, Mallikarjun Mansur,
™ Key performers: Gangubai Hangal, Ramanuja Iyengar, Shrinivas Ayyar
‰ Chakyaar: Male actor
and M S Subbulakshmt are famous musicians of this
style of music.
‰ Naambiyaar: Percussionist

‰ Naangyaar: Female role player Khyal

‰ Vidushak: Jester – only character allowed to speak ™ Khyal is a Hindustani form of vocal music, adopted from
™ Emphasis on mudras (hand gestures) and eye movements. medieval Persian music.
™ Khyal, literally meaning “Thought” or “Imagination”.
Yakshagaana (Karnataka)
™ Khyals are also popular for depicting the emotions
™ Traditional theatre based on mythological stories and between two lovers, situations of ethological significance
Puranas. in Hinduism and Islam.
™ Popular stories include: ™ The origination of Khyal is controversial, Many argue
‰ From Mahabharata: Draupadi Swayamvar, that Amir Khusrau created the style in the late 16th
Abhimanyu Vadh, Karna-Arjun Yudh. century.
‰ From Ramayana: Rama’s coronation, Lav-Kush
Gharana
Yudh, Baali-Sugreev battle.
™ The word gharana is derived from the Urdu/Hindi word
Therukoothu (Tamil Nadu) ‘Ghar’, which means ‘family’ or ‘home’.
™ Means “Street Play”; performed during Mariamman ™ Gharana generally refers to the place from where that
temple festivals. musical ideology originated.
™ Themes center around Draupadi’s life, performed as a ™ Gharanas broadly refer to classical music ideology and
cycle of 8 plays. differentiate from one style to another.
™ Characters:
Type of Khyal style of Music
‰ Kattiakaran: Narrator or Sutradhar

‰ Komali: Clown who entertains and provides social Gwalior Gharana

commentary ™ Gwalior Gharana is the oldest and also considered the
Musical Gharana ‘Mother of all other Gharanas’.
™ The rise of the Gwalior Gharana started with the reign of
Hindustani Style of Music the Mughal emperor Akbar .
™ Hindustani music is mostly popular in North India. ™ The favorite singers of this patron of the arts, such as
Miyan Tansen, who was the most famous vocalist (most
™ Dhrupad is considered as the oldest creation of Hindustani
famous Dhrupad singers) at the court of Akbar.
music, which is a creation of Swami Haridas [he was
guru of Mian Tansen]. ™ The most popular figures of this gharana have been
Ustad Hassu Khan, Nathu Khan and Vishnu Paluskar.
™ Pandit Jasraj, Bhimsen Joshi and Zakir Hussain are
associated with Hindustani Classical music.
™ Khyal, Thumri, Tappa, Tarana etc. developed as distinct
styles of Hindustani music.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Kirana Gharana Type of Dhrupad style of Music

™ The name of this school of music derives from Kirana Dagar Gharana
or Kairana, a town and tehsil of Shamli District in Uttar
Pradesh. ™ The Dagar gharana belongs to the Dhrupad style of
singing.
™ Abdul Karim Khan was a pioneer and the founder of the
Kirana Gharana. ™ The Dagars were originally Muslims, who used to sing
songs exclusively related to Hindu gods and goddesses.
™ He introduced Hindustani Khayal singing and Indian
classical music. ™ ‘Gundecha Bhai of Jaipur’ was an eminent singer of the
Dagar Gharana.
™ Amjad Ali Khan is an Indian classical Sarod player
related to Kirana Gharana. Darbhanga Gharana

STATIC GK
™ Bhimsen Joshi, Abdul Karim Khan, Abdul Wahid Khan, ™ The promotion of Darbhanga Gharana has been done by
Gangubai Hangal and Firoz Dastur are other singers the Malik family.
related to Kirana Gharana.
™ Siyaram Tiwari, Ram Chatur Malik, Prem Kumar Malik
Patiala Gharana are the lead singers of this song.
™ In the 19th century, this gharana was propounded by Talwandi Gharana
Bade Fateh Ali Khan and Ali Bakhsh.
™ The family belonging to Talwandi Gharana is currently
™ The most famous singer of this gharana was Bade based in Pakistan.
Ghulam Ali Khan Sahab, who is one of the most famous
™ This is the reason why it is very difficult to place it under
singers of India.
the Indian music system.
Agra Gharana
Bettiah Gharana
™ The real founder of this Gharana was “Haji Sujan Khan”.
™ Bettiah Gharana was represented by the Mishra family.
™ This gharana pays special attention to restrictions.
™ Presently Indra Kishore Mishra is the lead singer
™ Haji Sujan Khan was given the title of ‘Deepak Jyoti’ by belonging to Bettiah Gharana.
Emperor Akbar.
Thumri
Bhendi Bazaar
™ Thumri is a vocal form of Indian classical music.
™ Nazir Khan, Chhajju Khan and Khadim Khan founded ™ There is primacy of taste, color and emotion in it.
the Bhendi Bazar Gharana related to Khayal singing in
™ That is, in which the beauty of emotion is considered
the 19th century. more important than the purity of melody.
™ Chhajju Khan and Khadim Khan settled in Bhindi ™ The Bhakti movement has had the greatest influence on
Bazaar, Mumbai and started this gharana. this style as love for Krishna is shown.
™ Amaan Ali Khan, son of Chhajju Khan and Anjanibai ™ The specialty of this style is that the language Hindi or
Malpekar, is a famous exponent of this gharana. Awadhi or Braj Boli is used to make it accessible to the
™ Lata Mangeshkar, known as Swar Samragyi, had received general public.
education from Ali Khan belonging to this gharana ™ The main gharanas of Thumri are in Banaras and
Lucknow and the most famous singer of this style is
Dhrupad “Begum Akhtar”.
™ Dhrupad is the oldest existing form of North Indian ™ Kathak is the main classical dance of North India, whose
classical music. main gharanas are- Jaipur Gharana, Lucknow Gharana,
™ The origin of this music is linked to the recitation of Banaras Gharana and Raigarh Gharana.
Sama Veda, the sacred Sanskrit text. Lucknow Gharana
™ Dhrupad is an old style of singing, traditionally performed
™ In the 19th century, the last Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali
by male singers.
Shah, patronized Kathak dance.
™ This music is primarily devotional in theme and content.
™ Wajid Ali Shah had patronized the Lucknow Gharana.
™ Tansen was one of the most famous Dhrupad singers.
™ Shri Ishwari Prasad ji, a native of the Handia region in
™ It is performed with a Tambura and a pakhawaj. Prayagraj (Allahabad), was established as the original
founder of the Lucknow Gharana of Kathak dance.
™ This gharana is known for the Khayal and Dhrupad
styles.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Pandit Sakharam and Ayodhya Prasad are famous Nazir Khan and Ustad Wahid Khan.
Pakhawaj players of Lucknow. ™ Pandit Jasraj was associated with Mewati gharana of
™ Sarik Ali Khan is a famous Sarangi player. music.
™ Bakhtoor Khan and Modu Khan are known for playing Gharana Related Personalities
tabla in Lucknow.
Kirana Gharana Bhimsen Joshi, Abdul Karim Khan,
™ Bindadin Maharaj, Kalkadin Maharaj, Lachhu Maharaj,
Abdul Wahid Khan, Gangubai
Shambhu Maharaj and Birju Maharaj are the prominent
Hangal, Firoz Dastur
Kathak dancers of Lucknow Gharana.
Patiala Gharana Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Bade
Banaras Gharana Fateh Ali Khan and Ali Bakhsh
™ The third Gharana of Kathak dance is popularly known
STATIC GK

Mewati Pandit Jasraj, Ustad Ghagge Nazir

as Banaras Gharana or Janaki Prasad Gharana.
Khan and Ustad Wahid Khan
™ Janaki Prasad was a resident of Varanasi and the brother
of the famous tabla player Pandit Ram Sahay Ji. Gwalior Ustad Hassu Khan, Nathu Khan,
Vishnu Paluskar
™ Janaki Prasad was the founder of Benaras Gharana of
Kathak. Jaipur-Atrauli Kishori Amonkar, Mallikarjun
™ Famous thumri singers Girija Devi and Siddheshwari Mansur
Devi are related to Banaras songs. Agra Gharana Swami Vallabhdas, Sadiq Ali,
™ Shambhu Maharaj and Mannu Mishra are the main Faiyaz Khan, Ustad Latafat
Pakhawaj players of Banaras Gharana. Hussain, Mohsin Niazi, C R Vyas
™ Pandit Ramsahay, Pandit Janaki Mishra, Kishan Maharaj and Vijay Kitchlu
and Anokhe Lal Mishra are the prominent tabla players Bhendi Bazaar Nazir Khan, Chhajju Khan and
of Banaras Gharana. Khadim Khan, Amaan Ali Khan,
Anjanibai Malpekar
Raigarh Gharana
Maihar Gharana Baba Allauddin Khan
™ Raigarh is known as the ‘Cultural capital of Chhattisgarh’,
Raigarh is famous for its dance form “Kathak” (as Bettiah Gharana Indra Kishore Mishra
Raigarh Gharana) and classical music. Darbhanga Gharana Siyaram Tiwari, Ram Chatur
™ Credit goes to Maharaja Chakradhar Singh under whose Malik, Prem Kumar Malik
patronage Raigarh flourished as a Center of art and
Lucknow Gharana Shri Ishwari Prasad ji, Pandit
culture.
Sakharam, Ayodhya Prasad
Tappa Sarik Ali Khan, Bakhtoor Khan ,
™ Tappa is a distinctive genre of Hindustani music. Modu Khan
™ These songs are mostly in Punjabi language. Banaras Gharana Janaki Prasad, Girija Devi,
™ The credit goes to “Shauri Miyan” for establishing them Siddheshwari Devi, Shambhu
as courtly singing in the Mughal period. Maharaj, Mannu Mishra, Pandit
™ Some of its singers are Miya Sodhi, Pandit Laxman Rao Ramsahay, Pandit Janaki Mishra,
of Gwalior and Shanno Khurana. Kishan Maharaj and Anokhe Lal
Mishra
Tarana
™ Rhythm plays an important role in Tarana style. Musical Instrument and its Players
™ High pitched ragas are used in this.
™ Pandit Ratan Mohan Sharma is currently the fastest Musical Instrument
Tarana singer related to Mewati. ™ Indian classical musical instruments have been discussed
™ He was given the title of ‘Badshah of Tarana’ by his fans. in detail in Natya Shastra. It was composed by Bharat
Muni.
Mewati gharana
™ In the Natya Shastra, composed about 400-200 years ago,
™ The Mewati gharana is a musical Gharana of Hindustani Indian classical musical instruments have been classified
classical music. into four different groups, which are as follows-
™ The gharana was founded by brothers Ustad Ghagge ‰ Sushir Vadya - It is also called Aerophone or Vayu

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Yantra. It produces sound from air. Shehnai and flute Sarangi

are the main dry instruments. ™ Sarangi is a string instrument of Indian classical music.
‰ Ghana Vadya – It is called idiophonic. They vibrate to ™ In ancient times, Sarangi was the instrument of nomadic
produce sound; For example bell, manjira. castes. Its ancient name was Sarinda, which later became
‰ Avanadya Vadya - It is called Membranophones. In Sarangi.
this instrument, sound is generated from a stretched ™ Two types of Sarangi are used. One Sindhi Sarangi
skin and these are struck to produce sound. For and the other Gujaratan Sarangi. The Sindhi sarangi is
example- Tabla, Mridangam, Damru and Nagada. slightly bigger, while the Gujaratan sarangi is a little
‰ Tat or string instrument - It is also called a chordophone smaller and is made in Gujarat.
or stringed instrument. In this, sound is produced ™ This instrument has 29 strings and its main part has 4
by the vibration of strings between two points; For

STATIC GK
strings.
example Veena, Santoor, Sarangi etc.
™ These strings have prongs on them with the help of which
Sitar sound is produced.
™ There is a difference of opinion among the scholars Sarod
regarding the origin of sitar, but according to consensus,
™ Sarod is an Indian musical instrument which holds
Sitar was invented by Amir Khusro .
special importance in North Indian classical music. It is a
™ Sitar is a stringed instrument used in Indian classical string instrument that came from Central Asia.
music, its name is derived from the Urdu language ‘sitar’.
™ Sarod is a stringed instrument made of coconut shell, tun
™ Sitar is a stringed instrument with ten strings. Its frame is wood, drone, shikri, and ivory. Its structure is specially
made of wood and wire metal on top of the board in which its wires are fixed.
™ The strings of the sitar are long and are plucked by hand ™ Amjad Ali Khan is considered to be the ‘Proponent of
in a traditional way. Sarod’ So is known as ‘Sarod Samrat’.
Shehnai Santoor
™ Shehnai is a wind instrument from India which is made ™ The santoor is a quadrangular wooden box-shaped
of wood. instrument.
™ Shehnai is a hollow tube, one end of which is thin and the ™ In India it is called ‘Shattantri Veena’ or ‘Hundred-
other end is wide. stringed’ Veena.
™ Shehnai is a reed instrument. A reed is a thin bar that ™ It originated in Iran, but is now commonly used in Indian
vibrates to produce sound on a musical instrument. classical music as well.
™ It is commonly used in Indian classical music, folk music ™ The santoor is a popular instrument mainly in Kashmir
as well as in religious ceremonies. that is used during Sufi music.
™ Bharat Ratna awardee Ustad Bismillah Khan is India’s
foremost shehnai player. Flute
™ The Flute is a wind type of instrument that is played by
Tabla
blowing air into a hole in the top of the instrument.
™ Tabla is a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of ™ It has a cylindrical shape and a series of keys that are
drums. used to produce sounds.
™ It consists of two single headed drums of different shapes ™ Traditionally, flutes were made of bamboo, but in present
and sizes. times, flutes are also made using metals.
™ The drum played with the right hand is called ‘dayaan’
while the one played with the left hand is called ‘vyavaya’. Rudraveena
™ Both drums are placed on ring-shaped holders, made ™ Rudra Veena originated from Veena.
of plant fibers and covered with cloth, to keep them ™ This instrument is used for Hindustani classical music.
balanced while playing. ™ It mainly consists of 4 strings which are tied by pegs.
™ During performance the tabla is held in an oblique ™ There is another musical instrument similar to
position away from the player’s body. Rudraveena which is called ‘Vichitraveena’. The number
™ The tabla is believed to have been invented by the 13th- of stars in it is 5. It is also originated from Veena.
century Sufi poet and musician Amir Khusro, who was
patronized by Sultan Alauddin Khilji.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Ghatam
Santoor Pandit Shivkumar Sharma, Bhajan
™ It is a musical instrument carefully baked out of clay. Sopori,
™ Ghatam is commonly used in folk music. Flute Pandit Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Panna Lal
™ Ghatam is used in contemporary Carnatic music. Ghosh, Raghunath Seth
™ During Carnatic music, it is played with the help of Sarod Allaudin Khan, Ustad Amjad Ali Khan,
fingers and palms by placing it in front of the ghatam. Ustad Ali Akbar Khan, Brijnarayan and
™ In Kashmir this instrument is called ‘Noot’. Chandan Rai, Yehudi Menuhin
Pakhawaj Nadhaswaram Neeru Swami Pillai
™ The pakhawaj is a barrel-shaped, two-headed drum, Veena S. Balachandran
STATIC GK

originating from the Indian subcontinent. Violin V G Jog, Govinda Swamy Pillai, VV
™ It is the percussion instrument most commonly used in Subramaniam, Bal Murali Krishna, T N
the dhrupad style of Indian classical music. Krishnan
™ The tuning of Pakhavaj is similar to that of the tabla
Mridangam Paladhar Raghu
– with the wooden wedges placed under the tautening
straps. Pakhawaj Kudau Singh, Purushottam Das ,
Ayodhya Prasad , Pagal Das , Raja
Important Facts about Instrument Chhatrapati Singh, Lala Keval Kishan,
™ Jhal, Vinai, Damama and Murayon are the traditional Makkan Pakhavaji, Ambadas Agle,
musical instruments of - Kumaon (Uttarakhand) Totaram Sharma and Ramashish Pathak
™ ‘Turi’, ‘Bungal’ and ‘Pava’ are the folk instruments of- Important Musicians
Gujarat.
™ Khuang (drum) is a traditional musical instrument of- Pandit Ravi Shankar
Mizoram ™ Sitar maestro Pandit Ravi Shankar is also known as the
™ Sitar, Tabla and Shehnai are musical instruments of- ‘Godfather of World Music’.
Indo-Islamic origin ™ He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian
™ Musical Instrumentalists is considered the inventor of the honor in the year 1999 for his special contribution in the
instrument named ‘Mohan-Veena’- Manmohan Bhatt field of music.
™ The instrument for which Asad Ali Khan is known for ™ Pandit Ravi Shankar was also a member of the Rajya
playing is- Rudraveena. Sabha from 1986 to 1992.
™ Musician Shivmani is related to which instrument – ™ Pandit Ravi Shankar won the Grammy Award in the Best
Drum World Music Album category for his album ‘The Living
™ Annapurna Devi is related to which musical instrument Room Sessions-Part-1’.
– Surbahar ™ He died on 12 December 2012 in San Diego, USA.
™ The musical instrument with which Anushka Ravi
Ustad Bismillah Khan
Shankar is associated is- Sitar.
™ Shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan was born on 21
Instrument Major Player March 1916 in Dumraon, Bihar.
Tabla Ustad Zakir Hussain, Ustad Alla Rakha, ™ His childhood name was ‘Kamruddin’.
Ustad Latif Khan, Faiyaz Khan, Kishan ™ He was awarded the Bharat Ratna by the Government of
Maharaj and Gudai Maharaj India in 2001.
Shahnai Ustad Bismillah Khan, Omkarnath ™ Before that, he was awarded Padma Vibhushan in 1980,
Thakur Padma Bhushan in 1968 and Padma Shri in 1961.
Sitar Anoushka Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, Pandit Bhimsen joshi
Nikhil Banerjee, Shahid Parvez Khan,
™ Singer of Hindustani classical music and Kirana Gharana.
Budhaditya Mukherjee, Nikhil Banerjee
™ Pandit Bhimsen Joshi had developed two new ragas –
Sarangi Shakoor Khan, Pandit Ram Narayan, Kalashree (combined form of Kalavati and Rageshri) and
Pandit Rajnarayan, Gopal Mishra, Dhruv Lalit Bhatiyar (combined He was known as the “living
Ghosh, Aruna Ghosh and Alma Kale superstar of Kirana Gharana”.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ In the year 2008, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna, ™ He was a Sufi poet, musician and scholar who lived from
India’s highest civilian award. 1263 to 1325 CE and served in the royal courts of various
™ He has also been awarded Padma Shri (1972), Padma kings and sultans.
Bhushan (1985 and Padma Vibhushan (1999). ™ Amir Khusro is called the ‘Father of the Sitar’.
™ He died on 24 January 2011 in Pune, Maharashtra. ™ Amir Khusro created a new system of musicology, called
‘Indraprastha Mata’ or ‘Chaturdandi Sampradaya’ .
M S Subbulakshmi
™ Sitar - The mixture of Veena and Tambura is called
™ Dr. Subbulakshmi was an Indian Carnatic singer from ‘Sitar’.
Karnataka.
Tansen
™ She was born in 1916 in Madurai under the Madras
Presidency. ™ Tansen was one of the most famous Dhrupad singers and

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™ She is also called ‘Encyclopedia of Music’ and ‘Lata one of the nine gems of Emperor Akbar’s court.
Mangeshkar of South India’. ™ His childhood name was Ramtanu Pandey.
™ She was the first musician to be awarded the Bharat ™ He was given the title of ‘Mian’ by Akbar.
Ratna (1998). ™ Every year Tansen Samaroh is held in the month of
™ She is also the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon December in Behat village (birthplace of Tansen) in
Magsaysay Award. Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh.

Lata Mangeshkar State Festivals

™ Bharat Ratna Lata Mangeshkar was born on 28 September
1929 in a Marathi family of Indore to Pandit Deendayal Himachal Pradesh
Mangeshkar.
™ Festivals: Makar Sankranti (Magha Saaji), Phulaich,
™ Lata Mangeshkar, known as Swar Samragyi, had Halda, Dungari, La Darcha, Chaitrual, Dussehra, Kullu
received education from Ali Khan belonging to Bhendi Dussehra
Bazaar gharana.
™ Magha Saaji is another name for Makar Sankranti in
™ She was also honored with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award Himachal Pradesh.
in the year 1989.
™ Phulaich Festival is the Himachal Pradesh Flower
™ In the year 2001, Lata Mangeshkar was given India’s Festival, celebrated in September to mark the beginning
highest civilian award ‘Bharat Ratna’. of autumn after the rains.
™ In 1974, Lata Mangeshkar became the first-ever Indian ™ Halda Festival is celebrated by the Buddhist community
to perform live at the iconic Royal Albert Hall. in January, dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi, to welcome
™ In 2007, the Government of France honored him with its the New Year.
highest civilian award (Officer of the Legion of Honor). ™ Dungari Festival is celebrated in May by the Hindu
Ustad Zakir Hussain community in honor of Goddess Hidimba, wife of Bhima.
™ La Darcha Festival is held in August by both Hindu and
™ Ustad Zakir Hussain was an Indian tabla player.
Buddhist communities to strengthen Indo-Tibetan trade
™ He is the eldest son of tabla player Alla Rakha. relations.
™ He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1988, the Padma ™ Other major festivals of Himachal Pradesh include:
Bhushan in 2002, and the Padma Vibhushan in 2023, by
‰ Chaitrual Festival
the Government of India.
‰ Dussehra Festival
™ He was also awarded the Govt of India’s Sangeet Natak
‰ Kullu Dussehra
Akademi Award in 1990.
™ In 1999, he was awarded the United States National Rajasthan
Endowment for the Arts’ National Heritage Fellowship, ™ Festivals: Gangaur, Rann Utsav
the highest award given to traditional artists and
™ Gangaur Festival of Rajasthan is dedicated to Lord
musicians.
Shiva and Goddess Parvati.
Amir Khusro ™ Rann Utsav is celebrated from November to Holi in
™ Amir Khusro is called ‘Parrot of India’ or ‘Tuti-e-Hind’. Dhordo village, Kutch district, Gujarat.
™ Amir Khusro is often considered the first poet of Urdu.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Maharashtra ™ Celebrated on the first day of Chaitra (March/April).

™ Festivals: Gudi Padwa, Banganga Utsav ™ Pattadakal Dance Festival is a three-day event held in
™ Gudi Padwa is a spring festival that marks the New Year January at the temple complexes of Pattadakal, organized
in Maharashtra. by the Karnataka government.
™ Banganga Utsav is celebrated annually in the city of ™ Karga Utsava is dedicated to Draupadi and observed on
Mumbai, Maharashtra. the day of Purnima (full moon) in Karnataka.
™ Kaveri Sankramana is celebrated in October at
Jharkhand Talakaveri, Kodagu district, marking the origin of river
™ Festivals: Tusu, Sohrai, Bhagta Parab, Sarhul Kaveri.
™ Tusu Festival is a harvest festival celebrated in Bundu, ™ Kailpodh Festival is celebrated by the Kodava (Coorg/
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Tamar, and Raidih regions of Jharkhand, on the last day Kurg) community, involving weapon worship and
of Pausha month, dedicated to unmarried girls. marking the end of ‘Nati’ rice transplantation.
™ Sohrai Festival is celebrated on the new moon day after ™ Kambala Festival is a traditional buffalo race, held
Diwali, involving earthen lamps and the worship of annually in Karnataka.
domestic animals like cows and buffaloes. ™ Mahamastakabhisheka is a 12-yearly Jain festival held
™ Bhagta Parab Festival is a tribal spring-summer festival at Shravanabelagola, involving the ceremonial anointing
celebrated in Jharkhand, dedicated to the worship of of Lord Bahubali’s statue.
Budha Baba. ™ Dussehra is celebrated as ‘Naada Habba’ in Mysore,
™ Sarhul Festival is a spring festival of Oraon and Munda spanning 10 days and concluding on Vijayadashami.
tribes, involving the worship of Sal tree, Sita as Mother Tamil Nadu
Earth, and Goddess Sarna.
™ Festivals: Puthandu, Thaipusam, Chithirai Festival,
West Bengal Pongal
™ Festivals: Poila Baisakh, Orange Festival ™ Puthandu is celebrated as the Tamil New Year in Tamil
™ Poila Baisakh marks the first day of the Bengali calendar, Nadu.
celebrated annually on 14 April. ™ Thaipusam is a Hindu festival observed by the Tamil
community in the Tamil solar month of Thai.
™ Orange Festival is celebrated annually in the Darjeeling
Hills to promote it as an orange-growing region. ™ Chithirai Festival is celebrated in Madurai as the grand
wedding of Goddess Meenakshi and Lord Sundareswarar
Telangana (Shiva).
™ Festivals: Bathukamma, Sammakka-Saralamma Jatra, ™ Pongal is a major harvest festival celebrated by the
Bonalu, Peerla Panduga (Muharram) Tamil community in mid-January, spanning four days to
honor the Sun God and mark Uttarayan, akin to Makar
™ Bathukamma Festival is the state festival of Telangana,
Sankranti.
known as the Festival of Flowers.
™ Sammakka-Saralamma Jatra (Medaram Jatra) is Asia’s
largest tribal festival, held near Warangal, organized by
the Koya tribe, with a massive gathering second only to
Kumbh Mela.
™ Bonalu Festival is celebrated in June–August in
Hyderabad and Secunderabad, dedicated to Goddess
Mahakali.
™ The Muharram Festival is celebrated in Telangana with
the name ‘Peerla Panduga’.
Karnataka
™ Festivals: Ugadi, Pattadakal Dance Festival, Karga
Utsava, Kaveri Sankramana, Kailpodh, Kambala,
Mahamastakabhisheka, Mysore Dussehra (Naada Habba) Kerala
™ Ugadi is the South Indian New Year festival celebrated ™ Festivals: Onam, Atapu, Guruvayur Ekadashi,
in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana, marked Makaravilakku Festival
by the consumption of jaggery and neem (Bevu-Bela). ™ Onam is the most significant festival of Kerala,

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

celebrating the reign of King Mahabali with 10-day ™ Hornbill Festival is celebrated annually on December
festivities, floral decorations, and themes of happiness, 1st in Nagaland, known as the “Festival of Festivals”.
prosperity, and harvest. ™ Bumchu Festival is celebrated by Buddhists in Sikkim.
™ The rangoli made during the Onam festival is called ™ Tsokum Samai is a week-long harvest festival celebrated
Atapu. in October by the people of Nagaland.
™ Guruvayur Ekadashi is a cultural and religious festival ™ Wangala Festival is a post-harvest celebration of the
of Kerala. Garo tribe in Meghalaya, thanking Misi Saljong and the
™ Makaravilakku Festival is celebrated annually at the Sun God.
Sabarimala temple, spanning seven days with special ™ Cherioba is Manipur’s New Year festival, linked to the
prayers to Lord Ayyapa and concluding with the ‘Guruthi’ worship of deity Sanamahi.
ritual.

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North East Festival Fairs
State/Region Festivals ™ Chappar Mela is organized in Ludhiana, Punjab in
Sikkim Losar, Losung, Bumchu September, dedicated to Gugga Peer.
™ Shahidi Jor Mela is a three-day fair held in December at
Ladakh Losar
Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, in memory of the sons of Guru
Arunachal Losar, Solung, Dree Gobind Singh.
Pradesh ™ Pushkar Fair is celebrated on Kartik Purnima in
Assam Bihu (Rongali, Kongali, Bhogali), Pushkar, Rajasthan, known for the world’s largest camel
Baishagu, Doljatra, Bheldia Festival fair and the Brahma Mandir.
™ Madhavpur Fair (Ghed) is celebrated in Porbandar
Tripura Kharchi Puja district, Gujarat, for five days, marking Lord Krishna’s
Nagaland Sekrenyi, Hornbill Festival, Tsokum marriage to Rukmini.
Samai ™ Tarnetar Fair is celebrated in Surendranagar, Gujarat, to
Meghalaya Wangala Festival help young men and women find ideal marriage partners.
™ Bhavnath Mahadev Fair is held at the foothills of Girnar
Manipur Cherioba Hill in Gujarat on Mahashivratri for five days.
™ Losar is a 3-day Buddhist festival starting on February ™ Heera Bhumiya Mela is held in Gwalior region, Madhya
11, celebrated in Sikkim, Ladakh, and Arunachal Pradesh Pradesh, from August to September, in memory of
by the Mahayana sect. Heeraman Baba, believed to bless women with fertility.
™ Losung is the Sikkimese New Year and harvest festival, ™ Simhastha Mela is organized once in 12 years in Ujjain,
mainly observed by the Bhutia tribe. Madhya Pradesh, on the banks of the Kshipra river, near
™ Bihu is Assam’s most popular festival, marking the the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, when Jupiter enters Leo.
Assamese New Year with three forms: Rongali, Kongali, ™ Ambubachi Fair is a 3–4 day fair in June in Assam,
and Bhogali, celebrated during the harvest season. associated with the annual sanctification rituals of
™ Baishagu Festival is celebrated by the Bodo Kachari Kamakhya Devi.
people in Assam in mid-April, involving cow worship on ™ Jonbin Fair is celebrated in the winter months in the
day one and Bathau worship on day two. state of Assam.
™ Doljatra is a three-day Holi festival started by ™ Gangasagar Fair is celebrated on Makar Sankranti at
Shankardev, celebrated in March in Assam. the confluence of the Ganga river and the Bay of Bengal.
™ Bheldia Festival is celebrated in May by farmers,
Martial Arts in India
fishermen, and boatmen in Assam to worship the river
goddess.
Kalaripayattu
™ Solung Festival is celebrated in Arunachal Pradesh.
™ Kharchi Puja is a 10-day festival held in July in Tripura, ™ It is the Oldest Martial Art of India
honoring Lord Shiva. ™ It originates from Kerala in the 4th century A.D. and has
practitioners all over the world.
™ Sekrenyi Festival is celebrated in February by the
Angami tribe of Nagaland, involving well cleaning and ™ Kalari is a Malayalam word which means gymnasium/
guarding water sources. School/training hall where Martial arts are practiced or
taught.
™ Dree Festival is celebrated by the Apatani tribe in
Arunachal Pradesh. ™ Kalaripayattu was introduced as a martial art by a legend,
sage Parasurama.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ This Martial art includes mock duels (armed and unarmed Thoda
combat) and physical exercises. ™ This martial art is a mixed form of sport and culture,
™ Its important key is footwork which includes kicks, which is prevalent in Himachal Pradesh.
strikes and weapon based practice. ™ This martial art is performed every year during Vaisakhi.
™ Women also practiced this art, Unniyarcha; a legendary ™ The performance of this martial art depends on the
heroine won many battles using this martial art. archery skills of a player and the origin of this martial art
Thang-ta is believed to be from the time of Mahabharata.
™ Thang-ta is a traditional martial art or martial art from the ™ A little martial art which is a type of sport, it consists of
northeastern state of Manipur, India. two groups (500 people in each group). One of the two
groups is called ‘Pasis’ and the other is called ‘Sathish’,
™ The birth of this martial art is believed to be from a place who are believed to be the descendants of Pandavas and
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called ‘Kangleipak’ in Manipur in 1891 AD. Although Kauravas of Mahabharata.

some people consider this art of warfare to be of more
ancient times. Cheibi gad-ga
™ The word ‘Thang’ in Thang-Ta means ‘Sword’ and ™ It is an ancient martial art practiced in the state of
‘Ta’ means ‘Spear’. Manipur.
™ This art is performed with a sword, shield and spear. ™ Earlier, this martial art used to perform combat using a
™ This martial art is practiced by the Meitei community of sword and shield, although in the present day it has been
Manipur. replaced with a stick and shield made of a soft leather
™ In some places this martial art is known as ‘Huyen cover in place of the sword.
Lelong’. ™ The Cheibi Gad-ga is held as a competition in a circular
area about 7 meters in diameter. In this, a stick (cheibi)
Gatka of 2 to 2.5 feet is used.
™ It is a popular martial art of Punjab, which was started ™ Victory in this competition is done on the basis of points
by Sikh Gurus. obtained during a duel and these points are awarded on
™ Gatka refers to the person whose liberty belongs under the basis of physical strength and skill.
‘Grace’.
Kathi Samu
™ According to others, ‘Gatka’ comes from the Sanskrit
word ‘Gada’. ™ It is a famous ancient martial art of Andhra Pradesh.
™ In this art, weapons like kirpan, sword and line etc. are Different types of swords are used in this martial art.
used. ™ This martial art is practiced by the royal armies. This
form of martial art is currently practiced only as a pastime
Pari-khanda in the families of those who were once in the service of
™ It is a popular martial art of Bihar, which was created by their kings as soldiers.
the Rajputs. ™ It was patronized in later years by two princely states in
™ This martial art incorporates the elements involved in Vizianagaram and southern Chittoor district in northern
Chhau dance of Bihar. coastal Andhra.
™ In Pari-Khanda martial arts, ‘Pari’ means ‘shield’ and ™ The place where Kathi Samu is held is called ‘Garidi’.
‘Khanda’ means ‘sword’. In this way both sword and ™ The stick fight known as ‘Vairi’ has an important role in
shield are used in Pari-Khanda. Kathi Samu.
Silambam Musti Yuddha
™ Silambam is a modern and scientific martial art of ™ This traditional martial art originated in the ancient city
sticking in Tamil Nadu. of Varanasi, which was very popular in the 1950-60s.
™ This martial art was encouraged by the Pandya, Chola ™ The most important feature of this martial art is that
and Chera rulers. instead of weapons (unarmed martial arts), strikes are
™ Reference to the Silambam martial art is found in a Tamil done with feet, punches, knees and elbows.
literature ‘Silapathikaram’. ™ This martial art has a combination of physical, mental
™ In Tamil mythology, Lord Murugan and sage Agastya are and spiritual aspects.
credited with the creation of Silambam. ™ The fighting in this martial art is divided into four
™ The ‘silambam stick’ is used in this martial art, which parts, which are as follows:
was one of the most popular items among merchants and ™ Jambuvanti- In this the opponent is compelled to
travelers from Greece, Egypt and Rome. surrender by engaging and holding.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Hanumanti – Through this, technical superiority is

Mixed form of sport
displayed.
Himachal and culture, prevalent in
™ Bhimseni- Basically power is demonstrated in this. Thoda
Pradesh Himachal Pradesh during
™ Jarasandhi- In this, the work of breaking the body parts Vaisakhi
and bones is done.
Popular in Punjab,
Malkhamb initiated by Sikh Gurus,
Gatka Punjab
™ It is a wrestling game popular in Maharashtra, in which a employs weapons like
pillar is used by the wrestlers, hence the name Malkhamb. kirpan, sword, lance
™ The earliest description of Malkhamb dates back to the Created by Rajputs
12th century. Pari-khanda Bihar in Bihar, incorporates

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™ It emphasizes concentration, speed and flexibility. elements of Chhau dance
™ Malkhambh can be performed in 3 ways- on a standing Ancient martial art of
pillar; Second on hanging poles and third on ropes. Andhra Andhra Pradesh, features
Kathi Samu
™ Malkhamb is also a good exercise for our body mainly Pradesh pivotal stick fight known
for the spine. as ‘Vairi’
™ At present, Malkhamb is the state sport of Madhya Va r a n a s i - o r i g i n a t e d
Pradesh. Uttar
martial art combining
Musti Yuddha Pradesh
Kuttu Varisai physical, mental, and
(Varanasi)
spiritual elements
™ This martial art was prevalent throughout South India,
whose description is found in the Sangam literature of Prevalent throughout
the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. South India, described
™ The literal meaning of Kuttu Varisai is - ‘Battle with Kuttu Varisai South India in Sangam literature,
empty hands’. features animal-based
™ It is an unarmed Dravidian martial art that is used to styles
advance athleticism and leg-related activities through Paika Akhada Odisha Martial art in Odisha
yoga, gymnastics, breathing exercises, etc.
™ This art also uses animal-based styles including snakes, Sky Kashmir Martial art of Kashmir
eagles, tigers, and elephants.
™ This martial art uses technical tendencies such as striking, Mardaani Famous martial art in
Maharashtra
engaging and grabbing. Khel Maharashtra
™ At present, this martial art is also practiced in Sri Lanka Prevalent martial art in
and Malaysia. Inbui Kushti Mizoram
Mizoram
Martial Art Origin Description Indian Paintings
Oldest martial art in India, ™ Pattachitra Painting is the oldest painting style
Kalaripayattu Kerala originating in Kerala in of Odisha, depicting scenes from the lives of Lord
the 4th century AD Jagannath, Subhadra, and Balarama.
Traditional Tamil martial ™ Cheriyal Painting originates from Telangana, illustrating
art with roots in the stories from Mahabharata and Ramayana, made using
Silambam Tamil Nadu
Pandya, Chola, and Chera tamarind seed paste, rice starch, and gum.
dynasties ™ Warli Painting is a tribal art form associated with the
Also known as ‘Huyen state of Maharashtra.
Lelong,’ practiced by ™ Madhubani Painting is practiced in the Mithila region
Thang-ta Manipur of India and Nepal.
the Meitei community in
Manipur ™ Kalamkari Painting is popular in Andhra Pradesh, made
using color blocks and vegetable dyes on cotton cloth,
Ancient Manipuri martial art
often with religious themes.
Cheibi gad-ga Manipur practiced and competed in a
circular arena
™ Kalighat Painting is a traditional painting style from
West Bengal.
™ Tanjore Painting originated in the 9th century in Tanjore,

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Tamil Nadu, made on cloth using zinc oxide molds. Lepakshi Temple (Andhra Pradesh, 16th
Wall Painting in India century A.D.)
™ Saivite and secular themes.
Definition and Origin ™ Two-dimensional style, horizontal eye portrayal.
™ Wall painting is an ancient art form expressing human Rangmahal (Chamba, Himachal Pradesh)
emotions through line and color.
™ Late medieval paintings (19th century), now preserved in
™ Prehistoric cave paintings found in Kaimur Range, the National Museum.
Vindhya Hills, and Uttar Pradesh show animals, hunting,
and war scenes. ™ Indian Puppetry
™ Early similarities with Spanish Neolithic cave paintings.
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™ Ancient References
™ Vinayapithak, Ramayana, and Mahabharata mention
painted halls.
™ Developed into mural traditions, e.g., Ajanta cave
paintings.
Important Painting Sites

Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra) ™ The oldest written reference to puppetry is found in the
text Silappadikaram.
™ 30 caves (2nd century B.C. to 7th century A.D.).
™ Kundhei is a traditional puppet popular in the state of
™ Themes: Buddhist Jataka stories, Bodhisattvas, court
Odisha.
scenes.
™ Gombayetta is a traditional puppet form of Karnataka.
™ Notable caves: I, II, IX, X, XVI, XVII.
™ Bommalattam is the traditional puppet form of Tamil
™ Famous paintings:
Nadu.
‰ Padmapani Bodhisattva
™ Ravana Chhaya is a dramatic shadow puppet form
‰ The Dying Princess (Cave XVI) prevalent in Odisha.
‰ Mahajanaka Jataka (Cave I) ™ Pavakoothu is a traditional glove puppet of Kerala,
‰ Buddha–Yashodhara–Rahula (Cave XVII) originated in the 18th century.
™ Features: Central figures, graceful lines, emotional ™ Yampuri is the stick puppet form of the state of Bihar.
expression, and spiritual depth.
Bagh Caves (Madhya Pradesh) Temple Architecture
™ Stylistically similar to Ajanta but more earthy and bold
in outline.
Badami Caves (Karnataka)
™ Early Brahmanical wall paintings (6th century A.D.).
™ Known for soft outlines and expressive textures.
Sittannavasal (Tamil Nadu)
™ Jain themes with lotus pool, birds, elephants.
™ Dark contours on red background.
Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)
Nagara style
™ Mix of Hindu, Buddhist, Jain themes.
™ The style of temple architecture of North India is known
™ Departure from Ajanta’s style—angular poses, long eyes,
as ‘Nagar style’.
framed compositions.
™ Its period is believed to be from the 7th to 13th century.
Tanjore (Tamil Nadu) ™ It extends from the Himalayas to the Vindhya Mountains.
™ Rajarajeshwara & Brihadeshwara temples (11th century ™ In these temples, pavilions are constructed in front of the
A.D.). sanctum Sanctorum.
™ Bold forms, wide-open eyes, vibrant dancing figures. ™ The ‘Garbhagriha’ which was a small chamber with

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a single entrance developed over time into a larger ™ Here are some key characteristics and components of
chamber. The idol of the deity is installed in the sanctum Dravidian temple architecture:
Sanctorum.
™ The entrance to the temple, which is a pillared hall, has
space for a large number of worshippers, it is known as
a ‘Mandapa’.
™ The ‘shikhara’ is mountain-like in shape, which may take
the shape of a curved ‘shikhara’ in North India and is
called a ‘vimana’ in South India, which is pyramidal in
shape.
™ The most important part of the shikhara is ‘Amalak’, Component Description

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which is the main identity of the temples built in Nagara
style. The towering structure over the
Vimana (Shikhara sanctum sanctorum, often pyramidal
or Gopuram) or curvilinear, topped with a finial or
kalasha.
A large hall at the entrance of the
Mandapa temple used for rituals, ceremonies,
and as a gathering place for devotees.
Monumental entrance towers richly
Gopuram decorated with sculptures and reliefs,
marking the temple entrance.
The innermost sanctum where
™ The one on which the weight of the entire temple rests is the main deity’s idol or lingam is
Garbhagriha
called ‘Jagti’ or ‘Chabutra’. enshrined; sometimes surrounded by
™ The temples built in this style were called ‘Kalinga’ in smaller shrines.
Odisha, ‘Lat’ in Gujarat and ‘Parvatiya’ in the Himalayan The enclosure wall that separates the
region. Prakara sacred space from the outside may
Temple Location Dynasty Year have various sculptures and reliefs.
Khajuraho, A sacred pot or finial at the top of
Khajuraho Chandela 950-1050 Vimana Kalasha the vimana, considered a symbol of
Madhya
Temple dynasty CE divinity.
Pradesh
Kandariya Khajuraho, Intermediate halls between the
Chandela Ardhamandapa entrance and sanctum sanctorum,
Mahadev Madhya 1025 CE
dynasty and Mahamandapa used for rituals and often elaborately
Temple Pradesh
decorated.
Dashavatara
Deogarh Chandela 6th-8th
Temple of State Temple Dytnasties Notable Kings
(Lalitpur, UP) dynasty century CE
Deogarh
Brihadeeswarar
Temple of Bhitargaon Gupta 5th century Tamil
Temple Chola Dynasty Rajaraja Chola I
Bhitargaon (Kanpur, UP) dynasty CE Nadu
(Thanjavur)
Dravidian style Tamil Choleswarar
Chola Dynasty Vijayalaya
Nadu Temple
™ Dravidian temple architecture is a style of temple
construction that is primarily associated with the southern Tamil Koranganatha
Chola Dynasty Parantaka I
region of India, especially in the states of Tamil Nadu, Nadu Temple
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala.
Tamil Rajarajeshwara
™ It is characterized by its distinctive features and intricate Chola Dynasty Rajaraja I
Nadu Temple
designs that have evolved over many centuries.
Tamil Airavatesvara
™ Dravidian temple architecture is known for its grandeur, Chola Dynasty Rajaraja II
symmetry, and detailed ornamentation. Nadu Temple

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Tamil Shore temples of Pallava Notable

Rajasimhan II State Temple Dynasties
Nadu Mahabalipuram Dynasty Kings
Meenakshi Virupaksha
Tamil Pandya Thirumalai Vijayanagara Krishnad
Amman Temple Karnataka Temple
Nadu Dynasty Nayak Empire evaraya
(Madurai) (Hampi)
Vesara style Hoysaleswara
Hoysala Vishnu
Karnataka Temple
™ The Vesara style of temple architecture is a distinctive Dynasty vardhana
and unique architectural style that combines elements of (Halebidu)
both North Indian (Nagara) and South Indian (Dravida) Kalinga style
temple architecture.
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™ Kalinga style temple architecture, also known as

™ It is primarily associated with the Deccan region of India
Odisha temple architecture, is a distinctive and ancient
and represents a fusion of architectural traditions from
architectural style that developed in the region of Kalinga
the north and south.
(modern-day Odisha) in Eastern India.
™ Vesara-style temples are characterized by their hybrid
™ The Kalinga style is primarily associated with Hindu
design, which incorporates various features from both
temple architecture and has left a significant mark on the
the Nagara and Dravida styles.
architectural heritage of India.
Key characteristics of Vesara-style temple
Key features of Kalinga style temple
architecture include:
architecture:
Aspect Description
Temple Component Description
Vesara-style temples typically have a
tower (shikhara) that may resemble The main sanctum, a tall tower-
Shikhara the curvilinear Dravida style found Rekha Deula like structure that houses the main
(Tower) in South India. They often feature a deity.
stepped or pyramidal structure with The front porch or hall that leads to
layers of decoration. Pidha Deula the sanctum, often with a pyramidal
roof.
The assembly hall or mandapa in
Vesara-style temples can have multiple The assembly or congregation hall
entrances and pillars. These pillars that connects the Pidha Deula with
Mandapa (Hall) Jagamohana
can be square or rectangular and may the sanctum, often with a pyramidal
have decorative features like intricate roof and elaborately carved pillars.
carvings. The entrance porch of the temple,
The sanctum sanctorum houses the usually with a pyramidal roof,
Mukhasala intricately carved doorways, and
main deity, and it is usually square
Garbhagriha sculptures depicting deities and
or rectangular in shape, resembling mythological scenes.
(Sanctum
the Nagara style. The inner sanctum
Sanctorum)
is often accompanied by a vestibule, The main Rekha Deula is
which is another characteristic feature. characterized by a tall, curvilinear
In front of many Vesara-style temples, tower with multiple horizontal
layers (known as “bada”). The
you’ll find a Nandi shrine housing the
tower is crowned by an amalaka (a
sacred bull, Nandi, which is associated Deul Style
Nandi (Bull) circular stone disk) and a kalasha
with the Hindu god Shiva. This is a (a pot-like finial). The bada often
common feature borrowed from the features miniature temple elements
South Indian temple architecture. like chaitya windows, rathas
Many Vesara-style temples have open (chariots), and decorative motifs.
Open Courtyards courtyards, making them well-suited Guardian deities of the eight
for religious and social gatherings. cardinal directions, often depicted
Dikpalas in various parts of the temple,
guarding and protecting the
sanctum.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Major religions of the world and their

religious texts

Religion Origin Founder Holy Books

No single
founder, Bhagavad
Hinduism India
evolved over Gita
centuries
Siddhartha
India
Buddhism Gautama Tripitaka
(originally)
(Buddha)

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Temple Location Related King Bible (Old
Jerusalem Jesus of
Christianity and New
Lingaraja Bhubaneswar, (originally) Nazareth
Jajati Keshari Testaments)
Temple Odisha
Mecca Prophet
Jagannath Anantavarman Islam Quran
Puri, Odisha (originally) Muhammad
Temple Chodaganga Deva
Punjab region Guru Granth
Konark Sun Konark, Sikhism Guru Nanak
Narasimhadeva I (India) Sahib
Temple Odisha
Mahavira
Mukteshwar Bhubaneswar, Jainism India Jain Agamas
Kapilendra Deva Swami
Temple Odisha
Baha’i sacred
Rajarani Bhubaneswar, Baha’i Faith Persia (Iran) Baha’u’llah
Harichandana Deva texts
Temple Odisha
Prophet
Ananta Zoroastrianism Iran Zend Avesta
Bhubaneswar, Zarathustra
Vasudeva Yayati Kesari
Odisha
Temple Famous Monastery in India
Sun Temples located in India: Monastery Location
Temple State Hemis Monastery Ladakh
Martand Sun Temple Jammu and Kashmir Tawang Monastery Arunachal Pradesh
Katarmal Sun Temple Uttarakhand Rumtek Monastery Sikkim
Modhera Sun Temple Gujarat Tabo Monastery, Kardang Monastery Himachal Pradesh
Suryanar Temple Tamil Nadu Ghoom Monastery West Bengal
Konark Sun Temple Odisha Bylakuppe Monastery Karnataka
Surya Narayan Temple Arasavalli (Andhra Pradesh)

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

UNESCO Based Sites In India UNESCO Intangible Heritage

™ About UNESCO: ™ UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) list
™ Full Form: United Nations Educational, Scientific and recognizes traditions or living expressions inherited from
Cultural Organization ancestors and passed on to descendants.
™ Established: 16 November 1945 ™ These include oral traditions, performing arts, rituals,
traditional knowledge, and skills.
™ Headquarters: Paris, France
™ Objective: Promote peace and security through Intangible Cultural Heritage State Year
international cooperation in education, science, and Koodiyattam, Sanskrit theater kerala 2008
culture.
kerala
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™ UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Ramlila Uttarakhand 2008
™ Definition: Sites recognized by UNESCO for their
cultural, historical, scientific, or natural significance. Tradition of the Vedic chanting – 2008
Types:
Ramman – 2009
™ Cultural (monuments, buildings, archaeological sites)
Mudiyettu, Ritual theater and kerala 2010
™ Natural (natural landscapes, parks, biodiversity)
dance drama of kerala
™ Mixed (both cultural and natural elements)
™ World Heritage Sites in India (As of 2024) Kalbelia folk dance Rajasthan 2010
™ Total Sites: 43 Chhau dance Odisha 2010
™ Cultural Sites: 35 Buddhist chanting of Ladakh Ladakh 2012
™ Natural Sites: 7
Sankirtana Manipur 2013
™ Mixed Sites: 1 (Khangchendzonga National Park,
Sikkim Traditional brass and Copper punjab 2014
Craft of utensils making among
Natural Heritage Sites (7) the Thatheras of Jandiala guru
State World Heritage Site Year of Navroz, Yoga – 2016
Name Designation Kumbh mela – 2017
Durga puja in Kolkata West Bengal 2021
Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan 2014
National Park Garba of Gujarat Gujarat 2023
Conservation Area Kutiyattam
Assam Kaziranga National 1985 ™ Kutiyattam is one of the oldest traditional theater forms
Park practiced in Kerala.
Rajasthan Keoladeo National 1985 ™ The word ‘kudi’ means ‘combined’ and ‘attam’ means
Park ‘acting’, i.e. “kutiyattam” means “united acting”.
Assam Manas Wildlife 1985 ™ This traditional theater is performed by male artists from
Sanctuary the Chakyar community (a sub-caste of Hindus) and
female artists from the Nangiar community.
Uttarakhand Nanda Devi and 1988, 2005
Valley of Flowers ™ A musical instrument called Mizhavu is used in this.
National Parks ™ In the year 2008, Kudiyattam was included in the
Intangible Heritage List of Humanity by UNESCO.
West Bengal Sundarbans National 1987
Park Ramlila
Maharashtra, Western Ghats 2012 ™ In 2008 Ramlila was inscribed on the UNESCO
Karnataka, Kerala, representative list of the Intangible cultural heritage of
Tamil Nadu Humanity.
Tradition of the Vedic Chanting
™ The recitation of Veda mantras has been included in
the traditions of the Vedas, which are considered to be

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

examples of the oldest oral tradition. There are mainly three types of Chhau
™ In 2008, UNESCO included the tradition of Vedas in the dance-
list of Intangible Heritage of Humanity. 1. Mayurbhanj Chhau- It originated from Mayurbhanj
Ramman district of Odisha .
2. Purulia Chhau - Bengal
™ Ramman is a traditional drama performed in the Garhwal
region of Uttarakhand. 3. Seraikela Chhau - Jharkhand
™ It is celebrated by the Hindu community in Chamoli Buddhist Chanting of Ladakh
district.
™ The ancient sacred Buddhist texts are chanted every day
™ During this theatrical art, gifts are presented to the local by the monks living in various monasteries and following
deity ‘Bhumiyal’ by the people of the village. different sects of Buddhism in the trans-Himalayan

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™ In 2009, it was included in the UNESCO Intangible region of Ladakh in India.
Heritage List of Humanity. ™ The chanting is also meant for peace and prosperity of
Mudiyettu the world at large.
™ The chanting is a highly orchestrated musical drama.
™ Mudiyettu is the traditional drama art of the state of
Kerala. ™ It is done either sitting indoors or dancing in the monastic
courtyards or in private houses in the village.
™ It explains the battle between Goddess Kali and a
demon named Darika. ™ In 2012, it was included in the UNESCO Intangible
Heritage List of Humanity.
™ This play is organized in the temple named Bhagwati
Kavus after the harvest in the months of February and Sankirtana
May.
™ It is a traditional dance form of the northeastern state
™ In 2010, it was included in the UNESCO Intangible of Manipur, which is performed through singing and
Heritage List of Humanity. dhol.
Kalbelia Folk Dance ™ It showcases religious practices based on the Vaishnava
sect, in which the life and works of Lord Krishna are
™ This dance is organized by the women of Kalbelia
narrated through songs and dances.
community of Rajasthan.
™ In 2013, it was included in the UNESCO Intangible
™ The dress and dance moves in this dance are similar to
Heritage List of Humanity.
that of a ‘Snake’.
™ In this, a musical instrument is used by snake charmers, Yoga
which is called ‘Bean’. ™ In 2016, UNESCO included Yoga in its list of Intangible
™ In 2010, UNESCO included Kalbelia dance in the list of Cultural Heritage of humanity UNESCO List of
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Intangible Cultural Heritage include those intangible
elements that help demonstrate diversity of cultural
Chhau dance
heritage and raise awareness about its importance.
™ Chhau dance originated in the forests of Odisha as a
tribal dance in the 18th century, which gained the status Kumbh Mela
of a martial art based dance in the 19th century. ™ Kumbh Mela is made up of two words ‘Kumbh’ and
™ This dance is performed with masks due to which it got ‘Mela’.
the name ‘Chhau’ or ‘Mukhaota’. ™ The name Kumbh is derived from the immortal pot of
™ During this dance, themes related to Ramayana, nectar, which was described by the gods and demons in
Mahabharata, traditional folk tales and fictional subjects the ancient Vedic scriptures.
are displayed. ™ The first written evidence of the Kumbh Mela is
™ Musical instruments like ‘Dhol’ and ‘Marui’ are used mentioned in the Bhagavata Purana.
in this dance. ™ In the year 2017, Kumbh Mela has been included in
™ In 2010, UNESCO included Chhau dance in the list of UNESCO’s representative list ‘Intangible Cultural
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Heritage of Humanity’.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Types of Kumbh Melas Sanchi Stupa

‰ Maha Kumbh Mela ™ It is a hot spot for Buddhist places in India.
‰ Purna Kumbh Mela ™ It is situated at Sanchi in Raisen district of Madhya
‰ Ardh Kumbh Mela Pradesh.
‰ Magh Kumbh Mela
™ The Great Stupa at Sanchi is the oldest stone structure in
India and was originally commissioned by the emperor
™ Maha Kumbh Mela: It is organized only in Prayagraj. It
Ashoka, the Great in the 3rd century BCE.
comes every 144 years or after 12 Purna Kumbh Melas.
™ Sanchi stupa was discovered in 1818 after being
™ Purna Kumbh Mela: It comes every 12 years. Mainly
abandoned for 600 years.
4 Kumbh Melas are held in India at Prayagraj (Ganga
River), Haridwar (Ganga River), Nashik (Godavari) and ™ It was discovered in 1818 by General Taylor.
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Ujjain (Kshipra River). ™ Sanchi was included in the list of World Heritage Sites
™ Ardh Kumbh Mela: It means, Half Kumbh Mela which by UNESCO in 1989.
is held every 6 years in India at only two places Haridwar Mahabodhi Temple
and Prayagraj.
™ Mahabodhi Temple is located in Bodh Gaya, Bihar.
™ Magh Kumbh Mela: It is also known as Mini Kumbh
Mela. It is held annually only in Prayagraj in the month ™ The complex of this temple is one of the four sacred sites
of Magha as per the Hindu calendar. related to the life of Lord Gautam Buddha.
™ The 160 feet high (according to Hiuen Tsang) brick-built
Durga Puja Mahabodhi Temple was constructed between 1st and 2nd
™ Durga Puja is celebrated as an annual festival in West century AD.
Bengal. ™ The sacred Bodhi tree is situated in the west part of the
™ This annual festival is a week-long event in September- temple. It is known as the Peepal tree in India.
October, where Goddess Durga is worshiped. ™ It is believed that this is the same tree under which Lord
™ UNESCO saw Durga Puja as the best example of public Buddha attained enlightenment through meditation.
display of religion and art and included it in the list of ™ In 2002, this temple was given the status of a World
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in December Heritage Site by UNESCO.
2021. ™ A fair is organized in Bodh Gaya on the occasion of
Buddha Purnima, which is known as Uruvela, Mahabodhi
UNESCO Creative Cities Network or Sambodhi.

Music Chennai, Varanasi, Gwalior (2023) Shravanabelagola

Crafts and Folk Arts Jaipur, Srinagar ™ Shravanabelagola is located in Hassan district of
Karnataka and is one of the major pilgrimage sites of
Film Mumbai Jainism.
Gastronomy Hyderabad ™ A 57 feet statue of Jain saint Bahubali is installed on the
Literature Kozhikode (2023) Chandragiri hill near the town of Shravanabelagola.
™ Famous Major pilgrimage sites and historical places ™ He is also called ‘Gomateshwar’. Bahubali was the son
of India of Rishabhdev, the first Tirthankara of Jainism.
™ Mahamastakabhisheka ceremony is organized here every
Major pilgrimage sites
12 years.
Golden Temple Dilwara Jain Temple
™ Golden Temple is located inside the premises of Akhal ™ Dilwara Jain Temple is located near Mount Abu in Sirohi
Takht Sahib. district of Rajasthan.
™ Shri Guru Hargobind Singh laid the foundation stone of ™ These temples were built between the 11th and 13th
the Akal Takht building in 1605. centuries.
™ Paonta Sahib was founded by the Tenth Sikh guru, Guru ™ Dilwara Temple is actually a group of five temples.
Gobind Singh.
™ Vimal Vasahi Temple- This temple was built by Vimal
™ Patna Sahib was built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Shah, the minister of Solanki dynasty. This temple is
™ Gurudwara Bangla Sahib is known for its association dedicated to Jain Tirthankara Adinath.
with the eighth Sikh Guru, Guru Har Krishan.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Shri Parshvanath Temple- This temple is dedicated to Jagannath, his elder brother Balabhadra and sister
Lord Parshvanath. Subhadra, all three set out to visit the city in three
™ Mahavir Swami Temple- This temple is dedicated to different grand and decorated chariots.
Mahavir Jain, the last Tirthankara of Jainism. ™ This temple is called “White Pagoda”.
™ Luna Vasahi Temple- This temple is dedicated to Rameswaram
Neminath, the 22nd Tirthankara of Jainism.
™ Rameswaram is an ancient site on Pamban Island in the
Lotus Temple southeast Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the last of the Char
™ Lotus Temple was designed by an architect from Iran. Dhams associated with Hinduism.
™ The Baha’i religion is one of the nine great religions of ™ It is called ‘Varanasi of the South’.
the world and was founded by the Prophet Baha’u’llah. ™ It is known for the Ramanathaswamy Temple, a Hindu

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™ In December 1986, the Bahai community built the Lotus pilgrimage site with ornate corridors, huge sculpted
Temple in New Delhi. pillars and holy water tanks.
™ This temple is built in the shape of a half-open floating Historical Places
lotus amidst ponds and gardens.
™ The 27 petals of this temple have been constructed by Varanasi
mixing concrete with white marble. ™ Historically, Varanasi is known as Banaras and Kashi.
™ However, there is no idol of any god in this temple. ™ It is situated on the banks of river Ganges.
™ Lotus – is a symbol of peace, purity, love and immortality. ™ It is also called the ‘spiritual capital’ of India.
This is the reason why this temple has been named Kamal ™ The city of Varanasi is known for the worship of Lord
or Lotus Temple. Shiva.
Four Dham related to Hinduism: ™ The temple of Kashi Vishwanath is situated here, one of
the 12 Jyotirlingas.
™ Badrinath (North), Dwarka (West), Jagannath Puri (East)
and Rameshwaram (South) are the Char Dhams related ™ The city of Varanasi is world famous for its Ghats.
to Hinduism. ™ Manikarnika Ghat and Dashashwamedh Ghat.
Badrinath Sarnath
™ Badrinath or Badrinarayan Temple is a Hindu temple ™ Sarnath is one of the famous Buddhist sites located in
situated on the banks of river Alaknanda in Chamoli Uttar Pradesh.
district of Uttarakhand. ™ Sarnath is located near the confluence of the Ganges and
™ This temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. the Varuna rivers.
™ Geographically, this place is situated in the Garhwal ™ It was here that the Buddha gave his first sermon after
region, between the high peaks of the Himalayan ranges. enlightenment, setting the wheel of the dharma (truth)
in motion.
Dwarka
™ Dhamekh is One of the prominent Buddhist structures
™ It is an ancient city located in Gujarat. in India, Stupa at Sarnath was constructed by the great
™ Dwarka is situated on the western bank of the Mauryan king, Ashoka.
Okhamandal Peninsula on the banks of the Gomti River
Ujjain City
and the Arabian Sea.
™ It is a city situated on the banks of river Kshipra.
Jagannath
™ Here is the world famous temple of Mahakal.
™ Puri Shree Jagannath Temple is a Hindu temple, dedicated ™ Mahakaleshwar temple of Ujjain, one of the 12
to Lord Jagannath (Sri Krishna). Jyotirlingas of India.
™ It is located in the coastal city of Puri in Odisha, India. ™ Kumbh Mela is organized here every 12th year.
The word Jagannath means ‘lord of the world’.
™ There are tourist places like Bhartrihari Caves,
™ It is a temple of Vaishnava sect, which is dedicated to Mangalnath and Jantar Mantar in Ujjain.
Shri Krishna, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
™ The annual Jagannath Rath Yatra festival of this temple Chitrakoot
is famous. ™ Chitrakoot is one of the oldest religious and historical
™ In this, the three main deities of the temple, Lord pilgrimage centers in India, situated on the banks of the
Mandakini river.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ It is situated on the border of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya first structure made of marble and is a unique example of
Pradesh. Afghan architecture in India.
™ It is believed that Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh took child
Jaipur
incarnation at the place of Sati Anusaiya in Chitrakoot.
™ Lord Rama spent about 11 years here during his 14 years ™ Jaipur was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II.
of exile. ™ It is known as the ‘Pink City’ of India.
™ The Jantar Mantar complex, built by Sawai Jai Singh
Bhimbetka
II, is considered a huge wonder, which was declared a
™ Bhimbetka is in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh. UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010.
™ The site is known for its prehistoric rock shelters ™ The word ‘jantar’ means instrument/means and ‘mantar’
(Bhimbetka caves), which are located at the foothills of means calculation.
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the Vindhya ranges. ™ Thus Jantar-Mantar means ‘Calculating instrument or

™ Eminent archaeologist Dr. V.S. Wakankar discovered instrument’.
these caves in 1958. ™ Apart from Jaipur, Jantar Mantar (observatory) was also
™ The word ‘Bhimbetka’ is derived from ‘Bhim Batika’. built in Ujjain, Varanasi, Mathura and Delhi.
™ These caves are named after ‘Bhima’, one of the five ™ The city of Jaipur has been included in UNESCO’s
Pandavas of Mahabharata. Bhimbetka means the seat of Creative City Network for its contribution in the field of
Bhima. crafts and folk arts.
™ The Bhimbetka caves were declared a UNESCO World ™ The city of Jaipur is also known for the ‘Hawa Mahal’.
Heritage Site in the year 2003.
Guwahati
Nagarjunakonda
™ It is called the “Cultural Capital of Northeast India” and
™ The city is located in the Guntur district of Andhra the “Gateway to Northeast India”.
Pradesh. ™ It is situated on the banks of river Brahmaputra.
™ It was known as ‘Vijayapura’ in ancient times. ™ Here is the world famous Kamakhya temple.
™ It remained an important Buddhist pilgrimage center. ™ Ambubachi Mela is organized in Kamakhya temple.
™ Its present name ‘Nagarjunakonda’ is derived from the ™ Peacock Island is located in Guwahati, which is the
famous Buddhist monk “Nagarjuna”. smallest river island in the world.
™ Nagarjuna has composed a philosophical treatise called
‘Madhyamik Sutra’. Historical and Tourist Places of The World
™ Nagarjunakonda was a beautiful city during the Ikshvaku Landmark Location Notable Characteristics
kings.
Leaning
™ This place was quite famous during the time of Famous for its noticeable tilt
Tower of Pisa, Italy
Satavahana rulers. due to unstable foundation
Pisa
™ A stupa, two chaityas and a vihara have been found in the
Egyptian Ancient structures built as
remains found in the excavation. Giza, Egypt
Pyramid tombs for pharaohs
Mandu
Paris, Iconic iron lattice tower,
™ It is located in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. Eiffel Tower
France symbol of Paris and France
™ Situated in the Vindhyachal mountain range, Mandu was
earlier also known as Shadiabad. Largest religious monument
Angkor Wat Siem Reap,
in the world, Khmer
™ It is called ‘City of Joy’ or ‘Anand Nagar’. Temple Cambodia
architecture
™ The Malwa plateau lies in the north of the city of Mandu
and the Narmada valley in the south. Elysee Paris, Official residence of the
Palace France President of France
™ One of the features of the fort of Mandu is its 12 major
gates (gates), which need to be crossed before entering Moscow, Historic city square, home
Red Square
the fort. Russia to iconic landmarks
™ The city of Mandu is also known for the love stories of Symbol of freedom and
Rani Roopmati and Baz Bahadur. Statue of New York
democracy, gift from
Liberty City, USA
™ Hushangshah’s tomb is also located here, which is India’s France to the USA

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Western Wall of the Temple Important GI tag of India

Jerusalem,
Wailing Wall Mount, sacred site in
Israel ™ The first Indian product to get the Geographical Indication
Judaism
tag in 2004- Darjeeling Tea
Distinctive shell-like
Sydney, Product State
Opera House architecture, performing
Australia
arts venue Ringaal craft, Munsiyari Rajma Uttarakhand
Ancient Greek temple on Darjeeling Tea, Murshidabad’s Garad,
Athens,
Parthenon the Acropolis, dedicated to Kalo Nunia Rice, Sundarbans’ Natural West Bengal
Greece
Athena Honey
Tirupati Laddu, Uppada jamdani

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Hindi Calendar & Festivals sarees, Bobbili veenas
Andhra Pradesh

™ Nagpanchami is celebrated in the Hindu month of Mysore Silk, Dharwad Pedha, Karnataka
Shravan.
Kancheepuram Silk, Salem Fabric,
™ According to the Indian calendar, the spring season Narasimhapettai Nadaswaram, Tamil Nadu
(Vasant Ritu) starts from Magh and lasts till Phalgun– Karuppur Kalamkari painting
Chaitra.
Banarasi Silk, Banaras Thandai,
™ Hemant Ritu falls in the months of Margashirsha and
Banaras Tabla, Banaras Lal Peda,
Paush.
Jaunpur Imarti, Mathura Sanjhi Uttar Pradesh
™ Diwali (Deepavali) is celebrated in the Hindu month of Craft, Pilibhit Bansuri, Banarasi Lal
Kartik. Bharwan Mirch
™ April 14 is celebrated as Puthandu, the first day of the
Jardalu Mango, Katarni Rice, Maghai
Tamil calendar.
Paan, Shahi Litchi of Muzaffarpur and Bihar
Indian philosophy, philosophical views and Mithila Makhana
their originators Chanderi Fabric, Chanderi saree,
™ Sankhya philosophy was propounded by – Maharishi Maheshwar saree, Sharbati wheat,
Madhya Pradesh
Kapil Sundarja mango, Gond painting,
™ Yoga philosophy was propounded by – Maharishi Chinnor Rice
Patanjali Kashmir Pashmina, Bhaderwah Jammu and
™ Gautam is considered to be the originator of- Nyaya Rajmash Kashmir
philosophy.
Himachal
Kullu Shawls
Philosophical View Originator(s) Pradesh
Vedanta Adi Shankaracharya Vada Kolam rice, Kolhapuri Chappal,
Maharashtra
Nyaya Gautama (Aksapada) Alibaug White Onion
Samkhya Kapila Malabar Pepper, Edure chili,
Kerala
Yoga Patanjali Kuttiattoor Mango
Mimamsa Jaimini Pochampally Ikat, Telangana
Vaisheshika Kanada (Kanabharati) Sojat Mehndi, Bikaneri Bhujia, Thewa
Advaita Vedanta Adi Shankaracharya Art Work, Makrana Marble, Sojat Rajasthan
Vishishtadvaita Ramanujacharya Mehndi
Dvaita Madhvacharya Haathi Chili, Kachai Lemon,
Tamenglong Orange and Black Rice Manipur
Shuddhadvaita Vallabhacharya
of Manipur
Dvaitadvaita Nimbarkacharya

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22 Languages in the Eighth Schedule:

National Symbols, Script and
language of India ™ These are officially recognized languages. Examples:
Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Urdu, Punjabi,
™ India has adopted several national symbols that represent etc.
its identity, culture, and heritage.
Classical Languages:
™ Additional Facts:
™ Languages declared as classical for their ancient heritage:
™ The National Anthem “Jana-Gana-Mana” was first sung
Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Odia.
in 1911 at the Calcutta session.
™ National Song “Vande Mataram” was first sung in 1896 Indian Script
and is compiled from the book Anandamath. ™ Devanagari script is used for writing Hindi.
Official Language of India ™ Gurmukhi script is used for writing Punjabi.
™ Article 343 of the Indian Constitution declares Hindi in ™ Brahmi is considered the oldest script of India and the
Devanagari script as the official language of the Union. origin of all Indian scripts. It is written left to right.
™ English is also used for official purposes of the Union (as ™ Kharosthi script is written right to left.
per Official Languages Act, 1963). ™ Bengali: Bengali script
™ Tamil: Tamil script
™ Telugu: Telugu script
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™ Malayalam: Malayalam script Rich in literature,

™ Urdu: Perso-Arabic script influenced by
Malayalam Kerala Classical
Indian states and their official languages Sanskrit and
Tamil
™ Hindi Official Language States: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Ancient script,
Odia significant
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh. Odisha Classical
(Oriya)
™ English Official Language States: Nagaland, Meghalaya, classical texts
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim. Bihar, Maithili script,
™ Telugu Official Language States: Andhra Pradesh, Maithili Jharkhand, Folk folklore, and
Telangana. Nepal traditional songs

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™ Tamil Official Language State: Tamil Nadu. Influenced
™ Kannada Official Language State: Karnataka. Goa, by Sanskrit,
Konkani Folk
™ Malayalam Official Language State: Kerala. Maharashtra Portuguese, and
Kannada
™ Marathi Official Language State: Maharashtra.
™ Gujarati Official Language State: Gujarat. Tibeto-Burman
Kokborok Tripura Folk language with its
™ Punjabi Official Language State: Punjab.
own script
™ Assamese Official Language State: Assam.
Indo- Aryan
™ Odia Official Language State: Odisha.
Jammu and language,written
™ Bengali Official Language States: West Bengal, Tripura. Dogri Folk in Devanagari
Kashmir
™ Konkani Official Language State: Goa. script
™ Meitei (Manipuri) Official Language State: Manipur.
Neighbouring Country of India
™ Mizo Official Language State: Mizoram.
™ Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha (along with English): Sikkim.
™ Bengali, Kokborok, English: Tripura.
Language Region Type Notable Features
Oldest classical
Ancient
Sanskrit Classical language, sacred
India
in Hinduism
Ancient
Tamil Nadu,
Tamil Classical literature, rich
Sri Lanka
cultural heritage
Influential
Kannada Karnataka Classical in medieval
literature and
poetry
Extensive
Andhra
Telugu Classical literary tradition,
Pradesh
classical poetry

Country Parliament Currency Longest River Highest peak

Nepal National Panchayat Nepali Rupee Karnali (Ghaghra) Mount everest
Bhutan Tsongdu Ngultrum Drangme chhu Gangkar Punsum (Kulakan Gadi)
Sri Lanka __________ Sri Lankan Rupee Mahaweli Ganga Pidurutalagala
Pakistan National Assembly Pakistani Rupee Indus River Tirich Mir (7708 m)
Afghanistan Shora Afghani Amu Darya Mount Noshaq

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Bangladesh Ethnic parliament Taka Brahmaputra Saka Haiphong

Myanmar __________ Qyat Irrawaddy River Hakakaboraji
China National People’s Renminbi, Yuan yangtze river Kongur tag
Congress
Nepal Pakistan
™ Pakistan is called the ‘country of canals’.
™ Tirich Mir (Hindu Kush mountain) is the highest peak
of Pakistan.
™ The ‘Swat Valley’ located in Pakistan is called the
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‘Paradise of Pakistan’.
™ Pakistan’s ‘Quetta’ is known for coal and ‘Mial’ area is
known for natural gas.
Bangladesh
™ Bangladesh forms the Ganges Brahmaputra Delta, the
™ Mount Everest, Dhaulagiri, Makalu, Annapurna and largest delta in the world.
Gaurishankar are the major mountain peaks in Nepal. ™ The Brahmaputra is called ‘Jamuna’ in Bangladesh.
™ Nepal’s ‘Thimi’ is world famous for pottery. ™ In Bangladesh, the river Ganges meets the Jamuna and
™ ‘Viratnagar’ is the only industrial city of Nepal. is called ‘Padma’.
™ Chitwan National Park and Sagarmatha National ™ ‘Cox’s Bazar’ is located in Bangladesh, which is the
Park are located here. world’s largest sand beach (Balu Pulin).
™ Globally, Bangladesh is known for pink pearls, jute
Bhutan
production and Sundari tree.
™ The local name of this country is Drug Yul.
™ Bhutan is called the ‘Land of Thunderbolt’.
™ It is the only country in the world where economic
development is measured on the basis of national
happiness.
™ Mangdechhu Hydroelectric Project and Chukha
Hydroelectric Project are being run in Bhutan with the
help of India.
™ Recently, China claimed the Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary
in Trashigang district of eastern Bhutan, bordering India
and China. Myanmar
™ It is situated in the east of India.
Sri Lanka
™ It is called the ‘Country of the Golden Pagoda’.
™ Sri Lanka is called Tapovan, Sinhaldweep and ‘Pearl of
™ Kamini Plateau and Shan Plateau are located here.
the East’.
™ Irrawaddy, Salveen and Sitang are the main rivers here.
™ The Palk Strait separates India and Sri Lanka.
™ The Irrawaddy River is called the ‘Lifeline of
™ ‘Adam’s Bridge’ is situated between Dhanushkondi of
Myanmar’.
India and Talaiyamannar of Sri Lanka, which is made of
coral island. ™ To the east of the Salween River lies the Golden Triangle,
known for the cultivation of opium.
™ The Mahaweli Ganga is the largest river in Sri Lanka.
™ Inle Lake is located in Myanmar, which is also a
™ Sri Lanka is famous for Kandyan dance.
biosphere reserve of Myanmar.
™ There are 3 main endemic dance styles in Sri Lanka- they
™ Due to Rohingya Muslims this country is always in the
are named as Udaratha (endemic to the city of Kandy),
Pahatharatha (endemic to the southern regions) and news.
Sabaragamu.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

China ™ These reserves represent natural and cultural landscapes

™ It is the fourth country in the world in terms of area and and ensure the stability of biodiversity conservation.
first in terms of population. ™ Wildlife and natural resources in these areas are protected,
™ Mandarin is the main language spoken in China. maintained, managed, and restored.
™ The Gobi Desert is located in China, which is also a cold ™ UNESCO launched the concept of biosphere reserves
desert. in 1971 to reduce conflicts between development and
conservation.
™ The Spindle House Desert is located in Siqiang, China.
™ According to UNESCO, biosphere reserves are areas
™ China’s ‘Dakang’ area is known for oil storage.
of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems that promote
™ Lopanur Lake is located in China, which is a salt water biodiversity conservation along with sustainable use.
lake.
™ They are declared under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere

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(MAB) Programme.
Biosphere Reserves of India
™ The MAB Programme aims to establish a scientific basis
™ Biosphere Reserves provide a better environment for for enhancing the relationship between people and their
both humans and nature, where both live while taking environment.
care of each other’s needs. ™ From 2022, November 3rd is observed as International
Biosphere Reserve Day.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Zones of a Biosphere Reserve ™ Buffer Zone: Located around the core zone; used for
™ Core Zone: The most protected area, with endemic scientific research.
species and no human activity allowed. ™ Transition Zone: The outermost area; includes human
settlements, agriculture, managed forests, and recreation
zones.
List of Biosphere Reserves in India

Name Year MAB Year State(s) Area (sq km)

Nilgiri 1986 2000 Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka 5520
Nanda Devi 1988 2004 Uttarakhand 6485
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Nokrek 1988 2009 Meghalaya 820

Gulf of Mannar 1989 2001 Tamil Nadu 10500
Sundarban 1989 2001 West Bengal 9630
Manas 1989 - Assam 2835
Great Nicobar 1989 2013 Andaman and Nicobar 885
Similipal 1994 2009 Odisha 4370
Dibru-Saikhowa 1997 - Assam 820
Dehang-Debang 1999 - Arunachal Pradesh 5110
Pachmarhi 1999 2009 Madhya Pradesh 4925
Khangchendzonga 2000 2018 Sikkim -
Agasthyamala 2001 2016 Tamil Nadu, Kerala 3500
Achanakmar-Amarkantak 2005 2012 Madhya Pradesh 3835
Kachchh 2008 - Gujarat 2619
Cold Desert 2009 - Himachal Pradesh 7770
Seshachalam 2010 - Andhra Pradesh 4755
Panna 2011 2020 Madhya Pradesh 2998

Important Facts ™ Located in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.

™ Total number of biosphere reserves in India: 18 ™ Includes Nagarhole, Bandipur, Mudumalai, Mukurthi,
™ Number of reserves recognized under UNESCO MAB: Silent Valley NP, Wayanad, Aralam, and Karimpuzha
12 WLS.
™ First Biosphere Reserve in India: Nilgiri (1986) ™ Notable Fauna: Lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri Tahr.
™ First Indian biosphere reserve in UNESCO MAB: Nilgiri Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
(2000) ™ Located between India and Sri Lanka.
™ Latest addition to UNESCO MAB: Panna (2020) ™ First Marine Biosphere Reserve in South and Southeast
™ Northernmost reserve: Cold Desert (Himachal Pradesh) Asia (1989).
™ Southernmost reserve: Great Nicobar ™ Part of major coral reef zones in India.
™ Largest reserve by area: Gulf of Mannar (10,500 sq km) ™ Largest biosphere reserve by area.
™ Smallest reserve by area: Dibru-Saikhowa (820 sq km) ™ Notable Fauna: Dugong (Sea Cow), Sea Turtles.
Selected Biosphere Reserve Highlights Sundarban Biosphere Reserve
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve ™ Part of Ganges-Brahmaputra delta.
™ First biosphere reserve of India and first included in ™ Sundarbans NP established in 1984; UNESCO Heritage
UNESCO MAB (2000). site (1987); Biosphere Reserve (2001).
™ Only mangrove forest in the world inhabited by tigers.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Notable Fauna: Royal Bengal Tiger. ™ Notable Fauna: Tiger, Chital, Chinkara, Sloth Bear.
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Manas Biosphere Reserve
™ Located in Uttarakhand; includes Nanda Devi and Valley ™ Located in Assam; designated as reserve in 1989.
of Flowers NP. ™ World Heritage Site (1985).
™ UNESCO World Heritage Site. ™ Notable Fauna: Royal Bengal Tiger, Elephants.
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve
™ Located in Meghalaya; part of West Garo Hills. ™ Located in Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts, Assam.
™ Added to UNESCO list in 2009. ™ Largest swamp forest in NE India.
™ Notable Fauna: Red Panda. ™ Surrounded by Brahmaputra, Lohit, and Dibru rivers.

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Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve Dehang-Debang Biosphere Reserve
™ Located in Madhya Pradesh; includes Betul, ™ Located in Arunachal Pradesh; includes West Siang,
Hoshangabad, Chhindwara districts. Upper Siang, and Dibang Valley.
™ Significant tribal population (Gond tribes). ™ Includes Mouling NP and Dibang WLS.
™ Notable Fauna: Giant Squirrel, Flying Squirrel.
Kachchh Biosphere Reserve
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve ™ Located in Gujarat; includes seasonal salt marshes.
™ Located in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha. ™ Notable Fauna: Indian Wild Ass.
™ Tiger reserve since 1956; part of Mayurbhanj Elephant
Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
Reserve.
™ Notable Fauna: Gaur, Wild Elephant. ™ Located in Andhra Pradesh; part of Eastern Ghats.
™ Includes Sri Venkateswara NP and Tirupati.
Achanakmar -Amarkantak Biosphere
™ Notable Fauna: Red Sanders, Slender Loris.
Reserve
™ Spans Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Panna Biosphere Reserve
™ Includes Anuppur, Dindori, and Bilaspur districts. ™ Location: Panna and Chhatarpur districts, Madhya
Pradesh
Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve
™ Region: Vindhya Range
™ Southernmost island of the Nicobar group. ™ River: Ken River flows through the reserve
™ Indigenous Shompen tribe inhabit the area. ™ Known for successful tiger reintroduction and rich
™ Notable Fauna: Saltwater Crocodile, Crab-eating biodiversity
Macaque. ™ Notable Fauna: Tiger, Chital, Chinkara, Sloth Bear
Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve
National Parks in India
™ Located in southern Western Ghats (Tamil Nadu and
Kerala). ™ National Parks are protected areas declared by the
™ Includes Shendurni, Peppara, Neyyar WLS and Kalakad- Government of India to conserve wildlife, biodiversity,
Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. and natural ecosystems.
™ They are given the highest level of protection under the
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
™ Located in Sikkim; includes Mt. Khangchendzonga ™ Human activities such as hunting, grazing, and
(third highest peak). commercial exploitation are strictly prohibited.
™ Zemu Glacier and many lakes/glaciers. ™ Managed by state or central governments.
™ Notable Fauna: Snow Leopard, Red Panda. ™ The primary goal is the conservation of flora, fauna, and
Panna Biosphere Reserve landscapes with minimal human interference.
™ Included in UNESCO MAB in 2020. Key Features
™ Located in Panna and Chhatarpur districts, Madhya ™ No human activities are allowed.
Pradesh. ™ Managed by state or central authorities.
™ Ken River flows through it. ™ Focused on wildlife and ecosystem conservation.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Madhya Pradesh: Bandhavgarh (1968), Dinosaur Fossil

(2011), Ghughua Fossil (1983), Kanha (1955), Madhav
(1959), Panna (1981), Pench (1975), Sanjay (1981),
Satpura (1981), Van Vihar (1979)
™ Maharashtra: Chandoli (2004), Gugamal (1974),
Navegaon (1975), Sanjay Gandhi (1983), Tadoba (1955)
™ Manipur: Keibul Lamjao (1977)
™ Meghalaya: Balphakram (1985), Nokrek (1986)
™ Mizoram: Murlen (1991), Phawngpui Blue Mountain
(1992)
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™ Nagaland: Ntangki (1993)

™ Odisha: Bhitarkanika (1988), Simlipal (1980)
™ Rajasthan: Desert (1992), Keoladeo (1981), Mukundra
Hills (2006), Ranthambore (1980), Sariska (1992)
™ Sikkim: Khangchendzonga (1977)
™ Tamil Nadu: Gulf of Mannar Marine (1980), Guindy
(1976), Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) (1989), Mudumalai
State-wise Important National (1990), Mukurthi (2001)
Parks in India ™ Telangana: Kasu Brahmananda Reddy (1994), Mahavir
Harina Vanasthali (1994), Mrugavani (1994)
Andaman & Nicobar Islands: ™ Tripura: Bison (Rajbari) (2007), Clouded Leopard
(2007)
™ Campbell Bay (1992), Galathea Bay (1992), Mahatma
Gandhi Marine (1983), Mount Harriet (1987), Middle ™ Uttar Pradesh: Dudhwa (1977)
Button Island (1987), North Button Island (1987), Saddle ™ Uttarakhand: Jim Corbett (1936), Gangotri (1989),
Peak (1987), South Button Island (1987) Govind (1990), Nanda Devi (1982), Rajaji (1983), Valley
™ Andhra Pradesh: Sri Venkateswara (1989), Papikonda of Flowers (1982)
(2008), Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) (2005) ™ West Bengal: Buxa (1992), Gorumara (1994), Neora
™ Arunachal Pradesh: Mouling (1986), Namdapha (1983) Valley (1986), Singalila (1992), Sundarbans (1984),
Jaldapara (2014).
™ Assam: Dibru-Saikhowa (1999), Kaziranga (1974),
Manas (1990), Nameri (1998), Orang (1999), Dihing Difference Between Biosphere Reserves
Patkai (2021) and National Parks
™ Bihar: Valmiki (1989)
Feature Biosphere Reserve National Park
™ Chhattisgarh: Indravati (1982), Kanger Valley (1982),
Guru Ghasidas (1981) Biodiversity Strict protection of
™ Goa: Mollem (1992) Purpose conservation, sustainable flora, fauna, and
™ Gujarat: Blackbuck (Velavadar) (1976), Gir (1975), development, research landscapes
Marine (1982), Vansda (1979) Larger areas with Smaller areas
™ Haryana: Kalesar (2003), Sultanpur (1989) Size & multiple ecosystems; focused on specific
™ Himachal Pradesh: Great Himalayan (1984), Inderkilla Scope may include other ecosystems or
(2010), Khirganga (2010), Pin Valley (1987), Simbalbara reserves species
(2010)
Zoned: Core (none), No human activities
™ Jharkhand: Betla (1986) Human
Buffer (limited), permitted; highly
™ Karnataka: Anshi (1987), Bandipur (1974), Activity
Transition (sustainable) protected areas
Bannerghatta (1974), Kudremukh (1987), Nagarhole
(1988)
™ Kerala: Anamudi Shola (2003), Eravikulam (1978),
Mathikettan Shola (2003), Pampadum Shola (2003),
Periyar (1982), Silent Valley (1984)
™ Ladakh: Hemis (1981)

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

of wetlands.
‰ The convention came into force in 1975.

Ramsar Wetland Sites ‰ World Wetlands Day is observed every year on 2nd
February to mark the adoption of the convention.
™ Definition of Wetlands
‰ India became a party to the Ramsar Convention by
‰ Wetlands are land areas that are seasonally or signing it on 1st February 1982.
permanently flooded with water. They play a
™ India and Ramsar Sites
critical role in maintaining ecological balance and
‰ India currently has 89 Ramsar Sites (As on February,
biodiversity.
2025).
™ According to the Ramsar Convention, wetlands
‰ Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar Sites
include:

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(20), followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).
‰ “Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether
natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, fresh, ™ Montreux Record
brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the ™ The Montreux Record is a register of Ramsar Sites that
depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.” are facing immediate ecological threats or challenges.
™ Historical Background of Ramsar Convention ™ It is maintained as part of the Ramsar List.
‰ The Ramsar Convention was signed on February 2, ™ Currently listed Indian sites under Montreux Record:
1971, in Ramsar, Iran. ‰ Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan)

‰ It is one of the oldest intergovernmental environmental ‰ Loktak Lake (Manipur)

agreements focused on the conservation and wise use

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

S.No Ramsar Site Name State Last Publication Date Area (Sq.Km)
1 Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary Gujarat 1-Feb-22 5.12
2 Rudrasagar Lake Tripura 8-Nov-05 2.4
3 Sundarban Wetland West Bengal 31-Jan-19 4230
4 Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 1-Feb-22 28.94
5 Haiderpur Wetland Uttar Pradesh 8-Dec-21 69.08
6 Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary Punjab 1-Feb-20 1.16
7 Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 1-Feb-20 2.25
8 Lonar Lake Maharashtra 11-Nov-20 4.27
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9 Kabartal Wetland Bihar 16-Oct-20 26.2

10 Asan Conservation Reserve Uttarakhand 16-Oct-20 4.44
11 Vellode Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 3-Aug-22 0.77
12 Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 3-Aug-22 0.4
13 Sur Sarovar Uttar Pradesh 11-Nov-20 4.31
14 Sultanpur National Park Haryana 6-Aug-21 1.43
15 Karikili Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 25-Jul-22 0.58
16 Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 31-Oct-22 0.97
17 Satkosia Gorge Odisha 3-Aug-22 981.97
18 Pala Wetland Mizoram 25-Jul-22 18.5
19 Ansupa Lake Odisha 31-Oct-22 2.31
20 Hirakud Reservoir Odisha 31-Oct-22 654
21 Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Gujarat 6-Aug-21 6.99
22 Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Haryana 6-Aug-21 4.12
23 Wadhvana Wetland Gujarat 6-Aug-21 6.3
24 Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 3-Aug-22 5.18
25 Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 1-Feb-20 7.99
26 Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 1-Feb-20 7.22
27 Sarsai Nawar Jheel Uttar Pradesh 1-Feb-20 1.61
28 Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu 3-Aug-22 526.72
29 Sakhya Sagar Madhya Pradesh 25-Jul-22 2.48
30 Tso Kar Wetland Complex Ladakh 23-Dec-20 95.77
31 Tampara Lake Odisha 31-Oct-22 3
32 Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest Tamil Nadu 25-Jul-22 12.48
33 Pichavaram Mangrove Tamil Nadu 25-Jul-22 14.79
34 Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 3-Aug-22 0.72
35 Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 31-Oct-22 2.6
36 Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 31-Oct-22 1.13
37 Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 3-Aug-22 0.44
38 Sirpur Wetland Madhya Pradesh 3-Aug-22 1.61
39 Yashwant Sagar Madhya Pradesh 31-Oct-22 8.23
40 Nanda Lake Goa 3-Aug-22 0.42
41 Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex Tamil Nadu 31-Oct-22 0.94
42 Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve Jammu & Kashmir 31-Oct-22 8.02

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43 Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve Jammu & Kashmir 31-Oct-22 16.75

44 Thane Creek Maharashtra 31-Oct-22 65.21
45 Nandur Madhameshwar Maharashtra 1-Feb-20 14.37
46 Sandi Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 1-Feb-20 3.09
47 Beas Conservation Reserve Punjab 1-Feb-20 64.29
48 Saman Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 1-Feb-20 5.26
49 Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve Punjab 1-Feb-20 3.44
50 Bhitarkanika Mangroves Odisha 19-Aug-02 650
51 Chilika Lake Odisha 1-Oct-81 1165

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52 Deepor Beel Assam 19-Aug-02 40
53 Kanjli Punjab 22-Jan-02 1.83
54 Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh 19-Aug-02 901
55 Loktak Lake Manipur 23-Mar-90 266
56 Nalsarovar Gujarat 24-Sep-12 120
57 Pong Dam Lake Himachal Pradesh 19-Aug-02 156.62
58 Ropar Punjab 22-Jan-02 13.65
59 Sambhar Lake Rajasthan 23-Mar-90 240
60 Surinsar-Mansar Lakes Jammu & Kashmir 8-Nov-05 3.5
61 Upper Ganga River Uttar Pradesh 8-Nov-05 265.9
62 Tsomoriri Ladakh 19-Aug-02 120
63 Harike Lake Punjab 23-Mar-90 41
64 Renuka Wetland Himachal Pradesh 8-Nov-05 0.2
65 Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 19-Aug-02 385
66 Aghanashini Estuary Karnataka 31-Jan-24 48.01
67 Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve Karnataka 31-Jan-24 0.99
68 Longwood Shola Reserve Forest Tamil Nadu 31-Jan-24 1.16
69 Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 31-Jan-24 4.54
70 Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve Karnataka 31-Jan-24 0.54
71 Vembannur Wetland Complex Tamil Nadu 3-Aug-22 0.2
72 Nagi Bird Sanctuary Bihar 4-Jun-24 2.06
73 Nakti Bird Sanctuary Bihar 4-Jun-24 3.33
74 Sasthamkotta Lake Kerala 19-Aug-02 3.73
75 Chandertal Wetland Himachal Pradesh 8-Nov-05 0.49
76 Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 1-Oct-81 28.73
77 Hokera Wetland Jammu & Kashmir 8-Nov-05 13.75
78 Wular Lake Jammu & Kashmir 23-Mar-90 189
79 Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 22-Aug-24 51.52
80 Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 26-Aug-24 1.26
81 Tawa Reservoir Madhya Pradesh 22-Aug-24 200.5
82 Vembanad-Kol Wetland Kerala 19-Aug-02 1512.5
83 Ashtamudi Wetland Kerala 19-Aug-02 61.4
84 Bhoj Wetland Madhya Pradesh 19-Aug-02 32.01
85 East Calcutta Wetlands West Bengal 19-Aug-02 125

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86 Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary Jharkhand 2-Feb-25 9.36

87 Khachoedpalri wetland Sikkim 2-Feb-25 1.72
88 Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 2-Feb-25 2.3
89 Therthangal Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 2-Feb-25 0.29
which rises to 4,401 meters and is situated in the state of
Major Mountain Ranges of the World Colorado, USA.
™ The mountain ranges of the world are vast and diverse,
Great Dividing Range
each with unique geographical, geological, and cultural
significance. ™ The Great Dividing Range is Australia’s most substantial
™ Below is a detailed description of some of the major mountain range, extending over 3,500 kilometers along
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mountain ranges of the world, including their length, the eastern coastline of the continent.
countries they traverse, and their highest peaks. ™ It stretches from northeastern Queensland, through New
South Wales, and into Victoria.
™ The highest peak is Mount Kosciuszko, located in New
South Wales, which stands at 2,228 meters.
™ This range plays a critical role in Australia’s river
systems, being the origin of the Darling-Murray River
system.
Atlas Mountains
™ The Atlas Mountains run for about 2,500 kilometers
across the northwestern part of Africa, passing through
the countries of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
™ These mountains are considered young fold mountains
and serve as a natural barrier separating the Sahara
Desert from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
Andes ™ The highest peak in the Atlas Mountains is Mount
™ The Andes is the longest continental mountain range in Toubkal, located in Morocco, with an elevation of 4,167
the world, stretching approximately 7,000 kilometers meters.
along the western coast of South America. Ural Mountains
™ This majestic range passes through seven countries: ™ The Ural Mountains stretch approximately 2,500
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and kilometers from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Ural
Argentina. River in the south.
™ The highest peak in the Andes is Mount Aconcagua, ™ These mountains form a natural boundary between the
which stands at an elevation of 6,961 meters and is continents of Europe and Asia.
located in Argentina.
™ The Urals pass through Russia and Kazakhstan and are
™ The Andes also host the world’s highest active volcano, among the world’s oldest mountain ranges, often referred
Ojos del Salado, which lies on the Chile-Argentina to as old fold mountains.
border and reaches a height of 6,893 meters.
™ Mount Narodnaya, with a height of 1,894 meters, is
™ The Andes encompass the Lithium Triangle — a region the highest peak in the Urals. The region is historically
rich in lithium reserves — shared by Argentina, Bolivia, significant for its rich mineral resources and has been a
and Chile. major industrial base for Russia since the 18th century.
Rocky Mountains Appalachian Mountains
™ The Rocky Mountains, often referred to as the Rockies, ™ The Appalachian Mountains run parallel to the eastern
span about 4,830 kilometers from British Columbia in coast of North America and stretch over a distance of
Canada to New Mexico in the United States. about 2,414 kilometers through the United States and
™ This range is characterized by rugged peaks, deep Canada.
valleys, and vast forests. ™ These are very old, folded mountains, formed over 480
™ The highest peak in the Rockies is Mount Elbert, million years ago.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ The highest peak in the Appalachian range is Mount Drakensberg

Mitchell, which rises to 2,037 meters and is located in ™ The Drakensberg Mountains stretch for about 1,125
North Carolina, USA. kilometers along the eastern part of South Africa, with
Himalayas parts of the range extending into the landlocked country
of Lesotho.
™ The Himalayas extend for approximately 2,400
kilometers across five countries: India, Nepal, Bhutan, ™ These are young fold mountains, known for their
China (Tibet), and Pakistan. dramatic escarpments and high cliffs. The highest point
is Thabana Ntlenyana, which stands at 3,482 meters and
™ They were formed by the collision of the Indian Plate
is situated in Lesotho.
with the Eurasian Plate around 50 million years ago,
making them very young fold mountains.
Major Deserts of the World

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™ This range contains some of the world’s highest peaks,
including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth at Contrary to Common Belief: What Deserts
8,849 meters. Really Are
™ The Himalayas are home to over 100 peaks that exceed
™ It is a widespread misconception that all deserts are
elevations of 7,200 meters.
hot, dry, and sandy. In reality, deserts are defined by
™ Often called the “Water Tower of Asia,” the range serves their extremely low levels of precipitation, not by
as the source of many major rivers such as the Ganges, temperature or sand coverage.
Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, and Yellow River.
™ In fact, the two largest deserts on Earth — the Antarctic
Altai Mountains Desert and the Arctic Desert — are both cold deserts,
™ The Altai Mountains cover a distance of approximately characterized by frigid temperatures and vast expanses of
2,000 kilometers and lie at the intersection of four ice and snow rather than sand.
countries: Russia, Mongolia, China, and Kazakhstan. ™ In addition to these, other examples of cold deserts
™ This region is known for its stunning natural beauty and include the Gobi Desert in East Asia, the Patagonian
rich biodiversity. Desert in South America, and the Karakum Desert in
Central Asia.
™ The highest peak in the Altai range is Mount Belukha,
which is located near the Russia-Kazakhstan border and ™ In contrast, the Sahara Desert, located in North Africa,
reaches a height of 4,506 meters. is the largest hot desert in the world. It is classified as
a subtropical desert due to its high temperatures and
Scandinavian Mountains arid climate.
™ Also known as the Scandes, the Scandinavian Mountains ™ Among all the deserts outside the polar regions, the
extend for about 1,700 kilometers through Norway, Sahara holds the distinction of being the most expansive.
Sweden, and a small portion of northern Finland.
™ This mountain range lies along the western side of the
Scandinavian Peninsula.
™ The highest peak in this range is Galdhøpiggen, which is
located in Norway and stands at 2,469 meters.
Alps
™ The Alps are among the most famous mountain ranges
in the world and span approximately 1,200 kilometers
across eight European countries: France, Switzerland,
Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and
Slovenia.
™ These are young fold mountains, formed around 30
million years ago as a result of the collision between the
African and Eurasian tectonic plates. Important Facts About the World’s Deserts
™ The region boasts more than 125 peaks exceeding 4,000 ™ The Antarctic Desert is the largest desert in the world,
meters in height. Mont Blanc, at 4,809 meters, is the covering an area of approximately 14.2 million square
highest peak in the Alps and is located on the border kilometers. It qualifies as a desert due to its extremely
between France and Italy. low precipitation, despite being covered in ice and snow.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ The Arctic Desert is the second-largest desert, ™ India’s program focuses on indigenous reactors, global
encompassing an area of about 13.9 million square collaboration, and a three-stage strategy for energy
kilometers. Like its southern counterpart, it is a cold security and self-reliance.
desert with minimal rainfall. ™ About The Nuclear Power Plants
™ The Sahara Desert, with an area of 9.2 million square ™ Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity
kilometers, is the largest hot desert on the planet. Its in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable
vast sandy landscapes and intense heat make it the most sources of electricity.
iconic desert in public perception. ™ India has 21 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear
™ The Carcross Desert, located in Yukon, Canada, is often power plants, having an installed capacity of 5780 MW
regarded as the smallest desert in the world, occupying and producing a total of 30,292.91 GWh of electricity
only about 2.5 square kilometers. Despite its name, it while 6 more reactors are under construction and are
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is technically a series of sand dunes formed by ancient expected to generate an additional 4,300 MW.
glacial activity. ™ An ambitious plan to reach a nuclear power capacity of
™ The Atacama Desert in Chile is recognized as the 63,000 MW in 2032.
driest non-polar desert on Earth. It receives even less
precipitation than some polar regions. This near-total
lack of rainfall is its most defining feature. Despite its
aridity, it is home to around one million inhabitants
who primarily depend on aquifers (underground water
sources) for survival.
™ Deserts cover more than one-fifth of the Earth’s total land
surface and are present on every continent, showcasing a
wide range of climates and ecosystems.
™ The overall size of the Earth’s deserts is increasing every
year, with approximately 120,000 square kilometers of
land becoming desert annually. This alarming trend,
known as desertification, is primarily driven by climate
change and human activities such as deforestation and
unsustainable land use.
™ The Gobi Desert is currently the fastest-growing
desert in the world, expanding by more than 3,600
square kilometers every year. This expansion is largely
influenced by overgrazing and changing climatic
conditions.
™ Antarctica, which comprises the Antarctic Desert, is the NUCLEAR
only continent entirely covered by a desert. Despite its TOTAL CAPACITY
POWER STATE
extremely dry conditions, it contains about 90% of the (MW)
STATION
Earth’s total freshwater, stored as permanently frozen ice
sheets. Tarapur Maharashtra 1,400
™ The Namib Desert, located in Southwestern Africa, Rawatbhata Rajasthan 1,180
holds the title of being the oldest desert in the world. It
is estimated to be between 55 to 80 million years old, Kudankulam Tamil Nadu 2,000
having maintained desert conditions for an extraordinary Kaiga Karnataka 880
span of geological time. In comparison, the Sahara
Desert is much younger, with an estimated age of only 2 Kakrapar Gujarat 1140
to 3 million years Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu 440

Nuclear Power Plants in India Narora Uttar Pradesh 440

Major Ports in India
™ Nuclear power plants in India play a crucial role in
meeting the nation’s energy demands sustainably. ™ India has a total coastline of 7,517 km, covering 9 coastal
™ Operated by NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of states – Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala
India Limited), these plants harness nuclear fission to (West Coast) and Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
generate electricity. West Bengal (East Coast); additionally, Port Blair in
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Andaman and Nicobar Islands is also a major port, Major Ports on the Western Coast
making it a total of 13 major ports across the country.
™ There are 13 major ports and over 200 minor ports in 1. Mumbai Port (Maharashtra)
India; major ports are under the control of the Ministry
‰ India’s largest natural port and among the busiest.
of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, Government of
India, whereas minor and intermediate ports are managed ‰ Has 3 enclosed wet docks: Prince’s, Victoria, and
by respective State Governments of coastal states; this Indira.
division is in accordance with the federal structure of the ‰ Jawahar Dweep handles crude oil and petroleum
Indian Constitution. products.
™ Among the 13 major ports, 6 are on the western coast ‰ Historically used by Shivaji’s fleet.
– Mumbai (largest natural port), JNPT (India’s biggest 2. Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT/Nhava

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container port), Kandla (Deendayal Port), Mormugao, Sheva – Maharashtra)
Mangalore (New Mangalore), and Cochin;
‰ India’s largest container and artificial port, established
‰ 6 ports on the eastern coast include Chennai (oldest
in 1989.
artificial port), Ennore (India’s first corporate port),
Tuticorin (VOC Port), Visakhapatnam, Paradip, and ‰ Located off Elephanta Island, via Thane Creek.
Kolkata (riverine port with Haldia Dock Complex), ‰ First 100% PPP landlord port in India.
‰ while Port Blair is the lone island major port. ‰ Connects to the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor.
™ India’s ports handle 95% of the country’s total trade by ‰ Handles textiles, chemicals, carpets, sporting goods,
volume and 70% by value, dealing in critical commodities etc.
such as petroleum, coal, iron ore, automobiles,
3. Vadhavan Port (Maharashtra)
fertilizers, and textiles; these ports hold major strategic
and geopolitical importance due to India’s location in the ‰ Approved as India’s 13th major port in June 2024.
Indian Ocean Region and proximity to global maritime ‰ Developed as an All-Weather, All-Cargo deep-draught
routes. port.
™ The Indian port infrastructure supports an annual cargo ‰ Aims to place India among the top 10 container ports
capacity of 1,200 million tonnes (MMTPA) as of now, globally.
and under the Maritime India Vision 2030, this is
projected to increase to 2,200 MMTPA by 2030 through 4. Kandla Port (Deendayal Port – Gujarat)
port modernization, automation, and public-private ‰ Located near Gandhidham, on the Gulf of Kutch.
partnerships. ‰ Built post-Partition to offset the loss of Karachi port.
™ A major development occurred on 19 June 2024 when ‰ Tidal port with Free Trade Zone status.
the Government approved the 13th major port at
‰ One of India’s largest in cargo volume.
Vadhavan (Maharashtra); this port will be developed
with a 74:26 partnership between the Jawaharlal 5. Mormugao Port (Goa)
Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) and the Maharashtra ‰ Situated at the Zuari River estuary, a natural harbour.
Maritime Board (MMB) and is expected to boost west
‰ Declared a major port in 1963.
coast trade capacity.
‰ India’s top iron ore exporting port.
6. Mangalore Port (New Mangalore –
Karnataka)
‰ Deep-water, all-weather port.
‰ Mainly exports iron ore.
‰ Only major port in Karnataka.
7. Cochin Port (Kochi – Kerala)
‰ Tidal port on Willingdon and Vallarpadam Islands.
‰ Part of the Arabian Sea–Laccadive Sea–Indian Ocean
route.
‰ India’s first transhipment terminal.
‰ Exports spices, tea, coffee; also a shipbuilding hub.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Major Ports on the Eastern Coast Airports in India

1. Chennai Port (Tamil Nadu) ™ India has one of the largest and fastest-growing aviation
markets in the world. Airports in India are categorized
‰ Formerly Madras Port, second-largest container port into international, domestic, customs, and civil
in India. enclaves, and are spread across major metropolitan
‰ Largest port on the Bay of Bengal. cities, regional hubs, and remote areas.
‰ Man-made, all-weather port with wet docks. ™ Airports under UDAN Scheme: Many new airports are
‰ Known as Gateway of South India. being developed or revived under the UDAN (Ude Desh
ka Aam Nagrik) scheme for regional connectivity.
2. Ennore Port (Kamarajar Port Ltd. –
Airport Authority of India (AAI)
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Tamil Nadu)
‰ India’s 12th major port and first corporatized port. ‰ Established: 1 April 1995 (merger of National
‰ Located 24 km north of Chennai on the Coromandel Airports Authority and International Airports
Coast. Authority of India)
‰ Trades in iron ore, coal, petroleum, chemicals. ‰ Headquarters: New Delhi
‰ Parent Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation,
3. Visakhapatnam Port (Andhra Pradesh) Government of India
‰ Natural deep-water harbour, 2nd largest in cargo
Key Functions of AAI:
volume.
‰ Located between Chennai and Kolkata. ™ Development, maintenance, and management of civil
aviation infrastructure in India.
‰ Handles iron ore, coal, alumina, oil.
™ Ownership and operation of most airports in India,
‰ Has shipbuilding and repair facilities.
including terminals and air traffic control systems.
4. Paradip Port (Odisha) ™ Provides Air Navigation Services (ANS) across Indian
‰ First major port developed post-independence. airspace.
‰ Located at the Mahanadi–Bay of Bengal junction. ™ Implements airport modernization and upgradation
projects.
‰ Major exporter of iron ore and aluminium, especially
to Japan. ™ Involved in the development of cargo terminals, airport
safety, and airport automation.
5. Tuticorin Port (V.O. Chidambaranar Port
– Tamil Nadu) Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA)
‰ Man-made harbour on the Gulf of Mannar. ™ Responsible for the formulation of national aviation
policies, regulation of air services, and promotion of
‰ Known as Pearl City, famous for pearl fishing.
civil aviation in India.
‰ Trades in coal, salt, fertilizers, petroleum.
™ Coordinates with AAI, Directorate General of Civil
6. Kolkata Port (West Bengal) Aviation (DGCA), Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
(BCAS), and other aviation stakeholders.
‰ India’s only riverine major port, 203 km inland on the
Hooghly River. ™ Oversees schemes like:
‰ Two dock systems: Kolkata Dock (east) and Haldia ‰ UDAN (Regional Connectivity)

Dock (west). ‰ Krishi Udan (Agri-product air transport)

‰ Oldest operating port (built by East India Company). ‰ Digi Yatra (contactless passenger experience)

‰ Freshwater port with no salinity. ‰ AirSewa (grievance redressal portal)

Types of Airports in India

Island Port
1. International Airports – Handle flights connecting
Port Blair (Andaman & Nicobar Islands) India with foreign countries. Example: IGI Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, etc.
™ Only major port in island territory.
2. Domestic Airports – Handle flights within the
™ Located between global shipping lanes from Saudi
country. Example: Dehradun, Raipur, Ranchi, etc.
Arabia to the USA.
™ Connected to the mainland via ship and air.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Airports of India State Tiruchirappalli International

Sheikh ul-Alam International Srinagar, Jammu and Airport
Airport Kashmir Coimbatore International Airport Tamil Nadu
Madurai Airport
Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee
Amritsar, Punjab Meenambakkam Airport, chennai
International Airport
Shaheed Bhagat Singh Airport Chandigarh Kannur International Airport
Calicut International Airport
Indira Gandhi International Kerala
New Delhi Cochin International Airport
Airport
Nedimbacherry Airport
Jaipur International Airport Rajasthan

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Veer Savarkar International Airport Port Blair
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Ahmedabad, Gujarat
International Airport Airport Privatization in India
Devi Ahilyabai Holkar ™ To modernize infrastructure and enhance efficiency, the
madhya pradesh
International Airport, Indore Government of India has adopted the Public-Private
Partnership (PPP) model for managing major airports.
Swami Vivekanand Airport, Raipur Chhattisgarh
™ Under this model, private companies are given long-
Chaudhary Charan Singh term leases to operate, manage, and develop airports,
International Airport, Lucknow, while ownership largely remains with the Airport
Lal Bahadur Shastri International Authority of India (AAI).
Airport, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Key Players in Indian Airport Privatization
Kushinagar International Airport
Jewar Airport ™ GMR Group: Operates airports in Delhi, Hyderabad, and
Goa (Mopa). One of India’s largest airport developers.
Jayprakash Narayan Airport Bihar
™ Adani Group: Operates 7 major airports – Mumbai,
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Jaipur, Mangaluru, Guwahati,
International Airport, kolkata West Bengal and Thiruvananthapuram.
Bagdogra International Airport ™ Fairfax India Holdings: A Canadian firm that leads
Biju Patnaik International Airport, operations at Bengaluru Airport through BIAL.
Odisha ™ CIAL: A unique model where Kerala state government,
Bhubaneswar
NRIs, and public investors jointly own the Cochin
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi
Assam airport.
International Airport
Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport Tripura
Rail Transport in India
Tulihal International Airport Manipur ™ Indian Railways is one of the largest rail networks in
the world, ranked fourth globally and second in Asia,
Pakyong Airport Sikkim
following the United States (1st), China (2nd), and
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Russia (3rd).
International Airport ™ The world’s first train operated between Liverpool and
Maharashtra
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Manchester in 1825, while in India, the first train ran
International Airport, Nagpur between Mumbai and Thane on 16 April 1853, covering
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Telangana 34 km during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie.
™ The Indian Railway Board was established in 1905, and
Dabolim Airport the entire railway system was nationalized in 1950.
Goa
Mopa Airport
Railway Track Types in India
Kempegowda International
Airport, Bengaluru Karnataka ™ India operates on three types of railway gauges:
Mangalore International Airport ‰ Broad Gauge – 1.676 meters (most widely used)

‰ Meter Gauge – 1.000 meter (less common)

‰ Narrow Gauge – 0.610 meters (used in hilly/remote

areas)

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Important Trains and Routes North Eastern Railway (NER) Gorakhpur

‰ Vivek Express holds the record for the longest train
Northeast Frontier Railway Maligaon, Guwahati
route in India, covering 4,286 km from Dibrugarh
(NFR)
(Assam) to Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu).
North Western Railway Jaipur
‰ Vande Bharat Express (also known as Train-18)
(NWR)
is India’s fastest train, offering semi-high-speed
connectivity with modern onboard features. Eastern Railway (ER) Kolkata
‰ The longest railway line in the world is the Trans- East Central Railway (ECR) Hajipur
Siberian Railway, extending 9,438 km from Leningrad East Coast Railway (ECoR) Bhubaneswar
to Vladivostok in Russia. Southern Railway (SR) Chennai Central
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‰ The Konkan Railway runs from Roha (Maharashtra)

South Central Railway (SCR) Secunderabad Junction
to Mangalore (Karnataka) via Goa, covering 741 km.
South Coast Railway (SCoR) Visakhapatnam
Operational since 1998, it significantly benefits the
states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala. South Eastern Railway (SER) Garden Reach, Kolkata
South East Central Railway Bilaspur
Railway Infrastructure Highlights
(SECR)
‰ Hubballi Junction (karnatka) has the world’s longest South Western Railway Hubballi
railway Platform, measuring approximately 1507 (SWR)
meters.
Western Railway (WR) Mumbai
‰ The first Metro Rail in India was launched in Kolkata
on 24 October 1984. West Central Railway (WCR) Jabalpur
‰ Delhi Metro, India’s first modern metro system, began Central Railway (CR) Mumbai
operations on 25 December 2002, between Tis Hazari Konkan Railway (KR) Navi Mumbai
and Shahdara, during the tenure of Prime Minister Metro Railway, Kolkata Kolkata
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, with collaboration from Japan
Road Transport in India
and South Korea.
Railway Manufacturing and Production ™ India’s road transport system is one of the largest in the
Units world and plays a vital role in the country’s economic
and social connectivity.
‰ Rail Engine Factories: Located in Chittaranjan
™ Road transport accounts for about 60% of total freight
(West Bengal), Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), and Bhopal
movement and 87% of total passenger traffic. Roads
(Madhya Pradesh).
in India are primarily classified into four categories:
‰ Coach Manufacturing Units: Established in Expressways, National Highways, State Highways, and
Kapurthala (Punjab), Perambur (Tamil Nadu), Rural Roads.
Bangalore (Karnataka), and Kolkata (West Bengal).
™ India has the second-largest road network globally, after
‰ Wheel Manufacturing Plant: Located in Chapra the United States. Within this, National Highways make
(Bihar). up only 2.7% of the total road length but handle nearly
‰ Rail Coach Factory: A major modern facility is in Rae 40% of total road traffic.
Bareli (Uttar Pradesh)
National Highways in India
Railway Zones: ™ National Highways are the most important roads in India,
™ Indian Railways is divided into 19 zones (Included connecting major cities, ports, borders, and industrial
Kolkata Metro). hubs.
™ The Southern Railway Zone was the first railway zone in ™ They are developed and maintained primarily by the
India, created on April 14, 1951. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), along
™ The latest railway zone formed in India is the South Coast with NHIDCL and State PWDs.
Railway (SCoR), which was announced in February ™ As of 2024, the total length of National Highways in
2019. India is approximately 1,46,145 km.
Railway Zone Headquarters
Northern Railway (NR) Delhi
North Central Railway (NCR) Prayagraj (Allahabad)

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

National Highways Authority of India Important National Highways of India

(NHAI)
National Length
™ Established: 1988 under the NHAI Act; became Route Importance
Highway (km)
autonomous in 1995
™ Parent Ministry: Ministry of Road Transport and Srinagar to Longest National
NH 44 4,112
Highways (MoRTH) Kanyakumari Highway of India
™ Headquarters: New Delhi Gujarat to East-West Corridor,
NH 27 3,507
™ Role: Construction, development, management, and toll Assam helpful in trade
collection on national highways Delhi to Connects major
NH 48 2,807
™ Key Project: National Roads Development Project Chennai cities

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(NRDP) – launched in 1998. Important route
Mumbai to
™ Numbering System: NH 66 1,622 connecting the west
Kanyakumari
‰ Even-numbered highways run North–South coast
‰ Odd-numbered highways run East–West
Delhi to Part of the historic
NH 19 1,465
Key Fact of the National Highways of India Kolkata Grand Trunk Road
™ NH 44 (formerly NH 7) is the longest national highway,
Kolkata to Connects eastern
running 3,745 km from Srinagar (J&K) to Kanyakumari NH 16 1,533
Chennai ports
(Tamil Nadu), passing through 11 states. It was formed
by merging seven national highways. Connectivity in
Gwalior to
™ NH 548 and NH 118 are the shortest highways in India, NH 75 650 Central and Eastern
Ranchi
both 5 km long. India
‰ NH 548 is in Maharashtra Delhi to Important for
NH 1 456
‰ NH 118 is in Jharkhand
Amritsar defense and trade
™ NH 66 (formerly NH 17) runs parallel to the western Kalamboli to Shortest National
NH 548 5
coast from Panvel (Maharashtra) to Kanyakumari (Tamil JNPT Highway in India
Nadu), passing through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Connects political
and Kerala. Delhi to
NH 8 1,428 and economic
™ NH 48 (formerly NH 8) runs through Gujarat entirely Mumbai
centers
and is the longest highway within a single state.
Green National Highway Corridor Project
™ Golden Quadrilateral: A national highway network that (GNHCP)
connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata—India’s
four metro cities. Key highways: NH 48, NH 16, NH 19, ™ The Green National Highway Corridor Project is a joint
NH 44. initiative by the Government of India and the World
Bank to develop 781 km of climate-resilient and eco-
™ North-South Corridor (part of NH 44 and NH 16): Over
friendly highways in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan,
4,000 km, from Srinagar to Kanyakumari.
Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh.
™ East-West Corridor (NH 27, NH 30, etc.): ~3,700 km,
‰ Total Project Cost: USD 1288.24 million
from Porbandar (Gujarat) to Silchar (Assam).
‰ World Bank Loan: USD 500 million
™ Leh–Manali Highway is the world’s second-highest
motorable road, connecting Shimla to Leh (Ladakh). ‰ Completion Target: May 2026

™ NH 52 passes through Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, ™ The project promotes the use of recycled materials,
and is the only national highway to pass through a local resources like fly ash and waste plastic, and bio-
wildlife sanctuary (Nokrek National Park). engineering solutions (e.g., jute blankets, hydroseeding,
bamboo plantations) to protect slopes and reduce carbon
™ Chenani–Nashri Tunnel (on NH 44) is India’s longest
emissions.
road tunnel, measuring 9.2 km, located in Jammu &
Kashmir. ™ It aims to provide all-weather connectivity, enhance
trade and employment, and support inclusive regional
™ Bandra–Worli Sea Link in Mumbai is part of NH 48,
development.
connecting Bandra and Worli across Mahim Bay.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Major Tunnels In India Jawahar Tunnel, J&K

™ Jawahar Tunnel also called Banihal Tunnel or Banihal
Pass is a road tunnel in Indian union territory of Jammu
and Kashmir.
™ Named after the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal
Nehru, it was constructed for round-the-year surface
transport between 1954 and 1956.
™ The Jawahar tunnel has been operational since 22
December 1956.
™ The length of the tunnel is 2.85 km (1.77 mi).
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™ It has one lane road in either direction.

™ It is situated between Banihāl and Qazigund on NH 1A
™ Atal Tunnel, Himachal Pradesh that has been renumbered NH 44
‰ Atal Tunnel (also known as Rohtang Tunnel) is a ™ The tunnel facilitates round-the-year road connectivity
highway tunnel built under the Rohtang Pass in the between Srinagar and Jammu.
eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-
Manali Highway in Himachal Pradesh, India. Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel, J&K
‰ The 9.02 km-long-tunnel, built by the Border Roads ™ Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel, also known as
Organisation (BRO), is the world’s longest highway Syama Tunnel, and formerly as Chenani-Nashri Tunnel,
tunnel above 3000m and connects Manali to Lahaul- is a road tunnel in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Spiti valley. ™ It is located in the Lower Himalayas, on National
‰ The tunnel reduces the distance by 46 km between Highway 44.
Manali and Leh and the travel time by about 4 to 5 ™ Construction started in 2011 and was completed by 2017
hours.
™ It is India’s longest road tunnel with a length of 9.28
‰ It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi km and the country’s first tunnel with a fully integrated
on 3 October 2020. tunnel control system.
‰ The cost of the entire project is ₹3,200 crore. ™ It reduces the distance between Jammu and Srinagar by
Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, Jammu and 30 km and travel time by two hours.
Kashmir ™ The tunnel was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi on 2 April 2017.
Z-Morh Tunnel, Jammu & Kashmir

™ The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel is an 11.215-kilometre-

long railway tunnel located in Pir Panjal Range of ™ Z-Morh Tunnel is a road tunnel project and is the first
middle Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir, India, north step toward ensuring all-weather connectivity between
of Banihal town. Srinagar and Kargil in the Union Territory of Ladakh in
™ It is a part of the Jammu–Baramulla line. India.
™ It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for the ™ The tunnel gets its name from the Z shape of the road that
train to cross the tunnel. it will replace between Sonamarg and Gagangir.
™ Length: 6.4 km (main tunnel) with additional egress
tunnel and approach roads, totaling approx. 12 km.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Altitude: Situated at over 8,650 feet above sea level. India’s Longest Electrified Rail Tunnel,
™ Cost: Constructed at a cost of over ₹2,700 crore. Andhra Pradesh
™ Purpose: Enhances year-round connectivity between
Srinagar and Sonamarg en route to Leh, bypassing
avalanche and landslide-prone areas.
™ Strategic Value: Ensures safer and uninterrupted access
to Ladakh, boosting defense logistics.
™ Inauguration: Inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi.
™ Tourism Boost: Will transform Sonamarg into a year-
round tourist destination, supporting winter tourism and

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local livelihoods.
™ Future Integration: Along with the upcoming Zojila ™ Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu inaugurated India’s
Tunnel (expected completion by 2028), it will reduce longest electrified rail tunnel constructed by South
travel distance from 49 km to 43 km and increase vehicle Central Railway in Andhra Pradesh.
speed from 30 km/hr to 70 km/hr, strengthening NH-1 ™ Situated between Cherlopalli and Rapuru stations of
connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh. Andhra Pradesh, the 6.6-km long tunnel is a part of the
Zoji-la Tunnel, Ladakh Obulavaripalli-Venkatachalam railway line.
™ Built in the shape of a ‘horse shoe’ using the New
Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
™ Will provide seamless rail connectivity between
Krishnapatnam Port and the hinterland areas.
Country’s 2nd Longest Rail Tunnel in
Kerala
‰ A 10.7-km railway line, including a 9.02-km tunnel,
has been proposed to connect Vizhinjam International
Seaport to the railway network.
‰ MoU by Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd from
near Balaramapuram station on the Kanyakumari-
Thiruvananthapuram line.
‰ Single line, suitable for 9–10 rakes daily for next 20
™ Zoji La Tunnel is a 14.2 km long road tunnel under Zoji years.
La pass in the Himalayas between Sonmarg and Drass ‰ Estimated cost: ₹1,069 crore.
town in Kargil district of Ladakh, India, currently under ‰ Expected completion by May 2022.
construction.
Sela Tunnel, Arunachal Pradesh
™ Zoji La is 15 km from Sonamarg and provides a vital link
with Drass and Kargil but remains closed for 6-7 months ‰ PM Modi laid the foundation stone of the Sela Tunnel
during winter due to heavy snow fall & avalanches. Project in 2019.
™ Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone ‰ Estimated cost: ₹687 crore.
for the ₹6,800 crore project in May 2018. ‰ Being constructed by BRO.
™ Billed as Asia’s longest bi-directional tunnel. ‰ Expected to be completed by 2021.
Sangaldan Railway Tunnel, Jammu and ‰ Covers a total of 12.04 km with two tunnels of 1790
Kashmir m and 475 m.
‰ Below Sela Pass (4,200 m) on NH 13.
‰ The Sangaldan Railway Tunnel is a 7.1 km railway
tunnel between Katra-Banihal section of Jammu– ‰ Will reduce distance between Dirang and Tawang by
Baramulla line located to the north of Sangaldan town 10 km.
near Ramban district, J&K.
‰ The tunnel was completed on 4 December 2010.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Inland Waterways Transport 767% rise in operational waterways.

‰

‰ Cargo traffic increased from 18 million tonnes to

™ It refers to the movement of people and goods through 133 million tonnes (till FY 2023-24).
rivers, canals, lakes, and other water bodies within the
‰ 22% annual growth rate (CAGR) in cargo
country. It is an environment-friendly and cost-effective
movement.
mode of transport.
™ Government Schemes
Key Laws ‰ Maritime India Vision 2030 – Long-term roadmap
‰ IWAI Act, 1985: Established the Inland Waterways for water transport.
Authority of India (IWAI) in 1986 to develop and ‰ Sagarmala Programme – Focus on port-led
manage waterways. development and better connectivity.
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‰ National Waterways Act, 2016: Declared 111 rivers/ ‰ National Perspective Plan – For interlinking rivers
canals as National Waterways to promote inland and boosting inland navigation
shipping.
‰ Inland Vessels Act, 2021: Replaced the 1917 Act. It
sets uniform safety and operational rules for boats and
ships across India.
Criteria for National Waterway
™ A waterway can be declared as a National Waterway
if:
‰ It is navigable by motorized vessels,

‰ It is at least 50 km long (exceptions apply),

‰ It connects multiple states, a major port, or a

strategic or remote area.
™ Growth Since 2014

Waterway Route Length (km) Key Facts

Allahabad (Prayagraj) Longest waterway in India; Major ports: Varanasi,

National Waterway 1
– Haldia (via Ganga- 1,620 Kolkata, Haldia; Supports cargo movement of
(NW-1)
Bhagirathi-Hooghly River) coal, fly ash, food grains

Major waterway in Assam; Important for

National Waterway 2 Dhubri – Sadiya (via
891 Northeast connectivity; Facilitates trade with
(NW-2) Brahmaputra River)
Bangladesh

Kollam – Kottapuram
First waterway in India with 24-hour navigation;
National Waterway 3 (via West Coast Canal,
205 Located in Kerala; Known for cargo movement
(NW-3) Champakara & Udyogmandal
of fertilizers, chemicals, and petroleum products
canals)

Kakinada – Puducherry (via Connects Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and

National Waterway 4
Godavari, Krishna Rivers & 1,078 Puducherry; Facilitates transportation of
(NW-4)
canals) agricultural products

Talcher – Dhamra (via Located in Odisha; Supports coal and industrial

National Waterway 5
Brahmani River, Mahanadi 623 cargo movement from Talcher coalfields to
(NW-5)
delta, and canals) Paradip and Dhamra ports

National Waterway 6 Lakhipur- Bhanga (via Barak Assam and connecting to other waterways in the
121
(NW-6) River) Northeast.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Indian Cities Situated on the Bank of Rivers

Lahore Ravi Pakistan
River City State
Rapti Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh Karachi Indus Pakistan

Gomti Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Budapest Danube Hungary

Ganga & Yamuna Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh
Madrid Manzanares Spain
Ganga Kannauj Uttar Pradesh
Ganga Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Perth Swan Australia
Ganga Varanasi Uttar Pradesh

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Tokyo Arakawa Japan
Gomti Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh
Yamuna Mathura Uttar Pradesh Sydney Parramatta Australia
Yamuna Agra Uttar Pradesh
Lisbon Iymphey Portugal
Sarayu Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh
Yamuna New Delhi Delhi Shanghai Yangtze China
Ganges Haridwar Uttarakhand
New York Hudson America
Ganga, Yamuna Badrinath Uttarakhand
& Saraswati
Washington Potomac America
Hooghly Kolkata West Bengal
Environmental Conventions and Protocols
Sabarmati Ahmedabad Gujarat
™ Environmental conventions and protocols are legally
Brahmaputra Dibrugarh Assam
binding international agreements established to address
Brahmaputra Guwahati Assam global environmental issues.
Narmada Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh ‰ Convention: A formal agreement among countries
outlining general principles.
Chambal Gwalior Madhya Pradesh
‰ Protocol: A treaty that modifies or adds details to an
Ganga Patna Bihar existing convention.
Jhelum Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir Environmental Protocols Year
Tapti Surat Gujarat Convention on International Trade in 1975
World Cities Situated on the Bank of Rivers Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES)
City River Country
Bonn Convention 1983
London Thames England International Union for Conservation of Nature 1948
(IUCN)
Berlin Spree Germany
Rio Earth Summit 1992
Vienna Danube Austria United Nations Convention to Combat 1994
Desertification (UNCCD)
Baghdad Tigris Iraq United Nations Framework Convention On 1992
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Cairo Nile Egypt
Montreal Protocol 1987

Rome The Tiber Italy Kyoto Protocol 1997

Stockholm Convention 2001
Paris Seine France
Vienna Convention 1985

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Basel Convention 1989 4. Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD), 1992
Kigali Amendment 2016
™ Objective: Conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable
Nagoya Protocol 2010 use, fair benefit sharing.
Minamata Convention 2013 ™ Protocols:
Rotterdam Convention 1998 ‰ Cartagena Protocol (2000): GMOs regulation.

‰ Nagoya Protocol (2010): Access and benefit sharing.

Major Environmental Conventions and
Protocols ™ India: Enacted Biological Diversity Act, 2002; NBA
established.
™ 1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
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Change (UNFCCC), 1992 5. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1971

‰ Objective: Stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations to ™ Aim: Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
avoid dangerous climate change. ™ Ramsar Sites: Wetlands of international importance.
‰ Differentiates Annex I (developed) and Non-Annex I ™ Montreux Record: List of endangered wetlands.
(developing) countries. ™ India (March 2025): 89 Ramsar sites including Chilika
‰ India follows the principle of Common but Lake, Loktak Lake.
Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR).
6. Stockholm Convention on POPs, 2001
‰ Outcomes: Led to the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and
Paris Agreement (2015). ™ Objective: Eliminate or restrict hazardous chemicals
(e.g., DDT, PCBs).
2. Kyoto Protocol, 1997 (Effective from
™ India: Phased out several POPs under Hazardous Waste
2005)
Rules, 2016.
™ Legal obligation for developed nations to reduce GHG
emissions. 7. Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes,
1989
™ Mechanisms:
‰ Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) ™ Aim: Control transboundary movement of hazardous
waste.
‰ Joint Implementation (JI)
™ India: Banned import of e-waste, plastic and chemical
‰ Emissions Trading System (ETS)
waste.
™ Commitment Periods:
‰ First: 2008 to 2012 8. Minamata Convention on Mercury, 2013
‰ Second: 2013 to 2020 (Doha Amendment) ™ Objective: Protect health and environment from mercury
™ India: Not obligated but hosted the largest number of pollution.
CDM projects. ™ India: Ratified in 2018, phased out mercury products.

3. Paris Agreement, 2015 (Effective from 9. Stockholm Conference, 1972

2016) ™ First global environmental meeting.
™ Objective: Limit global warming to below 2°C, ™ Output: Stockholm Declaration (26 principles).
preferably 1.5°C. ™ Led to establishment of the United Nations Environment
™ Legally binding for all countries. Programme (UNEP).
™ Introduces Nationally Determined Contributions
10. CITES, 1973 (Convention on
(NDCs).
International Trade in Endangered Species)
™ Developed nations pledged $100 billion annually for
climate finance. ™ Aim: Stop illegal trade of endangered flora and fauna.
™ India’s Updated NDCs: ™ India: Joined in 1976; implemented via Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972.
‰ Reduce emissions intensity by 45% by 2030.

‰ 50% electric power from non-fossil sources. 11. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS),
‰ Net-zero target by 2070.
1979
™ Aim: Protect migratory species.
™ Appendices:

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

‰Appendix I: Critically endangered species ™ The state with the least population in India is- Sikkim
‰ Appendix II: Species needing international (6.08 lakh).
cooperation ™ The group of states recorded a very high population
™ India hosted CMS COP-13 (2020) in Gujarat. growth rate during the 2001-2011 Census of India is-
Meghalaya (27.9%), Arunachal Pradesh (26.0%),
™ Added: Asian Elephant, Bengal Florican, Great Indian
Bihar (25.4%).
Bustard.
™ Only state in India whose population has decreased in the
12. Nairobi Declaration, 1982 Census 2011- Nagaland
™ Celebrated 10 years of Stockholm Conference. Largest state in India by area Rajasthan
™ Called for long-term sustainable environmental strategy.
Smallest state in India by area Goa

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13. Vienna Convention, 1985
Largest union territory in India by Andaman and
™ Framework for cooperation to protect the ozone layer. area Nicobar
™ Led to Montreal Protocol (1987). The smallest union territory in India Lakshadweep
14. Montreal Protocol, 1987 by area

™ Aimed at reducing ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, Largest state in terms of population Uttar Pradesh
HCFCs). Smallest state in terms of population Sikkim
™ First global success in environmental treaty.
State Wise Population
™ India: Joined in 1992; implemented rules in 2000.
15. Kigali Amendment to Montreal Highest population Lowest population
Protocol, 2016 Sikkim (0.05%)
Uttar Pradesh - (16.49%)
™ Focus: Phase down Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Mizoram (0.09%)
™ Legally binding; Effective from 2019. Maharashtra - (9.28%
™ India: Will freeze HFC consumption from 2028. State
Arunachal Pradesh
Bihar -(8.58%)
™ Target: 80% HFC reduction by 2047. (0.1%)
Census West Bengal - (7.55%)
Goa (0.12%)
Census of India - 2011

™ The population of India is 17.5% of the total population

of the world.
™ India’s Decadal growth rate - 17.70%
™ India’s Annual growth rate - 1.64%
™ According to the 2011 census, the total population of
India is approximately- 121.09 crores.
™ In this, the number of males is 51.47% and the number of Sex Ratio in India
females is 48.53%. ™ Sex ratio is defined as the number of females /1000
™ The Most populous state in India is- Uttar Pradesh (199 males.
million) ™ Sex Ratio of the country - 943

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ National level sex ratio of 0-6 year olds - 919 [According Literacy in India
to National Family Health Survey (2019-21) it is 929]
™ Literacy rate is the total percentage of the population of
™ State with highest sex ratio - Kerala (1084) an area at a particular time aged (Normally seven years)
™ State with lowest sex ratio - Haryana (879) or above who can read and write with understanding.
™ The sex ratio of Delhi, the capital of India, is 868. ™ Total Literacy in India -74.04%
™ Union Territory with highest sex ratio - Puducherry ™ Increase in literacy rate during Census 2011 - 8.66%
(1037)
™ Male Literacy in India -82.14%
™ Union Territory with lowest sex ratio - Daman and Diu
(618) ™ Female Literacy in India - 65.46%
™ State with maximum 0-6 sex ratio - Arunachal Pradesh ™ Most Literate District - Sarchip (Mizoram)
(972) ™ Least Literate District - Alirajpur (Madhya Pradesh)
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™ State with Minimum Child 0-6 Sex Ratio - Haryana (834)

Highest literacy Lowest literacy
Highest Sex ratio Lowest Sex Ratio
Kerala (94%) Bihar (61.80%)
Kerala (1084) Daman & Diu (618)
Lakshadweep Arunachal Pradesh
Puducherry (1037) Dadra and Nagar (91.85%) (65.38%)
State/UT
Haveli (774)
Tamil Nadu (996) Mizoram (91.33%) Rajasthan (66.11%)
State / UT
Chandigarh (818)
Andhra Pradesh Goa (88.70%) Jharkhand (66.41%)
(993) Haryana (879)

Chhattisgarh (991) Jammu Kashmir (889)

Male Literacy Female Literacy Male Literacy (Minimum) Female Literacy (Minimum)
(Highest) (Highest)
Kerala (96.1) Kerala (92.1) Bihar (71.2) Bihar (51.5)
Lakshadweep (95.6) Mizoram (89.3) Arunachal Pradesh (72.6) Rajasthan (52.1)
Mizoram (93.3) Lakshadweep (87.9) Andhra Pradesh (74.9) Jharkhand (55.4)
Goa (92.6) Goa (84.7) Meghalaya (76) Jammu and Kashmir (57.2)
Population Density
Highest density low density
™ Population Density of India is - 382
Bihar (1106) Arunachal Pradesh (17)
™ State with Highest population density - Bihar (1106)
™ State with Lowest population density - Arunachal West Bengal (1028) Mizoram (52)
Pradesh (17) State/UT
™ Union Territory with highest population density - Delhi Kerala (860) Sikkim (86)
(11,320)
™ UT with minimum population density - Andaman and Uttar Pradesh (829) Nagaland (119)
Nicobar (46)

54
GENERAL AWARENESS

STATIC GK

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Tribes in India State Tribes

™ Bhil Tribe is the largest tribe in India, residing in Uttarakhand Jaunsari, Buxa, Bhotia
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan Garasiya, Patelia, Sahariya, Meena
and performs the Bhagoria dance during Holi.
™ Gond Tribe is the second-largest tribe, found in Madhya Madhya pradesh Agaria, Kol, Korku, Baiga, Sahariya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh, Gond, Abujhmadia, Mudiya,
Chhattisgarh
historically linked to Garh Katanga, and known for belief Pardhan
in ghosts and witchcraft.
Jharkhand Ho, Oraon, Birhor, Baiga
™ Santhal Tribe resides in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
and West Bengal, follows the Manjhi-Pargana self- Odisha Kond, Gond, Kolha, Mahali, Kharia
STATIC GK

governance, and reveres Luguburu as a sacred site. Arunachal pradesh Galo, Mishmi, Dafla, Abor
™ Munda Tribe lives in the Chhota Nagpur Plateau and Manipur Kuki, Naga, Maiti
celebrates the Sarhul Festival.
Kerala Nair, Moplah, Urali, Sumali
™ Hakki-Pikki Tribe of Karnataka is a semi-nomadic
yayavar tribe, known for bird hunting and herbal Andaman and Andamanese, Shompain, Centelles,
collection. Nicobar islands Jarawa, Nicobarese and Onge
™ Konyak Tribe is the largest tribe of Nagaland, historically
known for head-hunting. Awards
™ Toda Tribe resides in the Nilgiri Hills, practices
polyandry, and is known for Toda embroidery. Highest Civilian Award
™ Irula Tribe of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka is a
snake-catching tribe, worships Vishnu. Formation
Award Description
Year
™ Dard Aryan Tribe lives in Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh,
and follows Aryan cultural traditions. Highest civilian award
™ Chenchu Tribe resides in Andhra Pradesh near Nallamala Bharat Ratna in India, for exceptional 1954
Forest, and worships Lord Mallikarjuna of Srisailam. service
™ Dongria Kondh Tribe speaks Kui, lives in the Niyamgiri Second-highest civilian
Padma
Hills (Raigarh district, Odisha). award, for distinguished 1954
Vibhushan
™ Mankidiya Tribe lives near Simlipal National Park, service
Odisha, and survives by crafting ropes from Siali fiber. Third-highest civilian
Padma
™ Tharu Tribe inhabits the Shivalik and Terai regions in award, for distinguished 1954
Bhushan
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar, worships Lord service
Shiva as Mahadev, and earlier mourned Diwali. Fourth-highest civilian
™ Reang Tribe (also called Bru) of Tripura, Mizoram, and Padma Shri award, for distinguished 1954
Assam speaks Kokborok, and is famous for Hojagiri service
dance.
™ Siddi Tribe, found in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, and Maharashtra, are Sufi Muslims known
for the Dhamal dance.
™ Maldhari Tribe lives in the Banni grasslands of Gir
National Park, Gujarat, in settlements called ‘Nes’.
™ Nyishi Tribe is the largest tribe of Arunachal Pradesh,
practices shifting agriculture, wears hornbill-beak
helmets, and worships Aambhu Thai.
™ Apatani Tribe of Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, is
known for ‘Yaping’ face tattooing and nose wood-tying
traditions.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Ustad Amjad ali Padma

2001 Sarod
khan Vibhushan
Pandit Shivkumar Padma Hindustani classical
2001
Sharma Vibhushan music
Padma
Gangubai Hangal 2002 Kirana Gharana
Vibhushan
Padma
Kishori Amonkar 2002 Vocalist
Vibhushan
Padma
Sonal Mansingh 2003 Bharatnatyam
Vibhushan

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Yamini Padma Bharatnatyam and
2016
Name Award Year Field Krishnamurthy Vibhushan Kuchipudi

Bharat Carnatic style of Balwant

Dr. Subbulakshmi 1998 Padma Writer and
Ratna music Moreshwar 2019
Vibhushan theater
Purandare
Pandit Ravi Bharat
1999 Sitar maestro
Shankar Ratna Padma
Teejan Bai 2019 Padwani Folk dance
Vibhushan
Bharat
Bismillah Khan 2001 Shehnai
Ratna Padma
Bhushan, 1990 Hindustani classical
Bharat Pt. Jasraj
Lata Mangeshkar 2001 Singer Padma 2000 music
Ratna
Vibhushan,
Pandit Bhimsen Bharat
2009 Kirana Gharana
Joshi Ratna Mrinalini Padma
1992 Bharatnatyam
Padma Sarabhai Bhushan,
Allauddin khan 1971 Sarod
Vibhushan Padma
2013,
Padma Kanak Rele Bhushan Mohiniuttam
Uday Shankar 1971 Choreographer 1990
Vibhushan Padma Shri
Padma
Birju Maharaj 1986 Kathak Astad deboo Padma Shri 2007 Kathak
Vibhushan

India’s Nobel Prize Winner

Nobel Prize Winner Field Year Contribution

Rabindranath Tagore (First) Literature 1913 Gitanjali

CV Raman Physics 1930 Raman Effect
Har Gobind Khorana Medical 1968 building different RNA chains with the help of enzymes
Mother Teresa Peace 1979 For her work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and
distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace

Subramanyam Physics 1983 For his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance
Chandrashekhar to the structure and evolution of the stars
Amartya Sen Economics 1998 Contributions to Welfare Economics
VS Naipaul Literature 2001
(Indian Origin)
Venkatraman Ramakrishna Chemistry 2009 For his studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Kailash Satyarthi Peace 2014 Struggle against the suppression of children and young people
and for the right of all children to education
Abhijit Banerjee (Indian Economics 2019 for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty
Origin)
Award for ‘Chidambara’. This was the first Jnanpith
Award given in Hindi.
Saraswati Samman
™ Saraswati Samman instituted by the KK Birla Foundation
in 1991.
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™ It is recognized as the most prestigious and the highest

literary award in the country.
™ It carries an award money of 15 lakh rupees, a Citation
and a Plaque.
Vyas Samman
™ This award was instituted in the year 1991 by KK Birla
Foundation.
™ This award is given for an outstanding literary work in
Hindi written by an Indian citizen.
India’s Important Award ™ For the first time, Vyas Samman was awarded to Dr.
Ram Vilas Sharma in 1991 for his novel ‘India’s ancient
Dadasaheb Phalke Award family and Hindi’.
™ This award was established in 1969. ™ 4 lakh rupees is provided in this award.
™ This award is given in honor of the father of Indian cinema, ™ Apart from these awards, Saraswati Samman and Bihari
Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (Dadasaheb Phalke), who Award are also given by KK Birla Foundation.
made the first Indian feature film ‘Raja Harishchandra’
Award First Recipient Current Recipient
in the year 1913.
™ Dadasaheb Phalke is called the ‘Father of Indian Cinema’. Dadasaheb Devika Rani Waheeda Rehman
Phalke Award (1969) (2023)
™ Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India’s highest award in the
field of cinema. G. Sankara Gulzar and Jagadguru
Jnanpith Award
™ It is given annually by the Ministry of Information and Kurup (1965) Rambhadracharya
Broadcasting. Ram Vilas Gyan Chaturvedi
Vyas Samman
™ This award was first given to Devika Rani Roerich. Sharma (1991) (2022)
™ In 1971, Prithviraj Kapoor was the first person to receive Harivansh
the Dadasaheb Phalke Award posthumously. Saraswati
Rai Bachchan Prabha Varma
Samman
(1991)
Jnanpith Award
™ The award was established in 1961. PV Narasimha
Rao, Chaudhary
™ Jnanpith Award is the highest award given by the Sarvepalli
Charan Singh,
Bharatiya Jnanpith Trust for Indian literature. Bharat Ratna Radhakrishnan
MS Swaminathan,
™ Any citizen of India who writes in any of the 22 languages (1954)
Karpoori Thakur and
mentioned in the Eighth Schedule can receive this award. Lal Krishna Advani
™ In the year 2018, this award was given for the first time
for English literature.
™ At present an amount of Rs 11 lakh is given in this award.
™ The first Jnanpith Award was given to Malayalam writer
G Shankar Kurup in 1965.
™ In 1968, Sumitranandan Pant was given the Jnanpith

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Books and Its Author

Ancient Books

Book / Granth Name Author Remarks / Period

Harshacharita Banabhatta Biography of Harshavardhan (7th century CE)
Kadambari Banabhatta Sanskrit romantic novel (7th century CE)
Priyadarshika Harshavardhan Sanskrit drama written by King Harsha
Nagananda Harshavardhan Buddhist-themed Sanskrit drama

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Ratnavali Harshavardhan Romantic Sanskrit play
Mahabhashya Patanjali Great commentary on Panini’s grammar (2nd century BCE)
Ashtadhyayi Maharshi Panini Foundational text of Sanskrit grammar (5th century BCE)
Abhigyan Shakuntalam Kalidasa Classical Sanskrit drama (Gupta Period)
Raghuvansham Kalidasa Epic poem about Raghu dynasty
Vikramaurvasiyam Kalidasa Sanskrit play based on mythological tale
Meghdootam Kalidasa Poem based on message by a cloud (Megh)
Brihat Katha Manjari Kshemendra Abridged Sanskrit version of Brihatkatha
Mrichakatikam Shudraka Sanskrit drama (also called “The Little Clay Cart”)
Buddhacharita Ashwaghosh Epic poem on life of Buddha (1st–2nd century CE)
Saundarananda Ashwaghosh Poem on Buddha’s disciple Nanda
Karpoor Manjari Rajasekhar Prakrit play (10th century CE)
Kiratarjuniya Bharvi Epic poem based on Arjuna’s encounter with Shiva
Mitakshara Vigneshwar Legal commentary on Yajnavalkya Smriti (Medieval period)
Arthashastra Kautilya (Chanakya) Maurya Empire; Treatise on Politics and Economics (4th century BCE)
Mudrarakshasa Vishakhadatta Political drama during Maurya period
Indica Megasthenes Greek ambassador’s account of Mauryan India
Rajatarangini Kalhana Historical chronicle of Kashmir (12th century CE)
Dashakumaracharita Dandin Early medieval Sanskrit prose narrative
Brihatkatha Gunadhya Lost Paishachi-language story collection
Milindapanho Nagasena Buddhist dialogue with King Menander (1st century BCE)
Tolkappiyam Tolkappiyar Oldest Tamil grammar text (Sangam Age)
Silappadikaram Ilango Adigal Tamil epic (Sangam literature)
Manimekalai Sattanar Buddhist Tamil epic, sequel to Silappadikaram
Natyashastra Bharat Muni Classical Sanskrit treatise on performing arts
Manusmriti Sage Manu Ancient text on laws, ethics, and social duties (Dharmaśāstra)

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Medieval India
Subhas Chandra
The Indian Struggle
Book Author Bose

Harshacharita, Kadambari Banabhatta Lala Lajpat Rai Unhappy India, Arya Samaj
Gaudavaho Vakpati Raja Ram Mohan
Bengal Gazette (Magazine)
Dashakumaracharita Dandin Roy
Brihatkatha Gunadhya Jayaprakash Why Socialism?, Prison Diary, From
Narayan Socialism to Sarvodaya
Prithviraj Raso Chandbardai
Rajatarangini Kalhana Vinoba Bhave Bhoodan Yatra
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Vikramarjuna Vijayam Pampa New India (Newspaper), How

Kitab-ul-Hind Al-Biruni Annie Besant India Wrought for Freedom, The
Commonweal (Magazine)
Amuktamalyada Krishnadevaraya
The Life Divine, Essays on the Gita,
Baburnama Babur Sri Aurobindo Savitri, The Ideal of Human Unity,
Humayun Nama Gulbadan Begum India’s Rebirth, Vande Mataram
Akbarnama, Ain-i-Akbari Abul Fazl Karma Yoga, Raja Yoga, Lectures
Swami
from Colombo to Almora, My India:
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri Jahangir Vivekananda
The India Eternal
Padshahnama Abdul Hamid Lahori
The Golden Threshold, The Bird of
Shah Jahan Nama Inayat Khan Sarojini Naidu
Time, The Broken Wing
Alamgirnama Mirza Muhammad Kazim Abul Kalam Azad India Wins Freedom
Majma-ul-Bahrain, Sirr-e- Dara Shikoh Jai Shankar Prasad Kamayani
Akbar
Dr. S.
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh Abdul Qadir Badauni Indian Philosophy
Radhakrishnan
Fatawa-i-Alamgiri Aurangzeb (Compilation) Swami Dayanand
Satyarth Prakash
Nuskha-i-Dilkusha Bhimsen Saxena Saraswati
Jyotiba Phule Gulamgiri
Modern India
Deenbandhu Mitra Neel Darpan
Author Books / Magazines
Bharatendu
Hind Swaraj, My Experiments with Bharat Durdasha
Harishchandra
Truth (Autobiography), Indian
Mahatma Gandhi Dr. Rajendra
Opinion (Magazine), Young India, India Divided
Harijan Prasad

The Discovery of India, Glimpses

Jawaharlal Nehru of World History, An Autobiography Sports
(Toward Freedom)
Important Trophy
Rabindranath Gitanjali, Nationalism, Hungry
Tagore Stones, Post Office, Chitrangada Sports Trophy
Annihilation of Caste, The Problem of Durand Cup, Santosh Trophy, Subroto
B.R. Ambedkar the Rupee, Who Were the Shudras?, Football Mukherjee Cup, Rovers Cup, Sir Ashutosh
The Buddha and His Dhamma Mukherjee Trophy and D.C.M Trophy.
Dadabhai Naoroji Poverty and Un-British Rule in India Nehru Trophy, Dhyan Chand Trophy, Baton Cup,
Rangaswami Cup, Aga Khan Cup, Maharaja
Kesari (Marathi Newspaper), The
Bal Gangadhar Hockey Ranjit Singh Gold Cup, Murugappa Gold Cup,
Arctic Home in the Vedas, Gita Wellington Cup, Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, Begum
Tilak
Rahasya, Mahratta (Newspaper) Rasul Trophy (Women).

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Ranji Trophy, Vijay Hazare Trophy, Duleep

™ Scoring: 15-30-40-Game; 6 games = 1 set
Cricket ™ Grand Slams: Australian, French, Wimbledon, US Open
Trophy, Irani Cup, Deodhar Trophy
Narang Cup, Thomas Cup (Men), Uber Cup Volleyball:
Badminton
(Women), Amrit Diwan Cup
™ Court Size: 18 m × 9 m
Sports and the Corresponding Venues ™ Net Height: Men: 2.43 m, Women: 2.24 m
™ Players: 6 per team
Sport Venue/Playing Field
™ Sets: Best of 5; each set up to 25 points (final to 15)
Boxing Ring
Badminton:
Cricket Ground/Pitch
™ Court Size: Singles: 13.4 m × 5.18 m, Doubles: 13.4 m

STATIC GK
Football, Rugby Field × 6.1 m
™ Net Height: 1.55 m at sides, 1.524 m at center
Basketball, Tennis, Volleyball,
Court ™ Scoring: Best of 3 sets, 21 points each (rally scoring)
Badminton
™ Serve Rule: Below waist, diagonal court
Golf Course
Baseball
Baseball Diamond/Field
™ Field Shape: Diamond-shaped
Swimming Pool
™ Base Distance: 90 feet (27.43 m) apart
Athletics Track/Stadium ™ Pitch Distance: 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from home
Gymnastics Gymnasium plate
Sports Playing Rule ™ Players: 9 per team
™ Innings: 9 innings
Cricket ™ Scoring: Run scored when player reaches home plate
™ Pitch Length: 22 yards (20.12 meters) Swimming
™ Pitch Width: 10 feet (3.05 meters) ™ Pool Length: 50 m (Olympic), 25 m (Short course)
™ Stump Height: 28 inches (71.1 cm) ™ Lanes: 8 or 10 lanes (2.5 m wide each)
™ Bail Length: 4.31 inches ™ Strokes: Freestyle, Backstroke, Breaststroke, Butterfly
™ Boundary Size: Min 65 yards (59.43 m), Max 90 yards ™ Relay: 4 × 100 m, 4 × 200 m
(82.29 m)
™ Timing: Electronic touchpads used
™ Ball Weight: 155.9–163 grams
™ Fielding Restrictions: Powerplay overs have fielding Athletics
circle rules ™ Track Size: 400 m standard synthetic track
™ Match Formats: Test (5 days), ODI (50 overs), T20 (20 ™ Events:
overs) ‰ Track: 100m, 200m, 400m, 1500m, etc.

Football ‰ Field: Long Jump, High Jump, Shot Put, Javelin

™ Field Size: 100–110 m (length) × 64–75 m (width) ™ Relay: 4×100m, 4×400m

™ Goal Dimensions: ™ False Start Rule: Disqualification after 1 false start
‰ Width: 7.32 meters (24 feet)​
Chess
‰ Height: 2.44 meters (8 feet)
™ Board: 8×8 grid (64 squares)
™ Players: 11 per team
™ Ball Circumference: 68–70 cm ™ Pieces per Player: 16 (King, Queen, 2 Rooks, 2 Bishops,
2 Knights, 8 Pawns)
™ Match Duration: 90 minutes (2 halves of 45 min) +
extra/injury time ™ Movement:
™ Card System: Yellow = warning, Red = ejection ‰ King: 1 square in any direction

‰ Queen: Any direction, unlimited squares

Tennis:
‰ Rook: Straight lines (vertical/horizontal)
™ Court Size: Singles: 23.77 m × 8.23 m, Doubles: 23.77
‰ Bishop: Diagonals
m × 10.97 m
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Knight: L-shape
‰ Important Terminology of Sport
‰ Pawn: Forward 1 (or 2 on first move), captures
diagonally Sport Terminology
™ Checkmate: Opponent’s king cannot escape capture Over, Wicket, Duck, Hat-trick, Third Man,
™ Castling: Special move involving king and rook Seamer, Wide Ball, Gully, Slip, Cover,
Cricket Silly Point, Maiden Over, Yorker, Bouncer,
Googly, Third Umpire, Powerplay,
Nightwatchman.
Tie breaker, handball, free kick, striker,
Football penalty, sliding tackle, mid field, touch line,
STATIC GK

forward, sweeper, throw in.

Penalty Corner, Forward, Back Stick, Try
Breaker, Rollon, Push In, Shooting, Half
Hockey
Volley, Scoop, Under Cutting, Volley, Shot,
Infringement, Penalty Stroke.
Players and its Nickname Court, Deutsch, Service Break, Smash,
Player Sport Nickname Badminton Drive, Drop, Net Fault, Double Fault, Set
Point, High Service, Low Service.
Sachin Tendulkar Cricket Master Blaster
Deutsch, Linesman, Backhand, Smash,
Sunil Gavaskar Cricket Little Master Kill, Passing Shot, Service Break, Clay
Tennis
Chakda Express and Court, Racket, Love, Break Point, Cross
Jhulan Goswami Cricket Court, Forehand.
Babul
Kapil Dev Cricket Haryana Hurricane Ring, Punch, Uppercut, Bounce, Round,
Boxing Jab, Blow, Knockout, Knockdown, Hangon,
Mithali Raj Cricket Lady Bradman Below the Belt.
Bhaichung Bhutia Football Sikkimese Sniper Grandmaster, Checkmate, Bishop, Knight,
Viswanathan Lightning Kid, Tiger Chess King, Vizier, Queen, Gambit, Elo Rating,
Chess
Anand of Madras Stalemate.
Milkha Singh Athletics The Flying Sikh Pivoting, Ring guard, Point, Back board,
Basketball Front court, Backcourt, Middle Court, Tip
Hima Das Athletics Dhing Express
off, Pinot.
Leander Paes Tennis Indian Express
Sports and its players
Important Cricket Stadiums
Sports Number of Players
Ground Name Country
Lord’s, The Oval, Old Trafford, Cricket, Hockey , Football 11
England
Headingley Basketball 5
Melbourne, Sydney Australia Volleyball 6
Eden Gardens India Baseball 9
Wankhede Stadium India Rugby 15
Galle International Stadium Sri Lanka Water Polo, Handball 7
Sabina Park Jamaica Sports Related Book
Wanderers Stadium South Africa
Kapil Dev ‘Straight From The Heart’
Gaddafi Stadium Pakistan
Sunil Gavaskar ‘Sunny Days’
Dubai International Stadium United Arab Emirates
Ravi Shashtri ‘Stargazing: The Players in My Life’
Sharjah Cricket Stadium United Arab Emirates

62
 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ It covers a wide range of disciplines including para-

Sachin Tendulkar ‘Playing It My Way’
sports.
Mithali Raj Unguarded: An Autobiography
Dronacharya Award
Anil kumble Wide angle
™ Instituted in 1985, it honours outstanding coaches in the
Saurav Ganguli A century is not enough field of sports.
Yuvraj Singh The test of my life ™ It is awarded to those coaches who have produced medal
winners at international sports events.
Mary com Unbreakable
™ There are two categories:
Milkha Singh The race of my life
‰ Regular Category (recent achievements)
Abhinav Bindra A shot at history ‰ Lifetime Category (long-term contributions)

STATIC GK
Saniya mirza As against odds ™ The award carries a medal, certificate, and ₹15 lakh in
VVS Laxman 281 & Beyond cash.

D Prabhudesai The Nice Guy Who Finished First Dhyan Chand Award
(based on Rahul Dravid) ™ Instituted in 2002, it is the Lifetime Achievement
Shoaib Akhtar Controversial Yours Award in sports.
™ It is given to sportspersons who have contributed
Harshal Gibbs To the point
significantly both during their career and after
Steev Smith The Journey retirement in promoting sports.
Adam Gilchrisht True Colors ™ It includes a medal, citation, and ₹10 lakh cash reward.
Major Sports Awards in India Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar
™ All these awards are usually presented on 29th August, ™ Started in 2009, this award is given to institutions,
observed as National Sports Day in India (birth corporate bodies, and individuals who have played a role
anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand). in the promotion and development of sports in areas such
™ The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports selects the as:
recipients based on recommendations by a designated ‰ Identification of talent

Selection Committee. ‰ Support to training and development

™ These awards aim to encourage excellence in sports, ‰ Employment to sportspersons

recognize talent, and promote sports culture in India.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy
Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award ‰ First awarded in 1956–57, it is presented to the
™ This is the highest sporting honour in India. best performing university in sports at the inter-
™ Originally known as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna university, national, and international level.
Award, it was renamed in 2021 in honour of hockey ‰ Objective: To promote university-level sports and
legend Major Dhyan Chand. encourage institutions to develop sports infrastructure.
™ It is awarded to sportspersons for their most outstanding Olympic Games
performance at the international level over a period of
four years. Ancient Olympic Games
™ The award includes a medal, citation, and ₹25 lakh in
cash. ™ Started: In 776 BC, in the city of Olympia, Greece.
™ It is given for both individual and team events. ™ Held in honour of: Greek god Zeus.
™ Abolished: In 394 AD by Roman Emperor Theodosius I.
Arjuna Award
Modern Olympic Games
™ Instituted in 1961, it is one of the oldest sports awards
in India. ™ Revived by: Pierre de Coubertin (France).
™ It is given to athletes who have shown consistent ™ First held: In 1896, in Athens, Greece.
performance and excellence for at least four years, along ™ Frequency: Every 4 years.
with qualities like leadership and sportsmanship.
™ Governing Body: International Olympic Committee
™ The award includes a bronze statuette, certificate, and
(IOC)
₹15 lakh cash prize.

63
 GENERAL AWARENESS

‰ Established: In 1894 at Chakhon (France). ‰ P.V. Sindhu (Badminton, 2016 Rio Olympics)
‰ Headquarters: Lausanne, Switzerland. ‰ Also won Bronze in Tokyo 2020

‰ Current President: Thomas Bach (Germany). ™ Flag Bearers – Tokyo 2021:

‰ First Indian woman IOC member: Nita Ambani. ‰ Mary Kom (Boxer) and Manpreet Singh (Hockey)

‰ Closing Ceremony Flag Bearer: Bajrang Punia

Olympic Symbols and Traditions:
(Wrestling)
™ Olympic Flag: ™ Tokyo 2021 Medal Tally (India):
‰ First used: 1920 Antwerp Olympics.
‰ 🥇
1 Gold – Neeraj Chopra (Javelin Throw)
‰ Designed by: Pierre de Coubertin.
‰ 🥈
2 Silver – Mirabai Chanu, Ravi Dahiya
‰ 5 Rings Represent: 5 Continents –
🥉4 Bronze – P.V. Sindhu, Lovlina Borgohain,
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‰
‘ Blue: Europe Bajrang Punia, Men’s Hockey Team
‘ Yellow: Asia ‰ Total: 7 medals (Best-ever tally for India)
‘ Black: Africa
New Sports Added in Tokyo Olympics 2020
‘ Green: Australia
(held in 2021)
‘ Red: America
1. Skateboarding
‰ Total colours: 6 (including white background)
2. Baseball/Softball
3. Sport Climbing
4. Surfing
5. Karate
Paris Olympics 2024
‰ 33rd Olympic Games.
‰ Scheduled: 26 July to 11 August 2024
‰ Host Country: France
‰ Host City: Paris
™ Olympic Torch: Introduced in 1928 Amsterdam
Olympics. India at Paris Olympics 2024
™ Oath Taking Ceremony: Began in 1920 Antwerp ‰ India finished 71st in the medal tally at the Paris
Olympics. Olympics 2024.
™ Mascot Debut: 1968 Mexico City Olympics. ‰ This marks a decline from 48th position in the Tokyo
™ Medal Distribution: Started in 1904 Olympics. 2020 Olympics.
™ First TV Broadcast: 1960 Rome Olympics. ‰ India won a total of 6 medals: 1 Silver and 5 Bronze.
™ Olympic Day: First celebrated on 23 June 1948. ‰ Indian athletes participated in 69 medal events across
16 sports.
India and the Olympic Games
™ Indian Olympic Association (IOA):
Indian Medal Winners at Paris 2024
‰ Established: 1924
Athlete/Team Medal Event
‰ First President: Sir J.R.D. Tata Neeraj Chopra Silver Men’s Javelin Throw
‰ Current President: P.T. Usha Manu Bhaker Bronze Women’s 10m Air Pistol
™ India’s First Olympic Participant: Manu Bhaker & Bronze 10m Air Pistol Mixed
‰ Norman Pritchard (1900, Paris Olympics), won 2 Sarabjot Singh Team
silver medals in athletics.
Swapnil Kusale Bronze Men’s 50m Rifle 3
™ First Indian Woman in Olympics: Positions
‰ Mary Leela Rao
Indian Men’s Bronze Hockey
™ First Indian Woman Olympic Medalist: Hockey Team
‰ Karnam Malleswari (Bronze, 2000 Sydney Olympics
– Weightlifting) Aman Sehrawat Bronze Wrestling – Men’s 57kg
Freestyle
™ First Indian Woman to Win Silver:
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Neeraj Chopra won Silver with a throw of 89.45m, Notable Indian Paralympic Achievements
becoming India’s fifth two-time Olympic medallist (Gold
™ Devendra Jhajharia (Javelin Throw):
in 2020, Silver in 2024).
‰ Gold in 2004 (Athens)
™ Manu Bhaker made history by:
‰ Gold in 2016 (Rio)
‰ Becoming the first Indian woman to win an Olympic
‰ Silver in 2020 (Tokyo)
shooting medal.
‰ Total Medals: 3
‰ Becoming the first Indian athlete in independent India
to win two medals in a single Olympics. ™ Mariyappan Thangavelu (High Jump):
™ India won three medals in shooting, the highest-ever ‰ Gold in 2016 (Rio)

tally in this sport at the Olympics. ‰ Silver in 2020 (Tokyo)

‰ Swapnil Kusale secured India’s first Olympic medal

STATIC GK
‰ Total Medals: 2
in the 50m rifle 3 positions event. ™ Deepa Malik:
™ Lakshya Sen became the first Indian male shuttler to ‰ First Indian woman to win a Paralympic medal.
reach the semi-finals in Olympic men’s badminton. He
‰ Silver in Shot Put at Rio 2016.
finished 4th.
™ The Olympics have been cancelled three times due to
™ Vinesh Phogat reached the final in women’s 50kg
World Wars:
wrestling, but was disqualified due to being overweight
‰ 1916 – Berlin (World War I)
by 100 grams
‰ 1940 – Tokyo (World War II)
Important Olympic Records
‰ 1944 – London (World War II)
™ Most Olympic Medals (Male):
Commonwealth Games
‰ Michael Phelps (USA, Swimming):

‘ 23 Gold, 3 Silver, 2 Bronze = 28 Total ™ The Commonwealth Games is the third largest multi-
‘ Won 8 gold medals in Beijing 2008
sport event in the world, after the Olympics and Asian
Games.
™ Most Olympic Medals (Female):
™ It is held every four years, usually in the Olympic year
‰ Larisa Latynina (Gymnast, USSR): 18 Medals
gap (i.e., midway between two Summer Olympics).
Winter Olympics and Paralympics ™ First Commonwealth Games: Held in 1930 at Hamilton,
Canada.
Winter Olympics ™ Initially known as the British Empire Games.

™ Organized by: International Olympic Committee (IOC) India and Commonwealth Games
every 4 years. ™ India’s first participation: 1934 at the London Games.
™ First Winter Olympics: Held in 1924 at Chamonix, ™ India hosted the Commonwealth Games in 2010, held in
France. New Delhi.
™ Winter Olympics 2022: Hosted by Beijing, China.
Commonwealth Games 2022 – Birmingham,
™ India’s debut in Winter Olympics: 1964, at Innsbruck,
England
Austria.
™ India won a total of 61 medals:
India at Winter Olympics 2022
‰ Gold: 22
™ Arif Khan was the only Indian athlete to participate. ‰ Silver: 16
™ He competed in alpine skiing but did not win any medal. ‰ Bronze: 23
™ India has limited participation in Winter Olympics due to ™ India’s Flag Bearers:
lack of winter sports infrastructure.
‰ Opening Ceremony:
Paralympic Games ‘ PV Sindhu (Badminton)

™ International sporting event for athletes with disabilities. ‘ Manpreet Singh (Men’s Hockey Captain)

™ First Paralympics: Held in 1960 at Rome, Italy. ‰ Closing Ceremony:

™ India’s debut: 1968 Paralympics. ‘ Achanta Sharath Kamal (Table Tennis)

‘ Nikhat Zareen (Boxing)

65
 GENERAL AWARENESS

Notable Firsts and Milestones ™ Red Revolution – Tomato/Meat Production

™ India’s first Commonwealth Games Gold Medal: ™ Pink Revolution – Lobster Production
‰ Milkha Singh, 1958 (Cardiff), in Athletics (440 yards ™ Blue Revolution – Fish Production
race). ™ Black Revolution – Petroleum Production
™ First Indian woman to win CWG Gold: ™ Yellow Revolution – Oilseeds, edible oils, especially
‰ Roopa Unnikrishnan, 1998 (Kuala Lumpur), in 50m from mustard and sunflower
Rifle Prone Shooting. ™ Krishna Revolution – Biodiesel Production
Asian Games ™ Saffron Revolution – Saffron Production
™ Golden Revolution – Fruit Production / Honey from
™ The Asian Games (also known as Asiad) are a Orchard
STATIC GK

continental multi-sport event held every four years

™ Maize Revolution – Production of Coarse Grains
among athletes from all over Asia.
™ Paramani Revolution – Okra Production
™ Symbol: Shining Sun
™ Round Revolution – Potatoes
™ Governing Body: Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
™ Silver Fiber Revolution – Cotton
India and the Asian Games ™ Golden Fiber Revolution – Jute
™ First Asian Games: Held on March 4, 1951, in New ™ Green Gold Revolution – Bamboo Production
Delhi, India. ™ White Gold Revolution – Cotton Production (Third
™ India hosted again in 1982, also in New Delhi. Revolution)
™ In 1951, India won a total of 51 medals:
Other Revolutions
‰ Gold: 15
™ Amrit Kranti – River Link Project
‰ Silver: 16
™ Sunrise Revolution – Development of Electronic
‰ Bronze: 20
Industry
™ In the 1951 edition, Japan was the only country ahead
™ Ganga Revolution – To Spread Awareness Against
of India in the medal tally
Corruption
Important Revolutions ™ Evergreen Revolution – Biotechnological Advancement
in Agriculture
Revolutions and Their Focus Areas ™ Gray Revolution – Fertilizer Production
™ White Revolution – Milk Production ™ Khaki Revolution – Leather Production
‰ Father of White Revolution: Verghese Kurien ™ Rainbow Revolution – Overall Agriculture Sector
™ Green Revolution – Food Production Development
‰ Father of Green Revolution (India): M. S.
Swaminathan
Inventions and Their Inventors /
™ Father of Pink Revolution – Durgesh Patel
Discoverers
™ Father of Blue Revolution – Dr. Arun Krishnan Invention / Discovery Inventor / Discoverer
™ Father of Silver Revolution – Indira Gandhi
™ Father of Induced Revolution – Prof. Harilal Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin
Chowdhary
Script for the Blind Louis Braille
™ Father of Yellow Revolution – Sam Pitroda
™ Father of Golden Revolution – Nirpakh Tutej Laws of Heredity (Person) Gregor John Mendel
™ Father of Red Revolution – Vishal Tewari
Lightning-conductor Benjamin Franklin
™ Father of Protein Revolution – Prime Minister Narendra
Modi and Arun Jaitley
Radio and Wireless Telegraphy G. Marconi
Color-Based Revolutions
Atomic Structure Bohr / Rutherford
™ Brown Revolution – Cement, Fertilizer, and Wool
Production Genetic Code and Artificial
™ Silver Revolution – Egg Production Hargobind Khurana
Genes

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Television (Mechanical) J. L. Baird Film (With Music) Lee De Forest

Periodic Table Mendeleev Safety Lamp Humphrey Davy

Electron J. J. Thomson Dynamo Michael Faraday

William Shockley, John Cosmic Rays Victor Hess

Transistor
Bardeen, Walter Burton

Barometer E. Torricelli Penicillin Alexander Fleming

STATIC GK
Radar Robert Watson Watt Quantum Theory Max Planck

Madame Curie and

Aircraft Wright Brothers Discovery of Radium
Pierre Curie

Proton Goldstein / Rutherford Fission of Uranium (Atomic

Autohan
Bomb)
Fountain Pen Lewis Waterman Dynamite Alfred Nobel

Theory of Relativity Albert Einstein Oxygen J. Priestley

Neutrons James Chadwick Important Committees and their

Theory of Gravitation, Laws of Purpose
Newton
Motion
Committee Name Purpose
Automobile Carl Breve Raja Chelliah Tax Reforms in India
Committee
Phone Graham Bell
Kelkar Committee Assessing PPP in India and Tax
Structure Reforms
Motorcar (Manufacture) Henry Ford
Sarkaria Commission Relationship and power balance
Microphone Alexander Graham Bell between the Centre and States
Narsimhan Committee Banking Reforms
Discovery of X-rays W. C. Roentgen
Mckinsey Report Merger Of seven Associate
Banks with State Bank of India
Telescope Galileo
Tarapore Committee Capital Account Convertibility
Thermos Flask James Dewar Rangarajan Committee Computerization Of Banking
Industry and Public Sector
Typography Gutenberg Disinvestment
Bibek Debroy Railway restructuring
Nuclear Reactor E. Fermi Committee

Gramophone, Electric Bulb Thomas Alva Edison Kasturirangan Draft National Education Policy
Committee
Bicycle K. Macmillan Sivaraman Committee Establishment of NABARD
Balwant Rai Mehta Panchayati Raj Institutions
Raman Effect C. V. Raman Committee

Gun Manufacturer Samuel Colt Punchhi Commission Center-state Relation

67
 GENERAL AWARENESS

Slogans of Indian Freedom Fighters ™ “Dilli Chalo” – Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
‰ Given in 1944 to encourage Indian National Army
™ A slogan is a brief, powerful phrase used to express an (INA) during its campaign towards India.
idea, goal, or belief, often used during movements to
inspire action. Title, Recipient and Donor
™ Many slogans became iconic during India’s freedom
Title Recipient Donor
struggle.
Mahatma Mahatma Rabindranath Tagore
Top Slogans and Their Creators: Gandhi
™ “Tum Mujhe Khoon Do, Main Tumhe Azaadi Father of the Mahatma Subhash Chandra
Doonga” – Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Nation Gandhi Bose
STATIC GK

‰ Motivated people during the formation of Azad Hind

Netaji Subhash Adolf Hitler
Fauz.
Chandra Bose
™ “Karo Ya Maro” / “Do or Die” – Mahatma Gandhi
National Subhash Rabindranath Tagore
‰ Given during the Quit India Movement in 1942 at
Leader Chandra Bose
Gowalia Tank Maidan (Mumbai).
™ “Satyamev Jayate” – Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Sardar Vallabh Bhai Bardoli Ladies
‰ Means “Truth Alone Triumphs”. Taken from
Patel
Mundaka Upanishad. Adopted as National Motto Deshratna Dr. Rajendra Mahatma Gandhi
on 26 January 1950. Inscribed at the base of the Prasad
National Emblem.
™ “Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna Ab Hamare Dil Mein Hai” – Gurudev Rabindranath Mahatma Gandhi
Ramprasad Bismil Tagore
‰ Originally a poem by Bismil Azimabadi published in Vivekananda Swami Akbar II
Sabah magazine in 1922. Vivekananda
™ “Inquilab Zindabad” – Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Raja Raja Ram Maharaja Khetri
popularized by Shaheed Bhagat Singh Mohan Roy
‰ Meaning: “Long Live the Revolution”. Shouted
during Central Assembly bombing in Delhi. Quaid-e- Mohammad Ali Mahatma Gandhi
Azam Jinnah
™ “Jai Hind” – Zain-ul Abideen Hasan (popularized by
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) Governors-General & Viceroy of
‰ Became a national slogan of salutation. India
™ “Sare Jahaan Se Acha” – Muhammad Iqbal
‰ From the patriotic poem “Tarana-e-Hind” (1904). Governor of Bengal (Pre-1773):
™ “Aaram Haram Hai” – Jawaharlal Nehru ™ The East India Company controlled Bengal through the
‰ To motivate people to avoid comfort and stay Governor of Bengal (first: Robert Clive)
committed to national service. ™ Bombay and Madras had separate Governors.
™ “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan” – Lal Bahadur Shastri Governor-General of Bengal (1773-1833):
‰ Coined in 1965 during a rally in Uruwa, Prayagraj.
™ Created by the Regulating Act of 1773.
Highlighted the importance of soldiers and farmers.
™ First Governor-General of Bengal: Warren Hastings.
™ “Simon Go Back” – Lala Lajpat Rai
™ Governors of Bombay and Madras came under his
‰ Protest against Simon Commission (1927). Intensified
authority.
during 1928 protests in Mumbai and across India.
™ “Swaraj Mera Janm Sidh Adhikar Hai, Aur Main Ise Governors-General of Bengal (1773-1833)
Lekar Rahunga” – Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Name Tenure Significant Events
‰ Means: “Swaraj (self-rule) is my birthright, and I shall
have it”. Inspired nationalistic passion. Regulating Act of 1773,
™ “Vande Mataram” – Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Warren Pitt’s India Act of 1784, First
1773-1785
Hastings Maratha War (1775-82) &
‰ A patriotic poem from the novel Anandamath (1882).
Treaty of Salbai (1782)
Sung by Rabindranath Tagore in the 1896 INC
session.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ The Governor-General of India became Viceroy of

Third Mysore War (1790-92)
India.
Lord & Treaty of Seringapatam
1786-1793 ™ First Viceroy of India: Lord Canning.
Cornwallis (1792), Permanent Settlement
of Bengal (1793) ™ Directly appointed by the British Government.

Subsidiary Alliance System Viceroys of India (1858-1947)

Lord
1798-1805 (1798), Fourth Mysore War
Wellesley Name Tenure Significant Events
(1799)
Bhutan War (1865),
Lord Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Lord John
1807-1813 1864-1869 Establishment of High
Minto I Singh (1809) Lawrence
Courts (1865)

STATIC GK
Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) Vernacular Press Act
Lord & Treaty of Sagauli (1816), (1878), Arms Act (1878),
1813-1823 Lord Lytton 1876-1880
Hastings Establishment of Ryotwari Second Afghan War
System (1820) (1878-80)
Repeal of Vernacular Press
Lord First Burmese War (1824- Act (1882), First Factory
1823-1828 Lord Ripon 1880-1884
Amherst 1826) Act (1881), Ilbert Bill
Controversy (1883)
Abolition of Sati System
(1829), Third Burmese War (1885-
Lord 86), Establishment of
Last Governors-General of Lord Dufferin 1884-1888
William 1828-1835 Indian National Congress
Bengal,
Bentinck (1885)
First Governor-General of
India Indian Councils
Lord
1888-1894 Act (1892), Durand
Governor-General of India (1833-1858): Lansdowne
Commission (1893)
™ Title changed by the Charter Act of 1833.
Partition of Bengal (1905),
™ First Governor-General of India: William Bentinck. Lord Curzon 1899-1905 Indian Universities Act
Governors-General of India (1833-1858) (1904)
Swadeshi Movement
Name Tenure Significant Events (1905), INC Surat Split
Lord Minto II 1905-1910
Lord 1836-1842 First Afghan War (1838-42) (1907), Morley-Minto
Auckland Reforms (1909)
Lord 1844-1848 First Anglo-Sikh War (1845- Annulment of Partition of
Lord
Hardinge I 46) & Treaty of Lahore 1910-1916 Bengal (1911), Transfer of
Hardinge II
(1846) Capital to Delhi (1911)
Lord 1848-1856 Second Anglo-Sikh War Lucknow Pact (1916),
Dalhousie (1848-49), Doctrine of Champaran Satyagraha
Lapse, Wood’s Despatch (1917), Rowlatt Act
Lord
(1854), First Railway line 1916-1921 (1919), Jallianwala Bagh
Chelmsford
(1853) Massacre (1919), Non-
Cooperation Movement
Lord 1856-1862 Revolt of 1857, Government
(1920)
Canning of India Act 1858 (End
of Company rule), Indian Chauri Chaura Incident
Councils Act 1861 (1922), Establishment
Last Governors-General & Lord Reading 1921-1926 of Swaraj Party (1922),
First Viceroy Kakori Train Robbery
(1925)
Viceroy of India (1858-1947):
™ Government of India Act 1858 ended Company rule
and brought India under the British Crown.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ 1899, Lucknow – President: Romesh Chandra Dutt

Simon Commission
(1927), Lahore Session of ‰ Demand for permanent fixation of land revenue

Congress (Purna Swaraj ™ 1901, Calcutta – President: Dinshaw E. Wacha

Lord Irwin 1926-1931 Resolution) (1929), Civil ‰ First appearance of Mahatma Gandhi at Congress
Disobedience Movement platform
(1930), Gandhi-Irwin Pact ™ 1905, Benaras – President: Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(1931)
‰ Formal adoption of Swadeshi Movement
Communal Award (1932), ™ 1906, Calcutta – President: Dadabhai Naoroji
Lord Poona Pact (1932),
1931-1936 ‰ Resolutions on Swaraj, Boycott, Swadeshi, and
Willingdon Government of India Act
National Education
STATIC GK

(1935)
™ 1907, Surat – President: Rash Bihari Ghosh
Quit India Movement
Lord ‰ Congress Split into Moderates and Extremists
1936-1944 (1942), Cripps Mission
Linlithgow ‰ Session adjourned
(1942)
™ 1910, Allahabad – President: Sir William Wedderburn
Simla Conference (1945),
‰ M.A. Jinnah opposed separate electorates
Cabinet Mission Plan
Lord Wavell 1944-1947 ™ 1911, Calcutta – President: B.N. Dhar
(1946), Direct Action Day
(1946) ‰ First recital of ‘Jana Gana Mana’ at a Congress session

India’s Independence ™ 1915, Bombay – President: Sir S.P. Sinha

Lord
1947-1948 (1947), Redcliff ‰ Constitution amended to allow extremist participation
Mountbatten
Commission (1947) ™ 1916, Lucknow – President: A.C. Majumdar
Last Governor-General ‰ Reunion of Moderates and Extremists
C. Raja
1948-1950 of India before post was ‰ Lucknow Pact signed between INC and Muslim
Gopalachari
abolished in 1950 League
Indian National Congress Session ™ 1917, Calcutta – President: Annie Besant
‰ First woman President of INC
™ Founded: December 1885 at Bombay
™ 1918 (Special), Bombay – President: Syed Hasan Imam
™ Early Leadership / Founding Leaders: Dadabhai
Naoroji, W.C. Bannerjee, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin ‰ Discussed Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

Tyabji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. ™ 1919, Amritsar – President: Motilal Nehru
Subramania Iyer ‰ Congress supported the Khilafat Movement
™ Founder/Initiator: A.O. Hume, a retired British official. ™ 1920 (Special), Calcutta – President: Lala Lajpat Rai
™ Significance: The INC aimed to promote nation-building ‰ Mahatma Gandhi moved Non-Cooperation resolution
and represent Indian interests. ™ 1920, Nagpur – President: C. Vijayaraghavachariar
™ Strategy: Sessions were held in different regions each ‰ Reorganization of Congress on linguistic basis
year; the President was from a different region than the
‰ M.A. Jinnah left Congress
host city.
™ 1922, Gaya – President: C.R. Das
Key Congress Sessions ‰ Formation of Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and others
™ 1885, Bombay – President: W.C. Bannerjee ™ 1924, Belgaum – President: M.K. Gandhi
‰ First session of Indian National Congress ‰ Only session presided over by Gandhi
™ 1886, Calcutta – President: Dadabhai Naoroji ™ 1925, Kanpur – President: Sarojini Naidu
™ 1887, Madras – President: Syed Badruddin Tyabji ‰ First Indian woman to preside over INC session
‰ First Muslim President ™ 1927, Madras – President: Dr. M.A. Ansari
™ 1888, Allahabad – President: George Yule ‰ Resolutions against Indian troop deployment abroad
‰ First English President and Simon Commission
™ 1896, Calcutta – President: Rahimtullah Sayani ‰ Resolution on Purna Swaraj adopted

‰ First singing of National Song ‘Vande Mataram’ by ™ 1928, Calcutta – President: Motilal Nehru
Rabindranath Tagore ‰ Formation of All India Youth Congress

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™ 1929, Lahore – President: Jawaharlal Nehru ™ Due to his vision, the Indian Space Research Organisation
‰ Resolution on Poorna Swaraj (Complete (ISRO) was established on 15 August 1969.
Independence) ™ Despite limited resources in the beginning ISRO laid the
‰ Civil Disobedience Movement announced foundation for India’s future success in space exploration.
‰ 26 January declared as Independence Day Initial Phase
™ 1931, Karachi – President: Vallabhbhai Patel ™ 1962 – INCOSPAR: The first step in India’s space
‰ Resolutions on Fundamental Rights and National journey was the establishment of Indian National
Economic Programme Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR).
‰ Endorsed Gandhi-Irwin Pact ™ 1969 – Formation of ISRO: Marked the beginning of
‰ Gandhi nominated for Second Round Table India’s autonomous space program.

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Conference ‰ Headquarters: Bengaluru
™ 1934, Bombay – President: Rajendra Prasad
First Satellite Launches
‰ Amendment of Congress Constitution
™ Aryabhata (1975):
™ 1936, Lucknow – President: Jawaharlal Nehru
‰ India’s first satellite, launched on 19 April 1975 in
‰ Emphasis on socialist principles
collaboration with the Soviet Union.
™ 1937, Faizpur – President: Jawaharlal Nehru
‰ First session held in a rural area

™ 1938, Haripura – President: Subhas Chandra Bose

‰ National Planning Committee under Nehru formed

™ 1939, Tripuri – President: Rajendra Prasad (after

resignation of Bose)
‰ Subhas Chandra Bose re-elected but resigned

‰ Bose formed Forward Bloc

™ 1940, Ramgarh – President: Abul Kalam Azad

‰ Civil Disobedience to be resumed at suitable time
™ Rohini (1980):
™ 1941–1945 – No sessions held
‰ First indigenously developed satellite launched into
‰ Ongoing events: Quit India Movement, INA Trials,
orbit on 10 July 1980 using SLV-3.
Cripps Mission, Wavell Plan, Cabinet Mission
™ APPLE (1981) – First experimental communication
™ 1946, Meerut – President: J.B. Kripalani satellite.
‰ Last session before Independence
Satellite Technology and Communication
‰ J.B. Kripalani was INC President at the time of
Independence ™ 1980s – INSAT Series:
‰ India’s multipurpose geostationary satellites
India’s Journey in Space & ISRO revolutionized telecommunication, weather
forecasting, and broadcasting services.
™ After independence, India initially prioritized basic
™ 1990s – IRS Series:
needs over science. However, inspired by global space
advancements in the 1960s, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, ‰ The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) series

known as the father of India’s space program, initiated played a crucial role in agriculture, water resource
the country’s space journey. management, and disaster monitoring.
™ Notable:
‰ INSAT-1B (1983) – First successful communication
satellite.
‰ GSAT-19 (2017) – First GSAT launched by GSLV Mk
III.
‰ GSAT-11 (2018) – Heaviest ISRO satellite.

‰ EDUSAT (2004) – First educational satellite.

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

arth Observation Satellites ™ Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM):

™ Bhaskara-I (1979) – First remote sensing satellite. ‰ Launch Date: 5 November 2013

™ IRS-1A (1988) – First in IRS series for agriculture, urban ‰ Mars Orbit Insertion: 24 September 2014

planning, etc. ‰ Achievement: First Asian country to reach Mars orbit;

™ Oceansat, RISAT, CARTOSAT, SCATSAT – For achieved at remarkably low cost.

oceanography, radar imaging, and resource monitoring. ™ Chandrayaan-2:
™ EOS-01, EOS-04 – High-res imaging in agriculture and ‰ Launch Date: 22 July 2019
disaster management. ‰ Lander: Vikram

Navigation Satellites ‰ Rover: Pragyan

‰ Outcome: Lander faced issues during soft landing.

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™ NavIC (IRNSS)- It is an independent regional navigation

satellite system developed by ISRO. ™ Chandrayaan-3:
‰ NavIC was erstwhile known as the Indian Regional ‰ Launch Date: 14 July 2023

Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) ‰ Moon Landing: 23 August 2023

‰ It is intended to provide accurate position, navigation ‰ Achievement: First spacecraft to land near the lunar
and timing services to users in India and regions south pole region.
extending up to 1500 kilometres from its boundary. ™ Aditya-L1:
‰ It provides Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for ‰ India’s first space-based observatory to study the Sun.
all users and Restricted Service (RS) for authorised ‰ Launch Date: 2 September 2023
users.
‰ Positioned at L1 Point: 6 January 2024
™ GAGAN is a satellite-based augmentation system
(SBAS) jointly developed by ISRO and the Airport Future Plans
Authority of India (AAI). ™ Gaganyaan Mission:
‰ Objectives: Providing accurate satellite-based ‰ India’s first manned space mission.
navigation services for civil aviation applications
‰ Expected to launch in 2026 with three astronauts
and improving air traffic management over Indian
onboard.
airspace.
™ Chandrayaan-4:
‰ The system will be compatible with other international
‰ Planned for launch in 2028.
SBAS systems and will allow for seamless navigation
across regional borders. ™ Shukrayaan (Venus Mission):
‰ GSAT-8 and GSAT-10 provide access to the GAGAN ‰ Targeted to begin in March 2028.
Signal-In-Space (SIS). ™ NISAR – Earth observation mission in collaboration
with NASA.
Development of Launch Vehicles
™ XPoSat – First polarimetry satellite to study cosmic
™ 1990s–1994 – PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle): X-ray sources.
‰ ISRO developed its most reliable launch vehicle.
™ SPADEX – Autonomous spacecraft docking experiment.
™ PSLV-C37 Record (2017):
VIKRAM SARABHAI SPACE CENTER (V.S.S.C.)
™ On 15 February 2017, ISRO launched 104 satellites
in a single mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, ™ Located at Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), Kerala.
Sriharikota, creating a world record at the time. ™ It is the largest center of ISRO (Indian Space Research
™ Launched using PSLV-C37. Institute).
™ (Current world record is 143 satellites by SpaceX in ™ Activities: Rocket launching vehicles, artificial satellites,
2021) and associated technologies.

India’s Steps Towards Moon and Mars ISRO SATELLITE CENTER (ISAC)
™ Chandrayaan-1: ™ Located in Bangalore.
‰ Launch Date: 22 October 2008 ™ Major activities: Satellite development, design, and
related work.
‰ Achievement: First Indian lunar mission; confirmed
the presence of water on the Moon. ™ It is the second largest center of ISRO after VSSC.
™ Satellites such as Aryabhata and Bhaskara were built
here.
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™ IRS and INSAT series satellites are also made here. Indian Navy
Indian Security Forces ™ Headed by the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) (Rank:
Admiral)
™ The Indian security system includes the Indian Armed
Forces, Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs), and the ™ Headquarters: New Delhi
Strategic Forces Command. These agencies together ™ Role: Safeguarding maritime interests, including coastal
ensure national sovereignty, internal order, and border defense and international maritime cooperation
protection. ™ Special Forces: MARCOS (Marine Commandos)
™ Ministry Oversight and Security Mandates
‰ External Security is primarily managed by the
Navy Commands
Ministry of Defence (MoD).
Command Headquarters
‰ Internal Security is the responsibility of the Ministry

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of Home Affairs (MHA), with support from MoD in Eastern Command Visakhapatnam
special situations. Western Command Mumbai
‰ The Union Cabinet handles all strategic decisions
and administrative responsibilities regarding national Southern Command Kochi
defence. ™ Each command is headed by a Vice Admiral.
Indian Armed Forces Indian Air Force
™ Headed by the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) (Rank: Air
™ Supreme Command and Administration
Chief Marshal)
™ The President of India is the Supreme Commander of
™ Headquarters: New Delhi
the Armed Forces.
™ Role: Securing Indian airspace, conducting aerial warfare
™ However, all operational and administrative
and strategic air support
responsibilities are exercised by the Union Cabinet.
™ Special Forces: Garud Commandos
™ The Ministry of Defence is responsible for administration
and coordination of the Armed Forces. Air Force Commands
Divisions Command Headquarters
™ The Indian Armed Forces are divided into three Eastern Command Shillong
branches:
Central Command Allahabad (Prayagraj)
‰ Army (Land Operations)

‰ Navy (Maritime Defence) South Western Command Gandhinagar

‰ Air Force (Aerial Defence) Western Command New Delhi
Indian Army Southern Command Thiruvananthapuram
™ Headed by the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) Training Command Bangalore
™ Headquarters: New Delhi Maintenance Command Nagpur
™ Role: Defending India’s territorial integrity, providing Ranks of Officers
humanitarian assistance, and conducting special
operations through units like the Para Commandos Army Air Force Navy
Army Commands General Air Chief Admiral
Marshal
Command Headquarters
Lieutenant General Air Marshal Vice Admiral
Western Command Chandi Mandir
Major General Air Vice Marshal Rear Admiral
Northern Command Udhampur
Brigadier Air Commodore Commodore
Central Command Lucknow
Colonel Group Captain Captain
Eastern Command Kolkata
Lieutenant Colonel Wing Commander
Southern Command Pune Commander
Southwestern Command Jaipur Major Squadron Leader Lieutenant
Training Command Shimla Commander

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Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) ‰ Special Operations: NSG, SPG (Special Protection
™ The post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) was Group – PM-level security)
recommended in 2001 by a Group of Ministers (GoM) ‰ Internal Security: CISF, CRPF
after the Kargil Review Committee’s report. Assam Rifles (AR)
™ The Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) was formed in 2002
™ Oldest paramilitary force, established in 1835 as Cachar
to facilitate this structure.
Levy.
™ The post was formally created in 2019 based on
™ Known as the “right arm of the civil and left arm of the
recommendations by the Shekatkar Committee.
military.”
™ General Bipin Rawat was appointed as the first CDS on
™ Dual control: Administered by MHA, operationally
31 December 2019.
under MoD through the Army.
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Roles and Responsibilities: ™ Active in northeastern peacekeeping, disaster relief, and

™ Acts as the principal military advisor to the Defence UN missions.
Minister. ™ Participated in the 1962 Sino-India War and Operation
™ Heads the Department of Military Affairs (DMA). Pawan (1987) in Sri Lanka.
™ Coordinates joint operations among the Army, Navy, Border Security Force (BSF)
and Air Force.
™ Formed in 1965 to secure India’s land borders.
™ Facilitates tri-service integration, equipment
™ Guards the India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh borders.
procurement, and operational synergy.
™ Peacetime Duties: Prevent smuggling, illegal
™ While the CDS doesn’t command the forces directly,
immigration, and infiltration; maintain local peace.
he provides inter-service directives and aligns strategic
priorities. ™ Wartime Duties: Assist Army in holding ground, secure
installations, manage POW camps, guide troops, and
Significance: handle refugees.
‰ Ensures synergy between the Ministry of Defence and ™ Operates jointly with the Army and police during conflict
the three services. or high-alert operations.
‰ Functions as Permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
Staff Committee (COSC).
™ Raised in 1962, post India-China war, to guard the 3,488
‰ Promotes joint/theatre commands for integrated land-
km long India-China border.
sea-air operations.
™ Deployed in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
‰ Plays a critical role in the Nuclear Command Authority
Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
(NCA) and oversees the Strategic Forces Command.
™ Replaced Assam Rifles in Sikkim and Arunachal in 2004.
‰ Enhances resource prioritization in capital acquisitions
under budget constraints. ™ Also active in UN peacekeeping, and provides disaster
relief in Himalayan states.
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) ™ Known for mountain warfare and first-response
™ CAPFs are a group of seven armed police forces, operations in border calamities.
formerly called paramilitary forces, functioning under
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
™ Each force is headed by a Director General (DG). ™ Originally the Special Service Bureau, formed in 1963
post China aggression.
™ Forces under CAPFs:
™ Became part of MHA in 2001, designated as the Lead
1. Assam Rifles (AR)
Intelligence Agency for the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan
2. Border Security Force (BSF) borders.
3. Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) ™ Recognized with the President’s Colors for national
4. Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) service.
5. Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) ™ Operates in 15 border states, engages in community
6. National Security Guard (NSG) development, and known as a “People’s Force.”
7. Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) ™ Participated in the Indo-Pak wars, IPKF operations in Sri
™ Classification: Lanka, election duties, and disaster relief.
‰ Border Guarding Forces: AR, BSF, ITBP, SSB

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Forces for Special Operations Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)

™ Originated in 1939 as Crown Representative Police,
National Security Guard (NSG) renamed in 1949.
™ Raised in 1984 as a federal contingency force for ™ India’s largest CAPF, vital for internal security.
counter-terrorism and hostage rescue. ™ Played a role in integrating princely states post-
™ Structure includes: independence.
‰ Special Action Group (SAG): Army personnel ™ Deployed in:
‰ Special Ranger Group (SRG): CAPF and State Police ‰ Counter-insurgency
personnel ‰ Anti-Naxal operations
™ Trained for hijack handling, IED neutralization, post- ‰ VIP and installation protection

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blast investigations, and VVIP security. ‰ Election duties, disaster response, and UN
™ Played a crucial role in the 26/11 Mumbai attacks. peacekeeping
Special Protection Group (SPG) Investigation Agencies
™ Established in 1985 following the assassination of PM
Indira Gandhi. CBI – Central Bureau of Investigation:
™ Provides protection to the Prime Minister, former ™ Central Bureau of Investigation was established in April
PMs, and their immediate families. 1963.
™ Governed by SPG Act (1988), later amended in 1991. ™ Its headquarter is in New Delhi.
™ Coordinates with the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and State/ NIA – National Investigation Agency:
UT police for proximate security.
™ NIA was constituted under the National Investigation
Indian Coast Guard (ICG) Agency Act, 2008.
™ Constituted in 1978 through the Coast Guard Act after ™ Its headquarter is in New Delhi.
recommendations of the Rustamji Committee. ™ It is the central agency for investigation and prosecution
™ Administered by the Ministry of Defence. of crimes in matters such as national security, smuggling
™ Divided into five regional commands for maritime of fake Indian currency, human trafficking, nuclear
surveillance. weapons, and special offences.
™ Key Responsibilities: IB – Intelligence Bureau:
‰ Maritime Law Enforcement: Monitoring territorial ™ The Intelligence Bureau was established during British
waters, EEZ, and checking smuggling. rule itself, which was reconstructed in 1947 under the
‰ Environmental Protection: Oil spill response and Ministry of Home Affairs.
marine life conservation. ™ Its headquarter is in New Delhi.
‰ Disaster Response: First responder in maritime
accidents and cyclones. RAW – Research and Analysis Wing:
‰ Cooperation with Neighbours: Regional maritime ™ RAW is an important international intelligence
security under SAGAR and Neighbourhood First. organization of India.
‰ Notable operation: Sagar Aaraksha-II during the MV ™ Its headquarter is in New Delhi.
X-Press Pearl crisis near Sri Lanka. ™ The IB could not work well in the India-China war of
Internal Security Forces 1962 and the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965.
™ Therefore, a capable and independent wing RAW
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) was established by the Government of India to collect
international information.
™ Established in 1969 to protect Public Sector Undertakings ™ It was established on 21 September 1968.
(PSUs).
™ Evolved into a multi-functional security agency. Major Defence Equipment in India
™ Provides security to: ™ India has developed several powerful missiles and
‰ Nuclear plants, airports, metro, seaports defence systems under the Integrated Guided Missile
‰ Parliament, heritage sites, and VIPs Development Programme (IGMDP).
™ Manages fire services and VIP protection through a ™ These weapons play a key role in ensuring India’s
dedicated wing. national security and strategic strength.
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

1. Agni Missile Series (Surface-to-Surface 8. Dhanush Missile

Ballistic Missiles) ™ Dhanush is a missile that can be launched from warships.
™ The Agni missiles are designed to hit long-range targets ‰ It can carry a 500 kg warhead and has a range of 350
from land. These are nuclear-capable ballistic missiles. km.
™ The latest in the series is Agni-P, which is ‰ It can hit targets on land as well as sea.
capable of hitting targets up to 2000 km.
Other important Agni missiles include: 9. Sagarika Missile (K-15)
™ Agni-1, Agni-2, Agni-3, Agni-4, and Agni-5 ™ Sagarika is a submarine-launched missile that is capable
of carrying nuclear warheads.
™ Agni-5 is an intercontinental ballistic missile with a
‰ It has a range of 700 km.
range of up to 5000 km.
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‰ It strengthens India’s nuclear triad by providing sea-

2. Prithvi Missile Series (Short-Range based strike capability.
Ballistic Missiles)
10. Nirbhay Missile (Sub-Sonic Cruise
™ These are short-range missiles designed for tactical Missile)
battlefield use. India has three main Prithvi missiles:
™ Nirbhay is a cruise missile that can fly at very low
‰ Prithvi-1 with a range of 150 km
altitudes, making it difficult to detect by enemy radar.
‰ Prithvi-2 with a range of 250 km ‰ It has a range of up to 1000 km.
‰ Prithvi-3 with a range of 350 km ‰ It can be launched from land, sea, and air.

3. Akash Missile (Surface-to-Air Missile) 11. BrahMos Missile (Supersonic Cruise

™ Akash is an anti-aircraft missile developed for both the Missile)
Indian Air Force and Army. ™ BrahMos is a high-speed missile developed jointly by
™ It was inducted into the Air Force in 2014 and Army in India and Russia.
2015. ‰ It can hit targets up to 300–500 km away.
™ Its range is up to 80 km. ‰ It travels at a speed of more than Mach 3 (3 times the
™ It can destroy enemy aircraft and missiles in the sky. speed of sound).
‰ It can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft,
4. Trishul Missile (Short-Range Surface-
to-Air Missile) and land.
‰ It is highly accurate and very difficult to intercept.
™ Trishul is a short-range supersonic missile that can hit
aerial targets. Classification of Missiles by Speed
‰ It also has a naval version known as Torpedo MK, ™ Subsonic Missiles: Travel slower than the speed of
used for sea-based operations. sound (e.g., Nirbhay)
5. Nag Missile (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) ™ Supersonic Missiles: Travel faster than the speed of
sound (e.g., BrahMos, Akash)
™ Nag is a third-generation missile designed to destroy
enemy tanks and armored vehicles. ™ Hypersonic Missiles: Travel more than 5 times the speed
of sound (e.g., Shaurya)
‰ It is guided by infrared imaging.

‰ The air-launched version of Nag is called HELINA,

Difference Between Ballistic and
which is integrated with the Dhruv helicopter. Cruise Missiles
6. Shaurya Missile (Hypersonic Missile) Ballistic Missiles:
™ Shaurya is a hypersonic surface-to-surface missile. ™ Large in size and can carry heavy warheads
‰ It can hit targets between 700 to 1900 km away.
™ Travel in a parabolic path (go high into the atmosphere)
‰ It can reach speeds up to Mach 7.5, making it
™ Easier to detect by radar due to high altitude
extremely fast and hard to intercept.
‰ Example: Agni, Prithvi, Shaurya
7. Prahaar Missile
Cruise Missiles:
™ Prahaar is a surface-to-surface missile with a range of up
to 150 km. ™ Smaller in size and carry lighter warheads
‰ It is used for quick strikes during battlefield operations.
™ Fly very close to the ground, making them harder to
detect
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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Move parallel to the earth’s surface

Telangana Hyderabad
™ Example: BrahMos, Nirbhay
Tripura Agartala
™ Fuel cannot be stored for long, unlike ballistic missiles
Uttarakhand Dehradun
Indian States and Union
Territories Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
West Bengal Kolkata
™ India is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic with
a Parliamentary system of Government. Union Territories and their Capitals
™ The President is the constitutional head of the Union,
Union Territory Capital
while in the states, the Governor represents the President
as the executive head. Andaman and Nicobar Sri Vijaya Puram (Not

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™ The structure of government in the states is similar to that Islands official; usually Port Blair)
at the Union level. Chandigarh Chandigarh
™ India comprises 28 States and 8 Union Territories. While Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman
States have their own elected governments, Union and Daman & Diu
Territories are administered by the President through
appointed Administrators. Delhi (NCT of Delhi) Delhi
Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer), Jammu
States and their Capitals
(Winter)
State Capital Ladakh Leh
Andhra Pradesh Amaravati Lakshadweep Kavaratti
Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Puducherry Puducherry
Assam Dispur Important Countries, Capitals &
Bihar Patna Currencies
Chhattisgarh Raipur 1. United States of America – Washington D.C. – US
Goa Panaji Dollar
Gujarat Gandhinagar 2. United Kingdom – London – Pound Sterling
3. Russia – Moscow – Russian Ruble
Haryana Chandigarh
4. China – Beijing – Yuan (Renminbi)
Himachal Pradesh Shimla 5. Japan – Tokyo – Japanese Yen
Jharkhand Ranchi 6. France – Paris – Euro
Karnataka Bengaluru 7. Germany – Berlin – Euro
Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 8. Italy – Rome – Euro
9. Spain – Madrid – Euro
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal
10. Canada – Ottawa – Canadian Dollar
Maharashtra Mumbai
11. Australia – Canberra – Australian Dollar
Manipur Imphal 12. New Zealand – Wellington – New Zealand Dollar
Meghalaya Shillong 13. Brazil – Brasília – Brazilian Real
Mizoram Aizawl 14. South Africa – Pretoria (admin), Cape Town (legis),
Bloemfontein (judicial) – South African Rand
Nagaland Kohima
15. Argentina – Buenos Aires – Argentine Peso
Odisha Bhubaneswar 16. Mexico – Mexico City – Mexican Peso
Punjab Chandigarh 17. Saudi Arabia – Riyadh – Saudi Riyal
Rajasthan Jaipur 18. United Arab Emirates (UAE) – Abu Dhabi – UAE
Dirham
Sikkim Gangtok
19. Qatar – Doha – Qatari Riyal
Tamil Nadu Chennai

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20. Kuwait – Kuwait City – Kuwaiti Dinar

16 January National Startup Celebrates the spirit of
21. Oman – Muscat – Omani Rial Day Indian entrepreneurship
22. Turkey – Ankara – Turkish Lira (declared in 2022)
23. Afghanistan – Kabul – Afghani 23 January Netaji Subhas Birth anniversary of Netaji
24. Pakistan – Islamabad – Pakistani Rupee Chandra Bose Subhas Chandra Bose
25. Bangladesh – Dhaka – Taka Jayanti (Parakram
Diwas)
26. Nepal – Kathmandu – Nepalese Rupee
27. Sri Lanka – Colombo/Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte – Sri 24 January National Girl Promotes awareness about
Lankan Rupee Child Day rights and education of
girls
28. Bhutan – Thimphu – Ngultrum
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29. Maldives – Malé – Maldivian Rufiyaa 25 January National Voters’ Promotes voting
Day awareness; Election
30. Iran – Tehran – Iranian Rial
Commission foundation
31. Iraq – Baghdad – Iraqi Dinar day
32. Indonesia – Jakarta – Indonesian Rupiah
26 January Republic Day Constitution of India came
33. Thailand – Bangkok – Thai Baht into effect in 1950
34. Vietnam – Hanoi – Vietnamese Dong
30 January Martyrs’ Day Death anniversary of
35. Malaysia – Kuala Lumpur – Malaysian Ringgit
Mahatma Gandhi (1948)
36. Singapore – Singapore – Singapore Dollar
28 February National Science Discovery of Raman
37. South Korea – Seoul – South Korean Won Day Effect by C.V. Raman in
38. North Korea – Pyongyang – North Korean Won 1928
39. Philippines – Manila – Philippine Peso 16 March National Promotes awareness
40. Israel – Jerusalem – Israeli Shekel Immunization about immunization and
41. Switzerland – Bern – Swiss Franc Day vaccines
42. Norway – Oslo – Norwegian Krone 21 April National Civil Recognizes contribution
43. Sweden – Stockholm – Swedish Krona Services Day of civil servants to Indian
44. Denmark – Copenhagen – Danish Krone administration

45. Netherlands – Amsterdam – Euro 11 May National Commemorates Pokhran

46. Belgium – Brussels – Euro Technology Day Nuclear Tests (1998)

47. Portugal – Lisbon – Euro 29 June National Statistics Birth anniversary

48. Greece – Athens – Euro Day of statistician P.C.
Mahalanobis
49. Ukraine – Kyiv – Ukrainian Hryvnia
26 July Kargil Memorial Marks India’s victory in
50. Egypt – Cairo – Egyptian Pound
Day (Kargil Vijay Kargil War (1999)
Important International and Diwas)
National days 29 August National Sports Birth anniversary of
Day hockey legend Major
National days Dhyan Chand
Date National Day Significance 5 September Teachers’ Day Birth anniversary of Dr. S.
Radhakrishnan
9 January Pravasi Bharatiya Marks the return of 8 October Indian Air Force Marks establishment of
Divas (PBD) Mahatma Gandhi from Day Indian Air Force in 1932
South Africa (1915)
15 November Tribal Pride Day Birth anniversary of tribal
12 January National Youth Birth anniversary of leader Birsa Munda
Day Swami Vivekananda
25 December Good Governance Birth anniversary of Atal
15 January Army Day (India) Commemorates the day Day Bihari Vajpayee
Indian Army got its first
Indian Commander (1949)

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International Days 5 June World Encourages global

Date International Significance / Purpose Environment awareness and
Day Day environmental action

4 January World Braille Honors Louis Braille; 8 June World Oceans Promotes the importance
Day raises awareness of the Day of oceans and marine life
importance of Braille 15 June Global Wind Promotes clean energy
10 January World Hindi Promotes Hindi globally Day through wind
Day 21 June World Music Celebrates the spirit of
2 February World Wetlands Celebrates wetlands and Day music across cultures
Day their role in biodiversity 23 June International Promotes the Olympic

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Olympic Day values and physical fitness
4 February World Cancer Awareness and prevention
Day of cancer
11 July World Raises awareness about
13 February World Radio Celebrates the power and
Population Day global population issues
Day accessibility of radio
29 July International Promotes tiger
3 March World Wildlife Celebrates and raises
Tiger Day conservation
Day awareness of wild animals
and plants 12 August World Elephant Spreads awareness about
Day elephant protection
8 March International Celebrates women’s
Women’s Day achievements and gender 20 August World Mosquito Commemorates Ronald
equality Day Ross’s discovery on
malaria transmission
14 March International Celebrates math and its
Day of role in development (also 8 September International Promotes the importance
Mathematics Pi Day) Literacy Day of literacy as a human right

15 March World Consumer Promotes consumer

Rights Day protection and rights 21 September International Advocates peace among
Day of Peace nations and people

22 March World Water Awareness about the 2 October International Honors Mahatma Gandhi’s
Day importance of freshwater Day for Non- principles
Violence
23 March World Highlights the role of
Meteorological meteorology and climate 16 October World Food Day Supports food security and
Day services fight against hunger
27 March World Theatre Celebrates theatre as a 14 November World Diabetes Raises awareness on
Day form of art Day diabetes and healthy living
18 April World Heritage Celebrates cultural heritage 1 December World AIDS Awareness about HIV/
Day and monuments Day AIDS and reducing stigma
22 April World Earth Day Promotes environmental
protection Important Institutions of India
25 April World Malaria Raises awareness about
Institution Name Location
Day malaria prevention and
treatment Indian Central Sugarcane Research
Coimbatore
1 May International Celebrates workers’ rights
Institute
Labour Day and contributions Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahmundry
8 May World Red Cross Honors the work of the Red Central Leather Research Institute Chennai
Day Cross and Red Crescent
Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow

31 May World No Highlights health risks of Indian Pulses Research Institute Kanpur
Tobacco Day tobacco use

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

Indian Meteorological Observatory Pune African Union 2001 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

ASEAN (Association
Survey of India Dehradun
of Southeast Asian 1967 Jakarta, Indonesia
Nations)
Central Forest Research Institute Dehradun
OPEC (Organization of
Central Coconut Research Institute Kerala the Petroleum Exporting 1960 Vienna, Austria
Countries)
Raman Research Institute Bengaluru
UNESCO (United
India Central Sugarcane Research Nations Educational,
Coimbatore 1945 Paris, France
STATIC GK

Institute Scientific and Cultural

Organization)
Central Rice Research Institute
Cuttack, Odisha SAARC (South
(CRRI)
Asian Association for 1985 Kathmandu, Nepal
National Dairy Development
Anand, Gujarat Regional Cooperation)
Council
International Solar
Central Institute of Subtropical Lucknow, Uttar 2015 Gurugram, India
Alliance
Horticulture Pradesh
OECD (Organisation for
Indian Sugarcane Research Lucknow, Uttar Economic Co-operation 1961 Paris, France
Institute Pradesh and Development)
National Dairy Research Institute World Trade
Karnal, Haryana 1995 Geneva, Switzerland
(NDRI) Organization (WTO)
Indian Institute of Vegetable Varanasi, Uttar
International Atomic
Research (IIVR) Pradesh 1957 Vienna, Austria
Energy Agency (IAEA)
Central Institute of Arid
Horticulture
Bikaner, Rajasthan UNITED NATIONS (UN)
International Crop Research ™ Established: 1945
Hyderabad,
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ™ Headquarters: New York, United States
Telangana
(ICRISAT) ™ Total Member States: 193 (South Sudan became the
Central Dryland Farming Research Hyderabad, 193rd member in 2011)
Institute (CRIDA) Telangana ™ Official Languages: English and French
International Organisation, ™ Recognized Languages: English, French, Russian,
Chinese, Arabic, Spanish
Formation Year and its Headquarter
™ Current Secretary-General: António Guterres (Portugal)
International Formation ™ First Secretary-General: Trygve Lie (Norway)
Headquarters
Organization Year Objectives of the United Nations
United Nations 1945 New York City, USA ™ To maintain international peace and security
™ To develop friendly relations among nations
World Health
1948 Geneva, Switzerland ™ To settle international disputes through peaceful means
Organization
International Monetary Washington, D.C.,
™ To promote social progress, better living standards, and
1944 human rights
Fund USA
™ Principal Organs of the United Nations
Washington, D.C.,
World Bank 1944 1. General Assembly
USA
2. Security Council
European Union 1951 Brussels, Belgium 3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. Trusteeship Council
NATO (North Atlantic
1949 Brussels, Belgium 5. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Treaty Organization)

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6. UN Secretariat ™ Composed of 12 members:

™ Note: Except for the International Court of Justice ‰ 4 administering countries: Australia, New Zealand,
(located in The Hague, Netherlands), all organs are based UK, USA
in New York. ‰ 3 permanent UNSC members

1. General Assembly ‰ 5 elected members

™ Composed of representatives from all 193 member states ™ Current Status: Suspended operations in 1994, after the
independence of Palau
™ Functions as the world’s largest deliberative assembly
(like a global parliament) 5. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
™ President: Elected for one year. (Current: Csaba Kőrösi, ™ Established: April 3, 1946
17th Session) ™ Location: The Hague, Netherlands

STATIC GK
™ Important decisions (peace, new members, budget) ™ Judges: 15 (elected for 9 years; no two judges from same
require a two-thirds majority country)
™ Elects: ™ Quorum: 9 judges
‰ President at the beginning of each session
™ Legal Framework: 5 chapters, 70 articles
‰ 21 Vice Presidents
™ First Indian Judge: Benegal Narsing Rau
™ Can hold special sessions on recommendation from the ™ First Indian President: Nagendra Singh
Security Council
™ Key Roles: 6. Secretariat
‰ Appointing Secretary-General (on SC ™ Handles day-to-day administrative affairs of the UN
recommendation) ™ Headed by: Secretary-General (appointed by the General
‰ Electing judges of the ICJ Assembly on SC recommendation)
‰ Admitting new members ™ Tenure: 5 years (renewable)
‰ Approving the UN budget ™ The Secretary-General is the Chief Administrative
Officer of the UN
2. Security Council (UNSC)
™ Notable Secretary-General: Dag Hammarskjöld (died in
™ Main executive and security organ; called the “World’s air crash)
Policeman”
United Nations Human Rights Council
™ Total Members: 15
(UNHRC)
‰ 5 Permanent Members with Veto Power: China,
Russia, France, UK, USA ™ Established: 2006 (replaced the earlier Human Rights
Commission under ECOSOC)
‰ 10 Non-Permanent Members: Elected for 2 years by
the General Assembly ™ Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
™ First Use of Veto: By the USA in 1971 ™ Current President: Václav Bálek
™ Most Frequent Veto Use: Soviet Union/Russia Major International Organizations
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
of the World
™ Total Members: 54 (elected by the General Assembly) 1. World Trade Organization (WTO)
™ Tenure: 3 years
™ Established: January 1, 1995
™ Meetings: Twice annually –
™ Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
‰ April (New York)
™ Members: 164 countries (Afghanistan is the 164th
‰ July (Geneva)
member)
™ Works through specialized agencies: ™ Predecessor: GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and
‰ WHO, WTO, World Bank, UNICEF, UNEP, Trade), established in 1947
UNESCO, etc.
2. International Red Cross
4. Trusteeship Council
™ Founded: May 5, 1863, by Henry Dunant
™ Established to supervise trust territories and ensure ™ Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
proper administration
™ India Chapter: Established in 1930

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 GENERAL AWARENESS

™ Notable: Recipient of Nobel Peace Prize three times 9. G-20

3. INTERPOL (International Criminal Police ™ Established: 1999 (Berlin, Germany)
Organization) ™ Members: 19 countries + European Union
™ Established: 1923 ™ Nature: Group of major developed and developing
™ Headquarters: Lyon, France economies
™ Members: 195 countries (India is a member) ™ First Summit: 2008 (Washington, USA)
™ Key Role: Issues Red Corner Notices for wanted ™ The 18th G20 Summit was successfully conducted at
criminals Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi during 9-10 September,
2023.
4. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
STATIC GK

(NATO) 10. ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian

Nations)
™ Established: April 4, 1949
™ Established: 1967
™ Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium
™ Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
™ Members: 32 countries
™ Members: 10 Southeast Asian nations
™ Purpose: Military alliance for collective defense
™ First Summit: 1976, Bali (Indonesia)
™ The two most recent countries to join NATO are Finland
(in April 2023) and Sweden (in March 2024), making 11. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum
them the 31st and 32nd members respectively. Exporting Countries)
5. South Asian Association for Regional ™ Established: 1960, Baghdad
Cooperation (SAARC) ™ Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
™ Established: 1985 ™ Current Members: 12 countries (Qatar withdrew in 2019
™ Headquarters: Kathmandu, Nepal and Angola withdrew in Jan 2024)
™ First Summit: Dhaka, 1985 ™ Objective: Coordinate petroleum policies among member
nations
™ Members (8): India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Afghanistan 12. NAM (Non-Aligned Movement)
6. BRICS ™ Established: 1961, First Summit in Belgrade, Serbia
™ Formed: 2009 (Brazil, Russia, India, China) ™ Objective: To remain neutral during the Cold War
(neither US-led capitalist bloc nor Soviet bloc)
™ South Africa joined in 2010
™ Members: 120 countries
™ First Summit: Yekaterinburg, Russia
™ Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
™ Development Bank: New Development Bank (established
2014, Fortaleza Summit) 13. World Health Organization (WHO)
™ 16th BRICS Summit (22-24 Oct 2024): Host City Kazan, ™ Established: April 7, 1948
Russia (India participated)
™ Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
7. European Union (EU) ™ Members: 194 countries
™ Established: 1958 ™ India’s Membership: Since January 12, 1948
™ Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium ™ Regional Office (South-East Asia): Located in New Delhi
™ Members: 27 countries (after UK exited in January 2020) ™ Significance: April 7 is celebrated as World Health Day
™ Currency: Euro (launched Jan 1, 2002) to mark its founding
™ Eurozone: 19 countries that use the Euro 14. United Nations Children’s Fund
™ Nature: Economic and political union (UNICEF)

8. G-7 (Group of Seven) ™ Established: December 11, 1946, by the United Nations
General Assembly
™ Established: 1975 (by France)
™ Global Presence: Operates in over 190 countries
™ Members (7): Canada, USA, UK, France, Germany,
™ Founder Influence: Ludwik Rajchman (Polish physician)
Japan, Italy
played a major role in its formation
™ Note: Previously G-8 (Russia suspended in 2014)
™ Supply Division Headquarters: Copenhagen, Denmark

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