SESSION- 1

Class: 11 / Subject: Biology

ONLINE 3. PLANT KINGDOM

SESSION

1
 Classification of
PLANT KINGDOM
 Artificial classification systems

• developed by Linnaeus
• Used superficial morphological
characters.
• Based on:-
• habit, color, number and shape of leaf.
• vegetative characters.
Natural System of Classification
• Developed by George Bentham and J. D.
Hooker
• Based on natural affinities among
organisms
• Included external & internal features like
anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry.
Phylogenetic System of Classification :

• Developed by Hutchinson.
• Based on evolutionary relationships
between the various organisms.
• Organism belongs to same taxa have a
common ancestors.
Others
• Numerical Taxonomy :
• Carried out using computers
• Based on all observable characteristics
• Data processed after assigning number and
codes to all the characters.
• Cytotaxonomy :
• Based on cytological information.
• Gives importance to chromosome number,
structure and behaviour.
• Chemotaxonomy :
• Based on chemical constituents of the plants.
 PLANT KNGDOM
Sub-Kingdom

Cryptogamme Phanerogamme
Division Division

Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae

Class
Algae Fungi
Class Cycadophyta Coniferopsida Gnetopsida

Hepaticae Anthocerotae Musci

Class

Psilopsida Lucopsida Sphenopsida Pteropsida

Class

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
 Division-Thallophyta
• Plant body simple, thalloid,
• not differentiated into root, stem and
leaves
• Vascular tissue is absent
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Sub division- Algae

Sub division- Algae
 Characteristics
• Habitats: acquatic,moist stones, soils and wood.
• Size: microscopic single celle to large seaweed
• Thallus: unicellular - Chlamydomonas,
• colonial -Volvox and filamentous like Ulothrix
and Spirogyra.
• Nutrition: Autotrophic-chlorophyll-bearing
• Often contain pyrenoids, organelles that
synthesis and store starch
• Reproduction: by vegetative, asexual and
sexual methods.
 TYPE OF ALGAE
Unicellular Colonial:

Chlamydomonas Volvox

multicellular Filamentous

Kelp
Spirogyra
Frond

holdfast

Stipe
 Reproduction
• Vegetative reproduction:by fragmentation.
• Asexual reproduction: by the production of different
types of spores, the most common being the zoospores.
They are flagellated (motile) and on germination gives
rise to new plants.
• Sexual reproduction: through fusion of two gametes.
• Isogamous: both gametes are same size and motile
(Chlamydomonas) or non-flagellated (non-motile)
(Spirogyra).
• Anisogamous: both gametes are dissimilar in size but
motile ,Chlamydomonas
• Oogamous: male gamete is smaller but motile, female
gamete is large and non- motile . e.g., Volvox, Fucus
Reproduction Algae

oogonium
 Algae are useful
• Half of the total carbon dioxide fixation is carried out by
algae.
• They are primary producers of all aquatic animals.
• Species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are
used as food.
• Brown algae: algin and
• Red algae: carrageen- produce hydrocolloids (water
holding substances),
• Gelidium and Gracilaria : Agar, commercial products
used to grow microbes and in preparations of ice-creams
and jellies.
• Chlorella and Spirullina, rich in proteins and are used
as food supplements even by space travellers.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
• The algae are divided into three main
classes:
• Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and
Rhodophyceae.
• BASED ON
– COLOR
– TYPE OF CHLOROPHYLL
– FOOD-STORAGE SUBSTANCE
– CELL WALL COMPOSITION
 Chlorophyceae
• Commonly known as Green algae.
• Main pigment is chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’.
• Unicellular, colonial or filamentous.
• Cell wall- inner layer of cellulose and outer
layer of pectose.
• Have pyrenoid as the storage body for
starch and proteins.
• e.g., Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra.
 Phaeophyceae:
• Commonly known as Brown algae and mainly
found in marine habitat.
• They possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoid,
xanthophylls and fucoxanthin.
• Cell wall has cellulose and lignin or gelatinous
coating of algin.
• Has mannitol and laminarin as reserve food
material.
• Body divisible into holdfast, stipe and frond.
• Reproduce asexually by biflagellate pear-
shaped zoospores.
• e.g., Ectocarpus, Fucus, Laminaria.
 Rhodophyceae:
• Commonly known as red algae.
• Red color is due to predominance of red pigment r-
phycoerythrin in their body along with chlorophyll-
a, d.
• Cell wall made of cellulose, pectin and
polysulphate esters.
• Reserve food material is floridean starch similar to
amylopectin and glycogen in structure.
• Reproduce asexually by non motile spores and
sexually by non motile gametes (Oogamous type)
• e.g., Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gelidium.
 Bryophytes

mosses hornwort

Leafy liverwort
 Bryophytes
• Amphibians of the plant kingdom.
• Occur in damp, humid and shaded localities.
• Plant body is more differentiated than that of algae.
• It is thallus-like and prostrate or erect, and attached
to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular
rhizoids.
• They lack true roots, stem or leaves.
• They may possess root-like, leaf-like or stem-like
structures.
• The main plant body of the bryophyte is haploid.
• It produces gametes, hence is called a
gametophyte (n).
 Marchantia

Funaria Sphagnum
 Characteristics
• Chlorophyll a, Starch, Cellulose
• No lignin
• Usually no conductive tissue, sometimes
poorly developed tissue
• Gametophyte dominant, perennial
• Sporophyte parasitic on gametophyte
• REPRODUCTION IN BRYOPHYTES :
• Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation.
• Asexual reproduction by gemmae formed in
gemma cups
 Structure: Gametophyte

Thallus liverwort

Moss
gametophore

Leafy
Liverwort
 Structure: Gametophyte
• Main plant body is gametophyte.
• The sex organs in bryophytes are
multicellular.
• Antheridium: Male sex organ produces
biflagellate antherozoids male gamete.
• Archegonium: Female sex organ, flask
shaped and produces a single egg.
• Fertilization takes place in water results in
formation of zygote.
 Sex Organs
• Antheridia: Sperm
• Archegonia: egg
• Sporophyte grows out of archegonium

Archegonia,
with egg

Antheridia
 Sporophyte
• The zygote developed into a multicellular
body called sporophyte (2n).
• The sporophyte differentiated into foot,
seta and capsule.
• Some cells of the capsule undergo meiotic
division to produce haploid spores.
• These spores germinated into an
independent gametophyte.
 Sporophyte

Peristome
teeth

teeth

Hairy calyptras
 Development
• Moss gametophyte consists of two stages
• Ist stage: protonema stage-developed
from the spore and is creeping, green,
branched.
• 2nd stage :leafy stage -developed from
the protonema stage as a lateral bud.
• They consist of upright, slender axis
bearing spirally arranged leaves.
 Economic Importance :
• Food for herbaceous animals.
• Sphagnum in form of peat is used as fuel
and also used for trans-shipment of living
material
• It has water holding capacity, prevent soil
erosion, along with lichens are first
colonizers on barren rocks.
• They decompose rocks making substrate
for the growth of higher plant.
 Pteridophytes
• Include horsetails and ferns.
• The first terrestrial plants to possess
vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.
• Found in cool, damp, shady places though
some may flourish well in sandy-soil
conditions.
 Pteridophytes
• Main plant body is a sporophyte(2n)
• Differentiated into true root stem and
leaves
• Have vascular tissues-xylem and
phloem .
• The leaves in pteridophyta are small
(microphylls) as in Selaginella or large
(macrophylls) as in ferns.
• The sporophytes contain sporangia on
leaf-like appendages called sporophylls.
• In some cases sporophylls may form
distinct compact structures called strobili or
cones (Selaginella, Equisetum).
• The sporangia produce spores (n) by
meiosis in spore mother cells.
Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production
• Homosporous: the spores are of similar
kinds.
• Heterosporous: produce two kinds of
spores, macro (large) and micro (small)
spores, like Selaginella and Salvinia.
• The megaspores and microspores
germinate and give rise to female and
male gametophytes, respectively.
 Gametophyte
• The spores germinate & give rise
• Prothallus: Inconspicuous, small
,multicellular free-living,
photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes.
• gametophytes require cool, damp,
shady places to grow.
• Need for water for fertilisation,
• Prothallus bear male- antheridia and
female- archegonia sex organs,
• Water transfer antherozoids from the
antheridia, to the mouth of archegonium.
• Fusion of male gamete with the egg
present in the archegonium result in the
formation of zygote.
• Zygote: produces a multicellular well-
differentiated dominant sporophyte.
 Classification
• This event is a precursor to the seed habit
considered an important step in evolution.
• The pteridophytes are further classified into
4 classes:
1. Psilopsida (Psilotum);
2. Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium),
3. Sphenopsida (Equisetum)
4. Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).
The life cycle of a fern
Gymonosperms
- Giant Sequoia.
 Gymnosperms
• gymnos : naked, sperma : seeds
• Have naked seeds because ovules are not
enclosed by ovary wall.
• Includes medium-sized trees or tall trees and
shrub.
• Sporophyte is well developed
• Root is tap root, associated with mycorrhiza
(Pinus),
• In Cycas- small specialised roots called
coralloid roots are associated with N2- fixing
cyanobacteria.
Gymnosperms-.
Cycads are about
175 million years
old.
They look like
palm trees which
produce cones.
They grow in
tropical regions.
In Mexico the cone
is used to make
tortillas.
Ginkos -Gymnosperm.
They were originally from
China and Japan.
Today they are found on many
city streets because they can
tolerate pollution.
 Gametophyte
• Stems are unbranched (Cycas) or
branched (Pinus, Cedrus).
• Leaves may be simple or compound.
• Adapted to resist extremes of temperature,
humidity and wind.
• In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce
the surface area.
• Have thick cuticle and sunken stomata
to reduce water loss.
 Sporophyte
• The gymnosperms are heterosporous;
• Produce haploid microspores and megaspores.
• Sporangia borne on sporophylls which are
arranged spirally along an axis to form compact
strobili or cones.
• The strobili bearing microsporophylls and
microsporangia are called microsporangiate or
male strobili.
• The microspores develop into a male
gametophytic called a pollen grain.
• Pollen grains produce within the microsporangia.
 Conifers are typical gymnosperms
you see everyday.
The oldest conifer living today is
4,900 years old.
Conifers reproduce with cones.
These are male cones and they
produce Pollen.
Female cones like the ones on
the right produce an Ovule.
The ovule contains the egg.
The fertilization of the egg by
the sperm produces a zygote.
This is a result of pollination.
 Megasporangia
• Female strobili: cones bearing megasporophylls
with ovules.
• borne on the same tree (Pinus) or on different trees
(Cycas).
• From nucellus megaspore mother cell is formed.
• It is protected by envelopes and the composite
structure is called an ovule.
• The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to
form 4 megaspores.
• One of the megaspores enclosed within the
megasporangium develops into female
gametophyte that bears 2/3 archegonia.
 Pollination
• The pollen grain are carried by air and
come in contact with the opening of the
ovules borne on megasporophylls.
• The pollen tube carry the male gametes
towards archegonia in the ovules.
• Zygote develops into an embryo
• The ovules into seeds.
 Angiosperms
• Flowering plants,
• The pollen grains and ovules are developed
in specialised structures called flowers.
• The seeds are enclosed by fruits.
• Large group of plants occurring in wide
range of habitats.
• Size: tiny microscopic Wolfia
• Tall trees -Eucalyptus (100 metres).
• They are divided into two classes :
• Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons
 Characters
• Diploid sporophyte(2n), dominant
• Well differentiated;- root, stem, leaves,
flower,
• Vascular tissue- Xylem, phloem
• Heterospory;- pollen grains, ovule
• Pollination by wind, water, animals
• Double fertilization
 stigma Pollen
grains

style anther

ovary filament

Pistil Stamen
 Male Gameophyte
• Male sex organs in a flower are called
stamens.
• Stamen has filament and anther.
• Anthers on meiosis produce pollen
grains.
• Pollen grains have two male gametes.
Stamens: the male reproductive part
POLLEN GRAINS
 Female Gametophyte
• Pistil- Parts: stigma, style and ovary.
• Ovary has one or many ovule in which female
gametophyte (embryo sac) develops by
meiosis.
• Embryo sac has 7 cells and 8 nuclei. One egg
cell, 2 synergids, 3 antipodal and one central
cell having two polar nuclei.
• Pollen grain is carried by wind; water etc.
reaches to stigma and produces pollen tube
which enters embryo sac.
Pistil: female reproductive part

Ovules
Ovule-Embryo Sac
 Double fertilization
• Syngamy: One male gamete fuses with egg cell
to form zygote which develops into embryo.
• Triple fusion: Other male gamete fuses with
secondary nucleus (formed by fusion of two
polar nuclei) which forms triploid primary
endosperm nucleus (PEN).
• PEN develops into endosperm which nourishes
the developing embryo.
• Ovules develop into seeds and ovaries into
fruits.
OVULE
Monocots
(one cotyledon)
Dicots
(two cotyledons).
 Difference
• Dicotyledons • Monocotyledons
• Seeds have two • Have Single
cotyledons, cotyledons
• Reticulate venations • Parallel venation in
in leaves, leaves,
• Tetramerous or • Trimerous flowers
pentamerous flowers • Have three members
• Have four or five in floral whorls.
members in floral
whorls.
 Alternation of generation
• Haploid gametophytic and spore producing sporophytic
generation alternate with each other in this process.
1. Haplontic: Gametophytic phase dominant. e.g.,
Chlamydomonas
2. Diplontic: Sporophytic phase dominant. e.g.,
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
3. Haplo-Diplontic: Intermediate like stage where
gametophytic and sporophytic stage partially dominates
at different stages. e.g., Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
• Exceptions: Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia are Haplo-
diplontic algae.
• Fucus is diplontic alga
Life cycle patterns :
(a) Haplontic
(b) Diplontic
(c) Haplo-diplontic
THANK YOU